Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/neovim/neovim into rahmtmp

189 files changed, 20384 insertions, 19119 deletions

diff --git a/src/nvim/CMakeLists.txt b/src/nvim/CMakeLists.txt
index b743e9923f..635833748d 100755
--- a/src/nvim/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/nvim/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -676,12 +676,17 @@ function(get_test_target prefix sfile relative_path_var target_var)
   endif()
 endfunction()
 
-set(NO_SINGLE_CHECK_HEADERS
-  os/win_defs.h
-  os/pty_process_win.h
-  os/pty_conpty_win.h
-  os/os_win_console.h
-)
+if(WIN32)
+  set(NO_SINGLE_CHECK_HEADERS
+    os/pty_process_unix.h
+    os/unix_defs.h)
+else()
+  set(NO_SINGLE_CHECK_HEADERS
+    os/win_defs.h
+    os/pty_process_win.h
+    os/pty_conpty_win.h
+    os/os_win_console.h)
+endif()
 foreach(hfile ${NVIM_HEADERS})
   get_test_target(test-includes "${hfile}" relative_path texe)
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/api/autocmd.c b/src/nvim/api/autocmd.c
index bf6402f938..79ae7994f7 100644
--- a/src/nvim/api/autocmd.c
+++ b/src/nvim/api/autocmd.c
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
 #include "nvim/api/private/defs.h"
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
-#include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
 
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
diff --git a/src/nvim/api/buffer.c b/src/nvim/api/buffer.c
index d3895d31cf..5e90e40dd3 100644
--- a/src/nvim/api/buffer.c
+++ b/src/nvim/api/buffer.c
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/decoration.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/extmark.h"
diff --git a/src/nvim/api/command.c b/src/nvim/api/command.c
index bc766ff39c..1323fc347b 100644
--- a/src/nvim/api/command.c
+++ b/src/nvim/api/command.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
 #include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
 #include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
 #include "nvim/ops.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
@@ -300,10 +301,10 @@ String nvim_cmd(uint64_t channel_id, Dict(cmd) *cmd, Dict(cmd_opts) *opts, Error
   FUNC_API_SINCE(10)
 {
   exarg_T ea;
-  memset(&ea, 0, sizeof(ea));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(ea);
 
   CmdParseInfo cmdinfo;
-  memset(&cmdinfo, 0, sizeof(cmdinfo));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(cmdinfo);
 
   char *cmdline = NULL;
   char *cmdname = NULL;
@@ -625,6 +626,7 @@ String nvim_cmd(uint64_t channel_id, Dict(cmd) *cmd, Dict(cmd_opts) *opts, Error
   garray_T capture_local;
   const int save_msg_silent = msg_silent;
   garray_T * const save_capture_ga = capture_ga;
+  const int save_msg_col = msg_col;
 
   if (output) {
     ga_init(&capture_local, 1, 80);
@@ -635,6 +637,7 @@ String nvim_cmd(uint64_t channel_id, Dict(cmd) *cmd, Dict(cmd_opts) *opts, Error
     try_start();
     if (output) {
       msg_silent++;
+      msg_col = 0;  // prevent leading spaces
     }
 
     WITH_SCRIPT_CONTEXT(channel_id, {
@@ -644,6 +647,8 @@ String nvim_cmd(uint64_t channel_id, Dict(cmd) *cmd, Dict(cmd_opts) *opts, Error
     if (output) {
       capture_ga = save_capture_ga;
       msg_silent = save_msg_silent;
+      // Put msg_col back where it was, since nothing should have been written.
+      msg_col = save_msg_col;
     }
 
     try_end(err);
@@ -819,9 +824,12 @@ static void build_cmdline_str(char **cmdlinep, exarg_T *eap, CmdParseInfo *cmdin
   char *p = replace_makeprg(eap, eap->arg, cmdlinep);
   if (p != eap->arg) {
     // If replace_makeprg modified the cmdline string, correct the argument pointers.
-    assert(argc == 1);
     eap->arg = p;
-    eap->args[0] = p;
+    // We can only know the position of the first argument because the argument list can be used
+    // multiple times in makeprg / grepprg.
+    if (argc >= 1) {
+      eap->args[0] = p;
+    }
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/api/extmark.c b/src/nvim/api/extmark.c
index da1b6beeda..933aa85530 100644
--- a/src/nvim/api/extmark.c
+++ b/src/nvim/api/extmark.c
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/decoration_provider.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/extmark.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
 #include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
 #include "nvim/memline.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "api/extmark.c.generated.h"
@@ -441,8 +441,9 @@ Array nvim_buf_get_extmarks(Buffer buffer, Integer ns_id, Object start, Object e
 ///                   the extmark end position (if it exists) will be shifted
 ///                   in when new text is inserted (true for right, false
 ///                   for left). Defaults to false.
-///               - priority: a priority value for the highlight group. For
-///                   example treesitter highlighting uses a value of 100.
+///               - priority: a priority value for the highlight group or sign
+///                   attribute. For example treesitter highlighting uses a
+///                   value of 100.
 ///               - strict: boolean that indicates extmark should not be placed
 ///                   if the line or column value is past the end of the
 ///                   buffer or end of the line respectively. Defaults to true.
@@ -1030,6 +1031,8 @@ void nvim_set_decoration_provider(Integer ns_id, DictionaryOf(LuaRef) opts, Erro
   }
 
   p->active = true;
+  p->hl_valid++;
+  p->hl_cached = false;
   return;
 error:
   decor_provider_clear(p);
diff --git a/src/nvim/api/keysets.lua b/src/nvim/api/keysets.lua
index a764fb069b..32104ef6dc 100644
--- a/src/nvim/api/keysets.lua
+++ b/src/nvim/api/keysets.lua
@@ -106,7 +106,6 @@ return {
     "reverse";
     "nocombine";
     "default";
-    "global";
     "cterm";
     "foreground"; "fg";
     "background"; "bg";
@@ -114,9 +113,9 @@ return {
     "ctermbg";
     "special"; "sp";
     "link";
+    "global_link";
     "fallback";
     "blend";
-    "temp";
   };
   highlight_cterm = {
     "bold";
diff --git a/src/nvim/api/private/helpers.c b/src/nvim/api/private/helpers.c
index fad75d55be..c466fc53e1 100644
--- a/src/nvim/api/private/helpers.c
+++ b/src/nvim/api/private/helpers.c
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
 #include "nvim/extmark.h"
-#include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
 #include "nvim/lib/kvec.h"
 #include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ void try_enter(TryState *const tstate)
   //              save_dbg_stuff()/restore_dbg_stuff().
   *tstate = (TryState) {
     .current_exception = current_exception,
-    .msg_list = (const struct msglist *const *)msg_list,
+    .msg_list = (const msglist_T *const *)msg_list,
     .private_msg_list = NULL,
     .trylevel = trylevel,
     .got_int = got_int,
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ bool try_leave(const TryState *const tstate, Error *const err)
   assert(msg_list == &tstate->private_msg_list);
   assert(*msg_list == NULL);
   assert(current_exception == NULL);
-  msg_list = (struct msglist **)tstate->msg_list;
+  msg_list = (msglist_T **)tstate->msg_list;
   current_exception = tstate->current_exception;
   trylevel = tstate->trylevel;
   got_int = tstate->got_int;
diff --git a/src/nvim/api/private/helpers.h b/src/nvim/api/private/helpers.h
index 1441da853c..4608554448 100644
--- a/src/nvim/api/private/helpers.h
+++ b/src/nvim/api/private/helpers.h
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 #include "nvim/api/private/defs.h"
 #include "nvim/decoration.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_eval_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
 #include "nvim/lib/kvec.h"
 #include "nvim/memory.h"
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ EXTERN PMap(handle_T) tabpage_handles INIT(= MAP_INIT);
 /// processed and that “other VimL code” must not be affected.
 typedef struct {
   except_T *current_exception;
-  struct msglist *private_msg_list;
-  const struct msglist *const *msg_list;
+  msglist_T *private_msg_list;
+  const msglist_T *const *msg_list;
   int trylevel;
   int got_int;
   int need_rethrow;
@@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ typedef struct {
 // TODO(bfredl): prepare error-handling at "top level" (nv_event).
 #define TRY_WRAP(code) \
   do { \
-    struct msglist **saved_msg_list = msg_list; \
-    struct msglist *private_msg_list; \
+    msglist_T **saved_msg_list = msg_list; \
+    msglist_T *private_msg_list; \
     msg_list = &private_msg_list; \
     private_msg_list = NULL; \
     code \
diff --git a/src/nvim/api/ui.c b/src/nvim/api/ui.c
index 6239e414a7..6f7bfa244a 100644
--- a/src/nvim/api/ui.c
+++ b/src/nvim/api/ui.c
@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@
 #include "nvim/api/ui.h"
 #include "nvim/channel.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor_shape.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight.h"
 #include "nvim/map.h"
 #include "nvim/memory.h"
 #include "nvim/msgpack_rpc/channel.h"
 #include "nvim/msgpack_rpc/helpers.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
 #include "nvim/window.h"
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ void nvim_ui_attach(uint64_t channel_id, Integer width, Integer height, Dictiona
   ui->event = remote_ui_event;
   ui->inspect = remote_ui_inspect;
 
-  memset(ui->ui_ext, 0, sizeof(ui->ui_ext));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(ui->ui_ext);
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < options.size; i++) {
     ui_set_option(ui, true, options.items[i].key, options.items[i].value, err);
diff --git a/src/nvim/api/vim.c b/src/nvim/api/vim.c
index e2f58dba62..e4dc219e9a 100644
--- a/src/nvim/api/vim.c
+++ b/src/nvim/api/vim.c
@@ -23,17 +23,19 @@
 #include "nvim/context.h"
 #include "nvim/decoration.h"
 #include "nvim/decoration_provider.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
 #include "nvim/file_search.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
 #include "nvim/globals.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
@@ -52,8 +54,8 @@
 #include "nvim/option.h"
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
 #include "nvim/os/process.h"
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
 #include "nvim/types.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
@@ -91,7 +93,6 @@ Dictionary nvim_get_hl_by_name(String name, Boolean rgb, Error *err)
 }
 
 /// Gets a highlight definition by id. |hlID()|
-///
 /// @param hl_id Highlight id as returned by |hlID()|
 /// @param rgb Export RGB colors
 /// @param[out] err Error details, if any
@@ -180,35 +181,38 @@ void nvim_set_hl(Integer ns_id, String name, Dict(highlight) *val, Error *err)
   }
 }
 
-/// Set active namespace for highlights.
-///
-/// NB: this function can be called from async contexts, but the
-/// semantics are not yet well-defined. To start with
-/// |nvim_set_decoration_provider| on_win and on_line callbacks
-/// are explicitly allowed to change the namespace during a redraw cycle.
+/// Set active namespace for highlights. This can be set for a single window,
+/// see |nvim_win_set_hl_ns|.
 ///
-/// @param ns_id the namespace to activate
+/// @param ns_id the namespace to use
 /// @param[out] err Error details, if any
-void nvim__set_hl_ns(Integer ns_id, Error *err)
-  FUNC_API_FAST
+void nvim_set_hl_ns(Integer ns_id, Error *err)
+  FUNC_API_SINCE(10)
 {
-  if (ns_id >= 0) {
-    ns_hl_active = (NS)ns_id;
+  if (ns_id < 0) {
+    api_set_error(err, kErrorTypeValidation, "no such namespace");
+    return;
   }
 
-  // TODO(bfredl): this is a little bit hackish.  Eventually we want a standard
-  // event path for redraws caused by "fast" events. This could tie in with
-  // better throttling of async events causing redraws, such as non-batched
-  // nvim_buf_set_extmark calls from async contexts.
-  if (!provider_active && !ns_hl_changed && must_redraw < NOT_VALID) {
-    multiqueue_put(main_loop.events, on_redraw_event, 0);
-  }
-  ns_hl_changed = true;
+  ns_hl_global = (NS)ns_id;
+  hl_check_ns();
+  redraw_all_later(NOT_VALID);
 }
 
-static void on_redraw_event(void **argv)
+/// Set active namespace for highlights while redrawing.
+///
+/// This function meant to be called while redrawing, primarily from
+/// |nvim_set_decoration_provider| on_win and on_line callbacks, which
+/// are allowed to change the namespace during a redraw cycle.
+///
+/// @param ns_id the namespace to activate
+/// @param[out] err Error details, if any
+void nvim_set_hl_ns_fast(Integer ns_id, Error *err)
+  FUNC_API_SINCE(10)
+  FUNC_API_FAST
 {
-  redraw_all_later(NOT_VALID);
+  ns_hl_fast = (NS)ns_id;
+  hl_check_ns();
 }
 
 /// Sends input-keys to Nvim, subject to various quirks controlled by `mode`
@@ -478,7 +482,7 @@ Object nvim_notify(String msg, Integer log_level, Dictionary opts, Error *err)
   ADD_C(args, INTEGER_OBJ(log_level));
   ADD_C(args, DICTIONARY_OBJ(opts));
 
-  return nlua_exec(STATIC_CSTR_AS_STRING("return vim.notify(...)"), args, err);
+  return NLUA_EXEC_STATIC("return vim.notify(...)", args, err);
 }
 
 /// Calculates the number of display cells occupied by `text`.
@@ -1833,11 +1837,9 @@ Array nvim_get_proc_children(Integer pid, Error *err)
   if (rv == 2) {
     // syscall failed (possibly because of kernel options), try shelling out.
     DLOG("fallback to vim._os_proc_children()");
-    Array a = ARRAY_DICT_INIT;
+    MAXSIZE_TEMP_ARRAY(a, 1);
     ADD(a, INTEGER_OBJ(pid));
-    String s = STATIC_CSTR_AS_STRING("return vim._os_proc_children(...)");
-    Object o = nlua_exec(s, a, err);
-    api_free_array(a);
+    Object o = NLUA_EXEC_STATIC("return vim._os_proc_children(...)", a, err);
     if (o.type == kObjectTypeArray) {
       rvobj = o.data.array;
     } else if (!ERROR_SET(err)) {
@@ -1878,12 +1880,9 @@ Object nvim_get_proc(Integer pid, Error *err)
   }
 #else
   // Cross-platform process info APIs are miserable, so use `ps` instead.
-  Array a = ARRAY_DICT_INIT;
+  MAXSIZE_TEMP_ARRAY(a, 1);
   ADD(a, INTEGER_OBJ(pid));
-  String s = cstr_to_string("return vim._os_proc_info(select(1, ...))");
-  Object o = nlua_exec(s, a, err);
-  api_free_string(s);
-  api_free_array(a);
+  Object o = NLUA_EXEC_STATIC("return vim._os_proc_info(...)", a, err);
   if (o.type == kObjectTypeArray && o.data.array.size == 0) {
     return NIL;  // Process not found.
   } else if (o.type == kObjectTypeDictionary) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/api/vimscript.c b/src/nvim/api/vimscript.c
index 478e146781..a28bfd2ab9 100644
--- a/src/nvim/api/vimscript.c
+++ b/src/nvim/api/vimscript.c
@@ -14,8 +14,9 @@
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/ops.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
 #include "nvim/viml/parser/expressions.h"
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ String nvim_exec(uint64_t channel_id, String src, Boolean output, Error *err)
 {
   const int save_msg_silent = msg_silent;
   garray_T *const save_capture_ga = capture_ga;
+  const int save_msg_col = msg_col;
   garray_T capture_local;
   if (output) {
     ga_init(&capture_local, 1, 80);
@@ -57,6 +59,7 @@ String nvim_exec(uint64_t channel_id, String src, Boolean output, Error *err)
   try_start();
   if (output) {
     msg_silent++;
+    msg_col = 0;  // prevent leading spaces
   }
 
   const sctx_T save_current_sctx = api_set_sctx(channel_id);
@@ -65,6 +68,8 @@ String nvim_exec(uint64_t channel_id, String src, Boolean output, Error *err)
   if (output) {
     capture_ga = save_capture_ga;
     msg_silent = save_msg_silent;
+    // Put msg_col back where it was, since nothing should have been written.
+    msg_col = save_msg_col;
   }
 
   current_sctx = save_current_sctx;
diff --git a/src/nvim/api/win_config.c b/src/nvim/api/win_config.c
index d36c5bfb95..0c89726d71 100644
--- a/src/nvim/api/win_config.c
+++ b/src/nvim/api/win_config.c
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
 #include "nvim/api/win_config.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/syntax.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ Window nvim_open_win(Buffer buffer, Boolean enter, Dict(float_config) *config, E
 
