feat(vim.validate): improve fast form and deprecate spec form

Problem:

`vim.validate()` takes two forms when it only needs one.

Solution:

- Teach the fast form all the features of the spec form.
- Deprecate the spec form.
- General optimizations for both forms.
- Add a `message` argument which can be used alongside or in place
  of the `optional` argument.

20 files changed, 356 insertions, 375 deletions

diff --git a/runtime/doc/deprecated.txt b/runtime/doc/deprecated.txt
index 7a3e2664c2..28771dbd28 100644
--- a/runtime/doc/deprecated.txt
+++ b/runtime/doc/deprecated.txt
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ API
 LUA
 - vim.region()		Use |getregionpos()| instead.
 - *vim.highlight*	Renamed to |vim.hl|.
+- vim.validate(opts: table) Use form 1. See |vim.validate()|.
 
 DIAGNOSTICS
 - *vim.diagnostic.goto_next()*	Use |vim.diagnostic.jump()| with `{count=1, float=true}` instead.
diff --git a/runtime/doc/lua.txt b/runtime/doc/lua.txt
index 280e9ebf79..2f8488a128 100644
--- a/runtime/doc/lua.txt
+++ b/runtime/doc/lua.txt
@@ -2398,31 +2398,29 @@ vim.trim({s})                                                     *vim.trim()*
       • |lua-patterns|
       • https://www.lua.org/pil/20.2.html
 
-vim.validate({opt})                                           *vim.validate()*
+                                                              *vim.validate()*
+vim.validate({name}, {value}, {validator}, {optional}, {message})
     Validate function arguments.
 
     This function has two valid forms:
-    1. vim.validate(name: str, value: any, type: string, optional?: bool)
-    2. vim.validate(spec: table)
-
-    Form 1 validates that argument {name} with value {value} has the type
-    {type}. {type} must be a value returned by |lua-type()|. If {optional} is
-    true, then {value} may be null. This form is significantly faster and
-    should be preferred for simple cases.
-
-    Example: >lua
-        function vim.startswith(s, prefix)
+    1. `vim.validate(name, value, validator[, optional][, message])`
+       Validates that argument {name} with value {value} satisfies
+       {validator}. If {optional} is given and is `true`, then {value} may be
+       `nil`. If {message} is given, then it is used as the expected type in
+       the error message.
+       Example: >lua
+         function vim.startswith(s, prefix)
           vim.validate('s', s, 'string')
           vim.validate('prefix', prefix, 'string')
           ...
         end
 <
-
-    Form 2 validates a parameter specification (types and values). Specs are
-    evaluated in alphanumeric order, until the first failure.
-
-    Usage example: >lua
-        function user.new(name, age, hobbies)
+    2. `vim.validate(spec)` (deprecated) where `spec` is of type
+       `table<string,[value:any, validator: vim.validate.Validator, optional_or_msg? : boolean|string]>)`
+       Validates a argument specification. Specs are evaluated in alphanumeric
+       order, until the first failure.
+       Example: >lua
+         function user.new(name, age, hobbies)
           vim.validate{
             name={name, 'string'},
             age={age, 'number'},
@@ -2433,40 +2431,44 @@ vim.validate({opt})                                           *vim.validate()*
 <
 
     Examples with explicit argument values (can be run directly): >lua
-        vim.validate{arg1={{'foo'}, 'table'}, arg2={'foo', 'string'}}
+        vim.validate('arg1', {'foo'}, 'table')
+           --> NOP (success)
+        vim.validate('arg2', 'foo', 'string')
            --> NOP (success)
 
-        vim.validate{arg1={1, 'table'}}
+        vim.validate('arg1', 1, 'table')
            --> error('arg1: expected table, got number')
 
-        vim.validate{arg1={3, function(a) return (a % 2) == 0 end, 'even number'}}
+        vim.validate('arg1', 3, function(a) return (a % 2) == 0 end, 'even number')
            --> error('arg1: expected even number, got 3')
 <
 
     If multiple types are valid they can be given as a list. >lua
-        vim.validate{arg1={{'foo'}, {'table', 'string'}}, arg2={'foo', {'table', 'string'}}}
+        vim.validate('arg1', {'foo'}, {'table', 'string'})
+        vim.validate('arg2', 'foo', {'table', 'string'})
         -- NOP (success)
 
-        vim.validate{arg1={1, {'string', 'table'}}}
+        vim.validate('arg1', 1, {'string', 'table'})
         -- error('arg1: expected string|table, got number')
 <
 
-    Parameters: ~
-      • {opt}  (`table`) Names of parameters to validate. Each key is a
-               parameter name; each value is a tuple in one of these forms:
-               1. (arg_value, type_name, optional)
-                  • arg_value: argument value
-                  • type_name: string|table type name, one of: ("table", "t",
-                    "string", "s", "number", "n", "boolean", "b", "function",
-                    "f", "nil", "thread", "userdata") or list of them.
-                  • optional: (optional) boolean, if true, `nil` is valid
-               2. (arg_value, fn, msg)
-                  • arg_value: argument value
-                  • fn: any function accepting one argument, returns true if
-                    and only if the argument is valid. Can optionally return
-                    an additional informative error message as the second
-                    returned value.
-                  • msg: (optional) error string if validation fails
+    Note: ~
+      • `validator` set to a value returned by |lua-type()| provides the best
+        performance.
+
+    Parameters: ~
+      • {name}       (`string`) Argument name
+      • {value}      (`string`) Argument value
+      • {validator}  (`vim.validate.Validator`)
+                     • (`string|string[]`): Any value that can be returned
+                       from |lua-type()| in addition to `'callable'`:
+                       `'boolean'`, `'callable'`, `'function'`, `'nil'`,
+                       `'number'`, `'string'`, `'table'`, `'thread'`,
+                       `'userdata'`.
+                     • (`fun(val:any): boolean, string?`) A function that
+                       returns a boolean and an optional string message.
+      • {optional}   (`boolean?`) Argument is optional (may be omitted)
+      • {message}    (`string?`) message when validation fails
 
 
 ==============================================================================
diff --git a/runtime/doc/news.txt b/runtime/doc/news.txt
index 9045f9f669..adba659851 100644
--- a/runtime/doc/news.txt
+++ b/runtime/doc/news.txt
@@ -200,6 +200,8 @@ LSP
 LUA
 
 • |vim.fs.rm()| can delete files and directories.
+• |vim.validate()| now has a new signature which uses less tables,
+  is more peformant and easier to read.
 
