Macro-based log utility for Neovim

This commit introduces 4 macros (for different log levels) that can be used
to log messages to $HOME/.nvimlog:

 - DLOG: log a debug message (e.g. `DLOG("sum(%d, %d): %d", x, y, sum(x, y));`)
 - ILOG: log some useful information (e.g. `ILOG("Main loop started")`)
 - WLOG: log a warning (e.g. `WLOG("Command not found: %s", command)`)
 - ELOG: log an error (e.g. `ELOG("Out of memory. Exiting.")`)

All these macros are disabled if `NDEBUG` or `DISABLE_LOG` is defined. This
guarantees that a `Release` build won't log anything.

`MIN_LOG_LEVEL` can be defined to reduce the verbosity of the log. The log
levels are:

```
DEBUG_LOG_LEVEL     0
INFO_LOG_LEVEL      1
WARNING_LOG_LEVEL   2
ERROR_LOG_LEVEL     3
```

`MIN_LOG_LEVEL` is 0 by default enabling all levels. If `MIN_LOG_LEVEL` is set
to 2, for example, only warnings and errors will be logged.

That's how the log looks like:

```
     DATETIME   LOG_LEVEL  FUNCTION  LINE  PID      FORMATTED MESSAGE

2014/05/01 23:46:14 [info @ main_loop:582] 44376 - Starting Neovim main loop.
2014/05/01 23:46:31 [info @ main_loop:582] 44400 - Starting Neovim main loop.
```