   if (fconfig.style == kWinStyleMinimal) {
     win_set_minimal_style(wp);
-    didset_window_options(wp);
+    didset_window_options(wp, true);
   }
   return wp->handle;
 }
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ void nvim_win_set_config(Window window, Dict(float_config) *config, Error *err)
   }
   if (fconfig.style == kWinStyleMinimal) {
     win_set_minimal_style(win);
-    didset_window_options(win);
+    didset_window_options(win, true);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/api/window.c b/src/nvim/api/window.c
index 5a4ff70257..580dfd8639 100644
--- a/src/nvim/api/window.c
+++ b/src/nvim/api/window.c
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/globals.h"
 #include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
 #include "nvim/move.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/syntax.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
 #include "nvim/window.h"
@@ -426,3 +426,28 @@ Object nvim_win_call(Window window, LuaRef fun, Error *err)
   try_end(err);
   return res;
 }
+
+/// Set highlight namespace for a window. This will use highlights defined in
+/// this namespace, but fall back to global highlights (ns=0) when missing.
+///
+/// This takes predecence over the 'winhighlight' option.
+///
+/// @param ns_id the namespace to use
+/// @param[out] err Error details, if any
+void nvim_win_set_hl_ns(Window window, Integer ns_id, Error *err)
+  FUNC_API_SINCE(10)
+{
+  win_T *win = find_window_by_handle(window, err);
+  if (!win) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // -1 is allowed as inherit global namespace
+  if (ns_id < -1) {
+    api_set_error(err, kErrorTypeValidation, "no such namespace");
+  }
+
+  win->w_ns_hl = (NS)ns_id;
+  win->w_hl_needs_update = true;
+  redraw_later(win, NOT_VALID);
+}
diff --git a/src/nvim/arglist.c b/src/nvim/arglist.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d8917cc73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/arglist.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1157 @@
+// This is an open source non-commercial project. Dear PVS-Studio, please check
+// it. PVS-Studio Static Code Analyzer for C, C++ and C#: http://www.viva64.com
+
+// arglist.c: functions for dealing with the argument list
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "nvim/arglist.h"
+#include "nvim/buffer.h"
+#include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/eval.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
+#include "nvim/fileio.h"
+#include "nvim/garray.h"
+#include "nvim/globals.h"
+#include "nvim/mark.h"
+#include "nvim/memory.h"
+#include "nvim/os/input.h"
+#include "nvim/path.h"
+#include "nvim/regexp.h"
+#include "nvim/strings.h"
+#include "nvim/undo.h"
+#include "nvim/version.h"
+#include "nvim/vim.h"
+#include "nvim/window.h"
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "arglist.c.generated.h"
+#endif
+
+enum {
+  AL_SET = 1,
+  AL_ADD = 2,
+  AL_DEL = 3,
+};
+
+/// Clear an argument list: free all file names and reset it to zero entries.
+void alist_clear(alist_T *al)
+{
+#define FREE_AENTRY_FNAME(arg) xfree((arg)->ae_fname)
+  GA_DEEP_CLEAR(&al->al_ga, aentry_T, FREE_AENTRY_FNAME);
+}
+
+/// Init an argument list.
+void alist_init(alist_T *al)
+{
+  ga_init(&al->al_ga, (int)sizeof(aentry_T), 5);
+}
+
+/// Remove a reference from an argument list.
+/// Ignored when the argument list is the global one.
+/// If the argument list is no longer used by any window, free it.
+void alist_unlink(alist_T *al)
+{
+  if (al != &global_alist && --al->al_refcount <= 0) {
+    alist_clear(al);
+    xfree(al);
+  }
+}
+
+/// Create a new argument list and use it for the current window.
+void alist_new(void)
+{
+  curwin->w_alist = xmalloc(sizeof(*curwin->w_alist));
+  curwin->w_alist->al_refcount = 1;
+  curwin->w_alist->id = ++max_alist_id;
+  alist_init(curwin->w_alist);
+}
+
+#if !defined(UNIX)
+
+/// Expand the file names in the global argument list.
+/// If "fnum_list" is not NULL, use "fnum_list[fnum_len]" as a list of buffer
+/// numbers to be re-used.
+void alist_expand(int *fnum_list, int fnum_len)
+{
+  char *save_p_su = p_su;
+
+  // Don't use 'suffixes' here.  This should work like the shell did the
+  // expansion.  Also, the vimrc file isn't read yet, thus the user
+  // can't set the options.
+  p_su = empty_option;
+  char **old_arg_files = xmalloc(sizeof(*old_arg_files) * GARGCOUNT);
+  for (int i = 0; i < GARGCOUNT; i++) {
+    old_arg_files[i] = vim_strsave(GARGLIST[i].ae_fname);
+  }
+  int old_arg_count = GARGCOUNT;
+  char **new_arg_files;
+  int new_arg_file_count;
+  if (expand_wildcards(old_arg_count, old_arg_files,
+                       &new_arg_file_count, &new_arg_files,
+                       EW_FILE|EW_NOTFOUND|EW_ADDSLASH|EW_NOERROR) == OK
+      && new_arg_file_count > 0) {
+    alist_set(&global_alist, new_arg_file_count, new_arg_files,
+              true, fnum_list, fnum_len);
+    FreeWild(old_arg_count, old_arg_files);
+  }
+  p_su = save_p_su;
+}
+#endif
+
+/// Set the argument list for the current window.
+/// Takes over the allocated files[] and the allocated fnames in it.
+void alist_set(alist_T *al, int count, char **files, int use_curbuf, int *fnum_list, int fnum_len)
+{
+  static int recursive = 0;
+
+  if (recursive) {
+    emsg(_(e_au_recursive));
+    return;
+  }
+  recursive++;
+
+  alist_clear(al);
+  ga_grow(&al->al_ga, count);
+  {
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      if (got_int) {
+        // When adding many buffers this can take a long time.  Allow
+        // interrupting here.
+        while (i < count) {
+          xfree(files[i++]);
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // May set buffer name of a buffer previously used for the
+      // argument list, so that it's re-used by alist_add.
+      if (fnum_list != NULL && i < fnum_len) {
+        buf_set_name(fnum_list[i], files[i]);
+      }
+
+      alist_add(al, files[i], use_curbuf ? 2 : 1);
+      os_breakcheck();
+    }
+    xfree(files);
+  }
+
+  if (al == &global_alist) {
+    arg_had_last = false;
+  }
+  recursive--;
+}
+
+/// Add file "fname" to argument list "al".
+/// "fname" must have been allocated and "al" must have been checked for room.
+///
+/// @param set_fnum  1: set buffer number; 2: re-use curbuf
+void alist_add(alist_T *al, char *fname, int set_fnum)
+{
+  if (fname == NULL) {          // don't add NULL file names
+    return;
+  }
+#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
+  slash_adjust(fname);
+#endif
+  AARGLIST(al)[al->al_ga.ga_len].ae_fname = (char_u *)fname;
+  if (set_fnum > 0) {
+    AARGLIST(al)[al->al_ga.ga_len].ae_fnum =
+      buflist_add(fname, BLN_LISTED | (set_fnum == 2 ? BLN_CURBUF : 0));
+  }
+  al->al_ga.ga_len++;
+}
+
+#if defined(BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME)
+
+/// Adjust slashes in file names.  Called after 'shellslash' was set.
+void alist_slash_adjust(void)
+{
+  for (int i = 0; i < GARGCOUNT; i++) {
+    if (GARGLIST[i].ae_fname != NULL) {
+      slash_adjust(GARGLIST[i].ae_fname);
+    }
+  }
+
+  FOR_ALL_TAB_WINDOWS(tp, wp) {
+    if (wp->w_alist != &global_alist) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < WARGCOUNT(wp); i++) {
+        if (WARGLIST(wp)[i].ae_fname != NULL) {
+          slash_adjust(WARGLIST(wp)[i].ae_fname);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/// Isolate one argument, taking backticks.
+/// Changes the argument in-place, puts a NUL after it.  Backticks remain.
+///
+/// @return  a pointer to the start of the next argument.
+static char *do_one_arg(char *str)
+{
+  char *p;
+  bool inbacktick;
+
+  inbacktick = false;
+  for (p = str; *str; str++) {
+    // When the backslash is used for escaping the special meaning of a
+    // character we need to keep it until wildcard expansion.
+    if (rem_backslash((char_u *)str)) {
+      *p++ = *str++;
+      *p++ = *str;
+    } else {
+      // An item ends at a space not in backticks
+      if (!inbacktick && ascii_isspace(*str)) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (*str == '`') {
+        inbacktick ^= true;
+      }
+      *p++ = *str;
+    }
+  }
+  str = skipwhite(str);
+  *p = NUL;
+
+  return str;
+}
+
+/// Separate the arguments in "str" and return a list of pointers in the
+/// growarray "gap".
+static void get_arglist(garray_T *gap, char *str, int escaped)
+{
+  ga_init(gap, (int)sizeof(char_u *), 20);
+  while (*str != NUL) {
+    GA_APPEND(char *, gap, str);
+
+    // If str is escaped, don't handle backslashes or spaces
+    if (!escaped) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Isolate one argument, change it in-place, put a NUL after it.
+    str = do_one_arg(str);
+  }
+}
+
+/// Parse a list of arguments (file names), expand them and return in
+/// "fnames[fcountp]".  When "wig" is true, removes files matching 'wildignore'.
+///
+/// @return  FAIL or OK.
+int get_arglist_exp(char_u *str, int *fcountp, char ***fnamesp, bool wig)
+{
+  garray_T ga;
+  int i;
+
+  get_arglist(&ga, (char *)str, true);
+
+  if (wig) {
+    i = expand_wildcards(ga.ga_len, ga.ga_data,
+                         fcountp, fnamesp, EW_FILE|EW_NOTFOUND|EW_NOTWILD);
+  } else {
+    i = gen_expand_wildcards(ga.ga_len, ga.ga_data,
+                             fcountp, fnamesp, EW_FILE|EW_NOTFOUND|EW_NOTWILD);
+  }
+
+  ga_clear(&ga);
+  return i;
+}
+
+/// Check the validity of the arg_idx for each other window.
+static void alist_check_arg_idx(void)
+{
+  FOR_ALL_TAB_WINDOWS(tp, win) {
+    if (win->w_alist == curwin->w_alist) {
+      check_arg_idx(win);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Add files[count] to the arglist of the current window after arg "after".
+/// The file names in files[count] must have been allocated and are taken over.
+/// Files[] itself is not taken over.
+///
+/// @param after: where to add: 0 = before first one
+/// @param will_edit  will edit adding argument
+static void alist_add_list(int count, char **files, int after, bool will_edit)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  int old_argcount = ARGCOUNT;
+  ga_grow(&ALIST(curwin)->al_ga, count);
+  {
+    if (after < 0) {
+      after = 0;
+    }
+    if (after > ARGCOUNT) {
+      after = ARGCOUNT;
+    }
+    if (after < ARGCOUNT) {
+      memmove(&(ARGLIST[after + count]), &(ARGLIST[after]),
+              (size_t)(ARGCOUNT - after) * sizeof(aentry_T));
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      const int flags = BLN_LISTED | (will_edit ? BLN_CURBUF : 0);
+      ARGLIST[after + i].ae_fname = (char_u *)files[i];
+      ARGLIST[after + i].ae_fnum = buflist_add(files[i], flags);
+    }
+    ALIST(curwin)->al_ga.ga_len += count;
+    if (old_argcount > 0 && curwin->w_arg_idx >= after) {
+      curwin->w_arg_idx += count;
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
+/// @param str
+/// @param what
+///         AL_SET: Redefine the argument list to 'str'.
+///         AL_ADD: add files in 'str' to the argument list after "after".
+///         AL_DEL: remove files in 'str' from the argument list.
+/// @param after
+///         0 means before first one
+/// @param will_edit  will edit added argument
+///
+/// @return  FAIL for failure, OK otherwise.
+static int do_arglist(char *str, int what, int after, bool will_edit)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  garray_T new_ga;
+  int exp_count;
+  char **exp_files;
+  char *p;
+  int match;
+  int arg_escaped = true;
+
+  // Set default argument for ":argadd" command.
+  if (what == AL_ADD && *str == NUL) {
+    if (curbuf->b_ffname == NULL) {
+      return FAIL;
+    }
+    str = curbuf->b_fname;
+    arg_escaped = false;
+  }
+
+  // Collect all file name arguments in "new_ga".
+  get_arglist(&new_ga, str, arg_escaped);
+
+  if (what == AL_DEL) {
+    regmatch_T regmatch;
+    bool didone;
+
+    // Delete the items: use each item as a regexp and find a match in the
+    // argument list.
+    regmatch.rm_ic = p_fic;     // ignore case when 'fileignorecase' is set
+    for (int i = 0; i < new_ga.ga_len && !got_int; i++) {
+      p = ((char **)new_ga.ga_data)[i];
+      p = file_pat_to_reg_pat(p, NULL, NULL, false);
+      if (p == NULL) {
+        break;
+      }
+      regmatch.regprog = vim_regcomp(p, p_magic ? RE_MAGIC : 0);
+      if (regmatch.regprog == NULL) {
+        xfree(p);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      didone = false;
+      for (match = 0; match < ARGCOUNT; match++) {
+        if (vim_regexec(&regmatch, alist_name(&ARGLIST[match]), (colnr_T)0)) {
+          didone = true;
+          xfree(ARGLIST[match].ae_fname);
+          memmove(ARGLIST + match, ARGLIST + match + 1,
+                  (size_t)(ARGCOUNT - match - 1) * sizeof(aentry_T));
+          ALIST(curwin)->al_ga.ga_len--;
+          if (curwin->w_arg_idx > match) {
+            curwin->w_arg_idx--;
+          }
+          match--;
+        }
+      }
+
+      vim_regfree(regmatch.regprog);
+      xfree(p);
+      if (!didone) {
+        semsg(_(e_nomatch2), ((char_u **)new_ga.ga_data)[i]);
+      }
+    }
+    ga_clear(&new_ga);
+  } else {
+    int i = expand_wildcards(new_ga.ga_len, new_ga.ga_data,
+                             &exp_count, &exp_files,
+                             EW_DIR|EW_FILE|EW_ADDSLASH|EW_NOTFOUND);
+    ga_clear(&new_ga);
+    if (i == FAIL || exp_count == 0) {
+      emsg(_(e_nomatch));
+      return FAIL;
+    }
+
+    if (what == AL_ADD) {
+      alist_add_list(exp_count, exp_files, after, will_edit);
+      xfree(exp_files);
+    } else {
+      assert(what == AL_SET);
+      alist_set(ALIST(curwin), exp_count, exp_files, will_edit, NULL, 0);
+    }
+  }
+
+  alist_check_arg_idx();
+
+  return OK;
+}
+
+/// Redefine the argument list.
+void set_arglist(char *str)
+{
+  do_arglist(str, AL_SET, 0, false);
+}
+
+/// @return  true if window "win" is editing the file at the current argument
+///          index.
+bool editing_arg_idx(win_T *win)
+{
+  return !(win->w_arg_idx >= WARGCOUNT(win)
+           || (win->w_buffer->b_fnum
+               != WARGLIST(win)[win->w_arg_idx].ae_fnum
+               && (win->w_buffer->b_ffname == NULL
+                   || !(path_full_compare(alist_name(&WARGLIST(win)[win->w_arg_idx]),
+                                          win->w_buffer->b_ffname, true,
+                                          true) & kEqualFiles))));
+}
+
+/// Check if window "win" is editing the w_arg_idx file in its argument list.
+void check_arg_idx(win_T *win)
+{
+  if (WARGCOUNT(win) > 1 && !editing_arg_idx(win)) {
+    // We are not editing the current entry in the argument list.
+    // Set "arg_had_last" if we are editing the last one.
+    win->w_arg_idx_invalid = true;
+    if (win->w_arg_idx != WARGCOUNT(win) - 1
+        && arg_had_last == false
+        && ALIST(win) == &global_alist
+        && GARGCOUNT > 0
+        && win->w_arg_idx < GARGCOUNT
+        && (win->w_buffer->b_fnum == GARGLIST[GARGCOUNT - 1].ae_fnum
+            || (win->w_buffer->b_ffname != NULL
+                && (path_full_compare(alist_name(&GARGLIST[GARGCOUNT - 1]),
+                                      win->w_buffer->b_ffname, true, true)
+                    & kEqualFiles)))) {
+      arg_had_last = true;
+    }
+  } else {
+    // We are editing the current entry in the argument list.
+    // Set "arg_had_last" if it's also the last one
+    win->w_arg_idx_invalid = false;
+    if (win->w_arg_idx == WARGCOUNT(win) - 1 && win->w_alist == &global_alist) {
+      arg_had_last = true;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// ":args", ":argslocal" and ":argsglobal".
+void ex_args(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  if (eap->cmdidx != CMD_args) {
+    alist_unlink(ALIST(curwin));
+    if (eap->cmdidx == CMD_argglobal) {
+      ALIST(curwin) = &global_alist;
+    } else {     // eap->cmdidx == CMD_arglocal
+      alist_new();
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (*eap->arg != NUL) {
+    // ":args file ..": define new argument list, handle like ":next"
+    // Also for ":argslocal file .." and ":argsglobal file ..".
+    ex_next(eap);
+  } else if (eap->cmdidx == CMD_args) {
+    // ":args": list arguments.
+    if (ARGCOUNT > 0) {
+      char **items = xmalloc(sizeof(char_u *) * (size_t)ARGCOUNT);
+      // Overwrite the command, for a short list there is no scrolling
+      // required and no wait_return().
+      gotocmdline(true);
+      for (int i = 0; i < ARGCOUNT; i++) {
+        items[i] = alist_name(&ARGLIST[i]);
+      }
+      list_in_columns(items, ARGCOUNT, curwin->w_arg_idx);
+      xfree(items);
+    }
+  } else if (eap->cmdidx == CMD_arglocal) {
+    garray_T *gap = &curwin->w_alist->al_ga;
+
+    // ":argslocal": make a local copy of the global argument list.
+    ga_grow(gap, GARGCOUNT);
+    for (int i = 0; i < GARGCOUNT; i++) {
+      if (GARGLIST[i].ae_fname != NULL) {
+        AARGLIST(curwin->w_alist)[gap->ga_len].ae_fname =
+          vim_strsave(GARGLIST[i].ae_fname);
+        AARGLIST(curwin->w_alist)[gap->ga_len].ae_fnum =
+          GARGLIST[i].ae_fnum;
+        gap->ga_len++;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// ":previous", ":sprevious", ":Next" and ":sNext".
+void ex_previous(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  // If past the last one already, go to the last one.
+  if (curwin->w_arg_idx - (int)eap->line2 >= ARGCOUNT) {
+    do_argfile(eap, ARGCOUNT - 1);
+  } else {
+    do_argfile(eap, curwin->w_arg_idx - (int)eap->line2);
+  }
+}
+
+/// ":rewind", ":first", ":sfirst" and ":srewind".
+void ex_rewind(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  do_argfile(eap, 0);
+}
+
+/// ":last" and ":slast".
+void ex_last(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  do_argfile(eap, ARGCOUNT - 1);
+}
+
+/// ":argument" and ":sargument".
+void ex_argument(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  if (eap->addr_count > 0) {
+    i = (int)eap->line2 - 1;
+  } else {
+    i = curwin->w_arg_idx;
+  }
+  do_argfile(eap, i);
+}
+
+/// Edit file "argn" of the argument lists.
+void do_argfile(exarg_T *eap, int argn)
+{
+  int other;
+  char *p;
+  int old_arg_idx = curwin->w_arg_idx;
+
+  if (argn < 0 || argn >= ARGCOUNT) {
+    if (ARGCOUNT <= 1) {
+      emsg(_("E163: There is only one file to edit"));
+    } else if (argn < 0) {
+      emsg(_("E164: Cannot go before first file"));
+    } else {
+      emsg(_("E165: Cannot go beyond last file"));
+    }
+  } else {
+    setpcmark();
+
+    // split window or create new tab page first
+    if (*eap->cmd == 's' || cmdmod.cmod_tab != 0) {
+      if (win_split(0, 0) == FAIL) {
+        return;
+      }
+      RESET_BINDING(curwin);
+    } else {
+      // if 'hidden' set, only check for changed file when re-editing
+      // the same buffer
+      other = true;
+      if (buf_hide(curbuf)) {
+        p = fix_fname(alist_name(&ARGLIST[argn]));
+        other = otherfile(p);
+        xfree(p);
+      }
+      if ((!buf_hide(curbuf) || !other)
+          && check_changed(curbuf, CCGD_AW
+                           | (other ? 0 : CCGD_MULTWIN)
+                           | (eap->forceit ? CCGD_FORCEIT : 0)
+                           | CCGD_EXCMD)) {
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    curwin->w_arg_idx = argn;
+    if (argn == ARGCOUNT - 1 && curwin->w_alist == &global_alist) {
+      arg_had_last = true;
+    }
+
+    // Edit the file; always use the last known line number.
+    // When it fails (e.g. Abort for already edited file) restore the
+    // argument index.
+    if (do_ecmd(0, alist_name(&ARGLIST[curwin->w_arg_idx]), NULL,
+                eap, ECMD_LAST,
+                (buf_hide(curwin->w_buffer) ? ECMD_HIDE : 0)
+                + (eap->forceit ? ECMD_FORCEIT : 0), curwin) == FAIL) {
+      curwin->w_arg_idx = old_arg_idx;
+    } else if (eap->cmdidx != CMD_argdo) {
+      // like Vi: set the mark where the cursor is in the file.
+      setmark('\'');
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// ":next", and commands that behave like it.
+void ex_next(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  // check for changed buffer now, if this fails the argument list is not
+  // redefined.
+  if (buf_hide(curbuf)
+      || eap->cmdidx == CMD_snext
+      || !check_changed(curbuf, CCGD_AW
+                        | (eap->forceit ? CCGD_FORCEIT : 0)
+                        | CCGD_EXCMD)) {
+    if (*eap->arg != NUL) {                 // redefine file list
+      if (do_arglist(eap->arg, AL_SET, 0, true) == FAIL) {
+        return;
+      }
+      i = 0;
+    } else {
+      i = curwin->w_arg_idx + (int)eap->line2;
+    }
+    do_argfile(eap, i);
+  }
+}
+
+/// ":argdedupe"
+void ex_argdedupe(exarg_T *eap FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED)
+{
+  for (int i = 0; i < ARGCOUNT; i++) {
+    for (int j = i + 1; j < ARGCOUNT; j++) {
+      if (FNAMECMP(ARGLIST[i].ae_fname, ARGLIST[j].ae_fname) == 0) {
+        xfree(ARGLIST[j].ae_fname);
+        memmove(ARGLIST + j, ARGLIST + j + 1,
+                (size_t)(ARGCOUNT - j - 1) * sizeof(aentry_T));
+        ARGCOUNT--;
+
+        if (curwin->w_arg_idx == j) {
+          curwin->w_arg_idx = i;
+        } else if (curwin->w_arg_idx > j) {
+          curwin->w_arg_idx--;
+        }
+
+        j--;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// ":argedit"
+void ex_argedit(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  int i = eap->addr_count ? (int)eap->line2 : curwin->w_arg_idx + 1;
+  // Whether curbuf will be reused, curbuf->b_ffname will be set.
+  bool curbuf_is_reusable = curbuf_reusable();
+
+  if (do_arglist(eap->arg, AL_ADD, i, true) == FAIL) {
+    return;
+  }
+  maketitle();
+
+  if (curwin->w_arg_idx == 0
+      && (curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY)
+      && (curbuf->b_ffname == NULL || curbuf_is_reusable)) {
+    i = 0;
+  }
+  // Edit the argument.
+  if (i < ARGCOUNT) {
+    do_argfile(eap, i);
+  }
+}
+
+/// ":argadd"
+void ex_argadd(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  do_arglist(eap->arg, AL_ADD,
+             eap->addr_count > 0 ? (int)eap->line2 : curwin->w_arg_idx + 1,
+             false);
+  maketitle();
+}
+
+/// ":argdelete"
+void ex_argdelete(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  if (eap->addr_count > 0 || *eap->arg == NUL) {
+    // ":argdel" works like ":.argdel"
+    if (eap->addr_count == 0) {
+      if (curwin->w_arg_idx >= ARGCOUNT) {
+        emsg(_("E610: No argument to delete"));
+        return;
+      }
+      eap->line1 = eap->line2 = curwin->w_arg_idx + 1;
+    } else if (eap->line2 > ARGCOUNT) {
+      // ":1,4argdel": Delete all arguments in the range.
+      eap->line2 = ARGCOUNT;
+    }
+    linenr_T n = eap->line2 - eap->line1 + 1;
+    if (*eap->arg != NUL) {
+      // Can't have both a range and an argument.
+      emsg(_(e_invarg));
+    } else if (n <= 0) {
+      // Don't give an error for ":%argdel" if the list is empty.
+      if (eap->line1 != 1 || eap->line2 != 0) {
+        emsg(_(e_invrange));
+      }
+    } else {
+      for (linenr_T i = eap->line1; i <= eap->line2; i++) {
+        xfree(ARGLIST[i - 1].ae_fname);
+      }
+      memmove(ARGLIST + eap->line1 - 1, ARGLIST + eap->line2,
+              (size_t)(ARGCOUNT - eap->line2) * sizeof(aentry_T));
+      ALIST(curwin)->al_ga.ga_len -= (int)n;
+      if (curwin->w_arg_idx >= eap->line2) {
+        curwin->w_arg_idx -= (int)n;
+      } else if (curwin->w_arg_idx > eap->line1) {
+        curwin->w_arg_idx = (int)eap->line1;
+      }
+      if (ARGCOUNT == 0) {
+        curwin->w_arg_idx = 0;
+      } else if (curwin->w_arg_idx >= ARGCOUNT) {
+        curwin->w_arg_idx = ARGCOUNT - 1;
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    do_arglist(eap->arg, AL_DEL, 0, false);
+  }
+  maketitle();
+}
+
+/// Function given to ExpandGeneric() to obtain the possible arguments of the
+/// argedit and argdelete commands.
+char *get_arglist_name(expand_T *xp FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED, int idx)
+{
+  if (idx >= ARGCOUNT) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  return alist_name(&ARGLIST[idx]);
+}
+
+/// Get the file name for an argument list entry.
+char *alist_name(aentry_T *aep)
+{
+  buf_T *bp;
+
+  // Use the name from the associated buffer if it exists.
+  bp = buflist_findnr(aep->ae_fnum);
+  if (bp == NULL || bp->b_fname == NULL) {
+    return (char *)aep->ae_fname;
+  }
+  return bp->b_fname;
+}
+
+/// do_arg_all(): Open up to 'count' windows, one for each argument.
+///
+/// @param forceit  hide buffers in current windows
+/// @param keep_tabs  keep current tabs, for ":tab drop file"
+static void do_arg_all(int count, int forceit, int keep_tabs)
+{
+  uint8_t *opened;         // Array of weight for which args are open:
+                           //  0: not opened
+                           //  1: opened in other tab
+                           //  2: opened in curtab
+                           //  3: opened in curtab and curwin
+
+  int opened_len;               // length of opened[]
+  int use_firstwin = false;     // use first window for arglist
+  bool tab_drop_empty_window = false;
+  int split_ret = OK;
+  bool p_ea_save;
+  alist_T *alist;           // argument list to be used
+  buf_T *buf;
+  tabpage_T *tpnext;
+  int had_tab = cmdmod.cmod_tab;
+  win_T *old_curwin, *last_curwin;
+  tabpage_T *old_curtab, *last_curtab;
+  win_T *new_curwin = NULL;
+  tabpage_T *new_curtab = NULL;
+
+  assert(firstwin != NULL);  // satisfy coverity
+
+  if (ARGCOUNT <= 0) {
+    // Don't give an error message.  We don't want it when the ":all" command is in the .vimrc.
+    return;
+  }
+  setpcmark();
+
+  opened_len = ARGCOUNT;
+  opened = xcalloc((size_t)opened_len, 1);
+
+  // Autocommands may do anything to the argument list.  Make sure it's not
+  // freed while we are working here by "locking" it.  We still have to
+  // watch out for its size to be changed.
+  alist = curwin->w_alist;
+  alist->al_refcount++;
+
+  old_curwin = curwin;
+  old_curtab = curtab;
+
+  // Try closing all windows that are not in the argument list.
+  // Also close windows that are not full width;
+  // When 'hidden' or "forceit" set the buffer becomes hidden.
+  // Windows that have a changed buffer and can't be hidden won't be closed.
+  // When the ":tab" modifier was used do this for all tab pages.
+  if (had_tab > 0) {
+    goto_tabpage_tp(first_tabpage, true, true);
+  }
+  for (;;) {
+    win_T *wpnext = NULL;
+    tpnext = curtab->tp_next;
+    for (win_T *wp = firstwin; wp != NULL; wp = wpnext) {
+      int i;
+      wpnext = wp->w_next;
+      buf = wp->w_buffer;
+      if (buf->b_ffname == NULL
+          || (!keep_tabs && (buf->b_nwindows > 1 || wp->w_width != Columns))) {
+        i = opened_len;
+      } else {
+        // check if the buffer in this window is in the arglist
+        for (i = 0; i < opened_len; i++) {
+          if (i < alist->al_ga.ga_len
+              && (AARGLIST(alist)[i].ae_fnum == buf->b_fnum
+                  || path_full_compare(alist_name(&AARGLIST(alist)[i]),
+                                       buf->b_ffname,
+                                       true, true) & kEqualFiles)) {
+            int weight = 1;
+
+            if (old_curtab == curtab) {
+              weight++;
+              if (old_curwin == wp) {
+                weight++;
+              }
+            }
+
+            if (weight > (int)opened[i]) {
+              opened[i] = (uint8_t)weight;
+              if (i == 0) {
+                if (new_curwin != NULL) {
+                  new_curwin->w_arg_idx = opened_len;
+                }
+                new_curwin = wp;
+                new_curtab = curtab;
+              }
+            } else if (keep_tabs) {
+              i = opened_len;
+            }
+
+            if (wp->w_alist != alist) {
+              // Use the current argument list for all windows containing a file from it.
+              alist_unlink(wp->w_alist);
+              wp->w_alist = alist;
+              wp->w_alist->al_refcount++;
+            }
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      wp->w_arg_idx = i;
+
+      if (i == opened_len && !keep_tabs) {    // close this window
+        if (buf_hide(buf) || forceit || buf->b_nwindows > 1
+            || !bufIsChanged(buf)) {
+          // If the buffer was changed, and we would like to hide it, try autowriting.
+          if (!buf_hide(buf) && buf->b_nwindows <= 1 && bufIsChanged(buf)) {
+            bufref_T bufref;
+            set_bufref(&bufref, buf);
+            (void)autowrite(buf, false);
+            // Check if autocommands removed the window.
+            if (!win_valid(wp) || !bufref_valid(&bufref)) {
+              wpnext = firstwin;  // Start all over...
+              continue;
+            }
+          }
+          // don't close last window
+          if (ONE_WINDOW
+              && (first_tabpage->tp_next == NULL || !had_tab)) {
+            use_firstwin = true;
+          } else {
+            win_close(wp, !buf_hide(buf) && !bufIsChanged(buf), false);
+            // check if autocommands removed the next window
+            if (!win_valid(wpnext)) {
+              // start all over...
+              wpnext = firstwin;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Without the ":tab" modifier only do the current tab page.
+    if (had_tab == 0 || tpnext == NULL) {
+      break;
+    }
+
+    // check if autocommands removed the next tab page
+    if (!valid_tabpage(tpnext)) {
+      tpnext = first_tabpage;           // start all over...
+    }
+    goto_tabpage_tp(tpnext, true, true);
+  }
+
+  // Open a window for files in the argument list that don't have one.
+  // ARGCOUNT may change while doing this, because of autocommands.
+  if (count > opened_len || count <= 0) {
+    count = opened_len;
+  }
+
+  // Don't execute Win/Buf Enter/Leave autocommands here.
+  autocmd_no_enter++;
+  autocmd_no_leave++;
+  last_curwin = curwin;
+  last_curtab = curtab;
+  win_enter(lastwin, false);
+  // ":tab drop file" should re-use an empty window to avoid "--remote-tab"
+  // leaving an empty tab page when executed locally.
+  if (keep_tabs && buf_is_empty(curbuf) && curbuf->b_nwindows == 1
+      && curbuf->b_ffname == NULL && !curbuf->b_changed) {
+    use_firstwin = true;
+    tab_drop_empty_window = true;
+  }
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < count && !got_int; i++) {
+    if (alist == &global_alist && i == global_alist.al_ga.ga_len - 1) {
+      arg_had_last = true;
+    }
+    if (opened[i] > 0) {
+      // Move the already present window to below the current window
+      if (curwin->w_arg_idx != i) {
+        FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+          if (wp->w_arg_idx == i) {
+            if (keep_tabs) {
+              new_curwin = wp;
+              new_curtab = curtab;
+            } else if (wp->w_frame->fr_parent != curwin->w_frame->fr_parent) {
+              emsg(_("E249: window layout changed unexpectedly"));
+              i = count;
+              break;
+            } else {
+              win_move_after(wp, curwin);
+            }
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (split_ret == OK) {
+      // trigger events for tab drop
+      if (tab_drop_empty_window && i == count - 1) {
+        autocmd_no_enter--;
+      }
+      if (!use_firstwin) {              // split current window
+        p_ea_save = p_ea;
+        p_ea = true;                    // use space from all windows
+        split_ret = win_split(0, WSP_ROOM | WSP_BELOW);
+        p_ea = p_ea_save;
+        if (split_ret == FAIL) {
+          continue;
+        }
+      } else {      // first window: do autocmd for leaving this buffer
+        autocmd_no_leave--;
+      }
+
+      // edit file "i"
+      curwin->w_arg_idx = i;
+      if (i == 0) {
+        new_curwin = curwin;
+        new_curtab = curtab;
+      }
+      (void)do_ecmd(0, alist_name(&AARGLIST(alist)[i]), NULL, NULL, ECMD_ONE,
+                    ((buf_hide(curwin->w_buffer)
+                      || bufIsChanged(curwin->w_buffer))
+                     ? ECMD_HIDE : 0) + ECMD_OLDBUF,
+                    curwin);
+      if (tab_drop_empty_window && i == count - 1) {
+        autocmd_no_enter++;
+      }
+      if (use_firstwin) {
+        autocmd_no_leave++;
+      }
+      use_firstwin = false;
+    }
+    os_breakcheck();
+
+    // When ":tab" was used open a new tab for a new window repeatedly.
+    if (had_tab > 0 && tabpage_index(NULL) <= p_tpm) {
+      cmdmod.cmod_tab = 9999;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Remove the "lock" on the argument list.
+  alist_unlink(alist);
+
+  autocmd_no_enter--;
+  // restore last referenced tabpage's curwin
+  if (last_curtab != new_curtab) {
+    if (valid_tabpage(last_curtab)) {
+      goto_tabpage_tp(last_curtab, true, true);
+    }
+    if (win_valid(last_curwin)) {
+      win_enter(last_curwin, false);
+    }
+  }
+  // to window with first arg
+  if (valid_tabpage(new_curtab)) {
+    goto_tabpage_tp(new_curtab, true, true);
+  }
+  if (win_valid(new_curwin)) {
+    win_enter(new_curwin, false);
+  }
+
+  autocmd_no_leave--;
+  xfree(opened);
+}
+
+/// ":all" and ":sall".
+/// Also used for ":tab drop file ..." after setting the argument list.
+void ex_all(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  if (eap->addr_count == 0) {
+    eap->line2 = 9999;
+  }
+  do_arg_all((int)eap->line2, eap->forceit, eap->cmdidx == CMD_drop);
+}
+
+/// Concatenate all files in the argument list, separated by spaces, and return
+/// it in one allocated string.
+/// Spaces and backslashes in the file names are escaped with a backslash.
+char *arg_all(void)
+{
+  char *retval = NULL;
+
+  // Do this loop two times:
+  // first time: compute the total length
+  // second time: concatenate the names
+  for (;;) {
+    int len = 0;
+    for (int idx = 0; idx < ARGCOUNT; idx++) {
+      char *p = alist_name(&ARGLIST[idx]);
+      if (p == NULL) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (len > 0) {
+        // insert a space in between names
+        if (retval != NULL) {
+          retval[len] = ' ';
+        }
+        len++;
+      }
+      for (; *p != NUL; p++) {
+        if (*p == ' '
+#ifndef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
+            || *p == '\\'
+#endif
+            || *p == '`') {
+          // insert a backslash
+          if (retval != NULL) {
+            retval[len] = '\\';
+          }
+          len++;
+        }
+        if (retval != NULL) {
+          retval[len] = *p;
+        }
+        len++;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // second time: break here
+    if (retval != NULL) {
+      retval[len] = NUL;
+      break;
+    }
+
+    // allocate memory
+    retval = xmalloc((size_t)len + 1);
+  }
+
+  return retval;
+}
+
+/// "argc([window id])" function
+void f_argc(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
+    // use the current window
+    rettv->vval.v_number = ARGCOUNT;
+  } else if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_NUMBER
+             && tv_get_number(&argvars[0]) == -1) {
+    // use the global argument list
+    rettv->vval.v_number = GARGCOUNT;
+  } else {
+    // use the argument list of the specified window
+    win_T *wp = find_win_by_nr_or_id(&argvars[0]);
+    if (wp != NULL) {
+      rettv->vval.v_number = WARGCOUNT(wp);
+    } else {
+      rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// "argidx()" function
+void f_argidx(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  rettv->vval.v_number = curwin->w_arg_idx;
+}
+
+/// "arglistid()" function
+void f_arglistid(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
+  win_T *wp = find_tabwin(&argvars[0], &argvars[1]);
+  if (wp != NULL) {
+    rettv->vval.v_number = wp->w_alist->id;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Get the argument list for a given window
+static void get_arglist_as_rettv(aentry_T *arglist, int argcount, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv, argcount);
+  if (arglist != NULL) {
+    for (int idx = 0; idx < argcount; idx++) {
+      tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list,
+                            (const char *)alist_name(&arglist[idx]), -1);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// "argv(nr)" function
+void f_argv(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  aentry_T *arglist = NULL;
+  int argcount = -1;
+
+  if (argvars[0].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
+    if (argvars[1].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
+      arglist = ARGLIST;
+      argcount = ARGCOUNT;
+    } else if (argvars[1].v_type == VAR_NUMBER
+               && tv_get_number(&argvars[1]) == -1) {
+      arglist = GARGLIST;
+      argcount = GARGCOUNT;
+    } else {
+      win_T *wp = find_win_by_nr_or_id(&argvars[1]);
+      if (wp != NULL) {
+        // Use the argument list of the specified window
+        arglist = WARGLIST(wp);
+        argcount = WARGCOUNT(wp);
+      }
+    }
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+    rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+    int idx = (int)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[0], NULL);
+    if (arglist != NULL && idx >= 0 && idx < argcount) {
+      rettv->vval.v_string = xstrdup((const char *)alist_name(&arglist[idx]));
+    } else if (idx == -1) {
+      get_arglist_as_rettv(arglist, argcount, rettv);
+    }
+  } else {
+    get_arglist_as_rettv(ARGLIST, ARGCOUNT, rettv);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/nvim/arglist.h b/src/nvim/arglist.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b2e0f411d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/arglist.h
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#ifndef NVIM_ARGLIST_H
+#define NVIM_ARGLIST_H
+
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_cmds_defs.h"
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "arglist.h.generated.h"
+#endif
+
+#endif  // NVIM_ARGLIST_H
diff --git a/src/nvim/autocmd.c b/src/nvim/autocmd.c
index bbb044fba3..b5b2a73be1 100644
--- a/src/nvim/autocmd.c
+++ b/src/nvim/autocmd.c
@@ -11,20 +11,25 @@
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/vars.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
 #include "nvim/insexpand.h"
 #include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
 #include "nvim/map.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
 #include "nvim/ui_compositor.h"
@@ -1141,7 +1146,7 @@ int autocmd_register(int64_t id, event_T event, char *pat, int patlen, int group
   ac->id = id;
   ac->exec = aucmd_exec_copy(aucmd);
   ac->script_ctx = current_sctx;
-  ac->script_ctx.sc_lnum += sourcing_lnum;
+  ac->script_ctx.sc_lnum += SOURCING_LNUM;
   nlua_set_sctx(&ac->script_ctx);
   ac->next = NULL;
   ac->once = once;
@@ -1769,10 +1774,9 @@ bool apply_autocmds_group(event_T event, char *fname, char *fname_io, bool force
 
   // Don't redraw while doing autocommands.
   RedrawingDisabled++;
-  char *save_sourcing_name = sourcing_name;
-  sourcing_name = NULL;  // don't free this one
-  linenr_T save_sourcing_lnum = sourcing_lnum;
-  sourcing_lnum = 0;  // no line number here
+
+  // name and lnum are filled in later
+  estack_push(ETYPE_AUCMD, NULL, 0);
 
   const sctx_T save_current_sctx = current_sctx;
 
@@ -1876,9 +1880,8 @@ bool apply_autocmds_group(event_T event, char *fname, char *fname_io, bool force
   autocmd_busy = save_autocmd_busy;
   filechangeshell_busy = false;
   autocmd_nested = save_autocmd_nested;
-  xfree(sourcing_name);
-  sourcing_name = save_sourcing_name;
-  sourcing_lnum = save_sourcing_lnum;
+  xfree(SOURCING_NAME);
+  estack_pop();
   xfree(autocmd_fname);
   autocmd_fname = save_autocmd_fname;
   autocmd_bufnr = save_autocmd_bufnr;
@@ -1981,8 +1984,9 @@ void auto_next_pat(AutoPatCmd *apc, int stop_at_last)
   AutoPat *ap;
   AutoCmd *cp;
   char *s;
+  char **const sourcing_namep = &SOURCING_NAME;
 
-  XFREE_CLEAR(sourcing_name);
+  XFREE_CLEAR(*sourcing_namep);
 
   for (ap = apc->curpat; ap != NULL && !got_int; ap = ap->next) {
     apc->curpat = NULL;
@@ -2007,11 +2011,11 @@ void auto_next_pat(AutoPatCmd *apc, int stop_at_last)
         const size_t sourcing_name_len
           = (STRLEN(s) + strlen(name) + (size_t)ap->patlen + 1);
 
-        sourcing_name = xmalloc(sourcing_name_len);
-        snprintf(sourcing_name, sourcing_name_len, s, name, ap->pat);
+        *sourcing_namep = xmalloc(sourcing_name_len);
+        snprintf(*sourcing_namep, sourcing_name_len, s, name, ap->pat);
         if (p_verbose >= 8) {
           verbose_enter();
-          smsg(_("Executing %s"), sourcing_name);
+          smsg(_("Executing %s"), *sourcing_namep);
           verbose_leave();
         }
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/autocmd.h b/src/nvim/autocmd.h
index a085a03455..d559d8c3d2 100644
--- a/src/nvim/autocmd.h
+++ b/src/nvim/autocmd.h
@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ typedef struct {
   bool save_VIsual_active;        ///< saved VIsual_active
 } aco_save_T;
 
-typedef struct AutoCmd {
+typedef struct AutoCmd_S AutoCmd;
+struct AutoCmd_S {
   AucmdExecutable exec;
   bool once;                            // "One shot": removed after execution
   bool nested;                          // If autocommands nest here
@@ -30,11 +31,12 @@ typedef struct AutoCmd {
   int64_t id;                           // ID used for uniquely tracking an autocmd.
   sctx_T script_ctx;                    // script context where defined
   char *desc;                           // Description for the autocmd.
-  struct AutoCmd *next;                 // Next AutoCmd in list
-} AutoCmd;
+  AutoCmd *next;                        // Next AutoCmd in list
+};
 
-typedef struct AutoPat {
-  struct AutoPat *next;                 // next AutoPat in AutoPat list; MUST
+typedef struct AutoPat_S AutoPat;
+struct AutoPat_S {
+  AutoPat *next;                        // next AutoPat in AutoPat list; MUST
                                         // be the first entry
   char *pat;                            // pattern as typed (NULL when pattern
                                         // has been removed)
@@ -45,10 +47,11 @@ typedef struct AutoPat {
   int buflocal_nr;                      // !=0 for buffer-local AutoPat
   char allow_dirs;                      // Pattern may match whole path
   char last;                            // last pattern for apply_autocmds()
-} AutoPat;
+};
 
 /// Struct used to keep status while executing autocommands for an event.
-typedef struct AutoPatCmd {
+typedef struct AutoPatCmd_S AutoPatCmd;
+struct AutoPatCmd_S {
   AutoPat *curpat;          // next AutoPat to examine
   AutoCmd *nextcmd;         // next AutoCmd to execute
   int group;                // group being used
@@ -58,8 +61,8 @@ typedef struct AutoPatCmd {
   event_T event;            // current event
   int arg_bufnr;            // initially equal to <abuf>, set to zero when buf is deleted
   Object *data;             // arbitrary data
-  struct AutoPatCmd *next;  // chain of active apc-s for auto-invalidation
-} AutoPatCmd;
+  AutoPatCmd *next;         // chain of active apc-s for auto-invalidation
+};
 
 // Set by the apply_autocmds_group function if the given event is equal to
 // EVENT_FILETYPE. Used by the readfile function in order to determine if
diff --git a/src/nvim/buffer.c b/src/nvim/buffer.c
index f23a1caf8b..f9bce2476f 100644
--- a/src/nvim/buffer.c
+++ b/src/nvim/buffer.c
@@ -25,8 +25,10 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
+#include "nvim/arglist.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/assert.h"
+#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer_updates.h"
 #include "nvim/change.h"
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@
 #include "nvim/decoration.h"
 #include "nvim/diff.h"
 #include "nvim/digraph.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/vars.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
@@ -50,6 +53,7 @@
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
 #include "nvim/hashtab.h"
+#include "nvim/help.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
 #include "nvim/indent.h"
 #include "nvim/indent_c.h"
@@ -69,7 +73,7 @@
 #include "nvim/plines.h"
 #include "nvim/quickfix.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/sign.h"
 #include "nvim/spell.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
@@ -793,8 +797,8 @@ static void free_buffer(buf_T *buf)
   if (autocmd_busy) {
     // Do not free the buffer structure while autocommands are executing,
     // it's still needed. Free it when autocmd_busy is reset.
-    memset(&buf->b_namedm[0], 0, sizeof(buf->b_namedm));
-    memset(&buf->b_changelist[0], 0, sizeof(buf->b_changelist));
+    CLEAR_FIELD(buf->b_namedm);
+    CLEAR_FIELD(buf->b_changelist);
     buf->b_next = au_pending_free_buf;
     au_pending_free_buf = buf;
   } else {
@@ -1532,6 +1536,15 @@ void set_curbuf(buf_T *buf, int action)
 /// be pointing to freed memory.
 void enter_buffer(buf_T *buf)
 {
+  // when closing the current buffer stop Visual mode
+  if (VIsual_active
+#if defined(EXITFREE)
+      && !entered_free_all_mem
+#endif
+      ) {
+    end_visual_mode();
+  }
+
   // Get the buffer in the current window.
   curwin->w_buffer = buf;
   curbuf = buf;
@@ -2595,7 +2608,7 @@ void get_winopts(buf_T *buf)
   }
 
   if (curwin->w_float_config.style == kWinStyleMinimal) {
-    didset_window_options(curwin);
+    didset_window_options(curwin, false);
     win_set_minimal_style(curwin);
   }
 
@@ -2603,7 +2616,7 @@ void get_winopts(buf_T *buf)
   if (p_fdls >= 0) {
     curwin->w_p_fdl = p_fdls;
   }
-  didset_window_options(curwin);
+  didset_window_options(curwin, false);
 }
 
 /// Find the mark for the buffer 'buf' for the current window.
@@ -4628,279 +4641,6 @@ void fname_expand(buf_T *buf, char **ffname, char **sfname)
 #endif
 }
 
-/// Get the file name for an argument list entry.
-char *alist_name(aentry_T *aep)
-{
-  buf_T *bp;
-
-  // Use the name from the associated buffer if it exists.
-  bp = buflist_findnr(aep->ae_fnum);
-  if (bp == NULL || bp->b_fname == NULL) {
-    return (char *)aep->ae_fname;
-  }
-  return bp->b_fname;
-}
-
-/// do_arg_all(): Open up to 'count' windows, one for each argument.
-///
-/// @param forceit  hide buffers in current windows
-/// @param keep_tabs  keep current tabs, for ":tab drop file"
-void do_arg_all(int count, int forceit, int keep_tabs)
-{
-  uint8_t *opened;         // Array of weight for which args are open:
-                           //  0: not opened
-                           //  1: opened in other tab
-                           //  2: opened in curtab
-                           //  3: opened in curtab and curwin
-
-  int opened_len;               // length of opened[]
-  int use_firstwin = false;     // use first window for arglist
-  bool tab_drop_empty_window = false;
-  int split_ret = OK;
-  bool p_ea_save;
-  alist_T *alist;           // argument list to be used
-  buf_T *buf;
-  tabpage_T *tpnext;
-  int had_tab = cmdmod.cmod_tab;
-  win_T *old_curwin, *last_curwin;
-  tabpage_T *old_curtab, *last_curtab;
-  win_T *new_curwin = NULL;
-  tabpage_T *new_curtab = NULL;
-
-  assert(firstwin != NULL);  // satisfy coverity
-
-  if (ARGCOUNT <= 0) {
-    // Don't give an error message.  We don't want it when the ":all" command is in the .vimrc.
-    return;
-  }
-  setpcmark();
-
-  opened_len = ARGCOUNT;
-  opened = xcalloc((size_t)opened_len, 1);
-
-  // Autocommands may do anything to the argument list.  Make sure it's not
-  // freed while we are working here by "locking" it.  We still have to
-  // watch out for its size to be changed.
-  alist = curwin->w_alist;
-  alist->al_refcount++;
-
-  old_curwin = curwin;
-  old_curtab = curtab;
-
-  // Try closing all windows that are not in the argument list.
-  // Also close windows that are not full width;
-  // When 'hidden' or "forceit" set the buffer becomes hidden.
-  // Windows that have a changed buffer and can't be hidden won't be closed.
-  // When the ":tab" modifier was used do this for all tab pages.
-  if (had_tab > 0) {
-    goto_tabpage_tp(first_tabpage, true, true);
-  }
-  for (;;) {
-    win_T *wpnext = NULL;
-    tpnext = curtab->tp_next;
-    for (win_T *wp = firstwin; wp != NULL; wp = wpnext) {
-      int i;
-      wpnext = wp->w_next;
-      buf = wp->w_buffer;
-      if (buf->b_ffname == NULL
-          || (!keep_tabs && (buf->b_nwindows > 1 || wp->w_width != Columns))) {
-        i = opened_len;
-      } else {
-        // check if the buffer in this window is in the arglist
-        for (i = 0; i < opened_len; i++) {
-          if (i < alist->al_ga.ga_len
-              && (AARGLIST(alist)[i].ae_fnum == buf->b_fnum
-                  || path_full_compare(alist_name(&AARGLIST(alist)[i]),
-                                       buf->b_ffname,
-                                       true, true) & kEqualFiles)) {
-            int weight = 1;
-
-            if (old_curtab == curtab) {
-              weight++;
-              if (old_curwin == wp) {
-                weight++;
-              }
-            }
-
-            if (weight > (int)opened[i]) {
-              opened[i] = (uint8_t)weight;
-              if (i == 0) {
-                if (new_curwin != NULL) {
-                  new_curwin->w_arg_idx = opened_len;
-                }
-                new_curwin = wp;
-                new_curtab = curtab;
-              }
-            } else if (keep_tabs) {
-              i = opened_len;
-            }
-
-            if (wp->w_alist != alist) {
-              // Use the current argument list for all windows containing a file from it.
-              alist_unlink(wp->w_alist);
-              wp->w_alist = alist;
-              wp->w_alist->al_refcount++;
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      wp->w_arg_idx = i;
-
-      if (i == opened_len && !keep_tabs) {    // close this window
-        if (buf_hide(buf) || forceit || buf->b_nwindows > 1
-            || !bufIsChanged(buf)) {
-          // If the buffer was changed, and we would like to hide it, try autowriting.
-          if (!buf_hide(buf) && buf->b_nwindows <= 1 && bufIsChanged(buf)) {
-            bufref_T bufref;
-            set_bufref(&bufref, buf);
-            (void)autowrite(buf, false);
-            // Check if autocommands removed the window.
-            if (!win_valid(wp) || !bufref_valid(&bufref)) {
-              wpnext = firstwin;  // Start all over...
-              continue;
-            }
-          }
-          // don't close last window
-          if (ONE_WINDOW
-              && (first_tabpage->tp_next == NULL || !had_tab)) {
-            use_firstwin = true;
-          } else {
-            win_close(wp, !buf_hide(buf) && !bufIsChanged(buf), false);
-            // check if autocommands removed the next window
-            if (!win_valid(wpnext)) {
-              // start all over...
-              wpnext = firstwin;
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Without the ":tab" modifier only do the current tab page.
-    if (had_tab == 0 || tpnext == NULL) {
-      break;
-    }
-
-    // check if autocommands removed the next tab page
-    if (!valid_tabpage(tpnext)) {
-      tpnext = first_tabpage;           // start all over...
-    }
-    goto_tabpage_tp(tpnext, true, true);
-  }
-
-  // Open a window for files in the argument list that don't have one.
-  // ARGCOUNT may change while doing this, because of autocommands.
-  if (count > opened_len || count <= 0) {
-    count = opened_len;
-  }
-
-  // Don't execute Win/Buf Enter/Leave autocommands here.
-  autocmd_no_enter++;
-  autocmd_no_leave++;
-  last_curwin = curwin;
-  last_curtab = curtab;
-  win_enter(lastwin, false);
-  // ":tab drop file" should re-use an empty window to avoid "--remote-tab"
-  // leaving an empty tab page when executed locally.
-  if (keep_tabs && buf_is_empty(curbuf) && curbuf->b_nwindows == 1
-      && curbuf->b_ffname == NULL && !curbuf->b_changed) {
-    use_firstwin = true;
-    tab_drop_empty_window = true;
-  }
-
-  for (int i = 0; i < count && !got_int; i++) {
-    if (alist == &global_alist && i == global_alist.al_ga.ga_len - 1) {
-      arg_had_last = true;
-    }
-    if (opened[i] > 0) {
-      // Move the already present window to below the current window
-      if (curwin->w_arg_idx != i) {
-        FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-          if (wp->w_arg_idx == i) {
-            if (keep_tabs) {
-              new_curwin = wp;
-              new_curtab = curtab;
-            } else if (wp->w_frame->fr_parent != curwin->w_frame->fr_parent) {
-              emsg(_("E249: window layout changed unexpectedly"));
-              i = count;
-              break;
-            } else {
-              win_move_after(wp, curwin);
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    } else if (split_ret == OK) {
-      // trigger events for tab drop
-      if (tab_drop_empty_window && i == count - 1) {
-        autocmd_no_enter--;
-      }
-      if (!use_firstwin) {              // split current window
-        p_ea_save = p_ea;
-        p_ea = true;                    // use space from all windows
-        split_ret = win_split(0, WSP_ROOM | WSP_BELOW);
-        p_ea = p_ea_save;
-        if (split_ret == FAIL) {
-          continue;
-        }
-      } else {      // first window: do autocmd for leaving this buffer
-        autocmd_no_leave--;
-      }
-
-      // edit file "i"
-      curwin->w_arg_idx = i;
-      if (i == 0) {
-        new_curwin = curwin;
-        new_curtab = curtab;
-      }
-      (void)do_ecmd(0, alist_name(&AARGLIST(alist)[i]), NULL, NULL, ECMD_ONE,
-                    ((buf_hide(curwin->w_buffer)
-                      || bufIsChanged(curwin->w_buffer))
-                     ? ECMD_HIDE : 0) + ECMD_OLDBUF,
-                    curwin);
-      if (tab_drop_empty_window && i == count - 1) {
-        autocmd_no_enter++;
-      }
-      if (use_firstwin) {
-        autocmd_no_leave++;
-      }
-      use_firstwin = false;
-    }
-    os_breakcheck();
-
-    // When ":tab" was used open a new tab for a new window repeatedly.
-    if (had_tab > 0 && tabpage_index(NULL) <= p_tpm) {
-      cmdmod.cmod_tab = 9999;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Remove the "lock" on the argument list.
-  alist_unlink(alist);
-
-  autocmd_no_enter--;
-  // restore last referenced tabpage's curwin
-  if (last_curtab != new_curtab) {
-    if (valid_tabpage(last_curtab)) {
-      goto_tabpage_tp(last_curtab, true, true);
-    }
-    if (win_valid(last_curwin)) {
-      win_enter(last_curwin, false);
-    }
-  }
-  // to window with first arg
-  if (valid_tabpage(new_curtab)) {
-    goto_tabpage_tp(new_curtab, true, true);
-  }
-  if (win_valid(new_curwin)) {
-    win_enter(new_curwin, false);
-  }
-
-  autocmd_no_leave--;
-  xfree(opened);
-}
-
 /// @return  true if "buf" is a prompt buffer.
 bool bt_prompt(buf_T *buf)
   FUNC_ATTR_PURE
@@ -5139,8 +4879,6 @@ static int chk_modeline(linenr_T lnum, int flags)
   intmax_t vers;
   int end;
   int retval = OK;
-  char *save_sourcing_name;
-  linenr_T save_sourcing_lnum;
 
   prev = -1;
   for (s = (char *)ml_get(lnum); *s != NUL; s++) {
@@ -5185,10 +4923,8 @@ static int chk_modeline(linenr_T lnum, int flags)
 
   s = linecopy = xstrdup(s);      // copy the line, it will change
 
-  save_sourcing_lnum = sourcing_lnum;
-  save_sourcing_name = sourcing_name;
-  sourcing_lnum = lnum;               // prepare for emsg()
-  sourcing_name = "modelines";
+  // prepare for emsg()
+  estack_push(ETYPE_MODELINE, "modelines", lnum);
 
   end = false;
   while (end == false) {
@@ -5228,7 +4964,7 @@ static int chk_modeline(linenr_T lnum, int flags)
       const sctx_T save_current_sctx = current_sctx;
       current_sctx.sc_sid = SID_MODELINE;
       current_sctx.sc_seq = 0;
-      current_sctx.sc_lnum = 0;
+      current_sctx.sc_lnum = lnum;
       // Make sure no risky things are executed as a side effect.
       secure = 1;
 
