Initially done in 28e59cb22, but does not appear to be necessary
anymore.

Uses UV_EEXIST directly, just like UV_ENOENT.

- Minimum required libuv is now v1.12
- Because `uv_os_getenv` requires allocating, we must manage a map
  (`envmap` in `env.c`) to maintain the old behavior of `os_getenv` .
- free() map-items after removal. khash.h does not make copies of
  anything, so even its keys must be memory-managed by the caller.

closes #8398
closes #9267

ref https://github.com/neovim/neovim/issues/9001#issuecomment-421843790

Steps to reproduce:
    :set verbose=9
    :call system(['echo'])
    E730: using List as a String

libuv users are only supposed to directly include uv.h.  In v1.21.0, all
the uv-*.h headers were renamed to uv/*.h, which caused the unit tests
to fail with

    [123/125] Generating post/uv-errno.h
    FAILED: test/includes/post/uv-errno.h
    cd «SRCDIR»/src/neovim/build/test/includes && /usr/bin/clang -std=c99 -E -P «SRCDIR»/src/neovim/test/includes/pre/uv-errno.h -I/usr/include -I/usr/include -o «SRCDIR»/neovim/build/test/includes/post/uv-errno.h
    «SRCDIR»/src/neovim/test/includes/pre/uv-errno.h:1:10: error: 'uv-errno.h' file not found with <angled> include; use "quotes" instead
    #include <uv-errno.h>
             ^~~~~~~~~~~~
             "uv-errno.h"

The intention of the file is to extend libuv's error constants with more
values used by the unit tests.  This can just as easily be achieved
without poking into pseudo-private header files.

Closes #4370

Explication:

    In the backtrace in #4370, we see that `buf_write()` was called with
    non-NULL `fname` and `sfname` arguments, but they've since _become_
    NULL.

    #7  0x00000000004de09d in buf_write (buf=0x1dee040, fname=0x0, fname@entry=0x1e985b0 "/home/sean/src/github.com/snczl/virta/pkg/meld/segment.go",
                                         sfname=0x0, sfname@entry=0x1ddfa60 "segment.go", start=1, end=72, eap=eap@entry=0x7ffc6b032e60, append=0,
                                         forceit=0, reset_changed=1, filtering=0)
    at /home/travis/build/neovim/bot-ci/build/neovim/src/nvim/fileio.c:2576

    This is most likely due to the code that restores those values from
    `buf`, which happens just before the fatal call to `os_fileinfo`

    ```c
        /*
         * The autocommands may have changed the name of the buffer, which may
         * be kept in fname, ffname and sfname.
         */
        if (buf_ffname)
          ffname = buf->b_ffname;
        if (buf_sfname)
          sfname = buf->b_sfname;
        if (buf_fname_f)
          fname = buf->b_ffname;
        if (buf_fname_s)
          fname = buf->b_sfname;
    ```

    It's worth noting that at this point `ffname` is still non-NULL, so
    it _could_ be used.  However, our current code is purely more strict
    than Vim in this area, which has caused us problems before (e.g.,
    `getdigits()`).  The commentary for `struct file_buffer` clearly
    indicate that all of `b_ffname`, `b_sfname`, and `b_fname` may be
    NULL:

    ```c
      /*
       * b_ffname has the full path of the file (NULL for no name).
       * b_sfname is the name as the user typed it (or NULL).
       * b_fname is the same as b_sfname, unless ":cd" has been done,
       *		then it is the same as b_ffname (NULL for no name).
       */
      char_u      *b_ffname;        /* full path file name */
      char_u      *b_sfname;        /* short file name */
      char_u      *b_fname;         /* current file name */
    ```

    Vim directly calls `stat(2)` which, although it is annotated to tell
    the compiler that the path argument is non-NULL, does handle a NULL
    pointer by returning a `-1` value and setting `errno` to `EFAULT`.
    This satisfies Vim's check, since it treats any `-1` return from
    `stat(2)` to mean the file doesn't exist (at least in this code
    path).

    Note that Vim's mch_stat() implementations on win32 and solaris
    clearly cannot accept NULL `name`. But the codepaths that call
    mch_stat will NULL `name` tend to be unix-only (eg: u_read_undo)!

Code imported from #6299