 OPTIONS
 
diff --git a/runtime/lua/vim/_editor.lua b/runtime/lua/vim/_editor.lua
index 7aba7498f9..58283ac64b 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/vim/_editor.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/vim/_editor.lua
@@ -467,13 +467,11 @@ vim.cmd = setmetatable({}, {
 
 -- These are the vim.env/v/g/o/bo/wo variable magic accessors.
 do
-  local validate = vim.validate
-
   --- @param scope string
   --- @param handle? false|integer
   --- @return vim.var_accessor
   local function make_dict_accessor(scope, handle)
-    validate('scope', scope, 'string')
+    vim.validate('scope', scope, 'string')
     local mt = {}
     function mt:__newindex(k, v)
       return vim._setvar(scope, handle or 0, k, v)
@@ -589,7 +587,7 @@ end
 ---@param timeout integer Number of milliseconds to wait before calling `fn`
 ---@return table timer luv timer object
 function vim.defer_fn(fn, timeout)
-  vim.validate({ fn = { fn, 'c', true } })
+  vim.validate('fn', fn, 'callable', true)
   local timer = assert(vim.uv.new_timer())
   timer:start(
     timeout,
@@ -680,10 +678,8 @@ function vim.on_key(fn, ns_id)
     return vim.tbl_count(on_key_cbs)
   end
 
-  vim.validate({
-    fn = { fn, 'c', true },
-    ns_id = { ns_id, 'n', true },
-  })
+  vim.validate('fn', fn, 'callable', true)
+  vim.validate('ns_id', ns_id, 'number', true)
 
   if ns_id == nil or ns_id == 0 then
     ns_id = vim.api.nvim_create_namespace('')
diff --git a/runtime/lua/vim/_watch.lua b/runtime/lua/vim/_watch.lua
index 7a306d1123..13894c6147 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/vim/_watch.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/vim/_watch.lua
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ end
 --- @param callback vim._watch.Callback Callback for new events
 --- @return fun() cancel Stops the watcher
 function M.watch(path, opts, callback)
-  vim.validate('path', path, 'string', false)
+  vim.validate('path', path, 'string')
   vim.validate('opts', opts, 'table', true)
-  vim.validate('callback', callback, 'function', false)
+  vim.validate('callback', callback, 'function')
 
   opts = opts or {}
 
@@ -125,9 +125,9 @@ end
 --- @param callback vim._watch.Callback Callback for new events
 --- @return fun() cancel Stops the watcher
 function M.watchdirs(path, opts, callback)
-  vim.validate('path', path, 'string', false)
+  vim.validate('path', path, 'string')
   vim.validate('opts', opts, 'table', true)
-  vim.validate('callback', callback, 'function', false)
+  vim.validate('callback', callback, 'function')
 
   opts = opts or {}
   local debounce = opts.debounce or 500
diff --git a/runtime/lua/vim/diagnostic.lua b/runtime/lua/vim/diagnostic.lua
index 3570956efd..392db5b800 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/vim/diagnostic.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/vim/diagnostic.lua
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ end
 --- @return vim.Diagnostic[]
 local function reformat_diagnostics(format, diagnostics)
   vim.validate('format', format, 'function')
-  vim.validate({ diagnostics = { diagnostics, vim.islist, 'a list of diagnostics' } })
+  vim.validate('diagnostics', diagnostics, vim.islist, 'a list of diagnostics')
 
   local formatted = vim.deepcopy(diagnostics, true)
   for _, diagnostic in ipairs(formatted) do
@@ -1056,7 +1056,7 @@ end
 function M.set(namespace, bufnr, diagnostics, opts)
   vim.validate('namespace', namespace, 'number')
   vim.validate('bufnr', bufnr, 'number')
-  vim.validate({ diagnostics = { diagnostics, vim.islist, 'a list of diagnostics' } })
+  vim.validate('diagnostics', diagnostics, vim.islist, 'a list of diagnostics')
   vim.validate('opts', opts, 'table', true)
 
   bufnr = get_bufnr(bufnr)
@@ -1336,7 +1336,7 @@ M.handlers.signs = {
   show = function(namespace, bufnr, diagnostics, opts)
     vim.validate('namespace', namespace, 'number')
     vim.validate('bufnr', bufnr, 'number')
-    vim.validate({ diagnostics = { diagnostics, vim.islist, 'a list of diagnostics' } })
+    vim.validate('diagnostics', diagnostics, vim.islist, 'a list of diagnostics')
     vim.validate('opts', opts, 'table', true)
 
     bufnr = get_bufnr(bufnr)
@@ -1457,7 +1457,7 @@ M.handlers.underline = {
   show = function(namespace, bufnr, diagnostics, opts)
     vim.validate('namespace', namespace, 'number')
     vim.validate('bufnr', bufnr, 'number')
-    vim.validate({ diagnostics = { diagnostics, vim.islist, 'a list of diagnostics' } })
+    vim.validate('diagnostics', diagnostics, vim.islist, 'a list of diagnostics')
     vim.validate('opts', opts, 'table', true)
 
     bufnr = get_bufnr(bufnr)
@@ -1524,7 +1524,7 @@ M.handlers.virtual_text = {
   show = function(namespace, bufnr, diagnostics, opts)
     vim.validate('namespace', namespace, 'number')
     vim.validate('bufnr', bufnr, 'number')
-    vim.validate({ diagnostics = { diagnostics, vim.islist, 'a list of diagnostics' } })
+    vim.validate('diagnostics', diagnostics, vim.islist, 'a list of diagnostics')
     vim.validate('opts', opts, 'table', true)
 
     bufnr = get_bufnr(bufnr)
@@ -1709,15 +1709,7 @@ end
 function M.show(namespace, bufnr, diagnostics, opts)
   vim.validate('namespace', namespace, 'number', true)
   vim.validate('bufnr', bufnr, 'number', true)
-  vim.validate({
-    diagnostics = {
-      diagnostics,
-      function(v)
-        return v == nil or vim.islist(v)
-      end,
-      'a list of diagnostics',
-    },
-  })
+  vim.validate('diagnostics', diagnostics, vim.islist, true, 'a list of diagnostics')
   vim.validate('opts', opts, 'table', true)
 
   if not bufnr or not namespace then
@@ -1869,13 +1861,7 @@ function M.open_float(opts, ...)
   local highlights = {} --- @type table[]
   local header = if_nil(opts.header, 'Diagnostics:')
   if header then
-    vim.validate({
-      header = {
-        header,
-        { 'string', 'table' },
-        "'string' or 'table'",
-      },
-    })
+    vim.validate('header', header, { 'string', 'table' }, "'string' or 'table'")
     if type(header) == 'table' then
       -- Don't insert any lines for an empty string
       if string.len(if_nil(header[1], '')) > 0 then
@@ -1903,13 +1889,12 @@ function M.open_float(opts, ...)
 