@@ -5243,9 +4979,7 @@ static int chk_modeline(linenr_T lnum, int flags)
     s = e + 1;                        // advance to next part
   }
 
-  sourcing_lnum = save_sourcing_lnum;
-  sourcing_name = save_sourcing_name;
-
+  estack_pop();
   xfree(linecopy);
 
   return retval;
diff --git a/src/nvim/buffer.h b/src/nvim/buffer.h
index b452eb227e..7627b6a596 100644
--- a/src/nvim/buffer.h
+++ b/src/nvim/buffer.h
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 #ifndef NVIM_BUFFER_H
 #define NVIM_BUFFER_H
 
-#include "nvim/eval.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_cmds_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/func_attr.h"
+#include "nvim/grid_defs.h"  // for StlClickRecord
 #include "nvim/macros.h"
 #include "nvim/memline.h"
 #include "nvim/pos.h"  // for linenr_T
-#include "nvim/screen.h"  // for StlClickRecord
 
 // Values for buflist_getfile()
 enum getf_values {
diff --git a/src/nvim/buffer_defs.h b/src/nvim/buffer_defs.h
index b7f66e6dba..769788a63e 100644
--- a/src/nvim/buffer_defs.h
+++ b/src/nvim/buffer_defs.h
@@ -30,14 +30,12 @@ typedef struct {
 #include "nvim/option_defs.h"
 // for jump list and tag stack sizes in a buffer and mark types
 #include "nvim/mark_defs.h"
-// for u_header_T; needs buf_T.
+// for u_header_T
 #include "nvim/undo_defs.h"
 // for hashtab_T
 #include "nvim/hashtab.h"
 // for dict_T
 #include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
-// for proftime_T
-#include "nvim/profile.h"
 // for String
 #include "nvim/api/private/defs.h"
 // for Map(K, V)
@@ -433,7 +431,7 @@ typedef struct {
 typedef struct {
   hashtab_T b_keywtab;                  // syntax keywords hash table
   hashtab_T b_keywtab_ic;               // idem, ignore case
-  int b_syn_error;                      // TRUE when error occurred in HL
+  bool b_syn_error;                     // true when error occurred in HL
   bool b_syn_slow;                      // true when 'redrawtime' reached
   int b_syn_ic;                         // ignore case for :syn cmds
   int b_syn_foldlevel;                  // how to compute foldlevel on a line
@@ -1150,43 +1148,6 @@ typedef struct {
   pos_T w_cursor_corr;  // corrected cursor position
 } pos_save_T;
 
-/// Indices into vimmenu_T->strings[] and vimmenu_T->noremap[] for each mode
-/// \addtogroup MENU_INDEX
-/// @{
-enum {
-  MENU_INDEX_INVALID      = -1,
-  MENU_INDEX_NORMAL       = 0,
-  MENU_INDEX_VISUAL       = 1,
-  MENU_INDEX_SELECT       = 2,
-  MENU_INDEX_OP_PENDING   = 3,
-  MENU_INDEX_INSERT       = 4,
-  MENU_INDEX_CMDLINE      = 5,
-  MENU_INDEX_TERMINAL     = 6,
-  MENU_INDEX_TIP          = 7,
-  MENU_MODES              = 8,
-};
-
-typedef struct VimMenu vimmenu_T;
-
-struct VimMenu {
-  int modes;                         ///< Which modes is this menu visible for
-  int enabled;                       ///< for which modes the menu is enabled
-  char *name;                 ///< Name of menu, possibly translated
-  char *dname;                ///< Displayed Name ("name" without '&')
-  char *en_name;              ///< "name" untranslated, NULL when
-                              ///< was not translated
-  char *en_dname;             ///< NULL when "dname" untranslated
-  int mnemonic;                      ///< mnemonic key (after '&')
-  char *actext;               ///< accelerator text (after TAB)
-  long priority;                     ///< Menu order priority
-  char *strings[MENU_MODES];  ///< Mapped string for each mode
-  int noremap[MENU_MODES];           ///< A \ref REMAP_VALUES flag for each mode
-  bool silent[MENU_MODES];           ///< A silent flag for each mode
-  vimmenu_T *children;             ///< Children of sub-menu
-  vimmenu_T *parent;               ///< Parent of menu
-  vimmenu_T *next;                 ///< Next item in menu
-};
-
 /// Structure which contains all information that belongs to a window.
 ///
 /// All row numbers are relative to the start of the window, except w_winrow.
@@ -1198,11 +1159,14 @@ struct window_S {
 
   synblock_T *w_s;                 ///< for :ownsyntax
 
+  int w_ns_hl;
+  int w_ns_hl_winhl;
+  int w_ns_hl_active;
+  int *w_ns_hl_attr;
+
   int w_hl_id_normal;               ///< 'winhighlight' normal id
   int w_hl_attr_normal;             ///< 'winhighlight' normal final attrs
-
-  int w_hl_ids[HLF_COUNT];          ///< 'winhighlight' id
-  int w_hl_attrs[HLF_COUNT];        ///< 'winhighlight' final attrs
+  int w_hl_attr_normalnc;           ///< 'winhighlight' NormalNC final attrs
 
   int w_hl_needs_update;            ///< attrs need to be recalculated
 
@@ -1525,11 +1489,6 @@ struct window_S {
   size_t w_winbar_click_defs_size;
 };
 
-static inline int win_hl_attr(win_T *wp, int hlf)
-{
-  return wp->w_hl_attrs[hlf];
-}
-
 /// Macros defined in Vim, but not in Neovim
 #define CHANGEDTICK(buf) \
   (=== Include buffer.h & use buf_(get|set|inc) _changedtick ===)
diff --git a/src/nvim/change.c b/src/nvim/change.c
index c063ece907..5184dc0689 100644
--- a/src/nvim/change.c
+++ b/src/nvim/change.c
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/diff.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/extmark.h"
@@ -23,7 +24,6 @@
 #include "nvim/move.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
 #include "nvim/plines.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
@@ -421,12 +421,12 @@ void deleted_lines(linenr_T lnum, linenr_T count)
 /// be triggered to display the cursor.
 void deleted_lines_mark(linenr_T lnum, long count)
 {
-  // if we deleted the entire buffer, we need to implicitly add a new empty line
   bool made_empty = (count > 0) && curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY;
 
-  mark_adjust(lnum, (linenr_T)(lnum + count - 1), (long)MAXLNUM,
-              -(linenr_T)count + (made_empty?1:0),
-              kExtmarkUndo);
+  mark_adjust(lnum, (linenr_T)(lnum + count - 1), MAXLNUM, -(linenr_T)count, kExtmarkNOOP);
+  // if we deleted the entire buffer, we need to implicitly add a new empty line
+  extmark_adjust(curbuf, lnum, (linenr_T)(lnum + count - 1), MAXLNUM,
+                 -(linenr_T)count + (made_empty ? 1 : 0), kExtmarkUndo);
   changed_lines(lnum, 0, lnum + (linenr_T)count, (linenr_T)(-count), true);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/channel.c b/src/nvim/channel.c
index 20fae3a206..5910053025 100644
--- a/src/nvim/channel.c
+++ b/src/nvim/channel.c
@@ -4,14 +4,15 @@
 #include "nvim/api/private/converter.h"
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
 #include "nvim/api/ui.h"
+#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/channel.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/encode.h"
 #include "nvim/event/socket.h"
-#include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
 #include "nvim/msgpack_rpc/channel.h"
 #include "nvim/msgpack_rpc/server.h"
+#include "nvim/os/fs.h"
 #include "nvim/os/shell.h"
 #ifdef WIN32
 # include "nvim/os/os_win_console.h"
@@ -314,8 +315,6 @@ Channel *channel_job_start(char **argv, CallbackReader on_stdout, CallbackReader
                            ChannelStdinMode stdin_mode, const char *cwd, uint16_t pty_width,
                            uint16_t pty_height, dict_T *env, varnumber_T *status_out)
 {
-  assert(cwd == NULL || os_isdir_executable(cwd));
-
   Channel *chan = channel_alloc(kChannelStreamProc);
   chan->on_data = on_stdout;
   chan->on_stderr = on_stderr;
diff --git a/src/nvim/charset.c b/src/nvim/charset.c
index a26a7f6aaf..6238d85b3a 100644
--- a/src/nvim/charset.c
+++ b/src/nvim/charset.c
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ int buf_init_chartab(buf_T *buf, int global)
   }
 
   // Init word char flags all to false
-  memset(buf->b_chartab, 0, (size_t)32);
+  CLEAR_FIELD(buf->b_chartab);
 
   // In lisp mode the '-' character is included in keywords.
   if (buf->b_p_lisp) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/cmdhist.c b/src/nvim/cmdhist.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5725a6655d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/cmdhist.c
@@ -0,0 +1,743 @@
+// This is an open source non-commercial project. Dear PVS-Studio, please check
+// it. PVS-Studio Static Code Analyzer for C, C++ and C#: http://www.viva64.com
+
+// cmdhist.c: Functions for the history of the command-line.
+
+#include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/cmdhist.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
+#include "nvim/regexp.h"
+#include "nvim/strings.h"
+#include "nvim/ui.h"
+#include "nvim/vim.h"
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "cmdhist.c.generated.h"
+#endif
+
+static histentry_T *(history[HIST_COUNT]) = { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL };
+static int hisidx[HIST_COUNT] = { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 };  ///< lastused entry
+/// identifying (unique) number of newest history entry
+static int hisnum[HIST_COUNT] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
+static int hislen = 0;  ///< actual length of history tables
+
+/// Return the length of the history tables
+int get_hislen(void)
+{
+  return hislen;
+}
+
+/// Return a pointer to a specified history table
+histentry_T *get_histentry(int hist_type)
+{
+  return history[hist_type];
+}
+
+void set_histentry(int hist_type, histentry_T *entry)
+{
+  history[hist_type] = entry;
+}
+
+int *get_hisidx(int hist_type)
+{
+  return &hisidx[hist_type];
+}
+
+int *get_hisnum(int hist_type)
+{
+  return &hisnum[hist_type];
+}
+
+/// Translate a history character to the associated type number
+HistoryType hist_char2type(const int c)
+  FUNC_ATTR_CONST FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+{
+  switch (c) {
+  case ':':
+    return HIST_CMD;
+  case '=':
+    return HIST_EXPR;
+  case '@':
+    return HIST_INPUT;
+  case '>':
+    return HIST_DEBUG;
+  case NUL:
+  case '/':
+  case '?':
+    return HIST_SEARCH;
+  default:
+    return HIST_INVALID;
+  }
+  // Silence -Wreturn-type
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// Table of history names.
+/// These names are used in :history and various hist...() functions.
+/// It is sufficient to give the significant prefix of a history name.
+static char *(history_names[]) = {
+  "cmd",
+  "search",
+  "expr",
+  "input",
+  "debug",
+  NULL
+};
+
+/// Function given to ExpandGeneric() to obtain the possible first
+/// arguments of the ":history command.
+char *get_history_arg(expand_T *xp, int idx)
+{
+  static char_u compl[2] = { NUL, NUL };
+  char *short_names = ":=@>?/";
+  int short_names_count = (int)STRLEN(short_names);
+  int history_name_count = ARRAY_SIZE(history_names) - 1;
+
+  if (idx < short_names_count) {
+    compl[0] = (char_u)short_names[idx];
+    return (char *)compl;
+  }
+  if (idx < short_names_count + history_name_count) {
+    return history_names[idx - short_names_count];
+  }
+  if (idx == short_names_count + history_name_count) {
+    return "all";
+  }
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+/// Initialize command line history.
+/// Also used to re-allocate history tables when size changes.
+void init_history(void)
+{
+  assert(p_hi >= 0 && p_hi <= INT_MAX);
+  int newlen = (int)p_hi;
+  int oldlen = hislen;
+
+  // If history tables size changed, reallocate them.
+  // Tables are circular arrays (current position marked by hisidx[type]).
+  // On copying them to the new arrays, we take the chance to reorder them.
+  if (newlen != oldlen) {
+    for (int type = 0; type < HIST_COUNT; type++) {
+      histentry_T *temp = (newlen
+                           ? xmalloc((size_t)newlen * sizeof(*temp))
+                           : NULL);
+
+      int j = hisidx[type];
+      if (j >= 0) {
+        // old array gets partitioned this way:
+        // [0       , i1     ) --> newest entries to be deleted
+        // [i1      , i1 + l1) --> newest entries to be copied
+        // [i1 + l1 , i2     ) --> oldest entries to be deleted
+        // [i2      , i2 + l2) --> oldest entries to be copied
+        int l1 = MIN(j + 1, newlen);             // how many newest to copy
+        int l2 = MIN(newlen, oldlen) - l1;       // how many oldest to copy
+        int i1 = j + 1 - l1;                     // copy newest from here
+        int i2 = MAX(l1, oldlen - newlen + l1);  // copy oldest from here
+
+        // copy as much entries as they fit to new table, reordering them
+        if (newlen) {
+          // copy oldest entries
+          memcpy(&temp[0], &history[type][i2], (size_t)l2 * sizeof(*temp));
+          // copy newest entries
+          memcpy(&temp[l2], &history[type][i1], (size_t)l1 * sizeof(*temp));
+        }
+
+        // delete entries that don't fit in newlen, if any
+        for (int i = 0; i < i1; i++) {
+          hist_free_entry(history[type] + i);
+        }
+        for (int i = i1 + l1; i < i2; i++) {
+          hist_free_entry(history[type] + i);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // clear remaining space, if any
+      int l3 = j < 0 ? 0 : MIN(newlen, oldlen);  // number of copied entries
+      if (newlen) {
+        memset(temp + l3, 0, (size_t)(newlen - l3) * sizeof(*temp));
+      }
+
+      hisidx[type] = l3 - 1;
+      xfree(history[type]);
+      history[type] = temp;
+    }
+    hislen = newlen;
+  }
+}
+
+static inline void hist_free_entry(histentry_T *hisptr)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  xfree(hisptr->hisstr);
+  tv_list_unref(hisptr->additional_elements);
+  clear_hist_entry(hisptr);
+}
+
+static inline void clear_hist_entry(histentry_T *hisptr)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  CLEAR_POINTER(hisptr);
+}
+
+/// Check if command line 'str' is already in history.
+/// If 'move_to_front' is true, matching entry is moved to end of history.
+///
+/// @param move_to_front  Move the entry to the front if it exists
+static int in_history(int type, char_u *str, int move_to_front, int sep)
+{
+  int last_i = -1;
+
+  if (hisidx[type] < 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  int i = hisidx[type];
+  do {
+    if (history[type][i].hisstr == NULL) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // For search history, check that the separator character matches as
+    // well.
+    char_u *p = history[type][i].hisstr;
+    if (STRCMP(str, p) == 0
+        && (type != HIST_SEARCH || sep == p[STRLEN(p) + 1])) {
+      if (!move_to_front) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      last_i = i;
+      break;
+    }
+    if (--i < 0) {
+      i = hislen - 1;
+    }
+  } while (i != hisidx[type]);
+
+  if (last_i >= 0) {
+    list_T *const list = history[type][i].additional_elements;
+    str = history[type][i].hisstr;
+    while (i != hisidx[type]) {
+      if (++i >= hislen) {
+        i = 0;
+      }
+      history[type][last_i] = history[type][i];
+      last_i = i;
+    }
+    tv_list_unref(list);
+    history[type][i].hisnum = ++hisnum[type];
+    history[type][i].hisstr = str;
+    history[type][i].timestamp = os_time();
+    history[type][i].additional_elements = NULL;
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+/// Convert history name to its HIST_ equivalent
+///
+/// Names are taken from the table above. When `name` is empty returns currently
+/// active history or HIST_DEFAULT, depending on `return_default` argument.
+///
+/// @param[in]  name            Converted name.
+/// @param[in]  len             Name length.
+/// @param[in]  return_default  Determines whether HIST_DEFAULT should be
+///                             returned or value based on `ccline.cmdfirstc`.
+///
+/// @return Any value from HistoryType enum, including HIST_INVALID. May not
+///         return HIST_DEFAULT unless return_default is true.
+static HistoryType get_histtype(const char *const name, const size_t len, const bool return_default)
+  FUNC_ATTR_PURE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+{
+  // No argument: use current history.
+  if (len == 0) {
+    return return_default ? HIST_DEFAULT : hist_char2type(get_cmdline_firstc());
+  }
+
+  for (HistoryType i = 0; history_names[i] != NULL; i++) {
+    if (STRNICMP(name, history_names[i], len) == 0) {
+      return i;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (vim_strchr(":=@>?/", name[0]) != NULL && len == 1) {
+    return hist_char2type(name[0]);
+  }
+
+  return HIST_INVALID;
+}
+
+static int last_maptick = -1;           // last seen maptick
+
+/// Add the given string to the given history.  If the string is already in the
+/// history then it is moved to the front.
+///
+/// @param histype  may be one of the HIST_ values.
+/// @param in_map   consider maptick when inside a mapping
+/// @param sep      separator character used (search hist)
+void add_to_history(int histype, char_u *new_entry, int in_map, int sep)
+{
+  histentry_T *hisptr;
+
+  if (hislen == 0 || histype == HIST_INVALID) {  // no history
+    return;
+  }
+  assert(histype != HIST_DEFAULT);
+
+  if ((cmdmod.cmod_flags & CMOD_KEEPPATTERNS) && histype == HIST_SEARCH) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Searches inside the same mapping overwrite each other, so that only
+  // the last line is kept.  Be careful not to remove a line that was moved
+  // down, only lines that were added.
+  if (histype == HIST_SEARCH && in_map) {
+    if (maptick == last_maptick && hisidx[HIST_SEARCH] >= 0) {
+      // Current line is from the same mapping, remove it
+      hisptr = &history[HIST_SEARCH][hisidx[HIST_SEARCH]];
+      hist_free_entry(hisptr);
+      hisnum[histype]--;
+      if (--hisidx[HIST_SEARCH] < 0) {
+        hisidx[HIST_SEARCH] = hislen - 1;
+      }
+    }
+    last_maptick = -1;
+  }
+  if (!in_history(histype, new_entry, true, sep)) {
+    if (++hisidx[histype] == hislen) {
+      hisidx[histype] = 0;
+    }
+    hisptr = &history[histype][hisidx[histype]];
+    hist_free_entry(hisptr);
+
+    // Store the separator after the NUL of the string.
+    size_t len = STRLEN(new_entry);
+    hisptr->hisstr = vim_strnsave(new_entry, len + 2);
+    hisptr->timestamp = os_time();
+    hisptr->additional_elements = NULL;
+    hisptr->hisstr[len + 1] = (char_u)sep;
+
+    hisptr->hisnum = ++hisnum[histype];
+    if (histype == HIST_SEARCH && in_map) {
+      last_maptick = maptick;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Get identifier of newest history entry.
+///
+/// @param histype  may be one of the HIST_ values.
+static int get_history_idx(int histype)
+{
+  if (hislen == 0 || histype < 0 || histype >= HIST_COUNT
+      || hisidx[histype] < 0) {
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  return history[histype][hisidx[histype]].hisnum;
+}
+
+/// Calculate history index from a number:
+///
+/// @param num      > 0: seen as identifying number of a history entry
+///                 < 0: relative position in history wrt newest entry
+/// @param histype  may be one of the HIST_ values.
+static int calc_hist_idx(int histype, int num)
+{
+  int i;
+  int wrapped = false;
+
+  if (hislen == 0 || histype < 0 || histype >= HIST_COUNT
+      || (i = hisidx[histype]) < 0 || num == 0) {
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  histentry_T *hist = history[histype];
+  if (num > 0) {
+    while (hist[i].hisnum > num) {
+      if (--i < 0) {
+        if (wrapped) {
+          break;
+        }
+        i += hislen;
+        wrapped = true;
+      }
+    }
+    if (i >= 0 && hist[i].hisnum == num && hist[i].hisstr != NULL) {
+      return i;
+    }
+  } else if (-num <= hislen) {
+    i += num + 1;
+    if (i < 0) {
+      i += hislen;
+    }
+    if (hist[i].hisstr != NULL) {
+      return i;
+    }
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
+/// Get a history entry by its index.
+///
+/// @param histype  may be one of the HIST_ values.
+static char_u *get_history_entry(int histype, int idx)
+{
+  idx = calc_hist_idx(histype, idx);
+  if (idx >= 0) {
+    return history[histype][idx].hisstr;
+  } else {
+    return (char_u *)"";
+  }
+}
+
+/// Clear all entries in a history
+///
+/// @param[in]  histype  One of the HIST_ values.
+///
+/// @return OK if there was something to clean and histype was one of HIST_
+///         values, FAIL otherwise.
+int clr_history(const int histype)
+{
+  if (hislen != 0 && histype >= 0 && histype < HIST_COUNT) {
+    histentry_T *hisptr = history[histype];
+    for (int i = hislen; i--; hisptr++) {
+      hist_free_entry(hisptr);
+    }
+    hisidx[histype] = -1;  // mark history as cleared
+    hisnum[histype] = 0;   // reset identifier counter
+    return OK;
+  }
+  return FAIL;
+}
+
+/// Remove all entries matching {str} from a history.
+///
+/// @param histype  may be one of the HIST_ values.
+static int del_history_entry(int histype, char_u *str)
+{
+  regmatch_T regmatch;
+  histentry_T *hisptr;
+  int idx;
+  int i;
+  int last;
+  bool found = false;
+
+  regmatch.regprog = NULL;
+  regmatch.rm_ic = false;       // always match case
+  if (hislen != 0
+      && histype >= 0
+      && histype < HIST_COUNT
+      && *str != NUL
+      && (idx = hisidx[histype]) >= 0
+      && (regmatch.regprog = vim_regcomp((char *)str, RE_MAGIC + RE_STRING)) != NULL) {
+    i = last = idx;
+    do {
+      hisptr = &history[histype][i];
+      if (hisptr->hisstr == NULL) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (vim_regexec(&regmatch, (char *)hisptr->hisstr, (colnr_T)0)) {
+        found = true;
+        hist_free_entry(hisptr);
+      } else {
+        if (i != last) {
+          history[histype][last] = *hisptr;
+          clear_hist_entry(hisptr);
+        }
+        if (--last < 0) {
+          last += hislen;
+        }
+      }
+      if (--i < 0) {
+        i += hislen;
+      }
+    } while (i != idx);
+    if (history[histype][idx].hisstr == NULL) {
+      hisidx[histype] = -1;
+    }
+  }
+  vim_regfree(regmatch.regprog);
+  return found;
+}
+
+/// Remove an indexed entry from a history.
+///
+/// @param histype  may be one of the HIST_ values.
+static int del_history_idx(int histype, int idx)
+{
+  int i = calc_hist_idx(histype, idx);
+  if (i < 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  idx = hisidx[histype];
+  hist_free_entry(&history[histype][i]);
+
+  // When deleting the last added search string in a mapping, reset
+  // last_maptick, so that the last added search string isn't deleted again.
+  if (histype == HIST_SEARCH && maptick == last_maptick && i == idx) {
+    last_maptick = -1;
+  }
+
+  while (i != idx) {
+    int j = (i + 1) % hislen;
+    history[histype][i] = history[histype][j];
+    i = j;
+  }
+  clear_hist_entry(&history[histype][idx]);
+  if (--i < 0) {
+    i += hislen;
+  }
+  hisidx[histype] = i;
+  return true;
+}
+
+/// "histadd()" function
+void f_histadd(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  HistoryType histype;
+
+  rettv->vval.v_number = false;
+  if (check_secure()) {
+    return;
+  }
+  const char *str = tv_get_string_chk(&argvars[0]);  // NULL on type error
+  histype = str != NULL ? get_histtype(str, strlen(str), false) : HIST_INVALID;
+  if (histype != HIST_INVALID) {
+    char buf[NUMBUFLEN];
+    str = tv_get_string_buf(&argvars[1], buf);
+    if (*str != NUL) {
+      init_history();
+      add_to_history(histype, (char_u *)str, false, NUL);
+      rettv->vval.v_number = true;
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// "histdel()" function
+void f_histdel(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  int n;
+  const char *const str = tv_get_string_chk(&argvars[0]);  // NULL on type error
+  if (str == NULL) {
+    n = 0;
+  } else if (argvars[1].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
+    // only one argument: clear entire history
+    n = clr_history(get_histtype(str, strlen(str), false));
+  } else if (argvars[1].v_type == VAR_NUMBER) {
+    // index given: remove that entry
+    n = del_history_idx(get_histtype(str, strlen(str), false),
+                        (int)tv_get_number(&argvars[1]));
+  } else {
+    // string given: remove all matching entries
+    char buf[NUMBUFLEN];
+    n = del_history_entry(get_histtype(str, strlen(str), false),
+                          (char_u *)tv_get_string_buf(&argvars[1], buf));
+  }
+  rettv->vval.v_number = n;
+}
+
+/// "histget()" function
+void f_histget(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  HistoryType type;
+  int idx;
+
+  const char *const str = tv_get_string_chk(&argvars[0]);  // NULL on type error
+  if (str == NULL) {
+    rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+  } else {
+    type = get_histtype(str, strlen(str), false);
+    if (argvars[1].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
+      idx = get_history_idx(type);
+    } else {
+      idx = (int)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[1], NULL);
+    }
+    // -1 on type error
+    rettv->vval.v_string = (char *)vim_strsave(get_history_entry(type, idx));
+  }
+  rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+}
+
+/// "histnr()" function
+void f_histnr(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  const char *const histname = tv_get_string_chk(&argvars[0]);
+  HistoryType i = histname == NULL
+    ? HIST_INVALID
+    : get_histtype(histname, strlen(histname), false);
+  if (i != HIST_INVALID) {
+    i = get_history_idx(i);
+  }
+  rettv->vval.v_number = i;
+}
+
+/// :history command - print a history
+void ex_history(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  histentry_T *hist;
+  int histype1 = HIST_CMD;
+  int histype2 = HIST_CMD;
+  int hisidx1 = 1;
+  int hisidx2 = -1;
+  int idx;
+  int i, j, k;
+  char *end;
+  char_u *arg = (char_u *)eap->arg;
+
+  if (hislen == 0) {
+    msg(_("'history' option is zero"));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (!(ascii_isdigit(*arg) || *arg == '-' || *arg == ',')) {
+    end = (char *)arg;
+    while (ASCII_ISALPHA(*end)
+           || vim_strchr(":=@>/?", *end) != NULL) {
+      end++;
+    }
+    histype1 = get_histtype((const char *)arg, (size_t)(end - (char *)arg), false);
+    if (histype1 == HIST_INVALID) {
+      if (STRNICMP(arg, "all", end - (char *)arg) == 0) {
+        histype1 = 0;
+        histype2 = HIST_COUNT - 1;
+      } else {
+        semsg(_(e_trailing_arg), arg);
+        return;
+      }
+    } else {
+      histype2 = histype1;
+    }
+  } else {
+    end = (char *)arg;
+  }
+  if (!get_list_range(&end, &hisidx1, &hisidx2) || *end != NUL) {
+    semsg(_(e_trailing_arg), end);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (; !got_int && histype1 <= histype2; histype1++) {
+    STRCPY(IObuff, "\n      #  ");
+    assert(history_names[histype1] != NULL);
+    STRCAT(STRCAT(IObuff, history_names[histype1]), " history");
+    msg_puts_title((char *)IObuff);
+    idx = hisidx[histype1];
+    hist = history[histype1];
+    j = hisidx1;
+    k = hisidx2;
+    if (j < 0) {
+      j = (-j > hislen) ? 0 : hist[(hislen + j + idx + 1) % hislen].hisnum;
+    }
+    if (k < 0) {
+      k = (-k > hislen) ? 0 : hist[(hislen + k + idx + 1) % hislen].hisnum;
+    }
+    if (idx >= 0 && j <= k) {
+      for (i = idx + 1; !got_int; i++) {
+        if (i == hislen) {
+          i = 0;
+        }
+        if (hist[i].hisstr != NULL
+            && hist[i].hisnum >= j && hist[i].hisnum <= k) {
+          msg_putchar('\n');
+          snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, "%c%6d  ", i == idx ? '>' : ' ',
+                   hist[i].hisnum);
+          if (vim_strsize((char *)hist[i].hisstr) > Columns - 10) {
+            trunc_string((char *)hist[i].hisstr, (char *)IObuff + STRLEN(IObuff),
+                         Columns - 10, IOSIZE - (int)STRLEN(IObuff));
+          } else {
+            STRCAT(IObuff, hist[i].hisstr);
+          }
+          msg_outtrans((char *)IObuff);
+          ui_flush();
+        }
+        if (i == idx) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Iterate over history items
+///
+/// @warning No history-editing functions must be run while iteration is in
+///          progress.
+///
+/// @param[in]   iter          Pointer to the last history entry.
+/// @param[in]   history_type  Type of the history (HIST_*). Ignored if iter
+///                            parameter is not NULL.
+/// @param[in]   zero          If true then zero (but not free) returned items.
+///
+///                            @warning When using this parameter user is
+///                                     responsible for calling clr_history()
+///                                     itself after iteration is over. If
+///                                     clr_history() is not called behaviour is
+///                                     undefined. No functions that work with
+///                                     history must be called during iteration
+///                                     in this case.
+/// @param[out]  hist          Next history entry.
+///
+/// @return Pointer used in next iteration or NULL to indicate that iteration
+///         was finished.
+const void *hist_iter(const void *const iter, const uint8_t history_type, const bool zero,
+                      histentry_T *const hist)
+  FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(4)
+{
+  *hist = (histentry_T) {
+    .hisstr = NULL
+  };
+  if (hisidx[history_type] == -1) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  histentry_T *const hstart = &(history[history_type][0]);
+  histentry_T *const hlast = &(history[history_type][hisidx[history_type]]);
+  const histentry_T *const hend = &(history[history_type][hislen - 1]);
+  histentry_T *hiter;
+  if (iter == NULL) {
+    histentry_T *hfirst = hlast;
+    do {
+      hfirst++;
+      if (hfirst > hend) {
+        hfirst = hstart;
+      }
+      if (hfirst->hisstr != NULL) {
+        break;
+      }
+    } while (hfirst != hlast);
+    hiter = hfirst;
+  } else {
+    hiter = (histentry_T *)iter;
+  }
+  if (hiter == NULL) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  *hist = *hiter;
+  if (zero) {
+    CLEAR_POINTER(hiter);
+  }
+  if (hiter == hlast) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  hiter++;
+  return (const void *)((hiter > hend) ? hstart : hiter);
+}
+
+/// Get array of history items
+///
+/// @param[in]   history_type  Type of the history to get array for.
+/// @param[out]  new_hisidx    Location where last index in the new array should
+///                            be saved.
+/// @param[out]  new_hisnum    Location where last history number in the new
+///                            history should be saved.
+///
+/// @return Pointer to the array or NULL.
+histentry_T *hist_get_array(const uint8_t history_type, int **const new_hisidx,
+                            int **const new_hisnum)
+  FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  init_history();
+  *new_hisidx = &(hisidx[history_type]);
+  *new_hisnum = &(hisnum[history_type]);
+  return history[history_type];
+}
diff --git a/src/nvim/cmdhist.h b/src/nvim/cmdhist.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..797b79a5f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/cmdhist.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#ifndef NVIM_CMDHIST_H
+#define NVIM_CMDHIST_H
+
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_cmds_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/os/time.h"
+
+/// Present history tables
+typedef enum {
+  HIST_DEFAULT = -2,  ///< Default (current) history.
+  HIST_INVALID = -1,  ///< Unknown history.
+  HIST_CMD = 0,       ///< Colon commands.
+  HIST_SEARCH,        ///< Search commands.
+  HIST_EXPR,          ///< Expressions (e.g. from entering = register).
+  HIST_INPUT,         ///< input() lines.
+  HIST_DEBUG,         ///< Debug commands.
+} HistoryType;
+
+/// Number of history tables
+#define HIST_COUNT      (HIST_DEBUG + 1)
+
+/// History entry definition
+typedef struct hist_entry {
+  int hisnum;           ///< Entry identifier number.
+  char_u *hisstr;       ///< Actual entry, separator char after the NUL.
+  Timestamp timestamp;  ///< Time when entry was added.
+  list_T *additional_elements;  ///< Additional entries from ShaDa file.
+} histentry_T;
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "cmdhist.h.generated.h"
+#endif
+#endif  // NVIM_CMDHIST_H
diff --git a/src/nvim/context.c b/src/nvim/context.c
index db26667009..e3ae9355bf 100644
--- a/src/nvim/context.c
+++ b/src/nvim/context.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "nvim/api/vimscript.h"
 #include "nvim/context.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/encode.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
 #include "nvim/shada.h"
@@ -249,7 +250,7 @@ static inline void ctx_save_funcs(Context *ctx, bool scriptonly)
   ctx->funcs = (Array)ARRAY_DICT_INIT;
   Error err = ERROR_INIT;
 