5 files changed, 220 insertions, 1 deletions

diff --git a/clint-files.txt b/clint-files.txt
index 68c2358f85..76da1f3656 100644
--- a/clint-files.txt
+++ b/clint-files.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 src/indent.c
 src/indent.h
+src/log.c
+src/log.h
 src/os/env.c
 src/os/event.c
 src/os/event_defs.h
diff --git a/src/log.c b/src/log.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d67851c2d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/log.c
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "log.h"
+#include "misc1.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "os/os.h"
+
+#define USR_LOG_FILE "$HOME/.nvimlog"
+
+
+static FILE *open_log_file(void);
+static bool do_log_to_file(FILE *log_file, int log_level,
+                           const char *func_name, int line_num,
+                           const char* fmt, ...);
+static bool v_do_log_to_file(FILE *log_file, int log_level,
+                             const char *func_name, int line_num,
+                             const char* fmt, va_list args);
+
+bool do_log(int log_level, const char *func_name, int line_num,
+            const char* fmt, ...)
+{
+  FILE *log_file = open_log_file();
+
+  if (log_file == NULL) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, fmt);
+  bool ret = v_do_log_to_file(log_file, log_level, func_name, line_num, fmt,
+                              args);
+  va_end(args);
+
+  if (log_file != stderr && log_file != stdout) {
+    fclose(log_file);
+  }
+  return ret;
+}
+
+/// Open the log file for appending.
+///
+/// @return The FILE* specified by the USR_LOG_FILE path or stderr in case of
+///         error
+static FILE *open_log_file(void)
+{
+  static bool opening_log_file = false;
+
+  // check if it's a recursive call
+  if (opening_log_file) {
+    do_log_to_file(stderr, ERROR_LOG_LEVEL, __func__, __LINE__,
+                   "Trying to LOG() recursively! Please fix it.");
+    return stderr;
+  }
+
+  // expand USR_LOG_FILE and open the file
+  FILE *log_file;
+  opening_log_file = true;
+  {
+    static char expanded_log_file_path[MAXPATHL + 1];
+
+    expand_env((char_u *)USR_LOG_FILE, (char_u *)expanded_log_file_path,
+               MAXPATHL);
+    // if the log file path expansion failed then fall back to stderr
+    if (strcmp(USR_LOG_FILE, expanded_log_file_path) == 0) {
+      goto open_log_file_error;
+    }
+
+    log_file = fopen(expanded_log_file_path, "a");
+    if (log_file == NULL) {
+      goto open_log_file_error;
+    }
+  }
+  opening_log_file = false;
+
+  return log_file;
+
+open_log_file_error:
+  opening_log_file = false;
+
+  do_log_to_file(stderr, ERROR_LOG_LEVEL, __func__, __LINE__,
+                 "Couldn't open USR_LOG_FILE, logging to stderr! This may be "
+                 "caused by attempting to LOG() before initialization "
+                 "functions are called (e.g. init_homedir()).");
+  return stderr;
+}
+
+static bool do_log_to_file(FILE *log_file, int log_level,
+                           const char *func_name, int line_num,
+                           const char* fmt, ...)
+{
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, fmt);
+  bool ret = v_do_log_to_file(log_file, log_level, func_name, line_num, fmt,
+                              args);
+  va_end(args);
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+static bool v_do_log_to_file(FILE *log_file, int log_level,
+                             const char *func_name, int line_num,
+                             const char* fmt, va_list args)
+{
+  static const char *log_levels[] = {
+    [DEBUG_LOG_LEVEL] = "debug",
+    [INFO_LOG_LEVEL] = "info",
+    [WARNING_LOG_LEVEL] = "warning",
+    [ERROR_LOG_LEVEL] = "error"
+  };
+  assert(log_level >= DEBUG_LOG_LEVEL && log_level <= ERROR_LOG_LEVEL);
+
+  // format current timestamp in local time
+  struct timeval tv;
+  if (gettimeofday(&tv, NULL) < 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+#ifdef UNIX
+  // localtime() is not thread-safe. POSIX provides localtime_r() as a
+  // thread-safe version.
+  struct tm local_time_allocated;
+  struct tm *local_time = localtime_r(&tv.tv_sec, &local_time_allocated);
+#else
+  // Windows version of localtime() is thread-safe.
+  // See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bf12f0hc%28VS.80%29.aspx
+  struct tm *local_time = localtime(&tv.tv_sec);  // NOLINT
+#endif
+  char date_time[20];
+  if (strftime(date_time, sizeof(date_time), "%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S",
+               local_time) == 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // print the log message prefixed by the current timestamp and pid
+  int64_t pid = os_get_pid();
+  if (fprintf(log_file, "%s [%s @ %s:%d] %" PRId64 " - ", date_time,
+              log_levels[log_level], func_name, line_num, pid) < 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (vfprintf(log_file, fmt, args) < 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  fputc('\n', log_file);
+  if (fflush(log_file) == EOF) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
diff --git a/src/log.h b/src/log.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45c8fdbfd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/log.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#ifndef NEOVIM_LOG_H
+#define NEOVIM_LOG_H
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "func_attr.h"
+
+#define DEBUG_LOG_LEVEL 0
+#define INFO_LOG_LEVEL 1
+#define WARNING_LOG_LEVEL 2
+#define ERROR_LOG_LEVEL 3
+
+bool do_log(int log_level, const char *func_name, int line_num,
+            const char* fmt, ...) FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED;
+
+#define DLOG(...)
+#define ILOG(...)
+#define WLOG(...)
+#define ELOG(...)
+
+// Logging is disabled if NDEBUG or DISABLE_LOG is defined.
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+#  define DISABLE_LOG
+#endif
+
+// MIN_LOG_LEVEL can be defined during compilation to adjust the desired level
+// of logging. DEBUG_LOG_LEVEL is used by default.
+#ifndef MIN_LOG_LEVEL
+#  define MIN_LOG_LEVEL DEBUG_LOG_LEVEL
+#endif
+
+#ifndef DISABLE_LOG
+
+#  if MIN_LOG_LEVEL <= DEBUG_LOG_LEVEL
+#    undef DLOG
+#    define DLOG(...) do_log(DEBUG_LOG_LEVEL, __func__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__)
+#  endif
+
+#  if MIN_LOG_LEVEL <= INFO_LOG_LEVEL
+#    undef ILOG
+#    define ILOG(...) do_log(INFO_LOG_LEVEL, __func__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__)
+#  endif
+
+#  if MIN_LOG_LEVEL <= WARNING_LOG_LEVEL
+#    undef WLOG
+#    define WLOG(...) do_log(WARNING_LOG_LEVEL, __func__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__)
+#  endif
+
+#  if MIN_LOG_LEVEL <= ERROR_LOG_LEVEL
+#    undef ELOG
+#    define ELOG(...) do_log(ERROR_LOG_LEVEL, __func__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__)
+#  endif
+
+#endif
+
+#endif  // NEOVIM_LOG_H
+
diff --git a/src/main.c b/src/main.c
index 105f676bbd..cddd5d15fa 100644
--- a/src/main.c
+++ b/src/main.c
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include "misc2.h"
 #include "crypt.h"
 #include "garray.h"
+#include "log.h"
 #include "memory.h"
 #include "move.h"
 #include "normal.h"
@@ -578,6 +579,7 @@ main_loop (
   linenr_T conceal_new_cursor_line = 0;
   int conceal_update_lines = FALSE;
 
+  ILOG("Starting Neovim main loop.");
 
   clear_oparg(&oa);
   while (!cmdwin
diff --git a/src/misc1.h b/src/misc1.h
index a68b9d3b6f..a46b305fae 100644
--- a/src/misc1.h
+++ b/src/misc1.h
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #ifndef NEOVIM_MISC1_H
 #define NEOVIM_MISC1_H
-/* misc1.c */
+
+#include "vim.h"
+
 int open_line(int dir, int flags, int second_line_indent);
 int get_leader_len(char_u *line, char_u **flags, int backward,
                    int include_space);