   local prefix, prefix_hl_group --- @type string?, string?
   if prefix_opt then
-    vim.validate({
-      prefix = {
-        prefix_opt,
-        { 'string', 'table', 'function' },
-        "'string' or 'table' or 'function'",
-      },
-    })
+    vim.validate(
+      'prefix',
+      prefix_opt,
+      { 'string', 'table', 'function' },
+      "'string' or 'table' or 'function'"
+    )
     if type(prefix_opt) == 'string' then
       prefix, prefix_hl_group = prefix_opt, 'NormalFloat'
     elseif type(prefix_opt) == 'table' then
@@ -1923,13 +1908,12 @@ function M.open_float(opts, ...)
 
   local suffix, suffix_hl_group --- @type string?, string?
   if suffix_opt then
-    vim.validate({
-      suffix = {
-        suffix_opt,
-        { 'string', 'table', 'function' },
-        "'string' or 'table' or 'function'",
-      },
-    })
+    vim.validate(
+      'suffix',
+      suffix_opt,
+      { 'string', 'table', 'function' },
+      "'string' or 'table' or 'function'"
+    )
     if type(suffix_opt) == 'string' then
       suffix, suffix_hl_group = suffix_opt, 'NormalFloat'
     elseif type(suffix_opt) == 'table' then
@@ -2239,7 +2223,7 @@ local errlist_type_map = {
 ---@param diagnostics vim.Diagnostic[]
 ---@return table[] : Quickfix list items |setqflist-what|
 function M.toqflist(diagnostics)
-  vim.validate({ diagnostics = { diagnostics, vim.islist, 'a list of diagnostics' } })
+  vim.validate('diagnostics', diagnostics, vim.islist, 'a list of diagnostics')
 
   local list = {} --- @type table[]
   for _, v in ipairs(diagnostics) do
diff --git a/runtime/lua/vim/fs.lua b/runtime/lua/vim/fs.lua
index c23cd5af1c..d91eeaf02f 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/vim/fs.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/vim/fs.lua
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ end
 ---@return (string[]) # Normalized paths |vim.fs.normalize()| of all matching items
 function M.find(names, opts)
   opts = opts or {}
-  vim.validate({ names = { names, { 'string', 'table', 'function' } } })
+  vim.validate('names', names, { 'string', 'table', 'function' })
   vim.validate('path', opts.path, 'string', true)
   vim.validate('upward', opts.upward, 'boolean', true)
   vim.validate('stop', opts.stop, 'string', true)
diff --git a/runtime/lua/vim/func/_memoize.lua b/runtime/lua/vim/func/_memoize.lua
index 65210351bf..6e557905a7 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/vim/func/_memoize.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/vim/func/_memoize.lua
@@ -39,10 +39,8 @@ end
 --- @param strong? boolean
 --- @return F
 return function(hash, fn, strong)
-  vim.validate({
-    hash = { hash, { 'number', 'string', 'function' } },
-    fn = { fn, 'function' },
-  })
+  vim.validate('hash', hash, { 'number', 'string', 'function' })
+  vim.validate('fn', fn, 'function')
 
   ---@type table<any,table<any,any>>
   local cache = {}
diff --git a/runtime/lua/vim/hl.lua b/runtime/lua/vim/hl.lua
index 49bbaa3cc6..099efa3c61 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/vim/hl.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/vim/hl.lua
@@ -135,19 +135,7 @@ local yank_cancel --- @type fun()?
 ---              - event     event structure (default vim.v.event)
 ---              - priority  integer priority (default |vim.hl.priorities|`.user`)
 function M.on_yank(opts)
-  vim.validate({
-    opts = {
-      opts,
-      function(t)
-        if t == nil then
-          return true
-        else
-          return type(t) == 'table'
-        end
-      end,
-      'a table or nil to configure options (see `:h vim.hl.on_yank`)',
-    },
-  })
+  vim.validate('opts', opts, 'table', true)
   opts = opts or {}
   local event = opts.event or vim.v.event
   local on_macro = opts.on_macro or false
diff --git a/runtime/lua/vim/keymap.lua b/runtime/lua/vim/keymap.lua
index 50ca0d2d0e..4c19435ef8 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/vim/keymap.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/vim/keymap.lua
@@ -42,12 +42,10 @@ local keymap = {}
 ---@see |mapcheck()|
 ---@see |mapset()|
 function keymap.set(mode, lhs, rhs, opts)
-  vim.validate({
-    mode = { mode, { 's', 't' } },
-    lhs = { lhs, 's' },
-    rhs = { rhs, { 's', 'f' } },
-    opts = { opts, 't', true },
-  })
+  vim.validate('mode', mode, { 'string', 'table' })
+  vim.validate('lhs', lhs, 'string')
+  vim.validate('rhs', rhs, { 'string', 'function' })
+  vim.validate('opts', opts, 'table', true)
 
   opts = vim.deepcopy(opts or {}, true)
 
@@ -107,11 +105,9 @@ end
 ---@param opts? vim.keymap.del.Opts
 ---@see |vim.keymap.set()|
 function keymap.del(modes, lhs, opts)
-  vim.validate({
-    mode = { modes, { 's', 't' } },
-    lhs = { lhs, 's' },
-    opts = { opts, 't', true },
-  })
+  vim.validate('mode', modes, { 'string', 'table' })
+  vim.validate('lhs', lhs, 'string')
+  vim.validate('opts', opts, 'table', true)
 