-  HASHTAB_ITER(&func_hashtab, hi, {
+  HASHTAB_ITER(func_tbl_get(), hi, {
     const char_u *const name = hi->hi_key;
     bool islambda = (STRNCMP(name, "<lambda>", 8) == 0);
     bool isscript = (name[0] == K_SPECIAL);
diff --git a/src/nvim/cursor.c b/src/nvim/cursor.c
index 1446257f7e..d4670dedc7 100644
--- a/src/nvim/cursor.c
+++ b/src/nvim/cursor.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/extmark.h"
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
 #include "nvim/mark.h"
@@ -17,7 +18,6 @@
 #include "nvim/move.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
 #include "nvim/plines.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/debugger.c b/src/nvim/debugger.c
index 0eaff06833..a061bd961b 100644
--- a/src/nvim/debugger.c
+++ b/src/nvim/debugger.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/debugger.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@
 #include "nvim/os/os.h"
 #include "nvim/pos.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/types.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
 
@@ -98,14 +99,17 @@ void do_debug(char_u *cmd)
     xfree(debug_newval);
     debug_newval = NULL;
   }
-  if (sourcing_name != NULL) {
-    msg(sourcing_name);
+  char *sname = estack_sfile(ESTACK_NONE);
+  if (sname != NULL) {
+    msg(sname);
   }
-  if (sourcing_lnum != 0) {
-    smsg(_("line %" PRId64 ": %s"), (int64_t)sourcing_lnum, cmd);
+  xfree(sname);
+  if (SOURCING_LNUM != 0) {
+    smsg(_("line %" PRId64 ": %s"), (int64_t)SOURCING_LNUM, cmd);
   } else {
     smsg(_("cmd: %s"), cmd);
   }
+
   // Repeat getting a command and executing it.
   for (;;) {
     msg_scroll = true;
@@ -287,12 +291,12 @@ void do_debug(char_u *cmd)
   debug_did_msg = true;
 }
 
-static int get_maxbacktrace_level(void)
+static int get_maxbacktrace_level(char *sname)
 {
   int maxbacktrace = 0;
 
-  if (sourcing_name != NULL) {
-    char *p = sourcing_name;
+  if (sname != NULL) {
+    char *p = sname;
     char *q;
     while ((q = strstr(p, "..")) != NULL) {
       p = q + 2;
@@ -320,20 +324,24 @@ static void do_checkbacktracelevel(void)
     debug_backtrace_level = 0;
     msg(_("frame is zero"));
   } else {
-    int max = get_maxbacktrace_level();
+    char *sname = estack_sfile(ESTACK_NONE);
+    int max = get_maxbacktrace_level(sname);
+
     if (debug_backtrace_level > max) {
       debug_backtrace_level = max;
       smsg(_("frame at highest level: %d"), max);
     }
+    xfree(sname);
   }
 }
 
 static void do_showbacktrace(char_u *cmd)
 {
-  if (sourcing_name != NULL) {
+  char *sname = estack_sfile(ESTACK_NONE);
+  int max = get_maxbacktrace_level(sname);
+  if (sname != NULL) {
     int i = 0;
-    int max = get_maxbacktrace_level();
-    char *cur = sourcing_name;
+    char *cur = sname;
     while (!got_int) {
       char *next = strstr(cur, "..");
       if (next != NULL) {
@@ -351,9 +359,11 @@ static void do_showbacktrace(char_u *cmd)
       *next = '.';
       cur = next + 2;
     }
+    xfree(sname);
   }
-  if (sourcing_lnum != 0) {
-    smsg(_("line %" PRId64 ": %s"), (int64_t)sourcing_lnum, cmd);
+
+  if (SOURCING_LNUM != 0) {
+    smsg(_("line %" PRId64 ": %s"), (int64_t)SOURCING_LNUM, cmd);
   } else {
     smsg(_("cmd: %s"), cmd);
   }
diff --git a/src/nvim/decoration.c b/src/nvim/decoration.c
index e7c76fe38e..a93fb599c4 100644
--- a/src/nvim/decoration.c
+++ b/src/nvim/decoration.c
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@
 #include "nvim/api/ui.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/decoration.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/extmark.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
 #include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
 #include "nvim/move.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
 
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
@@ -358,7 +358,8 @@ next_mark:
   return attr;
 }
 
-void decor_redraw_signs(buf_T *buf, int row, int *num_signs, sign_attrs_T sattrs[])
+void decor_redraw_signs(buf_T *buf, int row, int *num_signs, SignTextAttrs sattrs[],
+                        HlPriAttr *num_attrs, HlPriAttr *line_attrs, HlPriAttr *cul_attrs)
 {
   if (!buf->b_signs) {
     return;
@@ -383,30 +384,37 @@ void decor_redraw_signs(buf_T *buf, int row, int *num_signs, sign_attrs_T sattrs
       goto next_mark;
     }
 
-    int j;
-    for (j = (*num_signs); j > 0; j--) {
-      if (sattrs[j].sat_prio <= decor->priority) {
-        break;
-      }
-      sattrs[j] = sattrs[j - 1];
-    }
-    if (j < SIGN_SHOW_MAX) {
-      memset(&sattrs[j], 0, sizeof(sign_attrs_T));
-      sattrs[j].sat_text = decor->sign_text;
-      if (decor->sign_hl_id != 0) {
-        sattrs[j].sat_texthl = syn_id2attr(decor->sign_hl_id);
-      }
-      if (decor->number_hl_id != 0) {
-        sattrs[j].sat_numhl = syn_id2attr(decor->number_hl_id);
+    if (decor->sign_text) {
+      int j;
+      for (j = (*num_signs); j > 0; j--) {
+        if (sattrs[j - 1].priority >= decor->priority) {
+          break;
+        }
+        sattrs[j] = sattrs[j - 1];
       }
-      if (decor->line_hl_id != 0) {
-        sattrs[j].sat_linehl = syn_id2attr(decor->line_hl_id);
+      if (j < SIGN_SHOW_MAX) {
+        sattrs[j] = (SignTextAttrs) {
+          .text = decor->sign_text,
+          .hl_attr_id = decor->sign_hl_id == 0 ? 0 : syn_id2attr(decor->sign_hl_id),
+          .priority = decor->priority
+        };
+        (*num_signs)++;
       }
-      if (decor->cursorline_hl_id != 0) {
-        sattrs[j].sat_culhl = syn_id2attr(decor->cursorline_hl_id);
+    }
+
+    struct { HlPriAttr *dest; int hl; } cattrs[] = {
+      { line_attrs, decor->line_hl_id        },
+      { num_attrs,  decor->number_hl_id      },
+      { cul_attrs,  decor->cursorline_hl_id  },
+      { NULL, -1 },
+    };
+    for (int i = 0; cattrs[i].dest; i++) {
+      if (cattrs[i].hl != 0 && decor->priority >= cattrs[i].dest->priority) {
+        *cattrs[i].dest = (HlPriAttr) {
+          .attr_id = syn_id2attr(cattrs[i].hl),
+          .priority = decor->priority
+        };
       }
-      sattrs[j].sat_prio = decor->priority;
-      (*num_signs)++;
     }
 
 next_mark:
diff --git a/src/nvim/decoration_provider.c b/src/nvim/decoration_provider.c
index 04d875c4e3..95e13b4240 100644
--- a/src/nvim/decoration_provider.c
+++ b/src/nvim/decoration_provider.c
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ static kvec_t(DecorProvider) decor_providers = KV_INITIAL_VALUE;
 #define DECORATION_PROVIDER_INIT(ns_id) (DecorProvider) \
   { ns_id, false, LUA_NOREF, LUA_NOREF, \
     LUA_NOREF, LUA_NOREF, LUA_NOREF, \
-    LUA_NOREF, -1 }
+    LUA_NOREF, -1, false }
 
 static bool decor_provider_invoke(NS ns_id, const char *name, LuaRef ref, Array args,
                                   bool default_true, char **perr)
@@ -107,8 +107,6 @@ void decor_providers_invoke_win(win_T *wp, DecorProviders *providers,
       }
     }
   }
-
-  win_check_ns_hl(wp);
 }
 
 /// For each provider invoke the 'line' callback for a given window row.
@@ -135,7 +133,7 @@ void providers_invoke_line(win_T *wp, DecorProviders *providers, int row, bool *
         kv_A(*providers, k) = NULL;
       }
 
-      win_check_ns_hl(wp);
+      hl_check_ns();
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/nvim/decoration_provider.h b/src/nvim/decoration_provider.h
index 3ec7c80357..dd1ed6c581 100644
--- a/src/nvim/decoration_provider.h
+++ b/src/nvim/decoration_provider.h
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ typedef struct {
   LuaRef redraw_end;
   LuaRef hl_def;
   int hl_valid;
+  bool hl_cached;
 } DecorProvider;
 
 typedef kvec_withinit_t(DecorProvider *, 4) DecorProviders;
diff --git a/src/nvim/diff.c b/src/nvim/diff.c
index 849204f789..c1fdbc1b9a 100644
--- a/src/nvim/diff.c
+++ b/src/nvim/diff.c
@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/diff.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
@@ -35,7 +37,6 @@
 #include "nvim/os/os.h"
 #include "nvim/os/shell.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
 #include "nvim/undo.h"
@@ -956,13 +957,13 @@ void ex_diffupdate(exarg_T *eap)
 
   // Only use the internal method if it did not fail for one of the buffers.
   diffio_T diffio;
-  memset(&diffio, 0, sizeof(diffio));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(diffio);
   diffio.dio_internal = diff_internal() && !diff_internal_failed();
 
   diff_try_update(&diffio, idx_orig, eap);
   if (diffio.dio_internal && diff_internal_failed()) {
     // Internal diff failed, use external diff instead.
-    memset(&diffio, 0, sizeof(diffio));
+    CLEAR_FIELD(diffio);
     diff_try_update(&diffio, idx_orig, eap);
   }
 
@@ -1075,9 +1076,9 @@ static int diff_file_internal(diffio_T *diffio)
   xdemitconf_t emit_cfg;
   xdemitcb_t emit_cb;
 
-  memset(&param, 0, sizeof(param));
-  memset(&emit_cfg, 0, sizeof(emit_cfg));
-  memset(&emit_cb, 0, sizeof(emit_cb));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(param);
+  CLEAR_FIELD(emit_cfg);
+  CLEAR_FIELD(emit_cb);
 
   param.flags = (unsigned long)diff_algorithm;
 
@@ -2143,14 +2144,14 @@ int diffopt_changed(void)
   long diff_algorithm_new = 0;
   long diff_indent_heuristic = 0;
 
