* refactor: reduce number of explicit char casts

Problem:    Argument for message functions is inconsistent.
Solution:   Make first argument to msg() "char *".
https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/32526b3c1846025f0e655f41efd4e5428da16b6c

Problem:    Giving error messages is not flexible.
Solution:   Add semsg().  Change argument from "char_u *" to "char *", also
            for msg() and get rid of most MSG macros. (Ozaki Kiichi, closes
            vim/vim#3302)  Also make emsg() accept a "char *" argument.  Get rid of
            an enormous number of type casts.
https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/f9e3e09fdc93be9f0d47afbc6c7df1188c2a5a0d

vim.str_utf_pos returns the codepoints for all utf-8 chars (only, currently)
in a string

Fixes #15147 and fixes #15497. Also sketch "subdir" caching. Currently
this only caches whether an rtp entry has a "lua/" subdir but we could
consider cache other subdirs potentially or even "lua/mybigplugin/"
possibly.

Note: the async_leftpad test doesn't actually fail on master, at least
not deterministically (even when disabling the fast_breakcheck
throttling). It's still useful as a regression test for further changes
and included as such.

* refactor: format with uncrustify
* refactor: convert function comments to doxygen

* add vim.json.encode and vim.json.decode
* use vim.NIL instead of cjson.null
* resolve strict-prototypes warnings

* The following benchmark shows an approximately 2.5x (750 ms vs 300 ms) improvement in deserialization performance over
  vim.fn.json_decode on a medium package.json

  ```lua
  local uv = vim.loop
  local function readfile(path)
    return
  end

  local json_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rust-analyzer/rust-analyzer/b24c8d5c89ee93d1172b4127564f5da3b0c88dad/editors/code/package.json"
  io.popen(string.format('curl -v -f -L -O %q &> /dev/null', json_url))

  local json_string = io.open('package.json'):read '*a'

  uv.update_time()
  local start = uv.hrtime()

  for i = 1,1000 do
    vim.fn.json_decode(json_string)
  end

  uv.update_time()
  print(string.format("Deserialization time vim.fn.json_decode: %s ms", (uv.hrtime() - start) * (1e-6)))

  uv.update_time()
  local start = uv.hrtime()

  for i = 1,1000 do
    vim.json.decode(json_string)
  end
  uv.update_time()
  print(string.format("Deserialization time vim.json.decode: %s ms", (uv.hrtime() - start) * (1e-6)))
  ```

Co-Authored-By: Björn Linse <bjorn.linse@gmail.com>