   opts = opts or {}
   modes = type(modes) == 'string' and { modes } or modes
diff --git a/runtime/lua/vim/lsp/client.lua b/runtime/lua/vim/lsp/client.lua
index d5fc5b8908..d9d6b851d0 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/vim/lsp/client.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/vim/lsp/client.lua
@@ -349,24 +349,22 @@ end
 --- @param config vim.lsp.ClientConfig
 local function validate_config(config)
   validate('config', config, 'table')
-  validate({
-    handlers = { config.handlers, 't', true },
-    capabilities = { config.capabilities, 't', true },
-    cmd_cwd = { config.cmd_cwd, optional_validator(is_dir), 'directory' },
-    cmd_env = { config.cmd_env, 't', true },
-    detached = { config.detached, 'b', true },
-    name = { config.name, 's', true },
-    on_error = { config.on_error, 'f', true },
-    on_exit = { config.on_exit, { 'f', 't' }, true },
-    on_init = { config.on_init, { 'f', 't' }, true },
-    on_attach = { config.on_attach, { 'f', 't' }, true },
-    settings = { config.settings, 't', true },
-    commands = { config.commands, 't', true },
-    before_init = { config.before_init, { 'f', 't' }, true },
-    offset_encoding = { config.offset_encoding, 's', true },
-    flags = { config.flags, 't', true },
-    get_language_id = { config.get_language_id, 'f', true },
-  })
+  validate('handlers', config.handlers, 'table', true)
+  validate('capabilities', config.capabilities, 'table', true)
+  validate('cmd_cwd', config.cmd_cwd, optional_validator(is_dir), 'directory')
+  validate('cmd_env', config.cmd_env, 'table', true)
+  validate('detached', config.detached, 'boolean', true)
+  validate('name', config.name, 'string', true)
+  validate('on_error', config.on_error, 'function', true)
+  validate('on_exit', config.on_exit, { 'function', 'table' }, true)
+  validate('on_init', config.on_init, { 'function', 'table' }, true)
+  validate('on_attach', config.on_attach, { 'function', 'table' }, true)
+  validate('settings', config.settings, 'table', true)
+  validate('commands', config.commands, 'table', true)
+  validate('before_init', config.before_init, { 'function', 'table' }, true)
+  validate('offset_encoding', config.offset_encoding, 'string', true)
+  validate('flags', config.flags, 'table', true)
+  validate('get_language_id', config.get_language_id, 'function', true)
 
   assert(
     (
diff --git a/runtime/lua/vim/secure.lua b/runtime/lua/vim/secure.lua
index 0d3a271ac7..7b1d071270 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/vim/secure.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/vim/secure.lua
@@ -132,17 +132,11 @@ end
 ---@return boolean success true if operation was successful
 ---@return string msg full path if operation was successful, else error message
 function M.trust(opts)
-  vim.validate({
-    path = { opts.path, 's', true },
-    bufnr = { opts.bufnr, 'n', true },
-    action = {
-      opts.action,
-      function(m)
-        return m == 'allow' or m == 'deny' or m == 'remove'
-      end,
-      [["allow" or "deny" or "remove"]],
-    },
-  })
+  vim.validate('path', opts.path, 'string', true)
+  vim.validate('bufnr', opts.bufnr, 'number', true)
+  vim.validate('action', opts.action, function(m)
+    return m == 'allow' or m == 'deny' or m == 'remove'
+  end, [["allow" or "deny" or "remove"]])
 
   ---@cast opts vim.trust.opts
   local path = opts.path
diff --git a/runtime/lua/vim/shared.lua b/runtime/lua/vim/shared.lua
index fd6a37001d..94a194cde9 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/vim/shared.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/vim/shared.lua
@@ -251,7 +251,8 @@ end
 ---@param t table<any, T> Table
 ---@return table : Table of transformed values
 function vim.tbl_map(func, t)
-  vim.validate({ func = { func, 'c' }, t = { t, 't' } })
+  vim.validate('func', func, 'callable')
+  vim.validate('t', t, 'table')
   --- @cast t table<any,any>
 
   local rettab = {} --- @type table<any,any>
@@ -268,7 +269,8 @@ end
 ---@param t table<any, T> (table) Table
 ---@return T[] : Table of filtered values
 function vim.tbl_filter(func, t)
-  vim.validate({ func = { func, 'c' }, t = { t, 't' } })
+  vim.validate('func', func, 'callable')
+  vim.validate('t', t, 'table')
   --- @cast t table<any,any>
 
   local rettab = {} --- @type table<any,any>
@@ -311,7 +313,7 @@ function vim.tbl_contains(t, value, opts)
 
   local pred --- @type fun(v: any): boolean?
   if opts and opts.predicate then
-    vim.validate({ value = { value, 'c' } })
+    vim.validate('value', value, 'callable')
     pred = value
   else
     pred = function(v)
@@ -779,237 +781,226 @@ function vim.endswith(s, suffix)
 end
 
 do
-  --- @alias vim.validate.LuaType
-  --- | 'nil'
-  --- | 'number'
-  --- | 'string'
-  --- | 'boolean'
-  --- | 'table'
-  --- | 'function'
-  --- | 'thread'
-  --- | 'userdata'
-  ---
-  --- @alias vim.validate.Type vim.validate.LuaType | 't' | 's' | 'n' | 'f' | 'c'
+  --- @alias vim.validate.Validator
+  --- | type|'callable'
+  --- | (type|'callable')[]
+  --- | fun(v:any):boolean, string?
 
-  local type_names = {
-    ['table'] = 'table',
-    t = 'table',
-    ['string'] = 'string',
-    s = 'string',
-    ['number'] = 'number',
-    n = 'number',
-    ['boolean'] = 'boolean',
+  local type_aliases = {
     b = 'boolean',
-    ['function'] = 'function',
-    f = 'function',
-    ['callable'] = 'callable',
     c = 'callable',
-    ['nil'] = 'nil',
-    ['thread'] = 'thread',
-    ['userdata'] = 'userdata',
+    f = 'function',
+    n = 'number',
+    s = 'string',
+    t = 'table',
   }
 
   --- @nodoc
-  --- @class vim.validate.Spec [any, string|string[], boolean]
+  --- @class vim.validate.Spec
   --- @field [1] any Argument value
-  --- @field [2] vim.validate.Type|vim.validate.Type[]|fun(v:any):boolean, string? Type name, or callable
-  --- @field [3]? boolean
+  --- @field [2] vim.validate.Validator Argument validator
+  --- @field [3]? boolean|string Optional flag or error message
 
-  local function _is_type(val, t)
+  local function is_type(val, t)
     return type(val) == t or (t == 'callable' and vim.is_callable(val))
   end
 