-  char_u *p = p_dip;
+  char *p = (char *)p_dip;
   while (*p != NUL) {
     if (STRNCMP(p, "filler", 6) == 0) {
       p += 6;
       diff_flags_new |= DIFF_FILLER;
     } else if ((STRNCMP(p, "context:", 8) == 0) && ascii_isdigit(p[8])) {
       p += 8;
-      diff_context_new = getdigits_int((char **)&p, false, diff_context_new);
+      diff_context_new = getdigits_int(&p, false, diff_context_new);
     } else if (STRNCMP(p, "iblank", 6) == 0) {
       p += 6;
       diff_flags_new |= DIFF_IBLANK;
@@ -2174,7 +2175,7 @@ int diffopt_changed(void)
       diff_flags_new |= DIFF_VERTICAL;
     } else if ((STRNCMP(p, "foldcolumn:", 11) == 0) && ascii_isdigit(p[11])) {
       p += 11;
-      diff_foldcolumn_new = getdigits_int((char **)&p, false, diff_foldcolumn_new);
+      diff_foldcolumn_new = getdigits_int(&p, false, diff_foldcolumn_new);
     } else if (STRNCMP(p, "hiddenoff", 9) == 0) {
       p += 9;
       diff_flags_new |= DIFF_HIDDEN_OFF;
diff --git a/src/nvim/digraph.c b/src/nvim/digraph.c
index 733b3d3d5d..0f511bd37c 100644
--- a/src/nvim/digraph.c
+++ b/src/nvim/digraph.c
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/digraph.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "nvim/message.h"
 #include "nvim/normal.h"
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/drawline.c b/src/nvim/drawline.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..95026ff8ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/drawline.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2706 @@
+// This is an open source non-commercial project. Dear PVS-Studio, please check
+// it. PVS-Studio Static Code Analyzer for C, C++ and C#: http://www.viva64.com
+
+// drawline.c: Functions for drawing window lines on the screen.
+// This is the middle level, drawscreen.c is the top and grid.c/screen.c the lower level.
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "nvim/arabic.h"
+#include "nvim/buffer.h"
+#include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/cursor_shape.h"
+#include "nvim/diff.h"
+#include "nvim/drawline.h"
+#include "nvim/fold.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
+#include "nvim/highlight.h"
+#include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
+#include "nvim/indent.h"
+#include "nvim/match.h"
+#include "nvim/move.h"
+#include "nvim/option.h"
+#include "nvim/plines.h"
+#include "nvim/quickfix.h"
+#include "nvim/search.h"
+#include "nvim/sign.h"
+#include "nvim/spell.h"
+#include "nvim/state.h"
+#include "nvim/syntax.h"
+#include "nvim/undo.h"
+#include "nvim/window.h"
+
+#define MB_FILLER_CHAR '<'  // character used when a double-width character
+                            // doesn't fit.
+
+/// for line_putchar. Contains the state that needs to be remembered from
+/// putting one character to the next.
+typedef struct {
+  const char *p;
+  int prev_c;   ///< previous Arabic character
+  int prev_c1;  ///< first composing char for prev_c
+} LineState;
+#define LINE_STATE(p) { p, 0, 0 }
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "drawline.c.generated.h"
+#endif
+
+/// Advance **color_cols
+///
+/// @return  true when there are columns to draw.
+static bool advance_color_col(int vcol, int **color_cols)
+{
+  while (**color_cols >= 0 && vcol > **color_cols) {
+    (*color_cols)++;
+  }
+  return **color_cols >= 0;
+}
+
+/// Used when 'cursorlineopt' contains "screenline": compute the margins between
+/// which the highlighting is used.
+static void margin_columns_win(win_T *wp, int *left_col, int *right_col)
+{
+  // cache previous calculations depending on w_virtcol
+  static int saved_w_virtcol;
+  static win_T *prev_wp;
+  static int prev_left_col;
+  static int prev_right_col;
+  static int prev_col_off;
+
+  int cur_col_off = win_col_off(wp);
+  int width1;
+  int width2;
+
+  if (saved_w_virtcol == wp->w_virtcol && prev_wp == wp
+      && prev_col_off == cur_col_off) {
+    *right_col = prev_right_col;
+    *left_col = prev_left_col;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  width1 = wp->w_width - cur_col_off;
+  width2 = width1 + win_col_off2(wp);
+
+  *left_col = 0;
+  *right_col = width1;
+
+  if (wp->w_virtcol >= (colnr_T)width1) {
+    *right_col = width1 + ((wp->w_virtcol - width1) / width2 + 1) * width2;
+  }
+  if (wp->w_virtcol >= (colnr_T)width1 && width2 > 0) {
+    *left_col = (wp->w_virtcol - width1) / width2 * width2 + width1;
+  }
+
+  // cache values
+  prev_left_col = *left_col;
+  prev_right_col = *right_col;
+  prev_wp = wp;
+  saved_w_virtcol = wp->w_virtcol;
+  prev_col_off = cur_col_off;
+}
+
+/// Put a single char from an UTF-8 buffer into a line buffer.
+///
+/// Handles composing chars and arabic shaping state.
+static int line_putchar(buf_T *buf, LineState *s, schar_T *dest, int maxcells, bool rl, int vcol)
+{
+  const char_u *p = (char_u *)s->p;
+  int cells = utf_ptr2cells((char *)p);
+  int c_len = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p);
+  int u8c, u8cc[MAX_MCO];
+  if (cells > maxcells) {
+    return -1;
+  }
+  u8c = utfc_ptr2char(p, u8cc);
+  if (*p == TAB) {
+    cells = MIN(tabstop_padding(vcol, buf->b_p_ts, buf->b_p_vts_array), maxcells);
+    for (int c = 0; c < cells; c++) {
+      schar_from_ascii(dest[c], ' ');
+    }
+    goto done;
+  } else if (*p < 0x80 && u8cc[0] == 0) {
+    schar_from_ascii(dest[0], (char)(*p));
+    s->prev_c = u8c;
+  } else {
+    if (p_arshape && !p_tbidi && ARABIC_CHAR(u8c)) {
+      // Do Arabic shaping.
+      int pc, pc1, nc;
+      int pcc[MAX_MCO];
+      int firstbyte = *p;
+
+      // The idea of what is the previous and next
+      // character depends on 'rightleft'.
+      if (rl) {
+        pc = s->prev_c;
+        pc1 = s->prev_c1;
+        nc = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + c_len);
+        s->prev_c1 = u8cc[0];
+      } else {
+        pc = utfc_ptr2char(p + c_len, pcc);
+        nc = s->prev_c;
+        pc1 = pcc[0];
+      }
+      s->prev_c = u8c;
+
+      u8c = arabic_shape(u8c, &firstbyte, &u8cc[0], pc, pc1, nc);
+    } else {
+      s->prev_c = u8c;
+    }
+    schar_from_cc(dest[0], u8c, u8cc);
+  }
+  if (cells > 1) {
+    dest[1][0] = 0;
+  }
+done:
+  s->p += c_len;
+  return cells;
+}
+
+static inline void provider_err_virt_text(linenr_T lnum, char *err)
+{
+  Decoration err_decor = DECORATION_INIT;
+  int hl_err = syn_check_group(S_LEN("ErrorMsg"));
+  kv_push(err_decor.virt_text,
+          ((VirtTextChunk){ .text = err,
+                            .hl_id = hl_err }));
+  err_decor.virt_text_width = (int)mb_string2cells(err);
+  decor_add_ephemeral(lnum - 1, 0, lnum - 1, 0, &err_decor, 0, 0);
+}
+
+static void draw_virt_text(win_T *wp, buf_T *buf, int col_off, int *end_col, int max_col,
+                           int win_row)
+{
+  DecorState *state = &decor_state;
+  int right_pos = max_col;
+  bool do_eol = state->eol_col > -1;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < kv_size(state->active); i++) {
+    DecorRange *item = &kv_A(state->active, i);
+    if (!(item->start_row == state->row
+          && (kv_size(item->decor.virt_text) || item->decor.ui_watched))) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (item->win_col == -1) {
+      if (item->decor.virt_text_pos == kVTRightAlign) {
+        right_pos -= item->decor.virt_text_width;
+        item->win_col = right_pos;
+      } else if (item->decor.virt_text_pos == kVTEndOfLine && do_eol) {
+        item->win_col = state->eol_col;
+      } else if (item->decor.virt_text_pos == kVTWinCol) {
+        item->win_col = MAX(item->decor.col + col_off, 0);
+      }
+    }
+    if (item->win_col < 0) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    int col;
+    if (item->decor.ui_watched) {
+      // send mark position to UI
+      col = item->win_col;
+      WinExtmark m = { (NS)item->ns_id, item->mark_id, win_row, col };
+      kv_push(win_extmark_arr, m);
+    }
+    if (kv_size(item->decor.virt_text)) {
+      col = draw_virt_text_item(buf, item->win_col, item->decor.virt_text,
+                                item->decor.hl_mode, max_col, item->win_col - col_off);
+    }
+    item->win_col = -2;  // deactivate
+    if (item->decor.virt_text_pos == kVTEndOfLine && do_eol) {
+      state->eol_col = col + 1;
+    }
+
+    *end_col = MAX(*end_col, col);
+  }
+}
+
+static int draw_virt_text_item(buf_T *buf, int col, VirtText vt, HlMode hl_mode, int max_col,
+                               int vcol)
+{
+  LineState s = LINE_STATE("");
+  int virt_attr = 0;
+  size_t virt_pos = 0;
+
+  while (col < max_col) {
+    if (!*s.p) {
+      if (virt_pos >= kv_size(vt)) {
+        break;
+      }
+      virt_attr = 0;
+      do {
+        s.p = kv_A(vt, virt_pos).text;
+        int hl_id = kv_A(vt, virt_pos).hl_id;
+        virt_attr = hl_combine_attr(virt_attr,
+                                    hl_id > 0 ? syn_id2attr(hl_id) : 0);
+        virt_pos++;
+      } while (!s.p && virt_pos < kv_size(vt));
+      if (!s.p) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!*s.p) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    int attr;
+    bool through = false;
+    if (hl_mode == kHlModeCombine) {
+      attr = hl_combine_attr(linebuf_attr[col], virt_attr);
+    } else if (hl_mode == kHlModeBlend) {
+      through = (*s.p == ' ');
+      attr = hl_blend_attrs(linebuf_attr[col], virt_attr, &through);
+    } else {
+      attr = virt_attr;
+    }
+    schar_T dummy[2];
+    int cells = line_putchar(buf, &s, through ? dummy : &linebuf_char[col],
+                             max_col - col, false, vcol);
+    // if we failed to emit a char, we still need to advance
+    cells = MAX(cells, 1);
+
+    for (int c = 0; c < cells; c++) {
+      linebuf_attr[col++] = attr;
+    }
+    vcol += cells;
+  }
+  return col;
+}
+
+/// Return true if CursorLineSign highlight is to be used.
+static bool use_cursor_line_sign(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum)
+{
+  return wp->w_p_cul
+         && lnum == wp->w_cursor.lnum
+         && (wp->w_p_culopt_flags & CULOPT_NBR);
+}
+
+// Get information needed to display the sign in line 'lnum' in window 'wp'.
+// If 'nrcol' is TRUE, the sign is going to be displayed in the number column.
+// Otherwise the sign is going to be displayed in the sign column.
+//
+// @param count max number of signs
+// @param[out] n_extrap number of characters from pp_extra to display
+// @param sign_idxp Index of the displayed sign
+static void get_sign_display_info(bool nrcol, win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum, SignTextAttrs sattrs[],
+                                  int row, int startrow, int filler_lines, int filler_todo,
+                                  int *c_extrap, int *c_finalp, char_u *extra, size_t extra_size,
+                                  char_u **pp_extra, int *n_extrap, int *char_attrp, int sign_idx,
+                                  int cul_attr)
+{
+  // Draw cells with the sign value or blank.
+  *c_extrap = ' ';
+  *c_finalp = NUL;
+  if (nrcol) {
+    *n_extrap = number_width(wp) + 1;
+  } else {
+    if (use_cursor_line_sign(wp, lnum)) {
+      *char_attrp = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_CLS);
+    } else {
+      *char_attrp = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_SC);
+    }
+    *n_extrap = win_signcol_width(wp);
+  }
+
+  if (row == startrow + filler_lines && filler_todo <= 0) {
+    SignTextAttrs *sattr = sign_get_attr(sign_idx, sattrs, wp->w_scwidth);
+    if (sattr != NULL) {
+      *pp_extra = sattr->text;
+      if (*pp_extra != NULL) {
+        *c_extrap = NUL;
+        *c_finalp = NUL;
+
+        if (nrcol) {
+          int n, width = number_width(wp) - 2;
+          for (n = 0; n < width; n++) {
+            extra[n] = ' ';
+          }
+          extra[n] = NUL;
+          STRCAT(extra, *pp_extra);
+          STRCAT(extra, " ");
+          *pp_extra = extra;
+          *n_extrap = (int)STRLEN(*pp_extra);
+        } else {
+          size_t symbol_blen = STRLEN(*pp_extra);
+
+          // TODO(oni-link): Is sign text already extended to
+          // full cell width?
+          assert((size_t)win_signcol_width(wp) >= mb_string2cells((char *)(*pp_extra)));
+          // symbol(s) bytes + (filling spaces) (one byte each)
+          *n_extrap = (int)symbol_blen + win_signcol_width(wp) -
+                      (int)mb_string2cells((char *)(*pp_extra));
+
+          assert(extra_size > symbol_blen);
+          memset(extra, ' ', extra_size);
+          memcpy(extra, *pp_extra, symbol_blen);
+
+          *pp_extra = extra;
+          (*pp_extra)[*n_extrap] = NUL;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (use_cursor_line_sign(wp, lnum) && cul_attr > 0) {
+        *char_attrp = cul_attr;
+      } else {
+        *char_attrp = sattr->hl_attr_id;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static int get_sign_attrs(buf_T *buf, linenr_T lnum, SignTextAttrs *sattrs, int *line_attr,
+                          int *num_attr, int *cul_attr)
+{
+  HlPriAttr line_attrs = { *line_attr, 0 };
+  HlPriAttr num_attrs  = { *num_attr,  0 };
+  HlPriAttr cul_attrs  = { *cul_attr,  0 };
+
+  // TODO(bfredl, vigoux): line_attr should not take priority over decoration!
+  int num_signs = buf_get_signattrs(buf, lnum, sattrs, &num_attrs, &line_attrs, &cul_attrs);
+  decor_redraw_signs(buf, lnum - 1, &num_signs, sattrs, &num_attrs, &line_attrs, &cul_attrs);
+
+  *line_attr = line_attrs.attr_id;
+  *num_attr = num_attrs.attr_id;
+  *cul_attr = cul_attrs.attr_id;
+
+  return num_signs;
+}
+
+/// Return true if CursorLineNr highlight is to be used for the number column.
+///
+/// - 'cursorline' must be set
+/// - lnum must be the cursor line
+/// - 'cursorlineopt' has "number"
+/// - don't highlight filler lines (when in diff mode)
+/// - When line is wrapped and 'cursorlineopt' does not have "line", only highlight the line number
+///   itself on the first screenline of the wrapped line, otherwise highlight the number column of
+///   all screenlines of the wrapped line.
+static bool use_cursor_line_nr(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum, int row, int startrow, int filler_lines)
+{
+  return wp->w_p_cul
+         && lnum == wp->w_cursor.lnum
+         && (wp->w_p_culopt_flags & CULOPT_NBR)
+         && (row == startrow + filler_lines
+             || (row > startrow + filler_lines
+                 && (wp->w_p_culopt_flags & CULOPT_LINE)));
+}
+
+static inline void get_line_number_str(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum, char_u *buf, size_t buf_len)
+{
+  long num;
+  char *fmt = "%*ld ";
+
+  if (wp->w_p_nu && !wp->w_p_rnu) {
+    // 'number' + 'norelativenumber'
+    num = (long)lnum;
+  } else {
+    // 'relativenumber', don't use negative numbers
+    num = labs((long)get_cursor_rel_lnum(wp, lnum));
+    if (num == 0 && wp->w_p_nu && wp->w_p_rnu) {
+      // 'number' + 'relativenumber'
+      num = lnum;
+      fmt = "%-*ld ";
+    }
+  }
+
+  snprintf((char *)buf, buf_len, fmt, number_width(wp), num);
+}
+
+static int get_line_number_attr(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum, int row, int startrow, int filler_lines)
+{
+  if (wp->w_p_rnu) {
+    if (lnum < wp->w_cursor.lnum) {
+      // Use LineNrAbove
+      return win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_LNA);
+    }
+    if (lnum > wp->w_cursor.lnum) {
+      // Use LineNrBelow
+      return win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_LNB);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (use_cursor_line_nr(wp, lnum, row, startrow, filler_lines)) {
+    // TODO(vim): Can we use CursorLine instead of CursorLineNr
+    // when CursorLineNr isn't set?
+    return win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_CLN);
+  }
+
+  return win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_N);
+}
+
+static void apply_cursorline_highlight(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum, int *line_attr, int *cul_attr,
+                                       int *line_attr_lowprio)
+{
+  *cul_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_CUL);
+  HlAttrs ae = syn_attr2entry(*cul_attr);
+  // We make a compromise here (#7383):
+  //  * low-priority CursorLine if fg is not set
+  //  * high-priority ("same as Vim" priority) CursorLine if fg is set
+  if (ae.rgb_fg_color == -1 && ae.cterm_fg_color == 0) {
+    *line_attr_lowprio = *cul_attr;
+  } else {
+    if (!(State & MODE_INSERT) && bt_quickfix(wp->w_buffer)
+        && qf_current_entry(wp) == lnum) {
+      *line_attr = hl_combine_attr(*cul_attr, *line_attr);
+    } else {
+      *line_attr = *cul_attr;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Display line "lnum" of window 'wp' on the screen.
+/// wp->w_virtcol needs to be valid.
+///
+/// @param lnum         line to display
+/// @param startrow     first row relative to window grid
+/// @param endrow       last grid row to be redrawn
+/// @param nochange     not updating for changed text
+/// @param number_only  only update the number column
+/// @param foldinfo     fold info for this line
+/// @param[in, out] providers  decoration providers active this line
+///                            items will be disables if they cause errors
+///                            or explicitly return `false`.
+///
+/// @return             the number of last row the line occupies.
+int win_line(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum, int startrow, int endrow, bool nochange, bool number_only,
+             foldinfo_T foldinfo, DecorProviders *providers, char **provider_err)
+{
+  int c = 0;                          // init for GCC
+  long vcol = 0;                      // virtual column (for tabs)
+  long vcol_sbr = -1;                 // virtual column after showbreak
+  long vcol_prev = -1;                // "vcol" of previous character
+  char_u *line;                  // current line
+  char_u *ptr;                   // current position in "line"
+  int row;                            // row in the window, excl w_winrow
+  ScreenGrid *grid = &wp->w_grid;     // grid specific to the window
+
+  char_u extra[57];                   // sign, line number and 'fdc' must
+                                      // fit in here
+  int n_extra = 0;                    // number of extra chars
+  char_u *p_extra = NULL;        // string of extra chars, plus NUL
+  char_u *p_extra_free = NULL;   // p_extra needs to be freed
+  int c_extra = NUL;                  // extra chars, all the same
+  int c_final = NUL;                  // final char, mandatory if set
+  int extra_attr = 0;                 // attributes when n_extra != 0
+  static char_u *at_end_str = (char_u *)"";  // used for p_extra when displaying
+                                             // curwin->w_p_lcs_chars.eol at
+                                             // end-of-line
+  int lcs_eol_one = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.eol;     // 'eol'  until it's been used
+  int lcs_prec_todo = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.prec;  // 'prec' until it's been used
+  bool has_fold = foldinfo.fi_level != 0 && foldinfo.fi_lines > 0;
+
+  // saved "extra" items for when draw_state becomes WL_LINE (again)
+  int saved_n_extra = 0;
+  char_u *saved_p_extra = NULL;
+  int saved_c_extra = 0;
+  int saved_c_final = 0;
+  int saved_char_attr = 0;
+
+  int n_attr = 0;                       // chars with special attr
+  int saved_attr2 = 0;                  // char_attr saved for n_attr
+  int n_attr3 = 0;                      // chars with overruling special attr
+  int saved_attr3 = 0;                  // char_attr saved for n_attr3
+
+  int n_skip = 0;                       // nr of chars to skip for 'nowrap'
+
+  int fromcol = -10;                    // start of inverting
+  int tocol = MAXCOL;                   // end of inverting
+  int fromcol_prev = -2;                // start of inverting after cursor
+  bool noinvcur = false;                // don't invert the cursor
+  bool lnum_in_visual_area = false;
+  pos_T pos;
+  long v;
+
+  int char_attr = 0;                    // attributes for next character
+  bool attr_pri = false;                // char_attr has priority
+  bool area_highlighting = false;       // Visual or incsearch highlighting in this line
+  int attr = 0;                         // attributes for area highlighting
+  int area_attr = 0;                    // attributes desired by highlighting
+  int search_attr = 0;                  // attributes desired by 'hlsearch'
+  int vcol_save_attr = 0;               // saved attr for 'cursorcolumn'
+  int syntax_attr = 0;                  // attributes desired by syntax
+  bool has_syntax = false;              // this buffer has syntax highl.
+  int save_did_emsg;
+  int eol_hl_off = 0;                   // 1 if highlighted char after EOL
+  bool draw_color_col = false;          // highlight colorcolumn
+  int *color_cols = NULL;               // pointer to according columns array
+  bool has_spell = false;               // this buffer has spell checking
+#define SPWORDLEN 150
+  char_u nextline[SPWORDLEN * 2];       // text with start of the next line
+  int nextlinecol = 0;                  // column where nextline[] starts
+  int nextline_idx = 0;                 // index in nextline[] where next line
+                                        // starts
+  int spell_attr = 0;                   // attributes desired by spelling
+  int word_end = 0;                     // last byte with same spell_attr
+  static linenr_T checked_lnum = 0;     // line number for "checked_col"
+  static int checked_col = 0;           // column in "checked_lnum" up to which
+                                        // there are no spell errors
+  static int cap_col = -1;              // column to check for Cap word
+  static linenr_T capcol_lnum = 0;      // line number where "cap_col"
+  int cur_checked_col = 0;              // checked column for current line
+  int extra_check = 0;                  // has syntax or linebreak
+  int multi_attr = 0;                   // attributes desired by multibyte
+  int mb_l = 1;                         // multi-byte byte length
+  int mb_c = 0;                         // decoded multi-byte character
+  bool mb_utf8 = false;                 // screen char is UTF-8 char
+  int u8cc[MAX_MCO];                    // composing UTF-8 chars
+  int filler_lines;                     // nr of filler lines to be drawn
+  int filler_todo;                      // nr of filler lines still to do + 1
+  hlf_T diff_hlf = (hlf_T)0;            // type of diff highlighting
+  int change_start = MAXCOL;            // first col of changed area
+  int change_end = -1;                  // last col of changed area
+  colnr_T trailcol = MAXCOL;            // start of trailing spaces
+  colnr_T leadcol = 0;                  // start of leading spaces
+  bool in_multispace = false;           // in multiple consecutive spaces
+  int multispace_pos = 0;               // position in lcs-multispace string
+  bool need_showbreak = false;          // overlong line, skip first x chars
+  int line_attr = 0;                    // attribute for the whole line
+  int line_attr_save;
+  int line_attr_lowprio = 0;            // low-priority attribute for the line
+  int line_attr_lowprio_save;
+  int prev_c = 0;                       // previous Arabic character
+  int prev_c1 = 0;                      // first composing char for prev_c
+
+  bool search_attr_from_match = false;  // if search_attr is from :match
+  bool has_decor = false;               // this buffer has decoration
+  int win_col_offset = 0;               // offset for window columns
+
+  char_u buf_fold[FOLD_TEXT_LEN];       // Hold value returned by get_foldtext
+
+  bool area_active = false;
+
+  int cul_attr = 0;                     // set when 'cursorline' active
+  // 'cursorlineopt' has "screenline" and cursor is in this line
+  bool cul_screenline = false;
+  // margin columns for the screen line, needed for when 'cursorlineopt'
+  // contains "screenline"
+  int left_curline_col = 0;
+  int right_curline_col = 0;
+
+  // draw_state: items that are drawn in sequence:
+#define WL_START        0               // nothing done yet
+#define WL_CMDLINE      (WL_START + 1)    // cmdline window column
+#define WL_FOLD         (WL_CMDLINE + 1)  // 'foldcolumn'
+#define WL_SIGN         (WL_FOLD + 1)     // column for signs
+#define WL_NR           (WL_SIGN + 1)     // line number
+#define WL_BRI          (WL_NR + 1)       // 'breakindent'
+#define WL_SBR          (WL_BRI + 1)      // 'showbreak' or 'diff'
+#define WL_LINE         (WL_SBR + 1)      // text in the line
+  int draw_state = WL_START;            // what to draw next
+
+  int syntax_flags    = 0;
+  int syntax_seqnr    = 0;
+  int prev_syntax_id  = 0;
+  int conceal_attr    = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_CONCEAL);
+  bool is_concealing  = false;
+  int boguscols       = 0;              ///< nonexistent columns added to
+                                        ///< force wrapping
+  int vcol_off        = 0;              ///< offset for concealed characters
+  int did_wcol        = false;
+  int match_conc      = 0;              ///< cchar for match functions
+  int old_boguscols = 0;
+#define VCOL_HLC (vcol - vcol_off)
+#define FIX_FOR_BOGUSCOLS \
+  { \
+    n_extra += vcol_off; \
+    vcol -= vcol_off; \
+    vcol_off = 0; \
+    col -= boguscols; \
+    old_boguscols = boguscols; \
+    boguscols = 0; \
+  }
+
+  if (startrow > endrow) {              // past the end already!
+    return startrow;
+  }
+
+  row = startrow;
+
+  buf_T *buf = wp->w_buffer;
+  bool end_fill = (lnum == buf->b_ml.ml_line_count + 1);
+
+  if (!number_only) {
+    // To speed up the loop below, set extra_check when there is linebreak,
+    // trailing white space and/or syntax processing to be done.
+    extra_check = wp->w_p_lbr;
+    if (syntax_present(wp) && !wp->w_s->b_syn_error && !wp->w_s->b_syn_slow
+        && !has_fold && !end_fill) {
+      // Prepare for syntax highlighting in this line.  When there is an
+      // error, stop syntax highlighting.
+      save_did_emsg = did_emsg;
+      did_emsg = false;
+      syntax_start(wp, lnum);
+      if (did_emsg) {
+        wp->w_s->b_syn_error = true;
+      } else {
+        did_emsg = save_did_emsg;
+        if (!wp->w_s->b_syn_slow) {
+          has_syntax = true;
+          extra_check = true;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    has_decor = decor_redraw_line(buf, lnum - 1, &decor_state);
+
+    providers_invoke_line(wp, providers, lnum - 1, &has_decor, provider_err);
+
+    if (*provider_err) {
+      provider_err_virt_text(lnum, *provider_err);
+      has_decor = true;
+      *provider_err = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (has_decor) {
+      extra_check = true;
+    }
+
+    // Check for columns to display for 'colorcolumn'.
+    color_cols = wp->w_buffer->terminal ? NULL : wp->w_p_cc_cols;
+    if (color_cols != NULL) {
+      draw_color_col = advance_color_col((int)VCOL_HLC, &color_cols);
+    }
+
+    if (wp->w_p_spell
+        && !has_fold
+        && !end_fill
+        && *wp->w_s->b_p_spl != NUL
+        && !GA_EMPTY(&wp->w_s->b_langp)
+        && *(char **)(wp->w_s->b_langp.ga_data) != NULL) {
+      // Prepare for spell checking.
+      has_spell = true;
+      extra_check = true;
+
+      // Get the start of the next line, so that words that wrap to the next
+      // line are found too: "et<line-break>al.".
+      // Trick: skip a few chars for C/shell/Vim comments
+      nextline[SPWORDLEN] = NUL;
+      if (lnum < wp->w_buffer->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
+        line = ml_get_buf(wp->w_buffer, lnum + 1, false);
+        spell_cat_line(nextline + SPWORDLEN, line, SPWORDLEN);
+      }
+
+      // When a word wrapped from the previous line the start of the current
+      // line is valid.
+      if (lnum == checked_lnum) {
+        cur_checked_col = checked_col;
+      }
+      checked_lnum = 0;
+
+      // When there was a sentence end in the previous line may require a
+      // word starting with capital in this line.  In line 1 always check
+      // the first word.
+      if (lnum != capcol_lnum) {
+        cap_col = -1;
+      }
+      if (lnum == 1) {
+        cap_col = 0;
+      }
+      capcol_lnum = 0;
+    }
+
+    // handle Visual active in this window
+    if (VIsual_active && wp->w_buffer == curwin->w_buffer) {
+      pos_T *top, *bot;
+
+      if (ltoreq(curwin->w_cursor, VIsual)) {
+        // Visual is after curwin->w_cursor
+        top = &curwin->w_cursor;
+        bot = &VIsual;
+      } else {
+        // Visual is before curwin->w_cursor
+        top = &VIsual;
+        bot = &curwin->w_cursor;
+      }
+      lnum_in_visual_area = (lnum >= top->lnum && lnum <= bot->lnum);
+      if (VIsual_mode == Ctrl_V) {
+        // block mode
+        if (lnum_in_visual_area) {
+          fromcol = wp->w_old_cursor_fcol;
+          tocol = wp->w_old_cursor_lcol;
+        }
+      } else {
+        // non-block mode
+        if (lnum > top->lnum && lnum <= bot->lnum) {
+          fromcol = 0;
+        } else if (lnum == top->lnum) {
+          if (VIsual_mode == 'V') {       // linewise
+            fromcol = 0;
+          } else {
+            getvvcol(wp, top, (colnr_T *)&fromcol, NULL, NULL);
+            if (gchar_pos(top) == NUL) {
+              tocol = fromcol + 1;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        if (VIsual_mode != 'V' && lnum == bot->lnum) {
+          if (*p_sel == 'e' && bot->col == 0
+              && bot->coladd == 0) {
+            fromcol = -10;
+            tocol = MAXCOL;
+          } else if (bot->col == MAXCOL) {
+            tocol = MAXCOL;
+          } else {
+            pos = *bot;
+            if (*p_sel == 'e') {
+              getvvcol(wp, &pos, (colnr_T *)&tocol, NULL, NULL);
+            } else {
+              getvvcol(wp, &pos, NULL, NULL, (colnr_T *)&tocol);
+              tocol++;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Check if the char under the cursor should be inverted (highlighted).
+      if (!highlight_match && lnum == curwin->w_cursor.lnum && wp == curwin
+          && cursor_is_block_during_visual(*p_sel == 'e')) {
+        noinvcur = true;
+      }
+
+      // if inverting in this line set area_highlighting
+      if (fromcol >= 0) {
+        area_highlighting = true;
+        attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_V);
+      }
+      // handle 'incsearch' and ":s///c" highlighting
+    } else if (highlight_match
+               && wp == curwin
+               && !has_fold
+               && lnum >= curwin->w_cursor.lnum
+               && lnum <= curwin->w_cursor.lnum + search_match_lines) {
+      if (lnum == curwin->w_cursor.lnum) {
+        getvcol(curwin, &(curwin->w_cursor),
+                (colnr_T *)&fromcol, NULL, NULL);
+      } else {
+        fromcol = 0;
+      }
+      if (lnum == curwin->w_cursor.lnum + search_match_lines) {
+        pos.lnum = lnum;
+        pos.col = search_match_endcol;
+        getvcol(curwin, &pos, (colnr_T *)&tocol, NULL, NULL);
+      }
+      // do at least one character; happens when past end of line
+      if (fromcol == tocol && search_match_endcol) {
+        tocol = fromcol + 1;
+      }
+      area_highlighting = true;
+      attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_I);
+    }
+  }
+
+  int bg_attr = win_bg_attr(wp);
+
+  filler_lines = diff_check(wp, lnum);
+  if (filler_lines < 0) {
+    if (filler_lines == -1) {
+      if (diff_find_change(wp, lnum, &change_start, &change_end)) {
+        diff_hlf = HLF_ADD;             // added line
+      } else if (change_start == 0) {
+        diff_hlf = HLF_TXD;             // changed text
+      } else {
+        diff_hlf = HLF_CHD;             // changed line
+      }
+    } else {
+      diff_hlf = HLF_ADD;               // added line
+    }
+    filler_lines = 0;
+    area_highlighting = true;
+  }
+  VirtLines virt_lines = KV_INITIAL_VALUE;
+  int n_virt_lines = decor_virt_lines(wp, lnum, &virt_lines);
+  filler_lines += n_virt_lines;
+  if (lnum == wp->w_topline) {
+    filler_lines = wp->w_topfill;
+    n_virt_lines = MIN(n_virt_lines, filler_lines);
+  }
+  filler_todo = filler_lines;
+
+  // Cursor line highlighting for 'cursorline' in the current window.
+  if (lnum == wp->w_cursor.lnum) {
+    // Do not show the cursor line in the text when Visual mode is active,
+    // because it's not clear what is selected then.
+    if (wp->w_p_cul && !(wp == curwin && VIsual_active)
+        && wp->w_p_culopt_flags != CULOPT_NBR) {
+      cul_screenline = (wp->w_p_wrap
+                        && (wp->w_p_culopt_flags & CULOPT_SCRLINE));
+      if (!cul_screenline) {
+        apply_cursorline_highlight(wp, lnum, &line_attr, &cul_attr, &line_attr_lowprio);
+      } else {
+        margin_columns_win(wp, &left_curline_col, &right_curline_col);
+      }
+      area_highlighting = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  SignTextAttrs sattrs[SIGN_SHOW_MAX];  // sign attributes for the sign column
+  int sign_num_attr = 0;                // sign attribute for the number column
+  int sign_cul_attr = 0;                // sign attribute for cursorline
+  CLEAR_FIELD(sattrs);
+  int num_signs = get_sign_attrs(buf, lnum, sattrs, &line_attr, &sign_num_attr, &sign_cul_attr);
+
+  // Highlight the current line in the quickfix window.
+  if (bt_quickfix(wp->w_buffer) && qf_current_entry(wp) == lnum) {
+    line_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_QFL);
+  }
+
+  if (line_attr_lowprio || line_attr) {
+    area_highlighting = true;
+  }
+
+  if (cul_screenline) {
+    line_attr_save = line_attr;
+    line_attr_lowprio_save = line_attr_lowprio;
+  }
+
+  line = end_fill ? (char_u *)"" : ml_get_buf(wp->w_buffer, lnum, false);
+  ptr = line;
+
+  if (has_spell && !number_only) {
+    // For checking first word with a capital skip white space.
+    if (cap_col == 0) {
+      cap_col = (int)getwhitecols(line);
+    }
+
+    // To be able to spell-check over line boundaries copy the end of the
+    // current line into nextline[].  Above the start of the next line was
+    // copied to nextline[SPWORDLEN].
+    if (nextline[SPWORDLEN] == NUL) {
+      // No next line or it is empty.
+      nextlinecol = MAXCOL;
+      nextline_idx = 0;
+    } else {
+      v = (long)STRLEN(line);
+      if (v < SPWORDLEN) {
+        // Short line, use it completely and append the start of the
+        // next line.
+        nextlinecol = 0;
+        memmove(nextline, line, (size_t)v);
+        STRMOVE(nextline + v, nextline + SPWORDLEN);
+        nextline_idx = (int)v + 1;
+      } else {
+        // Long line, use only the last SPWORDLEN bytes.
+        nextlinecol = (int)v - SPWORDLEN;
+        memmove(nextline, line + nextlinecol, SPWORDLEN);  // -V512
+        nextline_idx = SPWORDLEN + 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (wp->w_p_list && !has_fold && !end_fill) {
+    if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.space
+        || wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace != NULL
+        || wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace != NULL
+        || wp->w_p_lcs_chars.trail
+        || wp->w_p_lcs_chars.lead
+        || wp->w_p_lcs_chars.nbsp) {
+      extra_check = true;
+    }
+    // find start of trailing whitespace
+    if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.trail) {
+      trailcol = (colnr_T)STRLEN(ptr);
+      while (trailcol > (colnr_T)0 && ascii_iswhite(ptr[trailcol - 1])) {
+        trailcol--;
+      }
+      trailcol += (colnr_T)(ptr - line);
+    }
+    // find end of leading whitespace
+    if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.lead || wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace != NULL) {
+      leadcol = 0;
+      while (ascii_iswhite(ptr[leadcol])) {
+        leadcol++;
+      }
+      if (ptr[leadcol] == NUL) {
+        // in a line full of spaces all of them are treated as trailing
+        leadcol = (colnr_T)0;
+      } else {
+        // keep track of the first column not filled with spaces
+        leadcol += (colnr_T)(ptr - line) + 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 'nowrap' or 'wrap' and a single line that doesn't fit: Advance to the
+  // first character to be displayed.
+  if (wp->w_p_wrap) {
+    v = wp->w_skipcol;
+  } else {
+    v = wp->w_leftcol;
+  }
+  if (v > 0 && !number_only) {
+    char_u *prev_ptr = ptr;
+    while (vcol < v && *ptr != NUL) {
+      c = win_lbr_chartabsize(wp, line, ptr, (colnr_T)vcol, NULL);
+      vcol += c;
+      prev_ptr = ptr;
+      MB_PTR_ADV(ptr);
+    }
+
+    // When:
+    // - 'cuc' is set, or
+    // - 'colorcolumn' is set, or
+    // - 'virtualedit' is set, or
+    // - the visual mode is active,
+    // the end of the line may be before the start of the displayed part.
+    if (vcol < v && (wp->w_p_cuc
+                     || draw_color_col
+                     || virtual_active()
+                     || (VIsual_active && wp->w_buffer == curwin->w_buffer))) {
+      vcol = v;
+    }
+
+    // Handle a character that's not completely on the screen: Put ptr at
+    // that character but skip the first few screen characters.
+    if (vcol > v) {
+      vcol -= c;
+      ptr = prev_ptr;
+      // If the character fits on the screen, don't need to skip it.
+      // Except for a TAB.
+      if (utf_ptr2cells((char *)ptr) >= c || *ptr == TAB) {
+        n_skip = (int)(v - vcol);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Adjust for when the inverted text is before the screen,
+    // and when the start of the inverted text is before the screen.
+    if (tocol <= vcol) {
+      fromcol = 0;
+    } else if (fromcol >= 0 && fromcol < vcol) {
+      fromcol = (int)vcol;
+    }
+
+    // When w_skipcol is non-zero, first line needs 'showbreak'
+    if (wp->w_p_wrap) {
+      need_showbreak = true;
+    }
+    // When spell checking a word we need to figure out the start of the
+    // word and if it's badly spelled or not.
+    if (has_spell) {
+      size_t len;
+      colnr_T linecol = (colnr_T)(ptr - line);
+      hlf_T spell_hlf = HLF_COUNT;
+
+      pos = wp->w_cursor;
+      wp->w_cursor.lnum = lnum;
+      wp->w_cursor.col = linecol;
+      len = spell_move_to(wp, FORWARD, true, true, &spell_hlf);
+
+      // spell_move_to() may call ml_get() and make "line" invalid
+      line = ml_get_buf(wp->w_buffer, lnum, false);
+      ptr = line + linecol;
+
+      if (len == 0 || (int)wp->w_cursor.col > ptr - line) {
+        // no bad word found at line start, don't check until end of a
+        // word
+        spell_hlf = HLF_COUNT;
+        word_end = (int)(spell_to_word_end(ptr, wp) - line + 1);
+      } else {
+        // bad word found, use attributes until end of word
+        assert(len <= INT_MAX);
+        word_end = wp->w_cursor.col + (int)len + 1;
+
+        // Turn index into actual attributes.
+        if (spell_hlf != HLF_COUNT) {
+          spell_attr = highlight_attr[spell_hlf];
+        }
+      }
+      wp->w_cursor = pos;
+
+      // Need to restart syntax highlighting for this line.
+      if (has_syntax) {
+        syntax_start(wp, lnum);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Correct highlighting for cursor that can't be disabled.
+  // Avoids having to check this for each character.
+  if (fromcol >= 0) {
+    if (noinvcur) {
+      if ((colnr_T)fromcol == wp->w_virtcol) {
+        // highlighting starts at cursor, let it start just after the
+        // cursor
+        fromcol_prev = fromcol;
+        fromcol = -1;
+      } else if ((colnr_T)fromcol < wp->w_virtcol) {
+        // restart highlighting after the cursor
+        fromcol_prev = wp->w_virtcol;
+      }
+    }
+    if (fromcol >= tocol) {
+      fromcol = -1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!number_only && !has_fold && !end_fill) {
+    v = ptr - line;
+    area_highlighting |= prepare_search_hl_line(wp, lnum, (colnr_T)v,
+                                                &line, &screen_search_hl, &search_attr,
+                                                &search_attr_from_match);
+    ptr = line + v;  // "line" may have been updated
+  }
+
+  int off = 0;  // Offset relative start of line
+  int col = 0;  // Visual column on screen.
+  if (wp->w_p_rl) {
+    // Rightleft window: process the text in the normal direction, but put
+    // it in linebuf_char[off] from right to left.  Start at the
+    // rightmost column of the window.
+    col = grid->cols - 1;
+    off += col;
+  }
+
+  // won't highlight after TERM_ATTRS_MAX columns
+  int term_attrs[TERM_ATTRS_MAX] = { 0 };
+  if (wp->w_buffer->terminal) {
+    terminal_get_line_attributes(wp->w_buffer->terminal, wp, lnum, term_attrs);
+    extra_check = true;
+  }
+
+  int sign_idx = 0;
+  // Repeat for the whole displayed line.
+  for (;;) {
+    int has_match_conc = 0;  ///< match wants to conceal
+    int decor_conceal = 0;
+
+    bool did_decrement_ptr = false;
+
+    // Skip this quickly when working on the text.
+    if (draw_state != WL_LINE) {
+      if (cul_screenline) {
+        cul_attr = 0;
+        line_attr = line_attr_save;
+        line_attr_lowprio = line_attr_lowprio_save;
+      }
+
+      if (draw_state == WL_CMDLINE - 1 && n_extra == 0) {
+        draw_state = WL_CMDLINE;
+        if (cmdwin_type != 0 && wp == curwin) {
+          // Draw the cmdline character.
+          n_extra = 1;
+          c_extra = cmdwin_type;
+          c_final = NUL;
+          char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (draw_state == WL_FOLD - 1 && n_extra == 0) {
+        int fdc = compute_foldcolumn(wp, 0);
+
+        draw_state = WL_FOLD;
+        if (fdc > 0) {
+          // Draw the 'foldcolumn'.  Allocate a buffer, "extra" may
+          // already be in use.
+          xfree(p_extra_free);
+          p_extra_free = xmalloc(MAX_MCO * (size_t)fdc + 1);
+          n_extra = (int)fill_foldcolumn(p_extra_free, wp, foldinfo, lnum);
+          p_extra_free[n_extra] = NUL;
+          p_extra = p_extra_free;
+          c_extra = NUL;
+          c_final = NUL;
+          if (use_cursor_line_sign(wp, lnum)) {
+            char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_CLF);
+          } else {
+            char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_FC);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // sign column, this is hit until sign_idx reaches count
+      if (draw_state == WL_SIGN - 1 && n_extra == 0) {
+        draw_state = WL_SIGN;
+        // Show the sign column when there are any signs in this buffer
+        if (wp->w_scwidth > 0) {
+          get_sign_display_info(false, wp, lnum, sattrs, row,
+                                startrow, filler_lines, filler_todo,
+                                &c_extra, &c_final, extra, sizeof(extra),
+                                &p_extra, &n_extra, &char_attr, sign_idx,
+                                sign_cul_attr);
+          sign_idx++;
+          if (sign_idx < wp->w_scwidth) {
+            draw_state = WL_SIGN - 1;
+          } else {
+            sign_idx = 0;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (draw_state == WL_NR - 1 && n_extra == 0) {
+        draw_state = WL_NR;
+        // Display the absolute or relative line number. After the
+        // first fill with blanks when the 'n' flag isn't in 'cpo'
+        if ((wp->w_p_nu || wp->w_p_rnu)
+            && (row == startrow + filler_lines
+                || vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_NUMCOL) == NULL)) {
+          // If 'signcolumn' is set to 'number' and a sign is present
+          // in 'lnum', then display the sign instead of the line
+          // number.
+          if (*wp->w_p_scl == 'n' && *(wp->w_p_scl + 1) == 'u' && num_signs > 0) {
+            get_sign_display_info(true, wp, lnum, sattrs, row,
+                                  startrow, filler_lines, filler_todo,
+                                  &c_extra, &c_final, extra, sizeof(extra),
+                                  &p_extra, &n_extra, &char_attr, sign_idx,
+                                  sign_cul_attr);
+          } else {
+            // Draw the line number (empty space after wrapping).
+            if (row == startrow + filler_lines) {
+              get_line_number_str(wp, lnum, (char_u *)extra, sizeof(extra));
+              if (wp->w_skipcol > 0) {
+                for (p_extra = extra; *p_extra == ' '; p_extra++) {
+                  *p_extra = '-';
+                }
+              }
+              if (wp->w_p_rl) {                       // reverse line numbers
+                // like rl_mirror(), but keep the space at the end
+                char_u *p2 = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)extra);
+                p2 = skiptowhite(p2) - 1;
+                for (char_u *p1 = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)extra); p1 < p2; p1++, p2--) {
+                  const char_u t = *p1;
+                  *p1 = *p2;
+                  *p2 = t;
+                }
+              }
+              p_extra = extra;
+              c_extra = NUL;
+            } else {
+              c_extra = ' ';
+            }
+            c_final = NUL;
+            n_extra = number_width(wp) + 1;
+            if (sign_num_attr > 0) {
+              char_attr = sign_num_attr;
+            } else {
+              char_attr = get_line_number_attr(wp, lnum, row, startrow, filler_lines);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (draw_state == WL_NR && n_extra == 0) {
+        win_col_offset = off;
+      }
+
+      if (wp->w_briopt_sbr && draw_state == WL_BRI - 1
+          && n_extra == 0 && *get_showbreak_value(wp) != NUL) {
+        // draw indent after showbreak value
+        draw_state = WL_BRI;
+      } else if (wp->w_briopt_sbr && draw_state == WL_SBR && n_extra == 0) {
+        // after the showbreak, draw the breakindent
+        draw_state = WL_BRI - 1;
+      }
+
+      // draw 'breakindent': indent wrapped text accordingly
+      if (draw_state == WL_BRI - 1 && n_extra == 0) {
+        draw_state = WL_BRI;
+        // if need_showbreak is set, breakindent also applies
+        if (wp->w_p_bri && (row != startrow || need_showbreak)
+            && filler_lines == 0) {
+          char_attr = 0;
+
+          if (diff_hlf != (hlf_T)0) {
+            char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, (int)diff_hlf);
+          }
+          p_extra = NULL;
+          c_extra = ' ';
+          c_final = NUL;
+          n_extra =
+            get_breakindent_win(wp, ml_get_buf(wp->w_buffer, lnum, false));
+          if (row == startrow) {
+            n_extra -= win_col_off2(wp);
+            if (n_extra < 0) {
+              n_extra = 0;
+            }
+          }
+          if (wp->w_skipcol > 0 && wp->w_p_wrap && wp->w_briopt_sbr) {
+            need_showbreak = false;
+          }
+          // Correct end of highlighted area for 'breakindent',
+          // required wen 'linebreak' is also set.
+          if (tocol == vcol) {
+            tocol += n_extra;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (draw_state == WL_SBR - 1 && n_extra == 0) {
+        draw_state = WL_SBR;
+        if (filler_todo > filler_lines - n_virt_lines) {
+          // TODO(bfredl): check this doesn't inhibit TUI-style
+          //               clear-to-end-of-line.
+          c_extra = ' ';
+          c_final = NUL;
+          if (wp->w_p_rl) {
+            n_extra = col + 1;
+          } else {
+            n_extra = grid->cols - col;
+          }
+          char_attr = 0;
+        } else if (filler_todo > 0) {
+          // draw "deleted" diff line(s)
+          if (char2cells(wp->w_p_fcs_chars.diff) > 1) {
+            c_extra = '-';
+            c_final = NUL;
+          } else {
+            c_extra = wp->w_p_fcs_chars.diff;
+            c_final = NUL;
+          }
+          if (wp->w_p_rl) {
+            n_extra = col + 1;
+          } else {
+            n_extra = grid->cols - col;
+          }
+          char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_DED);
+        }
+        char_u *const sbr = get_showbreak_value(wp);
+        if (*sbr != NUL && need_showbreak) {
+          // Draw 'showbreak' at the start of each broken line.
+          p_extra = sbr;
+          c_extra = NUL;
+          c_final = NUL;
+          n_extra = (int)STRLEN(sbr);
+          char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);
+          if (wp->w_skipcol == 0 || !wp->w_p_wrap) {
+            need_showbreak = false;
+          }
+          vcol_sbr = vcol + mb_charlen(sbr);
+          // Correct end of highlighted area for 'showbreak',
+          // required when 'linebreak' is also set.
+          if (tocol == vcol) {
+            tocol += n_extra;
+          }
+          // Combine 'showbreak' with 'cursorline', prioritizing 'showbreak'.
+          if (cul_attr) {
+            char_attr = hl_combine_attr(cul_attr, char_attr);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (draw_state == WL_LINE - 1 && n_extra == 0) {
+        sign_idx = 0;
+        draw_state = WL_LINE;
+
+        if (has_decor && row == startrow + filler_lines) {
+          // hide virt_text on text hidden by 'nowrap'
+          decor_redraw_col(wp->w_buffer, (int)vcol, off, true, &decor_state);
+        }
+
+        if (saved_n_extra) {
+          // Continue item from end of wrapped line.
+          n_extra = saved_n_extra;
+          c_extra = saved_c_extra;
+          c_final = saved_c_final;
+          p_extra = saved_p_extra;
+          char_attr = saved_char_attr;
+        } else {
+          char_attr = 0;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (cul_screenline && draw_state == WL_LINE
+        && vcol >= left_curline_col
+        && vcol < right_curline_col) {
+      apply_cursorline_highlight(wp, lnum, &line_attr, &cul_attr, &line_attr_lowprio);
+    }
+
+    // When still displaying '$' of change command, stop at cursor
+    if (((dollar_vcol >= 0
+          && wp == curwin
+          && lnum == wp->w_cursor.lnum
+          && vcol >= (long)wp->w_virtcol)
+         || (number_only && draw_state > WL_NR))
+        && filler_todo <= 0) {
+      draw_virt_text(wp, buf, win_col_offset, &col, grid->cols, row);
+      grid_put_linebuf(grid, row, 0, col, -grid->cols, wp->w_p_rl, wp, bg_attr, false);
+      // Pretend we have finished updating the window.  Except when
+      // 'cursorcolumn' is set.
+      if (wp->w_p_cuc) {
+        row = wp->w_cline_row + wp->w_cline_height;
+      } else {
+        row = grid->rows;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    if (draw_state == WL_LINE
+        && has_fold
+        && col == win_col_offset
+        && n_extra == 0
+        && row == startrow) {
+      char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_FL);
+
+      linenr_T lnume = lnum + foldinfo.fi_lines - 1;
+      memset(buf_fold, ' ', FOLD_TEXT_LEN);
+      p_extra = get_foldtext(wp, lnum, lnume, foldinfo, buf_fold);
+      n_extra = (int)STRLEN(p_extra);
+
+      if (p_extra != buf_fold) {
+        xfree(p_extra_free);
+        p_extra_free = p_extra;
+      }
+      c_extra = NUL;
+      c_final = NUL;
+      p_extra[n_extra] = NUL;
+    }
+
+    if (draw_state == WL_LINE
+        && has_fold
+        && col < grid->cols
+        && n_extra == 0
+        && row == startrow) {
+      // fill rest of line with 'fold'
+      c_extra = wp->w_p_fcs_chars.fold;
+      c_final = NUL;
+
+      n_extra = wp->w_p_rl ? (col + 1) : (grid->cols - col);
+    }
+
+    if (draw_state == WL_LINE
+        && has_fold
+        && col >= grid->cols
+        && n_extra != 0
+        && row == startrow) {
+      // Truncate the folding.
+      n_extra = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (draw_state == WL_LINE && (area_highlighting || has_spell)) {
+      // handle Visual or match highlighting in this line
+      if (vcol == fromcol
+          || (vcol + 1 == fromcol && n_extra == 0
+              && utf_ptr2cells((char *)ptr) > 1)
+          || ((int)vcol_prev == fromcol_prev
+              && vcol_prev < vcol               // not at margin
+              && vcol < tocol)) {
+        area_attr = attr;                       // start highlighting
+        if (area_highlighting) {
+          area_active = true;
+        }
+      } else if (area_attr != 0 && (vcol == tocol
+                                    || (noinvcur
+                                        && (colnr_T)vcol == wp->w_virtcol))) {
+        area_attr = 0;                          // stop highlighting
+        area_active = false;
+      }
+
+      if (!n_extra) {
+        // Check for start/end of 'hlsearch' and other matches.
+        // After end, check for start/end of next match.
+        // When another match, have to check for start again.
+        v = (ptr - line);
+        search_attr = update_search_hl(wp, lnum, (colnr_T)v, &line, &screen_search_hl,
+                                       &has_match_conc,
+                                       &match_conc, lcs_eol_one, &search_attr_from_match);
+        ptr = line + v;  // "line" may have been changed
+
+        // Do not allow a conceal over EOL otherwise EOL will be missed
+        // and bad things happen.
+        if (*ptr == NUL) {
+          has_match_conc = 0;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (diff_hlf != (hlf_T)0) {
+        if (diff_hlf == HLF_CHD && ptr - line >= change_start
+            && n_extra == 0) {
+          diff_hlf = HLF_TXD;                   // changed text
+        }
+        if (diff_hlf == HLF_TXD && ptr - line > change_end
+            && n_extra == 0) {
+          diff_hlf = HLF_CHD;                   // changed line
+        }
+        line_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, (int)diff_hlf);
+        // Overlay CursorLine onto diff-mode highlight.
+        if (cul_attr) {
+          line_attr = 0 != line_attr_lowprio  // Low-priority CursorLine
+            ? hl_combine_attr(hl_combine_attr(cul_attr, line_attr),
+                              hl_get_underline())
+            : hl_combine_attr(line_attr, cul_attr);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Decide which of the highlight attributes to use.
+      attr_pri = true;
+
+      if (area_attr != 0) {
+        char_attr = hl_combine_attr(line_attr, area_attr);
+        if (!highlight_match) {
+          // let search highlight show in Visual area if possible
+          char_attr = hl_combine_attr(search_attr, char_attr);
+        }
+      } else if (search_attr != 0) {
+        char_attr = hl_combine_attr(line_attr, search_attr);
+      } else if (line_attr != 0 && ((fromcol == -10 && tocol == MAXCOL)
+                                    || vcol < fromcol || vcol_prev < fromcol_prev
+                                    || vcol >= tocol)) {
+        // Use line_attr when not in the Visual or 'incsearch' area
+        // (area_attr may be 0 when "noinvcur" is set).
+        char_attr = line_attr;
+      } else {
+        attr_pri = false;
+        if (has_syntax) {
+          char_attr = syntax_attr;
+        } else {
+          char_attr = 0;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Get the next character to put on the screen.
+    //
+    // The "p_extra" points to the extra stuff that is inserted to
+    // represent special characters (non-printable stuff) and other
+    // things.  When all characters are the same, c_extra is used.
+    // If c_final is set, it will compulsorily be used at the end.
+    // "p_extra" must end in a NUL to avoid utfc_ptr2len() reads past
+    // "p_extra[n_extra]".
+    // For the '$' of the 'list' option, n_extra == 1, p_extra == "".
+    if (n_extra > 0) {
+      if (c_extra != NUL || (n_extra == 1 && c_final != NUL)) {
+        c = (n_extra == 1 && c_final != NUL) ? c_final : c_extra;
+        mb_c = c;               // doesn't handle non-utf-8 multi-byte!
+        if (utf_char2len(c) > 1) {
+          mb_utf8 = true;
+          u8cc[0] = 0;
+          c = 0xc0;
+        } else {
+          mb_utf8 = false;
+        }
+      } else {
+        assert(p_extra != NULL);
+        c = *p_extra;
+        mb_c = c;
+        // If the UTF-8 character is more than one byte:
+        // Decode it into "mb_c".
+        mb_l = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p_extra);
+        mb_utf8 = false;
+        if (mb_l > n_extra) {
+          mb_l = 1;
+        } else if (mb_l > 1) {
+          mb_c = utfc_ptr2char(p_extra, u8cc);
+          mb_utf8 = true;
+          c = 0xc0;
+        }
+        if (mb_l == 0) {          // at the NUL at end-of-line
+          mb_l = 1;
+        }
+
+        // If a double-width char doesn't fit display a '>' in the last column.
+        if ((wp->w_p_rl ? (col <= 0) : (col >= grid->cols - 1))
+            && utf_char2cells(mb_c) == 2) {
+          c = '>';
+          mb_c = c;
+          mb_l = 1;
+          (void)mb_l;
+          multi_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);
+
+          if (cul_attr) {
+            multi_attr = 0 != line_attr_lowprio
+              ? hl_combine_attr(cul_attr, multi_attr)
+              : hl_combine_attr(multi_attr, cul_attr);
+          }
+
+          // put the pointer back to output the double-width
+          // character at the start of the next line.
+          n_extra++;
+          p_extra--;
+        } else {
+          n_extra -= mb_l - 1;
+          p_extra += mb_l - 1;
+        }
+        p_extra++;
+      }
+      n_extra--;
+    } else if (foldinfo.fi_lines > 0) {
+      // skip writing the buffer line itself
+      c = NUL;
+      XFREE_CLEAR(p_extra_free);
+    } else {
+      int c0;
+
+      XFREE_CLEAR(p_extra_free);
+
+      // Get a character from the line itself.
+      c0 = c = *ptr;
+      mb_c = c;
+      // If the UTF-8 character is more than one byte: Decode it
+      // into "mb_c".
+      mb_l = utfc_ptr2len((char *)ptr);
+      mb_utf8 = false;
+      if (mb_l > 1) {
+        mb_c = utfc_ptr2char(ptr, u8cc);
+        // Overlong encoded ASCII or ASCII with composing char
+        // is displayed normally, except a NUL.
+        if (mb_c < 0x80) {
+          c0 = c = mb_c;
+        }
+        mb_utf8 = true;
+
+        // At start of the line we can have a composing char.
+        // Draw it as a space with a composing char.
+        if (utf_iscomposing(mb_c)) {
+          int i;
+
+          for (i = MAX_MCO - 1; i > 0; i--) {
+            u8cc[i] = u8cc[i - 1];
+          }
+          u8cc[0] = mb_c;
+          mb_c = ' ';
+        }
+      }
+
+      if ((mb_l == 1 && c >= 0x80)
+          || (mb_l >= 1 && mb_c == 0)
+          || (mb_l > 1 && (!vim_isprintc(mb_c)))) {
+        // Illegal UTF-8 byte: display as <xx>.
+        // Non-BMP character : display as ? or fullwidth ?.
+        transchar_hex((char *)extra, mb_c);
+        if (wp->w_p_rl) {  // reverse
+          rl_mirror(extra);
+        }
+
+        p_extra = extra;
+        c = *p_extra;
+        mb_c = mb_ptr2char_adv((const char_u **)&p_extra);
+        mb_utf8 = (c >= 0x80);
+        n_extra = (int)STRLEN(p_extra);
+        c_extra = NUL;
+        c_final = NUL;
+        if (area_attr == 0 && search_attr == 0) {
+          n_attr = n_extra + 1;
+          extra_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_8);
+          saved_attr2 = char_attr;               // save current attr
+        }
+      } else if (mb_l == 0) {        // at the NUL at end-of-line
+        mb_l = 1;
+      } else if (p_arshape && !p_tbidi && ARABIC_CHAR(mb_c)) {
+        // Do Arabic shaping.
+        int pc, pc1, nc;
+        int pcc[MAX_MCO];
+
+        // The idea of what is the previous and next
+        // character depends on 'rightleft'.
+        if (wp->w_p_rl) {
+          pc = prev_c;
+          pc1 = prev_c1;
+          nc = utf_ptr2char((char *)ptr + mb_l);
+          prev_c1 = u8cc[0];
+        } else {
+          pc = utfc_ptr2char(ptr + mb_l, pcc);
+          nc = prev_c;
+          pc1 = pcc[0];
+        }
+        prev_c = mb_c;
+
+        mb_c = arabic_shape(mb_c, &c, &u8cc[0], pc, pc1, nc);
+      } else {
+        prev_c = mb_c;
+      }
+      // If a double-width char doesn't fit display a '>' in the
+      // last column; the character is displayed at the start of the
+      // next line.
+      if ((wp->w_p_rl ? (col <= 0) :
+           (col >= grid->cols - 1))
+          && utf_char2cells(mb_c) == 2) {
+        c = '>';
+        mb_c = c;
+        mb_utf8 = false;
+        mb_l = 1;
+        multi_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);
+        // Put pointer back so that the character will be
+        // displayed at the start of the next line.
+        ptr--;
+        did_decrement_ptr = true;
+      } else if (*ptr != NUL) {
+        ptr += mb_l - 1;
+      }
+
+      // If a double-width char doesn't fit at the left side display a '<' in
+      // the first column.  Don't do this for unprintable characters.
+      if (n_skip > 0 && mb_l > 1 && n_extra == 0) {
+        n_extra = 1;
+        c_extra = MB_FILLER_CHAR;
+        c_final = NUL;
+        c = ' ';
+        if (area_attr == 0 && search_attr == 0) {
+          n_attr = n_extra + 1;
+          extra_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);
+          saved_attr2 = char_attr;             // save current attr
+        }
+        mb_c = c;
+        mb_utf8 = false;
+        mb_l = 1;
+      }
+      ptr++;
+
+      if (extra_check) {
+        bool can_spell = true;
+
+        // Get syntax attribute, unless still at the start of the line
+        // (double-wide char that doesn't fit).
+        v = (ptr - line);
+        if (has_syntax && v > 0) {
+          // Get the syntax attribute for the character.  If there
+          // is an error, disable syntax highlighting.
+          save_did_emsg = did_emsg;
+          did_emsg = false;
+
+          syntax_attr = get_syntax_attr((colnr_T)v - 1,
+                                        has_spell ? &can_spell : NULL, false);
+
+          if (did_emsg) {
+            wp->w_s->b_syn_error = true;
+            has_syntax = false;
+          } else {
+            did_emsg = save_did_emsg;
+          }
+
+          if (wp->w_s->b_syn_slow) {
+            has_syntax = false;
+          }
+
+          // Need to get the line again, a multi-line regexp may
+          // have made it invalid.
+          line = ml_get_buf(wp->w_buffer, lnum, false);
+          ptr = line + v;
+
+          if (!attr_pri) {
+            if (cul_attr) {
+              char_attr = 0 != line_attr_lowprio
+                ? hl_combine_attr(cul_attr, syntax_attr)
+                : hl_combine_attr(syntax_attr, cul_attr);
+            } else {
+              char_attr = syntax_attr;
+            }
+          } else {
+            char_attr = hl_combine_attr(syntax_attr, char_attr);
+          }
+          // no concealing past the end of the line, it interferes
+          // with line highlighting.
+          if (c == NUL) {
+            syntax_flags = 0;
+          } else {
+            syntax_flags = get_syntax_info(&syntax_seqnr);
+          }
+        } else if (!attr_pri) {
+          char_attr = 0;
+        }
+
+        // Check spelling (unless at the end of the line).
+        // Only do this when there is no syntax highlighting, the
+        // @Spell cluster is not used or the current syntax item
+        // contains the @Spell cluster.
+        v = (ptr - line);
+        if (has_spell && v >= word_end && v > cur_checked_col) {
+          spell_attr = 0;
+          if (!attr_pri) {
+            char_attr = syntax_attr;
+          }
+          if (c != 0 && (!has_syntax || can_spell)) {
+            char_u *prev_ptr;
+            char_u *p;
+            int len;
+            hlf_T spell_hlf = HLF_COUNT;
+            prev_ptr = ptr - mb_l;
+            v -= mb_l - 1;
+
+            // Use nextline[] if possible, it has the start of the
+            // next line concatenated.
+            if ((prev_ptr - line) - nextlinecol >= 0) {
+              p = nextline + ((prev_ptr - line) - nextlinecol);
+            } else {
+              p = prev_ptr;
+            }
+            cap_col -= (int)(prev_ptr - line);
+            size_t tmplen = spell_check(wp, p, &spell_hlf, &cap_col, nochange);
+            assert(tmplen <= INT_MAX);
+            len = (int)tmplen;
+            word_end = (int)v + len;
+
+            // In Insert mode only highlight a word that
+            // doesn't touch the cursor.
+            if (spell_hlf != HLF_COUNT
+                && (State & MODE_INSERT)
+                && wp->w_cursor.lnum == lnum
+                && wp->w_cursor.col >=
+                (colnr_T)(prev_ptr - line)
+                && wp->w_cursor.col < (colnr_T)word_end) {
+              spell_hlf = HLF_COUNT;
+              spell_redraw_lnum = lnum;
+            }
+
+            if (spell_hlf == HLF_COUNT && p != prev_ptr
+                && (p - nextline) + len > nextline_idx) {
+              // Remember that the good word continues at the
+              // start of the next line.
+              checked_lnum = lnum + 1;
+              checked_col = (int)((p - nextline) + len - nextline_idx);
+            }
+
+            // Turn index into actual attributes.
+            if (spell_hlf != HLF_COUNT) {
+              spell_attr = highlight_attr[spell_hlf];
+            }
+
+            if (cap_col > 0) {
+              if (p != prev_ptr
+                  && (p - nextline) + cap_col >= nextline_idx) {
+                // Remember that the word in the next line
+                // must start with a capital.
+                capcol_lnum = lnum + 1;
+                cap_col = (int)((p - nextline) + cap_col
+                                - nextline_idx);
+              } else {
+                // Compute the actual column.
+                cap_col += (int)(prev_ptr - line);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        if (spell_attr != 0) {
+          if (!attr_pri) {
+            char_attr = hl_combine_attr(char_attr, spell_attr);
+          } else {
+            char_attr = hl_combine_attr(spell_attr, char_attr);
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (wp->w_buffer->terminal) {
+          char_attr = hl_combine_attr(term_attrs[vcol], char_attr);
+        }
+
+        if (has_decor && v > 0) {
+          bool selected = (area_active || (area_highlighting && noinvcur
+                                           && (colnr_T)vcol == wp->w_virtcol));
+          int extmark_attr = decor_redraw_col(wp->w_buffer, (colnr_T)v - 1, off,
+                                              selected, &decor_state);
+          if (extmark_attr != 0) {
+            if (!attr_pri) {
+              char_attr = hl_combine_attr(char_attr, extmark_attr);
+            } else {
+              char_attr = hl_combine_attr(extmark_attr, char_attr);
+            }
+          }
+
+          decor_conceal = decor_state.conceal;
+          if (decor_conceal && decor_state.conceal_char) {
+            decor_conceal = 2;  // really??
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Found last space before word: check for line break.
+        if (wp->w_p_lbr && c0 == c && vim_isbreak(c)
+            && !vim_isbreak((int)(*ptr))) {
+          int mb_off = utf_head_off(line, ptr - 1);
+          char_u *p = ptr - (mb_off + 1);
+          // TODO(neovim): is passing p for start of the line OK?
+          n_extra = win_lbr_chartabsize(wp, line, p, (colnr_T)vcol, NULL) - 1;
+
+          // We have just drawn the showbreak value, no need to add
+          // space for it again.
+          if (vcol == vcol_sbr) {
+            n_extra -= mb_charlen(get_showbreak_value(wp));
+            if (n_extra < 0) {
+              n_extra = 0;
+            }
+          }
+
+          if (c == TAB && n_extra + col > grid->cols) {
+            n_extra = tabstop_padding((colnr_T)vcol, wp->w_buffer->b_p_ts,
+                                      wp->w_buffer->b_p_vts_array) - 1;
+          }
+          c_extra = mb_off > 0 ? MB_FILLER_CHAR : ' ';
+          c_final = NUL;
+          if (ascii_iswhite(c)) {
+            if (c == TAB) {
+              // See "Tab alignment" below.
+              FIX_FOR_BOGUSCOLS;
+            }
+            if (!wp->w_p_list) {
+              c = ' ';
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        in_multispace = c == ' ' && ((ptr > line + 1 && ptr[-2] == ' ') || *ptr == ' ');
+        if (!in_multispace) {
+          multispace_pos = 0;
+        }
+
+        // 'list': Change char 160 to 'nbsp' and space to 'space'.
+        // But not when the character is followed by a composing
+        // character (use mb_l to check that).
+        if (wp->w_p_list
+            && ((((c == 160 && mb_l == 1)
+                  || (mb_utf8
+                      && ((mb_c == 160 && mb_l == 2)
+                          || (mb_c == 0x202f && mb_l == 3))))
+                 && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.nbsp)
+                || (c == ' '
+                    && mb_l == 1
+                    && (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.space
+                        || (in_multispace && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace != NULL))
+                    && ptr - line >= leadcol
+                    && ptr - line <= trailcol))) {
+          if (in_multispace && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace != NULL) {
+            c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace[multispace_pos++];
+            if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace[multispace_pos] == NUL) {
+              multispace_pos = 0;
+            }
+          } else {
+            c = (c == ' ') ? wp->w_p_lcs_chars.space : wp->w_p_lcs_chars.nbsp;
+          }
+          n_attr = 1;
+          extra_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_0);
+          saved_attr2 = char_attr;  // save current attr
+          mb_c = c;
+          if (utf_char2len(c) > 1) {
+            mb_utf8 = true;
+            u8cc[0] = 0;
+            c = 0xc0;
+          } else {
+            mb_utf8 = false;
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (c == ' ' && ((trailcol != MAXCOL && ptr > line + trailcol)
+                         || (leadcol != 0 && ptr < line + leadcol))) {
+          if (leadcol != 0 && in_multispace && ptr < line + leadcol
+              && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace != NULL) {
+            c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace[multispace_pos++];
+            if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace[multispace_pos] == NUL) {
+              multispace_pos = 0;
+            }
+          } else if (ptr > line + trailcol && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.trail) {
+            c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.trail;
+          } else if (ptr < line + leadcol && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.lead) {
+            c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.lead;
+          } else if (leadcol != 0 && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.space) {
+            c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.space;
+          }
+
+          n_attr = 1;
+          extra_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_0);
+          saved_attr2 = char_attr;  // save current attr
+          mb_c = c;
+          if (utf_char2len(c) > 1) {
+            mb_utf8 = true;
+            u8cc[0] = 0;
+            c = 0xc0;
+          } else {
+            mb_utf8 = false;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Handling of non-printable characters.
+      if (!vim_isprintc(c)) {
+        // when getting a character from the file, we may have to
+        // turn it into something else on the way to putting it on the screen.
+        if (c == TAB && (!wp->w_p_list || wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab1)) {
+          int tab_len = 0;
+          long vcol_adjusted = vcol;  // removed showbreak length
+          char_u *const sbr = get_showbreak_value(wp);
+
+          // Only adjust the tab_len, when at the first column after the
+          // showbreak value was drawn.
+          if (*sbr != NUL && vcol == vcol_sbr && wp->w_p_wrap) {
+            vcol_adjusted = vcol - mb_charlen(sbr);
+          }
+          // tab amount depends on current column
+          tab_len = tabstop_padding((colnr_T)vcol_adjusted,
+                                    wp->w_buffer->b_p_ts,
+                                    wp->w_buffer->b_p_vts_array) - 1;
+
+          if (!wp->w_p_lbr || !wp->w_p_list) {
+            n_extra = tab_len;
+          } else {
+            char_u *p;
+            int i;
+            int saved_nextra = n_extra;
+
+            if (vcol_off > 0) {
+              // there are characters to conceal
+              tab_len += vcol_off;
+            }
+            // boguscols before FIX_FOR_BOGUSCOLS macro from above.
+            if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab1 && old_boguscols > 0
+                && n_extra > tab_len) {
+              tab_len += n_extra - tab_len;
+            }
+
+            // If n_extra > 0, it gives the number of chars
+            // to use for a tab, else we need to calculate the width
+            // for a tab.
+            int len = (tab_len * utf_char2len(wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab2));
+            if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3) {
+              len += utf_char2len(wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3);
+            }
+            if (n_extra > 0) {
+              len += n_extra - tab_len;
+            }
+            c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab1;
+            p = xmalloc((size_t)len + 1);
+            memset(p, ' ', (size_t)len);
+            p[len] = NUL;
+            xfree(p_extra_free);
+            p_extra_free = p;
+            for (i = 0; i < tab_len; i++) {
+              if (*p == NUL) {
+                tab_len = i;
+                break;
+              }
+              int lcs = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab2;
+
+              // if tab3 is given, use it for the last char
+              if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3 && i == tab_len - 1) {
+                lcs = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3;
+              }
+              p += utf_char2bytes(lcs, (char *)p);
+              n_extra += utf_char2len(lcs) - (saved_nextra > 0 ? 1 : 0);
+            }
+            p_extra = p_extra_free;
+
+            // n_extra will be increased by FIX_FOX_BOGUSCOLS
+            // macro below, so need to adjust for that here
+            if (vcol_off > 0) {
+              n_extra -= vcol_off;
+            }
+          }
+
+          {
+            int vc_saved = vcol_off;
+
+            // Tab alignment should be identical regardless of
+            // 'conceallevel' value. So tab compensates of all
+            // previous concealed characters, and thus resets
+            // vcol_off and boguscols accumulated so far in the
+            // line. Note that the tab can be longer than
+            // 'tabstop' when there are concealed characters.
+            FIX_FOR_BOGUSCOLS;
+
+            // Make sure, the highlighting for the tab char will be
+            // correctly set further below (effectively reverts the
+            // FIX_FOR_BOGSUCOLS macro).
+            if (n_extra == tab_len + vc_saved && wp->w_p_list
+                && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab1) {
+              tab_len += vc_saved;
+            }
+          }
+
+          mb_utf8 = false;  // don't draw as UTF-8
+          if (wp->w_p_list) {
+            c = (n_extra == 0 && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3)
+                 ? wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3
+                 : wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab1;
+            if (wp->w_p_lbr) {
+              c_extra = NUL;  // using p_extra from above
+            } else {
+              c_extra = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab2;
+            }
+            c_final = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3;
+            n_attr = tab_len + 1;
+            extra_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_0);
+            saved_attr2 = char_attr;  // save current attr
+            mb_c = c;
+            if (utf_char2len(c) > 1) {
+              mb_utf8 = true;
+              u8cc[0] = 0;
+              c = 0xc0;
+            }
+          } else {
+            c_final = NUL;
+            c_extra = ' ';
+            c = ' ';
+          }
+        } else if (c == NUL
+                   && (wp->w_p_list
+                       || ((fromcol >= 0 || fromcol_prev >= 0)
+                           && tocol > vcol
+                           && VIsual_mode != Ctrl_V
+                           && (wp->w_p_rl ? (col >= 0) : (col < grid->cols))
+                           && !(noinvcur
+                                && lnum == wp->w_cursor.lnum
+                                && (colnr_T)vcol == wp->w_virtcol)))
+                   && lcs_eol_one > 0) {
+          // Display a '$' after the line or highlight an extra
+          // character if the line break is included.
+          // For a diff line the highlighting continues after the "$".
+          if (diff_hlf == (hlf_T)0
+              && line_attr == 0
+              && line_attr_lowprio == 0) {
+            // In virtualedit, visual selections may extend beyond end of line
+            if (area_highlighting && virtual_active()
+                && tocol != MAXCOL && vcol < tocol) {
+              n_extra = 0;
+            } else {
+              p_extra = at_end_str;
+              n_extra = 1;
+              c_extra = NUL;
+              c_final = NUL;
+            }
+          }
+          if (wp->w_p_list && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.eol > 0) {
+            c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.eol;
+          } else {
+            c = ' ';
+          }
+          lcs_eol_one = -1;
+          ptr--;  // put it back at the NUL
+          extra_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);
+          n_attr = 1;
+          mb_c = c;
+          if (utf_char2len(c) > 1) {
+            mb_utf8 = true;
+            u8cc[0] = 0;
+            c = 0xc0;
+          } else {
+            mb_utf8 = false;                    // don't draw as UTF-8
+          }
+        } else if (c != NUL) {
+          p_extra = transchar_buf(wp->w_buffer, c);
+          if (n_extra == 0) {
+            n_extra = byte2cells(c) - 1;
+          }
+          if ((dy_flags & DY_UHEX) && wp->w_p_rl) {
+            rl_mirror(p_extra);                 // reverse "<12>"
+          }
+          c_extra = NUL;
+          c_final = NUL;
+          if (wp->w_p_lbr) {
+            char_u *p;
+
+            c = *p_extra;
+            p = xmalloc((size_t)n_extra + 1);
+            memset(p, ' ', (size_t)n_extra);
+            STRNCPY(p, p_extra + 1, STRLEN(p_extra) - 1);  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
+            p[n_extra] = NUL;
+            xfree(p_extra_free);
+            p_extra_free = p_extra = p;
+          } else {
+            n_extra = byte2cells(c) - 1;
+            c = *p_extra++;
+          }
+          n_attr = n_extra + 1;
+          extra_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_8);
+          saved_attr2 = char_attr;  // save current attr
+          mb_utf8 = false;   // don't draw as UTF-8
+        } else if (VIsual_active
+                   && (VIsual_mode == Ctrl_V || VIsual_mode == 'v')
+                   && virtual_active()
+                   && tocol != MAXCOL
+                   && vcol < tocol
+                   && (wp->w_p_rl ? (col >= 0) : (col < grid->cols))) {
+          c = ' ';
+          ptr--;  // put it back at the NUL
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (wp->w_p_cole > 0
+          && (wp != curwin || lnum != wp->w_cursor.lnum || conceal_cursor_line(wp))
+          && ((syntax_flags & HL_CONCEAL) != 0 || has_match_conc > 0 || decor_conceal > 0)
+          && !(lnum_in_visual_area && vim_strchr((char *)wp->w_p_cocu, 'v') == NULL)) {
+        char_attr = conceal_attr;
+        if (((prev_syntax_id != syntax_seqnr && (syntax_flags & HL_CONCEAL) != 0)
+             || has_match_conc > 1 || decor_conceal > 1)
+            && (syn_get_sub_char() != NUL
+                || (has_match_conc && match_conc)
+                || (decor_conceal && decor_state.conceal_char)
+                || wp->w_p_cole == 1)
+            && wp->w_p_cole != 3) {
+          // First time at this concealed item: display one
+          // character.
+          if (has_match_conc && match_conc) {
+            c = match_conc;
+          } else if (decor_conceal && decor_state.conceal_char) {
+            c = decor_state.conceal_char;
+            if (decor_state.conceal_attr) {
+              char_attr = decor_state.conceal_attr;
+            }
+          } else if (syn_get_sub_char() != NUL) {
+            c = syn_get_sub_char();
+          } else if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.conceal != NUL) {
+            c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.conceal;
+          } else {
+            c = ' ';
+          }
+
+          prev_syntax_id = syntax_seqnr;
+
+          if (n_extra > 0) {
+            vcol_off += n_extra;
+          }
+          vcol += n_extra;
+          if (wp->w_p_wrap && n_extra > 0) {
+            if (wp->w_p_rl) {
+              col -= n_extra;
+              boguscols -= n_extra;
+            } else {
+              boguscols += n_extra;
+              col += n_extra;
+            }
+          }
+          n_extra = 0;
+          n_attr = 0;
+        } else if (n_skip == 0) {
+          is_concealing = true;
+          n_skip = 1;
+        }
+        mb_c = c;
+        if (utf_char2len(c) > 1) {
+          mb_utf8 = true;
+          u8cc[0] = 0;
+          c = 0xc0;
+        } else {
+          mb_utf8 = false;              // don't draw as UTF-8
+        }
+      } else {
+        prev_syntax_id = 0;
+        is_concealing = false;
+      }
+
+      if (n_skip > 0 && did_decrement_ptr) {
+        // not showing the '>', put pointer back to avoid getting stuck
+        ptr++;
+      }
+    }  // end of printing from buffer content
+
+    // In the cursor line and we may be concealing characters: correct
+    // the cursor column when we reach its position.
+    if (!did_wcol && draw_state == WL_LINE
+        && wp == curwin && lnum == wp->w_cursor.lnum
+        && conceal_cursor_line(wp)
+        && (int)wp->w_virtcol <= vcol + n_skip) {
+      if (wp->w_p_rl) {
+        wp->w_wcol = grid->cols - col + boguscols - 1;
+      } else {
+        wp->w_wcol = col - boguscols;
+      }
+      wp->w_wrow = row;
+      did_wcol = true;
+      wp->w_valid |= VALID_WCOL|VALID_WROW|VALID_VIRTCOL;
+    }
+
+    // Don't override visual selection highlighting.
+    if (n_attr > 0 && draw_state == WL_LINE && !search_attr_from_match) {
+      char_attr = hl_combine_attr(char_attr, extra_attr);
+    }
+
+    // Handle the case where we are in column 0 but not on the first
+    // character of the line and the user wants us to show us a
+    // special character (via 'listchars' option "precedes:<char>".
+    if (lcs_prec_todo != NUL
+        && wp->w_p_list
+        && (wp->w_p_wrap ? (wp->w_skipcol > 0 && row == 0) : wp->w_leftcol > 0)
+        && filler_todo <= 0
+        && draw_state > WL_NR
+        && c != NUL) {
+      c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.prec;
+      lcs_prec_todo = NUL;
+      if (utf_char2cells(mb_c) > 1) {
+        // Double-width character being overwritten by the "precedes"
+        // character, need to fill up half the character.
+        c_extra = MB_FILLER_CHAR;
+        c_final = NUL;
+        n_extra = 1;
+        n_attr = 2;
+        extra_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);
+      }
+      mb_c = c;
+      if (utf_char2len(c) > 1) {
+        mb_utf8 = true;
+        u8cc[0] = 0;
+        c = 0xc0;
+      } else {
+        mb_utf8 = false;  // don't draw as UTF-8
+      }
+      saved_attr3 = char_attr;  // save current attr
+      char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);  // overwriting char_attr
+      n_attr3 = 1;
+    }
+
+    // At end of the text line or just after the last character.
+    if (c == NUL && eol_hl_off == 0) {
+      // flag to indicate whether prevcol equals startcol of search_hl or
+      // one of the matches
+      bool prevcol_hl_flag = get_prevcol_hl_flag(wp, &screen_search_hl,