   --- @param param_name string
-  --- @param spec vim.validate.Spec
+  --- @param val any
+  --- @param validator vim.validate.Validator
+  --- @param message? string
+  --- @param allow_alias? boolean Allow short type names: 'n', 's', 't', 'b', 'f', 'c'
   --- @return string?
-  local function is_param_valid(param_name, spec)
-    if type(spec) ~= 'table' then
-      return string.format('opt[%s]: expected table, got %s', param_name, type(spec))
-    end
-
-    local val = spec[1] -- Argument value
-    local types = spec[2] -- Type name, or callable
-    local optional = (true == spec[3])
+  local function is_valid(param_name, val, validator, message, allow_alias)
+    if type(validator) == 'string' then
+      local expected = allow_alias and type_aliases[validator] or validator
 
-    if type(types) == 'string' then
-      types = { types }
-    end
+      if not expected then
+        return string.format('invalid type name: %s', validator)
+      end
 
-    if vim.is_callable(types) then
+      if not is_type(val, expected) then
+        return string.format('%s: expected %s, got %s', param_name, expected, type(val))
+      end
+    elseif vim.is_callable(validator) then
       -- Check user-provided validation function
-      local valid, optional_message = types(val)
+      local valid, opt_msg = validator(val)
       if not valid then
-        local error_message =
-          string.format('%s: expected %s, got %s', param_name, (spec[3] or '?'), tostring(val))
-        if optional_message ~= nil then
-          error_message = string.format('%s. Info: %s', error_message, optional_message)
+        local err_msg =
+          string.format('%s: expected %s, got %s', param_name, message or '?', tostring(val))
+
+        if opt_msg then
+          err_msg = string.format('%s. Info: %s', err_msg, opt_msg)
         end
 
-        return error_message
+        return err_msg
       end
-    elseif type(types) == 'table' then
-      local success = false
-      for i, t in ipairs(types) do
-        local t_name = type_names[t]
-        if not t_name then
+    elseif type(validator) == 'table' then
+      for _, t in ipairs(validator) do
+        local expected = allow_alias and type_aliases[t] or t
+        if not expected then
           return string.format('invalid type name: %s', t)
         end
-        types[i] = t_name
 
-        if (optional and val == nil) or _is_type(val, t_name) then
-          success = true
-          break
+        if is_type(val, expected) then
+          return -- success
         end
       end
-      if not success then
-        return string.format(
-          '%s: expected %s, got %s',
-          param_name,
-          table.concat(types, '|'),
-          type(val)
-        )
+
+      -- Normalize validator types for error message
+      if allow_alias then
+        for i, t in ipairs(validator) do
+          validator[i] = type_aliases[t] or t
+        end
       end
+
+      return string.format(
+        '%s: expected %s, got %s',
+        param_name,
+        table.concat(validator, '|'),
+        type(val)
+      )
     else
-      return string.format('invalid type name: %s', tostring(types))
+      return string.format('invalid validator: %s', tostring(validator))
     end
   end
 
-  --- @param opt table<vim.validate.Type,vim.validate.Spec>
-  --- @return boolean, string?
-  local function is_valid(opt)
-    if type(opt) ~= 'table' then
-      return false, string.format('opt: expected table, got %s', type(opt))
-    end
-
+  --- @param opt table<type|'callable',vim.validate.Spec>
+  --- @return string?
+  local function validate_spec(opt)
     local report --- @type table<string,string>?
 
     for param_name, spec in pairs(opt) do
-      local msg = is_param_valid(param_name, spec)
-      if msg then
+      local err_msg --- @type string?
+      if type(spec) ~= 'table' then
+        err_msg = string.format('opt[%s]: expected table, got %s', param_name, type(spec))
+      else
+        local value, validator = spec[1], spec[2]
+        local msg = type(spec[3]) == 'string' and spec[3] or nil --[[@as string?]]
+        local optional = spec[3] == true
+        if not (optional and value == nil) then
+          err_msg = is_valid(param_name, value, validator, msg, true)
+        end
+      end
+
+      if err_msg then
         report = report or {}
-        report[param_name] = msg
+        report[param_name] = err_msg
       end
     end
 
     if report then
       for _, msg in vim.spairs(report) do -- luacheck: ignore
-        return false, msg
+        return msg
       end
     end
-
-    return true
   end
 