+                                                 (long)(ptr - line) - 1);
+
+      // Invert at least one char, used for Visual and empty line or
+      // highlight match at end of line. If it's beyond the last
+      // char on the screen, just overwrite that one (tricky!)  Not
+      // needed when a '$' was displayed for 'list'.
+      if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.eol == lcs_eol_one
+          && ((area_attr != 0 && vcol == fromcol
+               && (VIsual_mode != Ctrl_V
+                   || lnum == VIsual.lnum
+                   || lnum == curwin->w_cursor.lnum))
+              // highlight 'hlsearch' match at end of line
+              || prevcol_hl_flag)) {
+        int n = 0;
+
+        if (wp->w_p_rl) {
+          if (col < 0) {
+            n = 1;
+          }
+        } else {
+          if (col >= grid->cols) {
+            n = -1;
+          }
+        }
+        if (n != 0) {
+          // At the window boundary, highlight the last character
+          // instead (better than nothing).
+          off += n;
+          col += n;
+        } else {
+          // Add a blank character to highlight.
+          schar_from_ascii(linebuf_char[off], ' ');
+        }
+        if (area_attr == 0 && !has_fold) {
+          // Use attributes from match with highest priority among
+          // 'search_hl' and the match list.
+          get_search_match_hl(wp, &screen_search_hl, (long)(ptr - line), &char_attr);
+        }
+
+        int eol_attr = char_attr;
+        if (cul_attr) {
+          eol_attr = hl_combine_attr(cul_attr, eol_attr);
+        }
+        linebuf_attr[off] = eol_attr;
+        if (wp->w_p_rl) {
+          col--;
+          off--;
+        } else {
+          col++;
+          off++;
+        }
+        vcol++;
+        eol_hl_off = 1;
+      }
+      // Highlight 'cursorcolumn' & 'colorcolumn' past end of the line.
+      if (wp->w_p_wrap) {
+        v = wp->w_skipcol;
+      } else {
+        v = wp->w_leftcol;
+      }
+
+      // check if line ends before left margin
+      if (vcol < v + col - win_col_off(wp)) {
+        vcol = v + col - win_col_off(wp);
+      }
+      // Get rid of the boguscols now, we want to draw until the right
+      // edge for 'cursorcolumn'.
+      col -= boguscols;
+      // boguscols = 0;  // Disabled because value never read after this
+
+      if (draw_color_col) {
+        draw_color_col = advance_color_col((int)VCOL_HLC, &color_cols);
+      }
+
+      bool has_virttext = false;
+      // Make sure alignment is the same regardless
+      // if listchars=eol:X is used or not.
+      int eol_skip = (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.eol == lcs_eol_one && eol_hl_off == 0
+                      ? 1 : 0);
+
+      if (has_decor) {
+        has_virttext = decor_redraw_eol(wp->w_buffer, &decor_state, &line_attr,
+                                        col + eol_skip);
+      }
+
+      if (((wp->w_p_cuc
+            && (int)wp->w_virtcol >= VCOL_HLC - eol_hl_off
+            && (int)wp->w_virtcol <
+            (long)grid->cols * (row - startrow + 1) + v
+            && lnum != wp->w_cursor.lnum)
+           || draw_color_col || line_attr_lowprio || line_attr
+           || diff_hlf != (hlf_T)0 || has_virttext)) {
+        int rightmost_vcol = 0;
+        int i;
+
+        if (wp->w_p_cuc) {
+          rightmost_vcol = wp->w_virtcol;
+        }
+
+        if (draw_color_col) {
+          // determine rightmost colorcolumn to possibly draw
+          for (i = 0; color_cols[i] >= 0; i++) {
+            if (rightmost_vcol < color_cols[i]) {
+              rightmost_vcol = color_cols[i];
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        int cuc_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_CUC);
+        int mc_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_MC);
+
+        int diff_attr = 0;
+        if (diff_hlf == HLF_TXD) {
+          diff_hlf = HLF_CHD;
+        }
+        if (diff_hlf != 0) {
+          diff_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, (int)diff_hlf);
+        }
+
+        int base_attr = hl_combine_attr(line_attr_lowprio, diff_attr);
+        if (base_attr || line_attr || has_virttext) {
+          rightmost_vcol = INT_MAX;
+        }
+
+        int col_stride = wp->w_p_rl ? -1 : 1;
+
+        while (wp->w_p_rl ? col >= 0 : col < grid->cols) {
+          schar_from_ascii(linebuf_char[off], ' ');
+          col += col_stride;
+          if (draw_color_col) {
+            draw_color_col = advance_color_col((int)VCOL_HLC, &color_cols);
+          }
+
+          int col_attr = base_attr;
+
+          if (wp->w_p_cuc && VCOL_HLC == (long)wp->w_virtcol) {
+            col_attr = cuc_attr;
+          } else if (draw_color_col && VCOL_HLC == *color_cols) {
+            col_attr = mc_attr;
+          }
+
+          col_attr = hl_combine_attr(col_attr, line_attr);
+
+          linebuf_attr[off] = col_attr;
+          off += col_stride;
+
+          if (VCOL_HLC >= rightmost_vcol) {
+            break;
+          }
+
+          vcol += 1;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // TODO(bfredl): integrate with the common beyond-the-end-loop
+      if (wp->w_buffer->terminal) {
+        // terminal buffers may need to highlight beyond the end of the
+        // logical line
+        int n = wp->w_p_rl ? -1 : 1;
+        while (col >= 0 && col < grid->cols) {
+          schar_from_ascii(linebuf_char[off], ' ');
+          linebuf_attr[off] = vcol >= TERM_ATTRS_MAX ? 0 : term_attrs[vcol];
+          off += n;
+          vcol += n;
+          col += n;
+        }
+      }
+
+      draw_virt_text(wp, buf, win_col_offset, &col, grid->cols, row);
+      grid_put_linebuf(grid, row, 0, col, grid->cols, wp->w_p_rl, wp, bg_attr, false);
+      row++;
+
+      // Update w_cline_height and w_cline_folded if the cursor line was
+      // updated (saves a call to plines_win() later).
+      if (wp == curwin && lnum == curwin->w_cursor.lnum) {
+        curwin->w_cline_row = startrow;
+        curwin->w_cline_height = row - startrow;
+        curwin->w_cline_folded = foldinfo.fi_lines > 0;
+        curwin->w_valid |= (VALID_CHEIGHT|VALID_CROW);
+        conceal_cursor_used = conceal_cursor_line(curwin);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    // Show "extends" character from 'listchars' if beyond the line end and
+    // 'list' is set.
+    if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.ext != NUL
+        && draw_state == WL_LINE
+        && wp->w_p_list
+        && !wp->w_p_wrap
+        && filler_todo <= 0
+        && (wp->w_p_rl ? col == 0 : col == grid->cols - 1)
+        && !has_fold
+        && (*ptr != NUL
+            || lcs_eol_one > 0
+            || (n_extra && (c_extra != NUL || *p_extra != NUL)))) {
+      c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.ext;
+      char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);
+      mb_c = c;
+      if (utf_char2len(c) > 1) {
+        mb_utf8 = true;
+        u8cc[0] = 0;
+        c = 0xc0;
+      } else {
+        mb_utf8 = false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // advance to the next 'colorcolumn'
+    if (draw_color_col) {
+      draw_color_col = advance_color_col((int)VCOL_HLC, &color_cols);
+    }
+
+    // Highlight the cursor column if 'cursorcolumn' is set.  But don't
+    // highlight the cursor position itself.
+    // Also highlight the 'colorcolumn' if it is different than
+    // 'cursorcolumn'
+    // Also highlight the 'colorcolumn' if 'breakindent' and/or 'showbreak'
+    // options are set
+    vcol_save_attr = -1;
+    if ((draw_state == WL_LINE
+         || draw_state == WL_BRI
+         || draw_state == WL_SBR)
+        && !lnum_in_visual_area
+        && search_attr == 0
+        && area_attr == 0
+        && filler_todo <= 0) {
+      if (wp->w_p_cuc && VCOL_HLC == (long)wp->w_virtcol
+          && lnum != wp->w_cursor.lnum) {
+        vcol_save_attr = char_attr;
+        char_attr = hl_combine_attr(win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_CUC), char_attr);
+      } else if (draw_color_col && VCOL_HLC == *color_cols) {
+        vcol_save_attr = char_attr;
+        char_attr = hl_combine_attr(win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_MC), char_attr);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Apply lowest-priority line attr now, so everything can override it.
+    if (draw_state == WL_LINE) {
+      char_attr = hl_combine_attr(line_attr_lowprio, char_attr);
+    }
+
+    // Store character to be displayed.
+    // Skip characters that are left of the screen for 'nowrap'.
+    vcol_prev = vcol;
+    if (draw_state < WL_LINE || n_skip <= 0) {
+      //
+      // Store the character.
+      //
+      if (wp->w_p_rl && utf_char2cells(mb_c) > 1) {
+        // A double-wide character is: put first half in left cell.
+        off--;
+        col--;
+      }
+      if (mb_utf8) {
+        schar_from_cc(linebuf_char[off], mb_c, u8cc);
+      } else {
+        schar_from_ascii(linebuf_char[off], (char)c);
+      }
+      if (multi_attr) {
+        linebuf_attr[off] = multi_attr;
+        multi_attr = 0;
+      } else {
+        linebuf_attr[off] = char_attr;
+      }
+
+      if (utf_char2cells(mb_c) > 1) {
+        // Need to fill two screen columns.
+        off++;
+        col++;
+        // UTF-8: Put a 0 in the second screen char.
+        linebuf_char[off][0] = 0;
+        if (draw_state > WL_NR && filler_todo <= 0) {
+          vcol++;
+        }
+        // When "tocol" is halfway through a character, set it to the end of
+        // the character, otherwise highlighting won't stop.
+        if (tocol == vcol) {
+          tocol++;
+        }
+        if (wp->w_p_rl) {
+          // now it's time to backup one cell
+          off--;
+          col--;
+        }
+      }
+      if (wp->w_p_rl) {
+        off--;
+        col--;
+      } else {
+        off++;
+        col++;
+      }
+    } else if (wp->w_p_cole > 0 && is_concealing) {
+      n_skip--;
+      vcol_off++;
+      if (n_extra > 0) {
+        vcol_off += n_extra;
+      }
+      if (wp->w_p_wrap) {
+        // Special voodoo required if 'wrap' is on.
+        //
+        // Advance the column indicator to force the line
+        // drawing to wrap early. This will make the line
+        // take up the same screen space when parts are concealed,
+        // so that cursor line computations aren't messed up.
+        //
+        // To avoid the fictitious advance of 'col' causing
+        // trailing junk to be written out of the screen line
+        // we are building, 'boguscols' keeps track of the number
+        // of bad columns we have advanced.
+        if (n_extra > 0) {
+          vcol += n_extra;
+          if (wp->w_p_rl) {
+            col -= n_extra;
+            boguscols -= n_extra;
+          } else {
+            col += n_extra;
+            boguscols += n_extra;
+          }
+          n_extra = 0;
+          n_attr = 0;
+        }
+
+        if (utf_char2cells(mb_c) > 1) {
+          // Need to fill two screen columns.
+          if (wp->w_p_rl) {
+            boguscols--;
+            col--;
+          } else {
+            boguscols++;
+            col++;
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (wp->w_p_rl) {
+          boguscols--;
+          col--;
+        } else {
+          boguscols++;
+          col++;
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (n_extra > 0) {
+          vcol += n_extra;
+          n_extra = 0;
+          n_attr = 0;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      n_skip--;
+    }
+
+    // Only advance the "vcol" when after the 'number' or 'relativenumber'
+    // column.
+    if (draw_state > WL_NR
+        && filler_todo <= 0) {
+      vcol++;
+    }
+
+    if (vcol_save_attr >= 0) {
+      char_attr = vcol_save_attr;
+    }
+
+    // restore attributes after "predeces" in 'listchars'
+    if (draw_state > WL_NR && n_attr3 > 0 && --n_attr3 == 0) {
+      char_attr = saved_attr3;
+    }
+
+    // restore attributes after last 'listchars' or 'number' char
+    if (n_attr > 0 && draw_state == WL_LINE && --n_attr == 0) {
+      char_attr = saved_attr2;
+    }
+
+    // At end of screen line and there is more to come: Display the line
+    // so far.  If there is no more to display it is caught above.
+    if ((wp->w_p_rl ? (col < 0) : (col >= grid->cols))
+        && foldinfo.fi_lines == 0
+        && (draw_state != WL_LINE
+            || *ptr != NUL
+            || filler_todo > 0
+            || (wp->w_p_list && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.eol != NUL
+                && p_extra != at_end_str)
+            || (n_extra != 0
+                && (c_extra != NUL || *p_extra != NUL)))) {
+      bool wrap = wp->w_p_wrap       // Wrapping enabled.
+                  && filler_todo <= 0          // Not drawing diff filler lines.
+                  && lcs_eol_one != -1         // Haven't printed the lcs_eol character.
+                  && row != endrow - 1         // Not the last line being displayed.
+                  && (grid->cols == Columns  // Window spans the width of the screen,
+                      || ui_has(kUIMultigrid))  // or has dedicated grid.
+                  && !wp->w_p_rl;              // Not right-to-left.
+
+      int draw_col = col - boguscols;
+      if (filler_todo > 0) {
+        int index = filler_todo - (filler_lines - n_virt_lines);
+        if (index > 0) {
+          int i = (int)kv_size(virt_lines) - index;
+          assert(i >= 0);
+          int offset = kv_A(virt_lines, i).left_col ? 0 : win_col_offset;
+          draw_virt_text_item(buf, offset, kv_A(virt_lines, i).line,
+                              kHlModeReplace, grid->cols, offset);
+        }
+      } else {
+        draw_virt_text(wp, buf, win_col_offset, &draw_col, grid->cols, row);
+      }
+
+      grid_put_linebuf(grid, row, 0, draw_col, grid->cols, wp->w_p_rl, wp, bg_attr, wrap);
+      if (wrap) {
+        ScreenGrid *current_grid = grid;
+        int current_row = row, dummy_col = 0;  // dummy_col unused
+        grid_adjust(&current_grid, &current_row, &dummy_col);
+
+        // Force a redraw of the first column of the next line.
+        current_grid->attrs[current_grid->line_offset[current_row + 1]] = -1;
+
+        // Remember that the line wraps, used for modeless copy.
+        current_grid->line_wraps[current_row] = true;
+      }
+
+      boguscols = 0;
+      row++;
+
+      // When not wrapping and finished diff lines, or when displayed
+      // '$' and highlighting until last column, break here.
+      if ((!wp->w_p_wrap && filler_todo <= 0) || lcs_eol_one == -1) {
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // When the window is too narrow draw all "@" lines.
+      if (draw_state != WL_LINE && filler_todo <= 0) {
+        win_draw_end(wp, '@', ' ', true, row, wp->w_grid.rows, HLF_AT);
+        row = endrow;
+      }
+
+      // When line got too long for screen break here.
+      if (row == endrow) {
+        row++;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      col = 0;
+      off = 0;
+      if (wp->w_p_rl) {
+        col = grid->cols - 1;  // col is not used if breaking!
+        off += col;
+      }
+
+      // reset the drawing state for the start of a wrapped line
+      draw_state = WL_START;
+      saved_n_extra = n_extra;
+      saved_p_extra = p_extra;
+      saved_c_extra = c_extra;
+      saved_c_final = c_final;
+      saved_char_attr = char_attr;
+      n_extra = 0;
+      lcs_prec_todo = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.prec;
+      if (filler_todo <= 0) {
+        need_showbreak = true;
+      }
+      filler_todo--;
+      // When the filler lines are actually below the last line of the
+      // file, don't draw the line itself, break here.
+      if (filler_todo == 0 && (wp->w_botfill || end_fill)) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }     // for every character in the line
+
+  // After an empty line check first word for capital.
+  if (*skipwhite((char *)line) == NUL) {
+    capcol_lnum = lnum + 1;
+    cap_col = 0;
+  }
+
+  kv_destroy(virt_lines);
+  xfree(p_extra_free);
+  return row;
+}
diff --git a/src/nvim/drawline.h b/src/nvim/drawline.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e50969983e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/drawline.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#ifndef NVIM_DRAWLINE_H
+#define NVIM_DRAWLINE_H
+
+#include "nvim/decoration_provider.h"
+#include "nvim/fold.h"
+#include "nvim/screen.h"
+
+// Maximum columns for terminal highlight attributes
+#define TERM_ATTRS_MAX 1024
+
+typedef struct {
+  NS ns_id;
+  uint64_t mark_id;
+  int win_row;
+  int win_col;
+} WinExtmark;
+EXTERN kvec_t(WinExtmark) win_extmark_arr INIT(= KV_INITIAL_VALUE);
+
+EXTERN bool conceal_cursor_used INIT(= false);
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "drawline.h.generated.h"
+#endif
+#endif  // NVIM_DRAWLINE_H
diff --git a/src/nvim/drawscreen.c b/src/nvim/drawscreen.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75fe0565c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/drawscreen.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2373 @@
+// This is an open source non-commercial project. Dear PVS-Studio, please check
+// it. PVS-Studio Static Code Analyzer for C, C++ and C#: http://www.viva64.com
+
+// drawscreen.c: Code for updating all the windows on the screen.
+// This is the top level, drawline.c is the middle and grid.c/screen.c the lower level.
+
+// update_screen() is the function that updates all windows and status lines.
+// It is called from the main loop when must_redraw is non-zero.  It may be
+// called from other places when an immediate screen update is needed.
+//
+// The part of the buffer that is displayed in a window is set with:
+// - w_topline (first buffer line in window)
+// - w_topfill (filler lines above the first line)
+// - w_leftcol (leftmost window cell in window),
+// - w_skipcol (skipped window cells of first line)
+//
+// Commands that only move the cursor around in a window, do not need to take
+// action to update the display.  The main loop will check if w_topline is
+// valid and update it (scroll the window) when needed.
+//
+// Commands that scroll a window change w_topline and must call
+// check_cursor() to move the cursor into the visible part of the window, and
+// call redraw_later(wp, VALID) to have the window displayed by update_screen()
+// later.
+//
+// Commands that change text in the buffer must call changed_bytes() or
+// changed_lines() to mark the area that changed and will require updating
+// later.  The main loop will call update_screen(), which will update each
+// window that shows the changed buffer.  This assumes text above the change
+// can remain displayed as it is.  Text after the change may need updating for
+// scrolling, folding and syntax highlighting.
+//
+// Commands that change how a window is displayed (e.g., setting 'list') or
+// invalidate the contents of a window in another way (e.g., change fold
+// settings), must call redraw_later(wp, NOT_VALID) to have the whole window
+// redisplayed by update_screen() later.
+//
+// Commands that change how a buffer is displayed (e.g., setting 'tabstop')
+// must call redraw_curbuf_later(NOT_VALID) to have all the windows for the
+// buffer redisplayed by update_screen() later.
+//
+// Commands that change highlighting and possibly cause a scroll too must call
+// redraw_later(wp, SOME_VALID) to update the whole window but still use
+// scrolling to avoid redrawing everything.  But the length of displayed lines
+// must not change, use NOT_VALID then.
+//
+// Commands that move the window position must call redraw_later(wp, NOT_VALID).
+// TODO(neovim): should minimize redrawing by scrolling when possible.
+//
+// Commands that change everything (e.g., resizing the screen) must call
+// redraw_all_later(NOT_VALID) or redraw_all_later(CLEAR).
+//
+// Things that are handled indirectly:
+// - When messages scroll the screen up, msg_scrolled will be set and
+//   update_screen() called to redraw.
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "nvim/buffer.h"
+#include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/diff.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
+#include "nvim/highlight.h"
+#include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
+#include "nvim/insexpand.h"
+#include "nvim/match.h"
+#include "nvim/move.h"
+#include "nvim/option.h"
+#include "nvim/plines.h"
+#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
+#include "nvim/regexp.h"
+#include "nvim/syntax.h"
+#include "nvim/ui_compositor.h"
+#include "nvim/undo.h"
+#include "nvim/version.h"
+#include "nvim/window.h"
+
+/// corner value flags for hsep_connected and vsep_connected
+typedef enum {
+  WC_TOP_LEFT = 0,
+  WC_TOP_RIGHT,
+  WC_BOTTOM_LEFT,
+  WC_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
+} WindowCorner;
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "drawscreen.c.generated.h"
+#endif
+
+static bool redraw_popupmenu = false;
+static bool msg_grid_invalid = false;
+static bool resizing = false;
+
+static char *provider_err = NULL;
+
+/// Check if the cursor line needs to be redrawn because of 'concealcursor'.
+///
+/// When cursor is moved at the same time, both lines will be redrawn regardless.
+void conceal_check_cursor_line(void)
+{
+  bool should_conceal = conceal_cursor_line(curwin);
+  if (curwin->w_p_cole > 0 && (conceal_cursor_used != should_conceal)) {
+    redrawWinline(curwin, curwin->w_cursor.lnum);
+    // Need to recompute cursor column, e.g., when starting Visual mode
+    // without concealing.
+    curs_columns(curwin, true);
+  }
+}
+
+/// Resize the screen to Rows and Columns.
+///
+/// Allocate default_grid.chars[] and other grid arrays.
+///
+/// There may be some time between setting Rows and Columns and (re)allocating
+/// default_grid arrays.  This happens when starting up and when
+/// (manually) changing the screen size.  Always use default_grid.rows and
+/// default_grid.Columns to access items in default_grid.chars[].  Use Rows
+/// and Columns for positioning text etc. where the final size of the screen is
+/// needed.
+void screenalloc(void)
+{
+  // It's possible that we produce an out-of-memory message below, which
+  // will cause this function to be called again.  To break the loop, just
+  // return here.
+  if (resizing) {
+    return;
+  }
+  resizing = true;
+
+  int retry_count = 0;
+
+retry:
+  // Allocation of the screen buffers is done only when the size changes and
+  // when Rows and Columns have been set and we have started doing full
+  // screen stuff.
+  if ((default_grid.chars != NULL
+       && Rows == default_grid.rows
+       && Columns == default_grid.cols)
+      || Rows == 0
+      || Columns == 0
+      || (!full_screen && default_grid.chars == NULL)) {
+    resizing = false;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Note that the window sizes are updated before reallocating the arrays,
+  // thus we must not redraw here!
+  RedrawingDisabled++;
+
+  // win_new_screensize will recompute floats position, but tell the
+  // compositor to not redraw them yet
+  ui_comp_set_screen_valid(false);
+  if (msg_grid.chars) {
+    msg_grid_invalid = true;
+  }
+
+  win_new_screensize();      // fit the windows in the new sized screen
+
+  comp_col();           // recompute columns for shown command and ruler
+
+  // We're changing the size of the screen.
+  // - Allocate new arrays for default_grid
+  // - Move lines from the old arrays into the new arrays, clear extra
+  //   lines (unless the screen is going to be cleared).
+  // - Free the old arrays.
+  //
+  // If anything fails, make grid arrays NULL, so we don't do anything!
+  // Continuing with the old arrays may result in a crash, because the
+  // size is wrong.
+
+  grid_alloc(&default_grid, Rows, Columns, true, true);
+  StlClickDefinition *new_tab_page_click_defs =
+    xcalloc((size_t)Columns, sizeof(*new_tab_page_click_defs));
+
+  stl_clear_click_defs(tab_page_click_defs, tab_page_click_defs_size);
+  xfree(tab_page_click_defs);
+
+  tab_page_click_defs = new_tab_page_click_defs;
+  tab_page_click_defs_size = Columns;
+
+  default_grid.comp_height = Rows;
+  default_grid.comp_width = Columns;
+
+  default_grid.row_offset = 0;
+  default_grid.col_offset = 0;
+  default_grid.handle = DEFAULT_GRID_HANDLE;
+
+  must_redraw = CLEAR;  // need to clear the screen later
+
+  RedrawingDisabled--;
+
+  // Do not apply autocommands more than 3 times to avoid an endless loop
+  // in case applying autocommands always changes Rows or Columns.
+  if (starting == 0 && ++retry_count <= 3) {
+    apply_autocmds(EVENT_VIMRESIZED, NULL, NULL, false, curbuf);
+    // In rare cases, autocommands may have altered Rows or Columns,
+    // jump back to check if we need to allocate the screen again.
+    goto retry;
+  }
+
+  resizing = false;
+}
+
+void screenclear(void)
+{
+  check_for_delay(false);
+  screenalloc();  // allocate screen buffers if size changed
+
+  int i;
+
+  if (starting == NO_SCREEN || default_grid.chars == NULL) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // blank out the default grid
+  for (i = 0; i < default_grid.rows; i++) {
+    grid_clear_line(&default_grid, default_grid.line_offset[i],
+                    default_grid.cols, true);
+    default_grid.line_wraps[i] = false;
+  }
+
+  ui_call_grid_clear(1);  // clear the display
+  ui_comp_set_screen_valid(true);
+
+  ns_hl_fast = -1;
+
+  clear_cmdline = false;
+  mode_displayed = false;
+
+  redraw_all_later(NOT_VALID);
+  redraw_cmdline = true;
+  redraw_tabline = true;
+  redraw_popupmenu = true;
+  pum_invalidate();
+  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+    if (wp->w_floating) {
+      wp->w_redr_type = CLEAR;
+    }
+  }
+  if (must_redraw == CLEAR) {
+    must_redraw = NOT_VALID;  // no need to clear again
+  }
+  compute_cmdrow();
+  msg_row = cmdline_row;  // put cursor on last line for messages
+  msg_col = 0;
+  msg_scrolled = 0;  // can't scroll back
+  msg_didany = false;
+  msg_didout = false;
+  if (HL_ATTR(HLF_MSG) > 0 && msg_use_grid() && msg_grid.chars) {
+    grid_invalidate(&msg_grid);
+    msg_grid_validate();
+    msg_grid_invalid = false;
+    clear_cmdline = true;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Set dimensions of the Nvim application "screen".
+void screen_resize(int width, int height)
+{
+  // Avoid recursiveness, can happen when setting the window size causes
+  // another window-changed signal.
+  if (updating_screen || resizing_screen) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (width < 0 || height < 0) {    // just checking...
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (State == MODE_HITRETURN || State == MODE_SETWSIZE) {
+    // postpone the resizing
+    State = MODE_SETWSIZE;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // curwin->w_buffer can be NULL when we are closing a window and the
+  // buffer has already been closed and removing a scrollbar causes a resize
+  // event. Don't resize then, it will happen after entering another buffer.
+  if (curwin->w_buffer == NULL) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  resizing_screen = true;
+
+  Rows = height;
+  Columns = width;
+  check_screensize();
+  int max_p_ch = Rows - min_rows() + 1;
+  if (!ui_has(kUIMessages) && p_ch > 0 && p_ch > max_p_ch) {
+    p_ch = max_p_ch ? max_p_ch : 1;
+  }
+  height = Rows;
+  width = Columns;
+  p_lines = Rows;
+  p_columns = Columns;
+  ui_call_grid_resize(1, width, height);
+
+  /// The window layout used to be adjusted here, but it now happens in
+  /// screenalloc() (also invoked from screenclear()).  That is because the
+  /// recursize "resizing_screen" check above may skip this, but not screenalloc().
+
+  if (State != MODE_ASKMORE && State != MODE_EXTERNCMD && State != MODE_CONFIRM) {
+    screenclear();
+  }
+
+  if (starting != NO_SCREEN) {
+    maketitle();
+
+    changed_line_abv_curs();
+    invalidate_botline();
+
+    // We only redraw when it's needed:
+    // - While at the more prompt or executing an external command, don't
+    //   redraw, but position the cursor.
+    // - While editing the command line, only redraw that.
+    // - in Ex mode, don't redraw anything.
+    // - Otherwise, redraw right now, and position the cursor.
+    // Always need to call update_screen() or screenalloc(), to make
+    // sure Rows/Columns and the size of the screen is correct!
+    if (State == MODE_ASKMORE || State == MODE_EXTERNCMD || State == MODE_CONFIRM
+        || exmode_active) {
+      screenalloc();
+      if (msg_grid.chars) {
+        msg_grid_validate();
+      }
+      // TODO(bfredl): sometimes messes up the output. Implement clear+redraw
+      // also for the pager? (or: what if the pager was just a modal window?)
+      ui_comp_set_screen_valid(true);
+      repeat_message();
+    } else {
+      if (curwin->w_p_scb) {
+        do_check_scrollbind(true);
+      }
+      if (State & MODE_CMDLINE) {
+        redraw_popupmenu = false;
+        update_screen(NOT_VALID);
+        redrawcmdline();
+        if (pum_drawn()) {
+          cmdline_pum_display(false);
+        }
+      } else {
+        update_topline(curwin);
+        if (pum_drawn()) {
+          // TODO(bfredl): ins_compl_show_pum wants to redraw the screen first.
+          // For now make sure the nested update_screen(0) won't redraw the
+          // pum at the old position. Try to untangle this later.
+          redraw_popupmenu = false;
+          ins_compl_show_pum();
+        }
+        update_screen(NOT_VALID);
+        if (redrawing()) {
+          setcursor();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    ui_flush();
+  }
+  resizing_screen = false;
+}
+
+/// Redraw the parts of the screen that is marked for redraw.
+///
+/// Most code shouldn't call this directly, rather use redraw_later() and
+/// and redraw_all_later() to mark parts of the screen as needing a redraw.
+///
+/// @param type set to a NOT_VALID to force redraw of entire screen
+int update_screen(int type)
+{
+  static bool did_intro = false;
+  bool is_stl_global = global_stl_height() > 0;
+
+  // Don't do anything if the screen structures are (not yet) valid.
+  // A VimResized autocmd can invoke redrawing in the middle of a resize,
+  // which would bypass the checks in screen_resize for popupmenu etc.
+  if (!default_grid.chars || resizing) {
+    return FAIL;
+  }
+
+  // May have postponed updating diffs.
+  if (need_diff_redraw) {
+    diff_redraw(true);
+  }
+
+  if (must_redraw) {
+    if (type < must_redraw) {       // use maximal type
+      type = must_redraw;
+    }
+
+    // must_redraw is reset here, so that when we run into some weird
+    // reason to redraw while busy redrawing (e.g., asynchronous
+    // scrolling), or update_topline() in win_update() will cause a
+    // scroll, or a decoration provider requires a redraw, the screen
+    // will be redrawn later or in win_update().
+    must_redraw = 0;
+  }
+
+  // Need to update w_lines[].
+  if (curwin->w_lines_valid == 0 && type < NOT_VALID) {
+    type = NOT_VALID;
+  }
+
+  // Postpone the redrawing when it's not needed and when being called
+  // recursively.
+  if (!redrawing() || updating_screen) {
+    must_redraw = type;
+    if (type > INVERTED_ALL) {
+      curwin->w_lines_valid = 0;  // don't use w_lines[].wl_size now
+    }
+    return FAIL;
+  }
+  updating_screen = 1;
+
+  display_tick++;           // let syntax code know we're in a next round of
+                            // display updating
+
+  // Tricky: vim code can reset msg_scrolled behind our back, so need
+  // separate bookkeeping for now.
+  if (msg_did_scroll) {
+    msg_did_scroll = false;
+    msg_scrolled_at_flush = 0;
+  }
+
+  if (type >= CLEAR || !default_grid.valid) {
+    ui_comp_set_screen_valid(false);
+  }
+
+  // if the screen was scrolled up when displaying a message, scroll it down
+  if (msg_scrolled || msg_grid_invalid) {
+    clear_cmdline = true;
+    int valid = MAX(Rows - msg_scrollsize(), 0);
+    if (msg_grid.chars) {
+      // non-displayed part of msg_grid is considered invalid.
+      for (int i = 0; i < MIN(msg_scrollsize(), msg_grid.rows); i++) {
+        grid_clear_line(&msg_grid, msg_grid.line_offset[i],
+                        msg_grid.cols, false);
+      }
+    }
+    if (msg_use_msgsep()) {
+      msg_grid.throttled = false;
+      // CLEAR is already handled
+      if (type == NOT_VALID && !ui_has(kUIMultigrid) && msg_scrolled) {
+        ui_comp_set_screen_valid(false);
+        for (int i = valid; i < Rows - p_ch; i++) {
+          grid_clear_line(&default_grid, default_grid.line_offset[i],
+                          Columns, false);
+        }
+        FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+          if (wp->w_floating) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          if (W_ENDROW(wp) > valid) {
+            wp->w_redr_type = MAX(wp->w_redr_type, NOT_VALID);
+          }
+          if (!is_stl_global && W_ENDROW(wp) + wp->w_status_height > valid) {
+            wp->w_redr_status = true;
+          }
+        }
+        if (is_stl_global && Rows - p_ch - 1 > valid) {
+          curwin->w_redr_status = true;
+        }
+      }
+      msg_grid_set_pos(Rows - (int)p_ch, false);
+      msg_grid_invalid = false;
+    } else if (msg_scrolled > Rows - 5) {  // clearing is faster
+      type = CLEAR;
+    } else if (type != CLEAR) {
+      check_for_delay(false);
+      grid_ins_lines(&default_grid, 0, msg_scrolled, Rows, 0, Columns);
+      FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+        if (wp->w_floating) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (wp->w_winrow < msg_scrolled) {
+          if (W_ENDROW(wp) > msg_scrolled
+              && wp->w_redr_type < REDRAW_TOP
+              && wp->w_lines_valid > 0
+              && wp->w_topline == wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum) {
+            wp->w_upd_rows = msg_scrolled - wp->w_winrow;
+            wp->w_redr_type = REDRAW_TOP;
+          } else {
+            wp->w_redr_type = NOT_VALID;
+            if (wp->w_winrow + wp->w_winbar_height <= msg_scrolled) {
+              wp->w_redr_status = true;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if (is_stl_global && Rows - p_ch - 1 <= msg_scrolled) {
+        curwin->w_redr_status = true;
+      }
+      redraw_cmdline = true;
+      redraw_tabline = true;
+    }
+    msg_scrolled = 0;
+    msg_scrolled_at_flush = 0;
+    need_wait_return = false;
+  }
+
+  win_ui_flush();
+  msg_ext_check_clear();
+
+  // reset cmdline_row now (may have been changed temporarily)
+  compute_cmdrow();
+
+  bool hl_changed = false;
+  // Check for changed highlighting
+  if (need_highlight_changed) {
+    highlight_changed();
+    hl_changed = true;
+  }
+
+  if (type == CLEAR) {          // first clear screen
+    screenclear();              // will reset clear_cmdline
+    cmdline_screen_cleared();   // clear external cmdline state
+    type = NOT_VALID;
+    // must_redraw may be set indirectly, avoid another redraw later
+    must_redraw = 0;
+  } else if (!default_grid.valid) {
+    grid_invalidate(&default_grid);
+    default_grid.valid = true;
+  }
+
+  // After disabling msgsep the grid might not have been deallocated yet,
+  // hence we also need to check msg_grid.chars
+  if (type == NOT_VALID && (msg_use_grid() || msg_grid.chars)) {
+    grid_fill(&default_grid, Rows - (int)p_ch, Rows, 0, Columns, ' ', ' ', 0);
+  }
+
+  ui_comp_set_screen_valid(true);
+
+  DecorProviders providers;
+  decor_providers_start(&providers, type, &provider_err);
+
+  // "start" callback could have changed highlights for global elements
+  if (win_check_ns_hl(NULL)) {
+    redraw_cmdline = true;
+    redraw_tabline = true;
+  }
+
+  if (clear_cmdline) {          // going to clear cmdline (done below)
+    check_for_delay(false);
+  }
+
+  // Force redraw when width of 'number' or 'relativenumber' column
+  // changes.
+  if (curwin->w_redr_type < NOT_VALID
+      && curwin->w_nrwidth != ((curwin->w_p_nu || curwin->w_p_rnu)
+                               ? number_width(curwin) : 0)) {
+    curwin->w_redr_type = NOT_VALID;
+  }
+
+  // Only start redrawing if there is really something to do.
+  if (type == INVERTED) {
+    update_curswant();
+  }
+  if (curwin->w_redr_type < type
+      && !((type == VALID
+            && curwin->w_lines[0].wl_valid
+            && curwin->w_topfill == curwin->w_old_topfill
+            && curwin->w_botfill == curwin->w_old_botfill
+            && curwin->w_topline == curwin->w_lines[0].wl_lnum)
+           || (type == INVERTED
+               && VIsual_active
+               && curwin->w_old_cursor_lnum == curwin->w_cursor.lnum
+               && curwin->w_old_visual_mode == VIsual_mode
+               && (curwin->w_valid & VALID_VIRTCOL)
+               && curwin->w_old_curswant == curwin->w_curswant))) {
+    curwin->w_redr_type = type;
+  }
+
+  // Redraw the tab pages line if needed.
+  if (redraw_tabline || type >= NOT_VALID) {
+    update_window_hl(curwin, type >= NOT_VALID);
+    FOR_ALL_TABS(tp) {
+      if (tp != curtab) {
+        update_window_hl(tp->tp_curwin, type >= NOT_VALID);
+      }
+    }
+    draw_tabline();
+  }
+
+  // Correct stored syntax highlighting info for changes in each displayed
+  // buffer.  Each buffer must only be done once.
+  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+    update_window_hl(wp, type >= NOT_VALID || hl_changed);
+
+    buf_T *buf = wp->w_buffer;
+    if (buf->b_mod_set) {
+      if (buf->b_mod_tick_syn < display_tick
+          && syntax_present(wp)) {
+        syn_stack_apply_changes(buf);
+        buf->b_mod_tick_syn = display_tick;
+      }
+
+      if (buf->b_mod_tick_decor < display_tick) {
+        decor_providers_invoke_buf(buf, &providers, &provider_err);
+        buf->b_mod_tick_decor = display_tick;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Go from top to bottom through the windows, redrawing the ones that need it.
+  bool did_one = false;
+  screen_search_hl.rm.regprog = NULL;
+
+  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+    if (wp->w_redr_type == CLEAR && wp->w_floating && wp->w_grid_alloc.chars) {
+      grid_invalidate(&wp->w_grid_alloc);
+      wp->w_redr_type = NOT_VALID;
+    }
+
+    win_check_ns_hl(wp);
+
+    // reallocate grid if needed.
+    win_grid_alloc(wp);
+
+    if (wp->w_redr_border || wp->w_redr_type >= NOT_VALID) {
+      win_redr_border(wp);
+    }
+
+    if (wp->w_redr_type != 0) {
+      if (!did_one) {
+        did_one = true;
+        start_search_hl();
+      }
+      win_update(wp, &providers);
+    }
+
+    // redraw status line and window bar after the window to minimize cursor movement
+    if (wp->w_redr_status) {
+      win_redr_winbar(wp);
+      win_redr_status(wp);
+    }
+  }
+
+  end_search_hl();
+
+  // May need to redraw the popup menu.
+  if (pum_drawn() && must_redraw_pum) {
+    win_check_ns_hl(curwin);
+    pum_redraw();
+  }
+
+  win_check_ns_hl(NULL);
+
+  // Reset b_mod_set flags.  Going through all windows is probably faster
+  // than going through all buffers (there could be many buffers).
+  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+    wp->w_buffer->b_mod_set = false;
+  }
+
+  updating_screen = 0;
+
+  // Clear or redraw the command line.  Done last, because scrolling may
+  // mess up the command line.
+  if (clear_cmdline || redraw_cmdline || redraw_mode) {
+    showmode();
+  }
+
+  // May put up an introductory message when not editing a file
+  if (!did_intro) {
+    maybe_intro_message();
+  }
+  did_intro = true;
+
+  decor_providers_invoke_end(&providers, &provider_err);
+  kvi_destroy(providers);
+
+  // either cmdline is cleared, not drawn or mode is last drawn
+  cmdline_was_last_drawn = false;
+  return OK;
+}
+
+static void win_redr_border(win_T *wp)
+{
+  wp->w_redr_border = false;
+  if (!(wp->w_floating && wp->w_float_config.border)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  ScreenGrid *grid = &wp->w_grid_alloc;
+
+  schar_T *chars = wp->w_float_config.border_chars;
+  int *attrs = wp->w_float_config.border_attr;
+
+  int *adj = wp->w_border_adj;
+  int irow = wp->w_height_inner + wp->w_winbar_height, icol = wp->w_width_inner;
+
+  char* title = wp->w_float_config.title;
+  size_t n_title = wp->w_float_config.n_title;
+  stl_hlrec_t* title_hl = wp->w_float_config.title_hl;
+
+  int m8[MAX_MCO + 1];
+  int cc;
+  int len;
+  int t_attr = title_hl != NULL && title_hl->userhl
+                  ? syn_id2attr(title_hl->userhl)
+                  : 0;
+  t_attr = hl_combine_attr(attrs[1], t_attr);
+
+  int title_pos = 2;
+  switch (wp->w_float_config.title_pos) {
+    case kTitleLeft:
+      title_pos = 2;
+      break;
+    case kTitleRight:
+      title_pos = icol - 2 - vim_strsize(title);
+      break;
+    case kTitleCenter:
+      title_pos = (icol - vim_strsize(title)) / 2 - 1;
+      break;
+  }
+  title_pos = title_pos < 2 ? 2 : title_pos;
+
+  if (adj[0]) {
+    grid_puts_line_start(grid, 0);
+    if (adj[3]) {
+      grid_put_schar(grid, 0, 0, chars[0], attrs[0]);
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < icol; i++) {
+      schar_T ch;
+      int attr;
+      // Draw the title if in the correct position.
+      if (i > title_pos && n_title > 0 && i < icol - 2) {
+        cc = utfc_ptr2char((char_u*) title, m8);
+        len = utfc_ptr2len(title);
+        n_title -= len;
+        title += len;
+
+        while (title_hl != NULL &&
+               (title_hl + 1)->start != NULL &&
+               (title_hl + 1)->start < title) {
+          ++ title_hl;
+          t_attr = hl_combine_attr(attrs[1], syn_id2attr(-title_hl->userhl));
+        }
+
+        schar_from_cc(ch, cc, m8);
+        attr = t_attr;
+      } else {
+        memcpy(ch, chars[1], sizeof(schar_T));
+        attr = attrs[1];
+      }
+      grid_put_schar(grid, 0, i + adj[3], ch, attr);
+    }
+    if (adj[1]) {
+      grid_put_schar(grid, 0, icol + adj[3], chars[2], attrs[2]);
+    }
+    grid_puts_line_flush(false);
+  }
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < irow; i++) {
+    if (adj[3]) {
+      grid_puts_line_start(grid, i + adj[0]);
+      grid_put_schar(grid, i + adj[0], 0, chars[7], attrs[7]);
+      grid_puts_line_flush(false);
+    }
+    if (adj[1]) {
+      int ic = (i == 0 && !adj[0] && chars[2][0]) ? 2 : 3;