   --- Validate function arguments.
   ---
   --- This function has two valid forms:
   ---
-  --- 1. vim.validate(name: str, value: any, type: string, optional?: bool)
-  --- 2. vim.validate(spec: table)
+  --- 1. `vim.validate(name, value, validator[, optional][, message])`
   ---
-  --- Form 1 validates that argument {name} with value {value} has the type
-  --- {type}. {type} must be a value returned by |lua-type()|. If {optional} is
-  --- true, then {value} may be null. This form is significantly faster and
-  --- should be preferred for simple cases.
+  ---     Validates that argument {name} with value {value} satisfies
+  ---     {validator}. If {optional} is given and is `true`, then {value} may be
+  ---     `nil`. If {message} is given, then it is used as the expected type in the
+  ---     error message.
   ---
-  --- Example:
+  ---     Example:
   ---
-  --- ```lua
-  --- function vim.startswith(s, prefix)
-  ---   vim.validate('s', s, 'string')
-  ---   vim.validate('prefix', prefix, 'string')
-  ---   ...
-  --- end
-  --- ```
+  ---     ```lua
+  ---       function vim.startswith(s, prefix)
+  ---         vim.validate('s', s, 'string')
+  ---         vim.validate('prefix', prefix, 'string')
+  ---         ...
+  ---       end
+  ---     ```
   ---
-  --- Form 2 validates a parameter specification (types and values). Specs are
-  --- evaluated in alphanumeric order, until the first failure.
+  --- 2. `vim.validate(spec)` (deprecated)
+  ---     where `spec` is of type
+  ---    `table<string,[value:any, validator: vim.validate.Validator, optional_or_msg? : boolean|string]>)`
   ---
-  --- Usage example:
+  ---     Validates a argument specification.
+  ---     Specs are evaluated in alphanumeric order, until the first failure.
   ---
-  --- ```lua
-  --- function user.new(name, age, hobbies)
-  ---   vim.validate{
-  ---     name={name, 'string'},
-  ---     age={age, 'number'},
-  ---     hobbies={hobbies, 'table'},
-  ---   }
-  ---   ...
-  --- end
-  --- ```
+  ---     Example:
+  ---
+  ---     ```lua
+  ---       function user.new(name, age, hobbies)
+  ---         vim.validate{
+  ---           name={name, 'string'},
+  ---           age={age, 'number'},
+  ---           hobbies={hobbies, 'table'},
+  ---         }
+  ---         ...
+  ---       end
+  ---     ```
   ---
   --- Examples with explicit argument values (can be run directly):
   ---
   --- ```lua
-  --- vim.validate{arg1={{'foo'}, 'table'}, arg2={'foo', 'string'}}
+  --- vim.validate('arg1', {'foo'}, 'table')
+  ---    --> NOP (success)
+  --- vim.validate('arg2', 'foo', 'string')
   ---    --> NOP (success)
   ---
-  --- vim.validate{arg1={1, 'table'}}
+  --- vim.validate('arg1', 1, 'table')
   ---    --> error('arg1: expected table, got number')
   ---
-  --- vim.validate{arg1={3, function(a) return (a % 2) == 0 end, 'even number'}}
+  --- vim.validate('arg1', 3, function(a) return (a % 2) == 0 end, 'even number')
   ---    --> error('arg1: expected even number, got 3')
   --- ```
   ---
   --- If multiple types are valid they can be given as a list.
   ---
   --- ```lua
-  --- vim.validate{arg1={{'foo'}, {'table', 'string'}}, arg2={'foo', {'table', 'string'}}}
+  --- vim.validate('arg1', {'foo'}, {'table', 'string'})
+  --- vim.validate('arg2', 'foo', {'table', 'string'})
   --- -- NOP (success)
   ---
-  --- vim.validate{arg1={1, {'string', 'table'}}}
+  --- vim.validate('arg1', 1, {'string', 'table'})
   --- -- error('arg1: expected string|table, got number')
   --- ```
   ---
-  ---@param opt table<vim.validate.Type,vim.validate.Spec> (table) Names of parameters to validate. Each key is a parameter
-  ---          name; each value is a tuple in one of these forms:
-  ---          1. (arg_value, type_name, optional)
-  ---             - arg_value: argument value
-  ---             - type_name: string|table type name, one of: ("table", "t", "string",
-  ---               "s", "number", "n", "boolean", "b", "function", "f", "nil",
-  ---               "thread", "userdata") or list of them.
-  ---             - optional: (optional) boolean, if true, `nil` is valid
-  ---          2. (arg_value, fn, msg)
-  ---             - arg_value: argument value
-  ---             - fn: any function accepting one argument, returns true if and
-  ---               only if the argument is valid. Can optionally return an additional
-  ---               informative error message as the second returned value.
-  ---             - msg: (optional) error string if validation fails
-  --- @overload fun(name: string, val: any, expected: vim.validate.LuaType, optional?: boolean)
-  function vim.validate(opt, ...)
-    local ok = false
-    local err_msg ---@type string?
-    local narg = select('#', ...)
-    if narg == 0 then
-      ok, err_msg = is_valid(opt)
-    elseif narg >= 2 then
-      -- Overloaded signature for fast/simple cases
-      local name = opt --[[@as string]]
-      local v, expected, optional = ... ---@type string, string, boolean?
-      local actual = type(v)
-
-      ok = (actual == expected) or (v == nil and optional == true)
+  --- @note `validator` set to a value returned by |lua-type()| provides the
+  --- best performance.
+  ---
+  --- @param name string Argument name
+  --- @param value string Argument value
+  --- @param validator vim.validate.Validator
+  ---   - (`string|string[]`): Any value that can be returned from |lua-type()| in addition to
+  ---     `'callable'`: `'boolean'`, `'callable'`, `'function'`, `'nil'`, `'number'`, `'string'`, `'table'`,
+  ---     `'thread'`, `'userdata'`.
+  ---   - (`fun(val:any): boolean, string?`) A function that returns a boolean and an optional
+  ---     string message.
+  --- @param optional? boolean Argument is optional (may be omitted)
+  --- @param message? string message when validation fails
+  --- @overload fun(name: string, val: any, validator: vim.validate.Validator, message: string)
+  --- @overload fun(spec: table<string,[any, vim.validate.Validator, boolean|string]>)
+  function vim.validate(name, value, validator, optional, message)
+    local err_msg --- @type string?
+    if validator then -- Form 1
+      -- Check validator as a string first to optimize the common case.
+      local ok = (type(value) == validator) or (value == nil and optional == true)
       if not ok then
-        if not jit and (actual ~= 'string' or actual ~= 'number') then
-          -- PUC-Lua can only handle string and number for %s in string.format()
-          v = vim.inspect(v)
-        end
-        err_msg = ('%s: expected %s, got %s%s'):format(
-          name,
-          expected,
-          actual,
-          v and (' (%s)'):format(v) or ''
-        )
+        local msg = type(optional) == 'string' and optional or message --[[@as string?]]
+        -- Check more complicated validators
+        err_msg = is_valid(name, value, validator, msg, false)
       end
+    elseif type(name) == 'table' then -- Form 2
+      vim.deprecate('vim.validate', 'vim.validate(name, value, validator, optional_or_msg)', '1.0')
+      err_msg = validate_spec(name)
     else
       error('invalid arguments')
     end
 
-    if not ok then
+    if err_msg then
       error(err_msg, 2)
     end
   end
 end
+
 --- Returns true if object `f` can be called as a function.
 ---
 ---@param f any Any object
diff --git a/runtime/lua/vim/termcap.lua b/runtime/lua/vim/termcap.lua
index 1da2e71839..2c36561587 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/vim/termcap.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/vim/termcap.lua
@@ -17,10 +17,8 @@ local M = {}
 ---           otherwise. {seq} is the control sequence for the capability if found, or nil for
 ---           boolean capabilities.
 function M.query(caps, cb)
-  vim.validate({
-    caps = { caps, { 'string', 'table' } },
-    cb = { cb, 'f' },
-  })
+  vim.validate('caps', caps, { 'string', 'table' })
+  vim.validate('cb', cb, 'function')
 
   if type(caps) ~= 'table' then
     caps = { caps }
diff --git a/runtime/lua/vim/treesitter.lua b/runtime/lua/vim/treesitter.lua
index c24a732fe3..9f6dc53932 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/vim/treesitter.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/vim/treesitter.lua
@@ -241,11 +241,9 @@ end
 ---
 ---@return boolean True if the {node} contains the {range}
 function M.node_contains(node, range)
-  vim.validate({
-    -- allow a table so nodes can be mocked
-    node = { node, { 'userdata', 'table' } },
-    range = { range, M._range.validate, 'integer list with 4 or 6 elements' },
-  })
+  -- allow a table so nodes can be mocked
+  vim.validate('node', node, { 'userdata', 'table' })
+  vim.validate('range', range, M._range.validate, 'integer list with 4 or 6 elements')
   return M._range.contains({ node:range() }, range)
 end
 
diff --git a/runtime/lua/vim/treesitter/language.lua b/runtime/lua/vim/treesitter/language.lua
index ce12ca433a..446051dfd7 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/vim/treesitter/language.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/vim/treesitter/language.lua
@@ -154,10 +154,8 @@ end
 --- @param lang string Name of parser
 --- @param filetype string|string[] Filetype(s) to associate with lang
 function M.register(lang, filetype)
-  vim.validate({
-    lang = { lang, 'string' },
-    filetype = { filetype, { 'string', 'table' } },
-  })
+  vim.validate('lang', lang, 'string')
+  vim.validate('filetype', filetype, { 'string', 'table' })
 
   for _, f in ipairs(ensure_list(filetype)) do
     if f ~= '' then
diff --git a/runtime/lua/vim/ui.lua b/runtime/lua/vim/ui.lua
index f66b34ac44..b2e972d07a 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/vim/ui.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/vim/ui.lua
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ local M = {}
 ---               `idx` is the 1-based index of `item` within `items`.
 ---               `nil` if the user aborted the dialog.
 function M.select(items, opts, on_choice)
-  vim.validate('items', items, 'table', false)
-  vim.validate('on_choice', on_choice, 'function', false)
+  vim.validate('items', items, 'table')
+  vim.validate('on_choice', on_choice, 'function')
   opts = opts or {}
   local choices = { opts.prompt or 'Select one of:' }
   local format_item = opts.format_item or tostring
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ end
 ---               `nil` if the user aborted the dialog.
 function M.input(opts, on_confirm)
   vim.validate('opts', opts, 'table', true)
-  vim.validate('on_confirm', on_confirm, 'function', false)
+  vim.validate('on_confirm', on_confirm, 'function')
 
   opts = (opts and not vim.tbl_isempty(opts)) and opts or vim.empty_dict()
 
diff --git a/scripts/bump_deps.lua b/scripts/bump_deps.lua
index e332ef475f..ad71da5150 100755
--- a/scripts/bump_deps.lua
+++ b/scripts/bump_deps.lua
@@ -325,10 +325,8 @@ function M.commit(dependency_name, commit)
 end
 
 function M.version(dependency_name, version)
-  vim.validate {
-    dependency_name = { dependency_name, 's' },
-    version = { version, 's' },
-  }
+  vim.validate('dependency_name', dependency_name, 'string')
+  vim.validate('version', version, 'string')
   local dependency = assert(get_dependency(dependency_name))
   verify_cmakelists_committed()
   local commit_sha = get_gh_commit_sha(dependency.repo, version)
diff --git a/scripts/gen_help_html.lua b/scripts/gen_help_html.lua
index b5dbce38f6..21d865309d 100644
--- a/scripts/gen_help_html.lua
+++ b/scripts/gen_help_html.lua
@@ -1289,25 +1289,15 @@ end
 ---
 --- @return nvim.gen_help_html.gen_result result
 function M.gen(help_dir, to_dir, include, commit, parser_path)
-  vim.validate {
-    help_dir = {
-      help_dir,
-      function(d)
-        return vim.fn.isdirectory(vim.fs.normalize(d)) == 1
-      end,
-      'valid directory',
-    },
-    to_dir = { to_dir, 's' },
-    include = { include, 't', true },
-    commit = { commit, 's', true },
-    parser_path = {
-      parser_path,
-      function(f)
-        return f == nil or vim.fn.filereadable(vim.fs.normalize(f)) == 1
-      end,
-      'valid vimdoc.{so,dll} filepath',
-    },
-  }
+  vim.validate('help_dir', help_dir, function(d)
+    return vim.fn.isdirectory(vim.fs.normalize(d)) == 1
+  end, 'valid directory')
+  vim.validate('to_dir', to_dir, 'string')
+  vim.validate('include', include, 'table', true)
+  vim.validate('commit', commit, 'sring', true)
+  vim.validate('parser_path', parser_path, function(f)
+    return vim.fn.filereadable(vim.fs.normalize(f)) == 1
+  end, true, 'valid vimdoc.{so,dll} filepath')
 
   local err_count = 0
   local redirects_count = 0
@@ -1410,23 +1400,13 @@ end
 ---
 --- @return nvim.gen_help_html.validate_result result
 function M.validate(help_dir, include, parser_path)
-  vim.validate {
-    help_dir = {
-      help_dir,
-      function(d)
-        return vim.fn.isdirectory(vim.fs.normalize(d)) == 1
-      end,
-      'valid directory',
-    },
-    include = { include, 't', true },
-    parser_path = {
-      parser_path,
-      function(f)
-        return f == nil or vim.fn.filereadable(vim.fs.normalize(f)) == 1
-      end,
-      'valid vimdoc.{so,dll} filepath',
-    },
-  }
+  vim.validate('help_dir', help_dir, function(d)
+    return vim.fn.isdirectory(vim.fs.normalize(d)) == 1
+  end, 'valid directory')
+  vim.validate('include', include, 'table', true)
+  vim.validate('parser_path', parser_path, function(f)
+    return vim.fn.filereadable(vim.fs.normalize(f)) == 1
+  end, true, 'valid vimdoc.{so,dll} filepath')
   local err_count = 0 ---@type integer
   local files_to_errors = {} ---@type table<string, string[]>
   ensure_runtimepath()
diff --git a/test/functional/lua/vim_spec.lua b/test/functional/lua/vim_spec.lua
index cba6c89c16..b32712860a 100644
--- a/test/functional/lua/vim_spec.lua
+++ b/test/functional/lua/vim_spec.lua
@@ -1358,7 +1358,79 @@ describe('lua stdlib', function()
     eq('{"a": {}, "b": []}', exec_lua([[ return vim.fn.json_encode({a=vim.empty_dict(), b={}}) ]]))
   end)
 
-  it('vim.validate', function()
+  it('vim.validate (fast form)', function()
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', {}, 'table')")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', nil, 'table', true)")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', { foo='foo' }, 'table')")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', { 'foo' }, 'table')")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', 'foo', 'string')")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', nil, 'string', true)")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', 1, 'number')")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', 0, 'number')")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', 0.1, 'number')")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', nil, 'number', true)")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', true, 'boolean')")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', false, 'boolean')")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', nil, 'boolean', true)")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', function()end, 'function')")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', nil, 'function', true)")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', nil, 'nil')")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', nil, 'nil', true)")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', coroutine.create(function()end), 'thread')")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', nil, 'thread', true)")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', 2, function(a) return (a % 2) == 0  end, 'even number')")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg1', 5, {'number', 'string'})")
+    exec_lua("vim.validate('arg2', 'foo', {'number', 'string'})")
+
+    matches('arg1: expected number, got nil', pcall_err(vim.validate, 'arg1', nil, 'number'))
+    matches('arg1: expected string, got nil', pcall_err(vim.validate, 'arg1', nil, 'string'))
+    matches('arg1: expected table, got nil', pcall_err(vim.validate, 'arg1', nil, 'table'))
+    matches('arg1: expected function, got nil', pcall_err(vim.validate, 'arg1', nil, 'function'))
+    matches('arg1: expected string, got number', pcall_err(vim.validate, 'arg1', 5, 'string'))
+    matches('arg1: expected table, got number', pcall_err(vim.validate, 'arg1', 5, 'table'))
+    matches('arg1: expected function, got number', pcall_err(vim.validate, 'arg1', 5, 'function'))
+    matches('arg1: expected number, got string', pcall_err(vim.validate, 'arg1', '5', 'number'))
+    matches('arg1: expected x, got number', pcall_err(exec_lua, "vim.validate('arg1', 1, 'x')"))
+    matches('invalid validator: 1', pcall_err(exec_lua, "vim.validate('arg1', 1, 1)"))
+    matches('invalid arguments', pcall_err(exec_lua, "vim.validate('arg1', { 1 })"))
+
+    -- Validated parameters are required by default.
+    matches(
+      'arg1: expected string, got nil',
+      pcall_err(exec_lua, "vim.validate('arg1',  nil, 'string')")
+    )
+    -- Explicitly required.
+    matches(
+      'arg1: expected string, got nil',
+      pcall_err(exec_lua, "vim.validate('arg1', nil, 'string', false)")
+    )
+
+    matches(
+      'arg1: expected table, got number',
+      pcall_err(exec_lua, "vim.validate('arg1', 1, 'table')")
+    )
+
+    matches(
+      'arg1: expected even number, got 3',
+      pcall_err(exec_lua, "vim.validate('arg1', 3, function(a) return a == 1 end, 'even number')")
+    )
+    matches(
+      'arg1: expected %?, got 3',
+      pcall_err(exec_lua, "vim.validate('arg1', 3, function(a) return a == 1 end)")
+    )
+    matches(
+      'arg1: expected number|string, got nil',
+      pcall_err(exec_lua, "vim.validate('arg1', nil, {'number', 'string'})")
+    )
+
+    -- Pass an additional message back.
+    matches(
+      'arg1: expected %?, got 3. Info: TEST_MSG',
+      pcall_err(exec_lua, "vim.validate('arg1', 3, function(a) return a == 1, 'TEST_MSG' end)")
+    )
+  end)
+
+  it('vim.validate (spec form)', function()
     exec_lua("vim.validate{arg1={{}, 'table' }}")
     exec_lua("vim.validate{arg1={{}, 't' }}")
     exec_lua("vim.validate{arg1={nil, 't', true }}")
@@ -1387,29 +1459,11 @@ describe('lua stdlib', function()
     exec_lua("vim.validate{arg1={{}, 't' }, arg2={ 'foo', 's' }}")
     exec_lua("vim.validate{arg1={2, function(a) return (a % 2) == 0  end, 'even number' }}")
     exec_lua("vim.validate{arg1={5, {'n', 's'} }, arg2={ 'foo', {'n', 's'} }}")
-    vim.validate('arg1', 5, 'number')
-    vim.validate('arg1', '5', 'string')
-    vim.validate('arg1', { 5 }, 'table')
-    vim.validate('arg1', function()
-      return 5
-    end, 'function')
-    vim.validate('arg1', nil, 'number', true)
-    vim.validate('arg1', nil, 'string', true)
-    vim.validate('arg1', nil, 'table', true)
-    vim.validate('arg1', nil, 'function', true)
 
-    matches('arg1: expected number, got nil', pcall_err(vim.validate, 'arg1', nil, 'number'))
-    matches('arg1: expected string, got nil', pcall_err(vim.validate, 'arg1', nil, 'string'))
-    matches('arg1: expected table, got nil', pcall_err(vim.validate, 'arg1', nil, 'table'))
-    matches('arg1: expected function, got nil', pcall_err(vim.validate, 'arg1', nil, 'function'))
-    matches('arg1: expected string, got number', pcall_err(vim.validate, 'arg1', 5, 'string'))
-    matches('arg1: expected table, got number', pcall_err(vim.validate, 'arg1', 5, 'table'))
-    matches('arg1: expected function, got number', pcall_err(vim.validate, 'arg1', 5, 'function'))
-    matches('arg1: expected number, got string', pcall_err(vim.validate, 'arg1', '5', 'number'))
     matches('expected table, got number', pcall_err(exec_lua, "vim.validate{ 1, 'x' }"))
-    matches('invalid type name: x', pcall_err(exec_lua, "vim.validate{ arg1={ 1, 'x' }}"))
-    matches('invalid type name: 1', pcall_err(exec_lua, 'vim.validate{ arg1={ 1, 1 }}'))
-    matches('invalid type name: nil', pcall_err(exec_lua, 'vim.validate{ arg1={ 1 }}'))
+    matches('arg1: expected x, got number', pcall_err(exec_lua, "vim.validate{ arg1={ 1, 'x' }}"))
+    matches('invalid validator: 1', pcall_err(exec_lua, 'vim.validate{ arg1={ 1, 1 }}'))
+    matches('invalid validator: nil', pcall_err(exec_lua, 'vim.validate{ arg1={ 1 }}'))
 
     -- Validated parameters are required by default.
     matches(
@@ -4094,11 +4148,16 @@ describe('vim.keymap', function()
     )
 
     matches(
-      'opts: expected table, got function',
+      'rhs: expected string|function, got number',
       pcall_err(exec_lua, [[vim.keymap.set({}, 'x', 42, function() end)]])
     )
 
     matches(
+      'opts: expected table, got function',
+      pcall_err(exec_lua, [[vim.keymap.set({}, 'x', 'x', function() end)]])
+    )
+
+    matches(
       'rhs: expected string|function, got number',
       pcall_err(exec_lua, [[vim.keymap.set('z', 'x', 42)]])
     )