+      grid_puts_line_start(grid, i + adj[0]);
+      grid_put_schar(grid, i + adj[0], icol + adj[3], chars[ic], attrs[ic]);
+      grid_puts_line_flush(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (adj[2]) {
+    grid_puts_line_start(grid, irow + adj[0]);
+    if (adj[3]) {
+      grid_put_schar(grid, irow + adj[0], 0, chars[6], attrs[6]);
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < icol; i++) {
+      int ic = (i == 0 && !adj[3] && chars[6][0]) ? 6 : 5;
+      grid_put_schar(grid, irow + adj[0], i + adj[3], chars[ic], attrs[ic]);
+    }
+    if (adj[1]) {
+      grid_put_schar(grid, irow + adj[0], icol + adj[3], chars[4], attrs[4]);
+    }
+    grid_puts_line_flush(false);
+  }
+}
+
+/// Redraw the status line of window `wp`.
+///
+/// If inversion is possible we use it. Else '=' characters are used.
+static void win_redr_status(win_T *wp)
+{
+  int row;
+  int col;
+  char_u *p;
+  int len;
+  int fillchar;
+  int attr;
+  int width;
+  int this_ru_col;
+  bool is_stl_global = global_stl_height() > 0;
+  static bool busy = false;
+
+  // May get here recursively when 'statusline' (indirectly)
+  // invokes ":redrawstatus".  Simply ignore the call then.
+  if (busy
+      // Also ignore if wildmenu is showing.
+      || (wild_menu_showing != 0 && !ui_has(kUIWildmenu))) {
+    return;
+  }
+  busy = true;
+
+  wp->w_redr_status = false;
+  if (wp->w_status_height == 0 && !(is_stl_global && wp == curwin)) {
+    // no status line, either global statusline is enabled or the window is a last window
+    redraw_cmdline = true;
+  } else if (!redrawing()) {
+    // Don't redraw right now, do it later. Don't update status line when
+    // popup menu is visible and may be drawn over it
+    wp->w_redr_status = true;
+  } else if (*p_stl != NUL || *wp->w_p_stl != NUL) {
+    // redraw custom status line
+    redraw_custom_statusline(wp);
+  } else {
+    fillchar = fillchar_status(&attr, wp);
+    width = is_stl_global ? Columns : wp->w_width;
+
+    get_trans_bufname(wp->w_buffer);
+    p = NameBuff;
+    len = (int)STRLEN(p);
+
+    if (bt_help(wp->w_buffer)
+        || wp->w_p_pvw
+        || bufIsChanged(wp->w_buffer)
+        || wp->w_buffer->b_p_ro) {
+      *(p + len++) = ' ';
+    }
+    if (bt_help(wp->w_buffer)) {
+      snprintf((char *)p + len, MAXPATHL - (size_t)len, "%s", _("[Help]"));
+      len += (int)STRLEN(p + len);
+    }
+    if (wp->w_p_pvw) {
+      snprintf((char *)p + len, MAXPATHL - (size_t)len, "%s", _("[Preview]"));
+      len += (int)STRLEN(p + len);
+    }
+    if (bufIsChanged(wp->w_buffer)) {
+      snprintf((char *)p + len, MAXPATHL - (size_t)len, "%s", "[+]");
+      len += (int)STRLEN(p + len);
+    }
+    if (wp->w_buffer->b_p_ro) {
+      snprintf((char *)p + len, MAXPATHL - (size_t)len, "%s", _("[RO]"));
+      // len += (int)STRLEN(p + len);  // dead assignment
+    }
+
+    this_ru_col = ru_col - (Columns - width);
+    if (this_ru_col < (width + 1) / 2) {
+      this_ru_col = (width + 1) / 2;
+    }
+    if (this_ru_col <= 1) {
+      p = (char_u *)"<";                // No room for file name!
+      len = 1;
+    } else {
+      int clen = 0, i;
+
+      // Count total number of display cells.
+      clen = (int)mb_string2cells((char *)p);
+
+      // Find first character that will fit.
+      // Going from start to end is much faster for DBCS.
+      for (i = 0; p[i] != NUL && clen >= this_ru_col - 1;
+           i += utfc_ptr2len((char *)p + i)) {
+        clen -= utf_ptr2cells((char *)p + i);
+      }
+      len = clen;
+      if (i > 0) {
+        p = p + i - 1;
+        *p = '<';
+        len++;
+      }
+    }
+
+    row = is_stl_global ? (Rows - (int)p_ch - 1) : W_ENDROW(wp);
+    col = is_stl_global ? 0 : wp->w_wincol;
+    grid_puts(&default_grid, p, row, col, attr);
+    grid_fill(&default_grid, row, row + 1, len + col,
+              this_ru_col + col, fillchar, fillchar, attr);
+
+    if (get_keymap_str(wp, "<%s>", (char *)NameBuff, MAXPATHL)
+        && this_ru_col - len > (int)(STRLEN(NameBuff) + 1)) {
+      grid_puts(&default_grid, NameBuff, row,
+                (int)((size_t)this_ru_col - STRLEN(NameBuff) - 1), attr);
+    }
+
+    win_redr_ruler(wp, true);
+  }
+
+  // May need to draw the character below the vertical separator.
+  if (wp->w_vsep_width != 0 && wp->w_status_height != 0 && redrawing()) {
+    if (stl_connected(wp)) {
+      fillchar = fillchar_status(&attr, wp);
+    } else {
+      fillchar = fillchar_vsep(wp, &attr);
+    }
+    grid_putchar(&default_grid, fillchar, W_ENDROW(wp), W_ENDCOL(wp), attr);
+  }
+  busy = false;
+}
+
+/// Redraw the status line according to 'statusline' and take care of any
+/// errors encountered.
+static void redraw_custom_statusline(win_T *wp)
+{
+  static bool entered = false;
+  int saved_did_emsg = did_emsg;
+
+  // When called recursively return.  This can happen when the statusline
+  // contains an expression that triggers a redraw.
+  if (entered) {
+    return;
+  }
+  entered = true;
+
+  did_emsg = false;
+  win_redr_custom(wp, false, false);
+  if (did_emsg) {
+    // When there is an error disable the statusline, otherwise the
+    // display is messed up with errors and a redraw triggers the problem
+    // again and again.
+    set_string_option_direct("statusline", -1, "",
+                             OPT_FREE | (*wp->w_p_stl != NUL
+                                         ? OPT_LOCAL : OPT_GLOBAL), SID_ERROR);
+  }
+  did_emsg |= saved_did_emsg;
+  entered = false;
+}
+
+static void win_redr_winbar(win_T *wp)
+{
+  static bool entered = false;
+
+  // Return when called recursively. This can happen when the winbar contains an expression
+  // that triggers a redraw.
+  if (entered) {
+    return;
+  }
+  entered = true;
+
+  if (wp->w_winbar_height == 0 || !redrawing()) {
+    // Do nothing.
+  } else if (*p_wbr != NUL || *wp->w_p_wbr != NUL) {
+    int saved_did_emsg = did_emsg;
+
+    did_emsg = false;
+    win_redr_custom(wp, true, false);
+    if (did_emsg) {
+      // When there is an error disable the winbar, otherwise the
+      // display is messed up with errors and a redraw triggers the problem
+      // again and again.
+      set_string_option_direct("winbar", -1, "",
+                               OPT_FREE | (*wp->w_p_stl != NUL
+                                           ? OPT_LOCAL : OPT_GLOBAL), SID_ERROR);
+    }
+    did_emsg |= saved_did_emsg;
+  }
+  entered = false;
+}
+
+/// Show current status info in ruler and various other places
+///
+/// @param always  if false, only show ruler if position has changed.
+void showruler(bool always)
+{
+  if (!always && !redrawing()) {
+    return;
+  }
+  if ((*p_stl != NUL || *curwin->w_p_stl != NUL)
+      && (curwin->w_status_height || global_stl_height())) {
+    redraw_custom_statusline(curwin);
+  } else {
+    win_redr_ruler(curwin, always);
+  }
+  if (*p_wbr != NUL || *curwin->w_p_wbr != NUL) {
+    win_redr_winbar(curwin);
+  }
+
+  if (need_maketitle
+      || (p_icon && (stl_syntax & STL_IN_ICON))
+      || (p_title && (stl_syntax & STL_IN_TITLE))) {
+    maketitle();
+  }
+
+  // Redraw the tab pages line if needed.
+  if (redraw_tabline) {
+    draw_tabline();
+  }
+}
+
+static void redraw_win_signcol(win_T *wp)
+{
+  // If we can compute a change in the automatic sizing of the sign column
+  // under 'signcolumn=auto:X' and signs currently placed in the buffer, better
+  // figuring it out here so we can redraw the entire screen for it.
+  int scwidth = wp->w_scwidth;
+  wp->w_scwidth = win_signcol_count(wp);
+  if (wp->w_scwidth != scwidth) {
+    changed_line_abv_curs_win(wp);
+  }
+}
+
+/// Check if horizontal separator of window "wp" at specified window corner is connected to the
+/// horizontal separator of another window
+/// Assumes global statusline is enabled
+static bool hsep_connected(win_T *wp, WindowCorner corner)
+{
+  bool before = (corner == WC_TOP_LEFT || corner == WC_BOTTOM_LEFT);
+  int sep_row = (corner == WC_TOP_LEFT || corner == WC_TOP_RIGHT)
+                ? wp->w_winrow - 1 : W_ENDROW(wp);
+  frame_T *fr = wp->w_frame;
+
+  while (fr->fr_parent != NULL) {
+    if (fr->fr_parent->fr_layout == FR_ROW && (before ? fr->fr_prev : fr->fr_next) != NULL) {
+      fr = before ? fr->fr_prev : fr->fr_next;
+      break;
+    }
+    fr = fr->fr_parent;
+  }
+  if (fr->fr_parent == NULL) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  while (fr->fr_layout != FR_LEAF) {
+    fr = fr->fr_child;
+    if (fr->fr_parent->fr_layout == FR_ROW && before) {
+      while (fr->fr_next != NULL) {
+        fr = fr->fr_next;
+      }
+    } else {
+      while (fr->fr_next != NULL && frame2win(fr)->w_winrow + fr->fr_height < sep_row) {
+        fr = fr->fr_next;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (sep_row == fr->fr_win->w_winrow - 1 || sep_row == W_ENDROW(fr->fr_win));
+}
+
+/// Check if vertical separator of window "wp" at specified window corner is connected to the
+/// vertical separator of another window
+static bool vsep_connected(win_T *wp, WindowCorner corner)
+{
+  bool before = (corner == WC_TOP_LEFT || corner == WC_TOP_RIGHT);
+  int sep_col = (corner == WC_TOP_LEFT || corner == WC_BOTTOM_LEFT)
+                ? wp->w_wincol - 1 : W_ENDCOL(wp);
+  frame_T *fr = wp->w_frame;
+
+  while (fr->fr_parent != NULL) {
+    if (fr->fr_parent->fr_layout == FR_COL && (before ? fr->fr_prev : fr->fr_next) != NULL) {
+      fr = before ? fr->fr_prev : fr->fr_next;
+      break;
+    }
+    fr = fr->fr_parent;
+  }
+  if (fr->fr_parent == NULL) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  while (fr->fr_layout != FR_LEAF) {
+    fr = fr->fr_child;
+    if (fr->fr_parent->fr_layout == FR_COL && before) {
+      while (fr->fr_next != NULL) {
+        fr = fr->fr_next;
+      }
+    } else {
+      while (fr->fr_next != NULL && frame2win(fr)->w_wincol + fr->fr_width < sep_col) {
+        fr = fr->fr_next;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (sep_col == fr->fr_win->w_wincol - 1 || sep_col == W_ENDCOL(fr->fr_win));
+}
+
+/// Draw the vertical separator right of window "wp"
+static void draw_vsep_win(win_T *wp)
+{
+  int hl;
+  int c;
+
+  if (wp->w_vsep_width) {
+    // draw the vertical separator right of this window
+    c = fillchar_vsep(wp, &hl);
+    grid_fill(&default_grid, wp->w_winrow, W_ENDROW(wp),
+              W_ENDCOL(wp), W_ENDCOL(wp) + 1, c, ' ', hl);
+  }
+}
+
+/// Draw the horizontal separator below window "wp"
+static void draw_hsep_win(win_T *wp)
+{
+  int hl;
+  int c;
+
+  if (wp->w_hsep_height) {
+    // draw the horizontal separator below this window
+    c = fillchar_hsep(wp, &hl);
+    grid_fill(&default_grid, W_ENDROW(wp), W_ENDROW(wp) + 1,
+              wp->w_wincol, W_ENDCOL(wp), c, c, hl);
+  }
+}
+
+/// Get the separator connector for specified window corner of window "wp"
+static int get_corner_sep_connector(win_T *wp, WindowCorner corner)
+{
+  // It's impossible for windows to be connected neither vertically nor horizontally
+  // So if they're not vertically connected, assume they're horizontally connected
+  if (vsep_connected(wp, corner)) {
+    if (hsep_connected(wp, corner)) {
+      return wp->w_p_fcs_chars.verthoriz;
+    } else if (corner == WC_TOP_LEFT || corner == WC_BOTTOM_LEFT) {
+      return wp->w_p_fcs_chars.vertright;
+    } else {
+      return wp->w_p_fcs_chars.vertleft;
+    }
+  } else if (corner == WC_TOP_LEFT || corner == WC_TOP_RIGHT) {
+    return wp->w_p_fcs_chars.horizdown;
+  } else {
+    return wp->w_p_fcs_chars.horizup;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Draw separator connecting characters on the corners of window "wp"
+static void draw_sep_connectors_win(win_T *wp)
+{
+  // Don't draw separator connectors unless global statusline is enabled and the window has
+  // either a horizontal or vertical separator
+  if (global_stl_height() == 0 || !(wp->w_hsep_height == 1 || wp->w_vsep_width == 1)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  int hl = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_C);
+
+  // Determine which edges of the screen the window is located on so we can avoid drawing separators
+  // on corners contained in those edges
+  bool win_at_top;
+  bool win_at_bottom = wp->w_hsep_height == 0;
+  bool win_at_left;
+  bool win_at_right = wp->w_vsep_width == 0;
+  frame_T *frp;
+
+  for (frp = wp->w_frame; frp->fr_parent != NULL; frp = frp->fr_parent) {
+    if (frp->fr_parent->fr_layout == FR_COL && frp->fr_prev != NULL) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  win_at_top = frp->fr_parent == NULL;
+  for (frp = wp->w_frame; frp->fr_parent != NULL; frp = frp->fr_parent) {
+    if (frp->fr_parent->fr_layout == FR_ROW && frp->fr_prev != NULL) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  win_at_left = frp->fr_parent == NULL;
+
+  // Draw the appropriate separator connector in every corner where drawing them is necessary
+  if (!(win_at_top || win_at_left)) {
+    grid_putchar(&default_grid, get_corner_sep_connector(wp, WC_TOP_LEFT),
+                 wp->w_winrow - 1, wp->w_wincol - 1, hl);
+  }
+  if (!(win_at_top || win_at_right)) {
+    grid_putchar(&default_grid, get_corner_sep_connector(wp, WC_TOP_RIGHT),
+                 wp->w_winrow - 1, W_ENDCOL(wp), hl);
+  }
+  if (!(win_at_bottom || win_at_left)) {
+    grid_putchar(&default_grid, get_corner_sep_connector(wp, WC_BOTTOM_LEFT),
+                 W_ENDROW(wp), wp->w_wincol - 1, hl);
+  }
+  if (!(win_at_bottom || win_at_right)) {
+    grid_putchar(&default_grid, get_corner_sep_connector(wp, WC_BOTTOM_RIGHT),
+                 W_ENDROW(wp), W_ENDCOL(wp), hl);
+  }
+}
+
+/// Update a single window.
+///
+/// This may cause the windows below it also to be redrawn (when clearing the
+/// screen or scrolling lines).
+///
+/// How the window is redrawn depends on wp->w_redr_type.  Each type also
+/// implies the one below it.
+/// NOT_VALID    redraw the whole window
+/// SOME_VALID   redraw the whole window but do scroll when possible
+/// REDRAW_TOP   redraw the top w_upd_rows window lines, otherwise like VALID
+/// INVERTED     redraw the changed part of the Visual area
+/// INVERTED_ALL redraw the whole Visual area
+/// VALID        1. scroll up/down to adjust for a changed w_topline
+///              2. update lines at the top when scrolled down
+///              3. redraw changed text:
+///                 - if wp->w_buffer->b_mod_set set, update lines between
+///                   b_mod_top and b_mod_bot.
+///                 - if wp->w_redraw_top non-zero, redraw lines between
+///                   wp->w_redraw_top and wp->w_redr_bot.
+///                 - continue redrawing when syntax status is invalid.
+///              4. if scrolled up, update lines at the bottom.
+/// This results in three areas that may need updating:
+/// top: from first row to top_end (when scrolled down)
+/// mid: from mid_start to mid_end (update inversion or changed text)
+/// bot: from bot_start to last row (when scrolled up)
+static void win_update(win_T *wp, DecorProviders *providers)
+{
+  bool called_decor_providers = false;
+win_update_start:
+  ;
+  buf_T *buf = wp->w_buffer;
+  int type;
+  int top_end = 0;              // Below last row of the top area that needs
+                                // updating.  0 when no top area updating.
+  int mid_start = 999;          // first row of the mid area that needs
+                                // updating.  999 when no mid area updating.
+  int mid_end = 0;              // Below last row of the mid area that needs
+                                // updating.  0 when no mid area updating.
+  int bot_start = 999;          // first row of the bot area that needs
+                                // updating.  999 when no bot area updating
+  bool scrolled_down = false;   // true when scrolled down when w_topline got smaller a bit
+  bool top_to_mod = false;      // redraw above mod_top
+
+  int row;                      // current window row to display
+  linenr_T lnum;                // current buffer lnum to display
+  int idx;                      // current index in w_lines[]
+  int srow;                     // starting row of the current line
+
+  bool eof = false;             // if true, we hit the end of the file
+  bool didline = false;         // if true, we finished the last line
+  int i;
+  long j;
+  static bool recursive = false;  // being called recursively
+  const linenr_T old_botline = wp->w_botline;
+  // Remember what happened to the previous line.
+#define DID_NONE 1      // didn't update a line
+#define DID_LINE 2      // updated a normal line
+#define DID_FOLD 3      // updated a folded line
+  int did_update = DID_NONE;
+  linenr_T syntax_last_parsed = 0;              // last parsed text line
+  linenr_T mod_top = 0;
+  linenr_T mod_bot = 0;
+  int save_got_int;
+
+  type = wp->w_redr_type;
+
+  if (type >= NOT_VALID) {
+    wp->w_redr_status = true;
+    wp->w_lines_valid = 0;
+  }
+
+  // Window is zero-height: Only need to draw the separator
+  if (wp->w_grid.rows == 0) {
+    // draw the horizontal separator below this window
+    draw_hsep_win(wp);
+    draw_sep_connectors_win(wp);
+    wp->w_redr_type = 0;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Window is zero-width: Only need to draw the separator.
+  if (wp->w_grid.cols == 0) {
+    // draw the vertical separator right of this window
+    draw_vsep_win(wp);
+    draw_sep_connectors_win(wp);
+    wp->w_redr_type = 0;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  redraw_win_signcol(wp);
+
+  init_search_hl(wp, &screen_search_hl);
+
+  // Force redraw when width of 'number' or 'relativenumber' column
+  // changes.
+  i = (wp->w_p_nu || wp->w_p_rnu) ? number_width(wp) : 0;
+  if (wp->w_nrwidth != i) {
+    type = NOT_VALID;
+    wp->w_nrwidth = i;
+
+    if (buf->terminal) {
+      terminal_check_size(buf->terminal);
+    }
+  } else if (buf->b_mod_set
+             && buf->b_mod_xlines != 0
+             && wp->w_redraw_top != 0) {
+    // When there are both inserted/deleted lines and specific lines to be
+    // redrawn, w_redraw_top and w_redraw_bot may be invalid, just redraw
+    // everything (only happens when redrawing is off for while).
+    type = NOT_VALID;
+  } else {
+    // Set mod_top to the first line that needs displaying because of
+    // changes.  Set mod_bot to the first line after the changes.
+    mod_top = wp->w_redraw_top;
+    if (wp->w_redraw_bot != 0) {
+      mod_bot = wp->w_redraw_bot + 1;
+    } else {
+      mod_bot = 0;
+    }
+    if (buf->b_mod_set) {
+      if (mod_top == 0 || mod_top > buf->b_mod_top) {
+        mod_top = buf->b_mod_top;
+        // Need to redraw lines above the change that may be included
+        // in a pattern match.
+        if (syntax_present(wp)) {
+          mod_top -= buf->b_s.b_syn_sync_linebreaks;
+          if (mod_top < 1) {
+            mod_top = 1;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if (mod_bot == 0 || mod_bot < buf->b_mod_bot) {
+        mod_bot = buf->b_mod_bot;
+      }
+
+      // When 'hlsearch' is on and using a multi-line search pattern, a
+      // change in one line may make the Search highlighting in a
+      // previous line invalid.  Simple solution: redraw all visible
+      // lines above the change.
+      // Same for a match pattern.
+      if (screen_search_hl.rm.regprog != NULL
+          && re_multiline(screen_search_hl.rm.regprog)) {
+        top_to_mod = true;
+      } else {
+        const matchitem_T *cur = wp->w_match_head;
+        while (cur != NULL) {
+          if (cur->match.regprog != NULL
+              && re_multiline(cur->match.regprog)) {
+            top_to_mod = true;
+            break;
+          }
+          cur = cur->next;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (mod_top != 0 && hasAnyFolding(wp)) {
+      linenr_T lnumt, lnumb;
+
+      // A change in a line can cause lines above it to become folded or
+      // unfolded.  Find the top most buffer line that may be affected.
+      // If the line was previously folded and displayed, get the first
+      // line of that fold.  If the line is folded now, get the first
+      // folded line.  Use the minimum of these two.
+
+      // Find last valid w_lines[] entry above mod_top.  Set lnumt to
+      // the line below it.  If there is no valid entry, use w_topline.
+      // Find the first valid w_lines[] entry below mod_bot.  Set lnumb
+      // to this line.  If there is no valid entry, use MAXLNUM.
+      lnumt = wp->w_topline;
+      lnumb = MAXLNUM;
+      for (i = 0; i < wp->w_lines_valid; i++) {
+        if (wp->w_lines[i].wl_valid) {
+          if (wp->w_lines[i].wl_lastlnum < mod_top) {
+            lnumt = wp->w_lines[i].wl_lastlnum + 1;
+          }
+          if (lnumb == MAXLNUM && wp->w_lines[i].wl_lnum >= mod_bot) {
+            lnumb = wp->w_lines[i].wl_lnum;
+            // When there is a fold column it might need updating
+            // in the next line ("J" just above an open fold).
+            if (compute_foldcolumn(wp, 0) > 0) {
+              lnumb++;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      (void)hasFoldingWin(wp, mod_top, &mod_top, NULL, true, NULL);
+      if (mod_top > lnumt) {
+        mod_top = lnumt;
+      }
+
+      // Now do the same for the bottom line (one above mod_bot).
+      mod_bot--;
+      (void)hasFoldingWin(wp, mod_bot, NULL, &mod_bot, true, NULL);
+      mod_bot++;
+      if (mod_bot < lnumb) {
+        mod_bot = lnumb;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // When a change starts above w_topline and the end is below
+    // w_topline, start redrawing at w_topline.
+    // If the end of the change is above w_topline: do like no change was
+    // made, but redraw the first line to find changes in syntax.
+    if (mod_top != 0 && mod_top < wp->w_topline) {
+      if (mod_bot > wp->w_topline) {
+        mod_top = wp->w_topline;
+      } else if (syntax_present(wp)) {
+        top_end = 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // When line numbers are displayed need to redraw all lines below
+    // inserted/deleted lines.
+    if (mod_top != 0 && buf->b_mod_xlines != 0 && wp->w_p_nu) {
+      mod_bot = MAXLNUM;
+    }
+  }
+  wp->w_redraw_top = 0;  // reset for next time
+  wp->w_redraw_bot = 0;
+
+  // When only displaying the lines at the top, set top_end.  Used when
+  // window has scrolled down for msg_scrolled.
+  if (type == REDRAW_TOP) {
+    j = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < wp->w_lines_valid; i++) {
+      j += wp->w_lines[i].wl_size;
+      if (j >= wp->w_upd_rows) {
+        top_end = (int)j;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (top_end == 0) {
+      // not found (cannot happen?): redraw everything
+      type = NOT_VALID;
+    } else {
+      // top area defined, the rest is VALID
+      type = VALID;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // If there are no changes on the screen that require a complete redraw,
+  // handle three cases:
+  // 1: we are off the top of the screen by a few lines: scroll down
+  // 2: wp->w_topline is below wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum: may scroll up
+  // 3: wp->w_topline is wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum: find first entry in
+  //    w_lines[] that needs updating.
+  if ((type == VALID || type == SOME_VALID
+       || type == INVERTED || type == INVERTED_ALL)
+      && !wp->w_botfill && !wp->w_old_botfill) {
+    if (mod_top != 0
+        && wp->w_topline == mod_top
+        && (!wp->w_lines[0].wl_valid
+            || wp->w_topline == wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum)) {
+      // w_topline is the first changed line and window is not scrolled,
+      // the scrolling from changed lines will be done further down.
+    } else if (wp->w_lines[0].wl_valid
+               && (wp->w_topline < wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum
+                   || (wp->w_topline == wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum
+                       && wp->w_topfill > wp->w_old_topfill))) {
+      // New topline is above old topline: May scroll down.
+      if (hasAnyFolding(wp)) {
+        linenr_T ln;
+
+        // count the number of lines we are off, counting a sequence
+        // of folded lines as one
+        j = 0;
+        for (ln = wp->w_topline; ln < wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum; ln++) {
+          j++;
+          if (j >= wp->w_grid.rows - 2) {
+            break;
+          }
+          (void)hasFoldingWin(wp, ln, NULL, &ln, true, NULL);
+        }
+      } else {
+        j = wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum - wp->w_topline;
+      }
+      if (j < wp->w_grid.rows - 2) {               // not too far off
+        i = plines_m_win(wp, wp->w_topline, wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum - 1);
+        // insert extra lines for previously invisible filler lines
+        if (wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum != wp->w_topline) {
+          i += win_get_fill(wp, wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum) - wp->w_old_topfill;
+        }
+        if (i != 0 && i < wp->w_grid.rows - 2) {  // less than a screen off
+          // Try to insert the correct number of lines.
+          // If not the last window, delete the lines at the bottom.
+          // win_ins_lines may fail when the terminal can't do it.
+          win_scroll_lines(wp, 0, i);
+          if (wp->w_lines_valid != 0) {
+            // Need to update rows that are new, stop at the
+            // first one that scrolled down.
+            top_end = i;
+            scrolled_down = true;
+
+            // Move the entries that were scrolled, disable
+            // the entries for the lines to be redrawn.
+            if ((wp->w_lines_valid += (linenr_T)j) > wp->w_grid.rows) {
+              wp->w_lines_valid = wp->w_grid.rows;
+            }
+            for (idx = wp->w_lines_valid; idx - j >= 0; idx--) {
+              wp->w_lines[idx] = wp->w_lines[idx - j];
+            }
+            while (idx >= 0) {
+              wp->w_lines[idx--].wl_valid = false;
+            }
+          }
+        } else {
+          mid_start = 0;  // redraw all lines
+        }
+      } else {
+        mid_start = 0;  // redraw all lines
+      }
+    } else {
+      // New topline is at or below old topline: May scroll up.
+      // When topline didn't change, find first entry in w_lines[] that
+      // needs updating.
+
+      // try to find wp->w_topline in wp->w_lines[].wl_lnum
+      j = -1;
+      row = 0;
+      for (i = 0; i < wp->w_lines_valid; i++) {
+        if (wp->w_lines[i].wl_valid
+            && wp->w_lines[i].wl_lnum == wp->w_topline) {
+          j = i;
+          break;
+        }
+        row += wp->w_lines[i].wl_size;
+      }
+      if (j == -1) {
+        // if wp->w_topline is not in wp->w_lines[].wl_lnum redraw all
+        // lines
+        mid_start = 0;
+      } else {
+        // Try to delete the correct number of lines.
+        // wp->w_topline is at wp->w_lines[i].wl_lnum.
+
+        // If the topline didn't change, delete old filler lines,
+        // otherwise delete filler lines of the new topline...
+        if (wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum == wp->w_topline) {
+          row += wp->w_old_topfill;
+        } else {
+          row += win_get_fill(wp, wp->w_topline);
+        }
+        // ... but don't delete new filler lines.
+        row -= wp->w_topfill;
+        if (row > 0) {
+          win_scroll_lines(wp, 0, -row);
+          bot_start = wp->w_grid.rows - row;
+        }
+        if ((row == 0 || bot_start < 999) && wp->w_lines_valid != 0) {
+          // Skip the lines (below the deleted lines) that are still
+          // valid and don't need redrawing.    Copy their info
+          // upwards, to compensate for the deleted lines.  Set
+          // bot_start to the first row that needs redrawing.
+          bot_start = 0;
+          idx = 0;
+          for (;;) {
+            wp->w_lines[idx] = wp->w_lines[j];
+            // stop at line that didn't fit, unless it is still
+            // valid (no lines deleted)
+            if (row > 0 && bot_start + row
+                + (int)wp->w_lines[j].wl_size > wp->w_grid.rows) {
+              wp->w_lines_valid = idx + 1;
+              break;
+            }
+            bot_start += wp->w_lines[idx++].wl_size;
+
+            // stop at the last valid entry in w_lines[].wl_size
+            if (++j >= wp->w_lines_valid) {
+              wp->w_lines_valid = idx;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Correct the first entry for filler lines at the top
+          // when it won't get updated below.
+          if (win_may_fill(wp) && bot_start > 0) {
+            wp->w_lines[0].wl_size = (uint16_t)(plines_win_nofill(wp, wp->w_topline, true)
+                                                + wp->w_topfill);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // When starting redraw in the first line, redraw all lines.
+    if (mid_start == 0) {
+      mid_end = wp->w_grid.rows;
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Not VALID or INVERTED: redraw all lines.
+    mid_start = 0;
+    mid_end = wp->w_grid.rows;
+  }
+
+  if (type == SOME_VALID) {
+    // SOME_VALID: redraw all lines.
+    mid_start = 0;
+    mid_end = wp->w_grid.rows;
+    type = NOT_VALID;
+  }
+
+  // check if we are updating or removing the inverted part
+  if ((VIsual_active && buf == curwin->w_buffer)
+      || (wp->w_old_cursor_lnum != 0 && type != NOT_VALID)) {
+    linenr_T from, to;
+
+    if (VIsual_active) {
+      if (VIsual_mode != wp->w_old_visual_mode || type == INVERTED_ALL) {
+        // If the type of Visual selection changed, redraw the whole
+        // selection.  Also when the ownership of the X selection is
+        // gained or lost.
+        if (curwin->w_cursor.lnum < VIsual.lnum) {
+          from = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
+          to = VIsual.lnum;
+        } else {
+          from = VIsual.lnum;
+          to = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
+        }
+        // redraw more when the cursor moved as well
+        if (wp->w_old_cursor_lnum < from) {
+          from = wp->w_old_cursor_lnum;
+        }
+        if (wp->w_old_cursor_lnum > to) {
+          to = wp->w_old_cursor_lnum;
+        }
+        if (wp->w_old_visual_lnum < from) {
+          from = wp->w_old_visual_lnum;
+        }
+        if (wp->w_old_visual_lnum > to) {
+          to = wp->w_old_visual_lnum;
+        }
+      } else {
+        // Find the line numbers that need to be updated: The lines
+        // between the old cursor position and the current cursor
+        // position.  Also check if the Visual position changed.
+        if (curwin->w_cursor.lnum < wp->w_old_cursor_lnum) {
+          from = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
+          to = wp->w_old_cursor_lnum;
+        } else {
+          from = wp->w_old_cursor_lnum;
+          to = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
+          if (from == 0) {              // Visual mode just started
+            from = to;
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (VIsual.lnum != wp->w_old_visual_lnum
+            || VIsual.col != wp->w_old_visual_col) {
+          if (wp->w_old_visual_lnum < from
+              && wp->w_old_visual_lnum != 0) {
+            from = wp->w_old_visual_lnum;
+          }
+          if (wp->w_old_visual_lnum > to) {
+            to = wp->w_old_visual_lnum;
+          }
+          if (VIsual.lnum < from) {
+            from = VIsual.lnum;
+          }
+          if (VIsual.lnum > to) {
+            to = VIsual.lnum;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // If in block mode and changed column or curwin->w_curswant:
+      // update all lines.
+      // First compute the actual start and end column.
+      if (VIsual_mode == Ctrl_V) {
+        colnr_T fromc, toc;
+        unsigned int save_ve_flags = curwin->w_ve_flags;
+
+        if (curwin->w_p_lbr) {
+          curwin->w_ve_flags = VE_ALL;
+        }
+
+        getvcols(wp, &VIsual, &curwin->w_cursor, &fromc, &toc);
+        toc++;
+        curwin->w_ve_flags = save_ve_flags;
+        // Highlight to the end of the line, unless 'virtualedit' has
+        // "block".
+        if (curwin->w_curswant == MAXCOL) {
+          if (get_ve_flags() & VE_BLOCK) {
+            pos_T pos;
+            int cursor_above = curwin->w_cursor.lnum < VIsual.lnum;
+
+            // Need to find the longest line.
+            toc = 0;
+            pos.coladd = 0;
+            for (pos.lnum = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
+                 cursor_above ? pos.lnum <= VIsual.lnum : pos.lnum >= VIsual.lnum;
+                 pos.lnum += cursor_above ? 1 : -1) {
+              colnr_T t;
+
+              pos.col = (colnr_T)STRLEN(ml_get_buf(wp->w_buffer, pos.lnum, false));
+              getvvcol(wp, &pos, NULL, NULL, &t);
+              if (toc < t) {
+                toc = t;
+              }
+            }
+            toc++;
+          } else {
+            toc = MAXCOL;
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (fromc != wp->w_old_cursor_fcol
+            || toc != wp->w_old_cursor_lcol) {
+          if (from > VIsual.lnum) {
+            from = VIsual.lnum;
+          }
+          if (to < VIsual.lnum) {
+            to = VIsual.lnum;
+          }
+        }
+        wp->w_old_cursor_fcol = fromc;
+        wp->w_old_cursor_lcol = toc;
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Use the line numbers of the old Visual area.
+      if (wp->w_old_cursor_lnum < wp->w_old_visual_lnum) {
+        from = wp->w_old_cursor_lnum;
+        to = wp->w_old_visual_lnum;
+      } else {
+        from = wp->w_old_visual_lnum;
+        to = wp->w_old_cursor_lnum;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // There is no need to update lines above the top of the window.
+    if (from < wp->w_topline) {
+      from = wp->w_topline;
+    }
+
+    // If we know the value of w_botline, use it to restrict the update to
+    // the lines that are visible in the window.
+    if (wp->w_valid & VALID_BOTLINE) {
+      if (from >= wp->w_botline) {
+        from = wp->w_botline - 1;
+      }
+      if (to >= wp->w_botline) {
+        to = wp->w_botline - 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Find the minimal part to be updated.
+    // Watch out for scrolling that made entries in w_lines[] invalid.
+    // E.g., CTRL-U makes the first half of w_lines[] invalid and sets
+    // top_end; need to redraw from top_end to the "to" line.
+    // A middle mouse click with a Visual selection may change the text
+    // above the Visual area and reset wl_valid, do count these for
+    // mid_end (in srow).
+    if (mid_start > 0) {
+      lnum = wp->w_topline;
+      idx = 0;
+      srow = 0;
+      if (scrolled_down) {
+        mid_start = top_end;
+      } else {
+        mid_start = 0;
+      }
+      while (lnum < from && idx < wp->w_lines_valid) {          // find start
+        if (wp->w_lines[idx].wl_valid) {
+          mid_start += wp->w_lines[idx].wl_size;
+        } else if (!scrolled_down) {
+          srow += wp->w_lines[idx].wl_size;
+        }
+        idx++;
+        if (idx < wp->w_lines_valid && wp->w_lines[idx].wl_valid) {
+          lnum = wp->w_lines[idx].wl_lnum;
+        } else {
+          lnum++;
+        }
+      }
+      srow += mid_start;
+      mid_end = wp->w_grid.rows;
+      for (; idx < wp->w_lines_valid; idx++) {                  // find end
+        if (wp->w_lines[idx].wl_valid
+            && wp->w_lines[idx].wl_lnum >= to + 1) {
+          // Only update until first row of this line
+          mid_end = srow;
+          break;
+        }
+        srow += wp->w_lines[idx].wl_size;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (VIsual_active && buf == curwin->w_buffer) {
+    wp->w_old_visual_mode = (char)VIsual_mode;
+    wp->w_old_cursor_lnum = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
+    wp->w_old_visual_lnum = VIsual.lnum;
+    wp->w_old_visual_col = VIsual.col;
+    wp->w_old_curswant = curwin->w_curswant;
+  } else {
+    wp->w_old_visual_mode = 0;
+    wp->w_old_cursor_lnum = 0;
+    wp->w_old_visual_lnum = 0;
+    wp->w_old_visual_col = 0;
+  }
+
+  // reset got_int, otherwise regexp won't work
+  save_got_int = got_int;
+  got_int = 0;
+  // Set the time limit to 'redrawtime'.
+  proftime_T syntax_tm = profile_setlimit(p_rdt);
+  syn_set_timeout(&syntax_tm);
+
+  // Update all the window rows.
+  idx = 0;              // first entry in w_lines[].wl_size
+  row = 0;
+  srow = 0;
+  lnum = wp->w_topline;  // first line shown in window
+
+  win_extmark_arr.size = 0;
+
+  decor_redraw_reset(buf, &decor_state);
+
+  DecorProviders line_providers;
+  decor_providers_invoke_win(wp, providers, &line_providers, &provider_err);
+  (void)win_signcol_count(wp);  // check if provider changed signcol width
+  if (must_redraw != 0) {
+    must_redraw = 0;
+    if (!called_decor_providers) {
+      called_decor_providers = true;
+      goto win_update_start;
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool cursorline_standout = win_cursorline_standout(wp);
+
+  win_check_ns_hl(wp);
+
+  for (;;) {
+    // stop updating when reached the end of the window (check for _past_
+    // the end of the window is at the end of the loop)
+    if (row == wp->w_grid.rows) {
+      didline = true;
+      break;
+    }
+
+    // stop updating when hit the end of the file
+    if (lnum > buf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
+      eof = true;
+      break;
+    }
+
+    // Remember the starting row of the line that is going to be dealt
+    // with.  It is used further down when the line doesn't fit.
+    srow = row;
+
+    // Update a line when it is in an area that needs updating, when it
+    // has changes or w_lines[idx] is invalid.
+    // "bot_start" may be halfway a wrapped line after using
+    // win_scroll_lines(), check if the current line includes it.
+    // When syntax folding is being used, the saved syntax states will
+    // already have been updated, we can't see where the syntax state is
+    // the same again, just update until the end of the window.
+    if (row < top_end
+        || (row >= mid_start && row < mid_end)
+        || top_to_mod
+        || idx >= wp->w_lines_valid
+        || (row + wp->w_lines[idx].wl_size > bot_start)
+        || (mod_top != 0
+            && (lnum == mod_top
+                || (lnum >= mod_top
+                    && (lnum < mod_bot
+                        || did_update == DID_FOLD
+                        || (did_update == DID_LINE
+                            && syntax_present(wp)
+                            && ((foldmethodIsSyntax(wp)
+                                 && hasAnyFolding(wp))
+                                || syntax_check_changed(lnum)))
+                        // match in fixed position might need redraw
+                        // if lines were inserted or deleted
+                        || (wp->w_match_head != NULL
+                            && buf->b_mod_xlines != 0)))))
+        || (cursorline_standout && lnum == wp->w_cursor.lnum)
+        || lnum == wp->w_last_cursorline) {
+      if (lnum == mod_top) {
+        top_to_mod = false;
+      }
+
+      // When at start of changed lines: May scroll following lines
+      // up or down to minimize redrawing.
+      // Don't do this when the change continues until the end.
+      // Don't scroll when dollar_vcol >= 0, keep the "$".
+      // Don't scroll when redrawing the top, scrolled already above.
+      if (lnum == mod_top
+          && mod_bot != MAXLNUM
+          && !(dollar_vcol >= 0 && mod_bot == mod_top + 1)
+          && row >= top_end) {
+        int old_rows = 0;
+        int new_rows = 0;
+        int xtra_rows;
+        linenr_T l;
+
+        // Count the old number of window rows, using w_lines[], which
+        // should still contain the sizes for the lines as they are
+        // currently displayed.
+        for (i = idx; i < wp->w_lines_valid; i++) {
+          // Only valid lines have a meaningful wl_lnum.  Invalid
+          // lines are part of the changed area.
+          if (wp->w_lines[i].wl_valid
+              && wp->w_lines[i].wl_lnum == mod_bot) {
+            break;
+          }
+          old_rows += wp->w_lines[i].wl_size;
+          if (wp->w_lines[i].wl_valid
+              && wp->w_lines[i].wl_lastlnum + 1 == mod_bot) {
+            // Must have found the last valid entry above mod_bot.
+            // Add following invalid entries.
+            i++;
+            while (i < wp->w_lines_valid
+                   && !wp->w_lines[i].wl_valid) {
+              old_rows += wp->w_lines[i++].wl_size;
+            }
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (i >= wp->w_lines_valid) {
+          // We can't find a valid line below the changed lines,
+          // need to redraw until the end of the window.
+          // Inserting/deleting lines has no use.
+          bot_start = 0;
+        } else {
+          // Able to count old number of rows: Count new window
+          // rows, and may insert/delete lines
+          j = idx;
+          for (l = lnum; l < mod_bot; l++) {
+            if (hasFoldingWin(wp, l, NULL, &l, true, NULL)) {
+              new_rows++;
+            } else if (l == wp->w_topline) {
+              new_rows += plines_win_nofill(wp, l, true) + wp->w_topfill;
+            } else {
+              new_rows += plines_win(wp, l, true);
+            }
+            j++;
+            if (new_rows > wp->w_grid.rows - row - 2) {
+              // it's getting too much, must redraw the rest
+              new_rows = 9999;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          xtra_rows = new_rows - old_rows;
+          if (xtra_rows < 0) {
+            // May scroll text up.  If there is not enough
+            // remaining text or scrolling fails, must redraw the
+            // rest.  If scrolling works, must redraw the text
+            // below the scrolled text.
+            if (row - xtra_rows >= wp->w_grid.rows - 2) {
+              mod_bot = MAXLNUM;
+            } else {
+              win_scroll_lines(wp, row, xtra_rows);
+              bot_start = wp->w_grid.rows + xtra_rows;
+            }
+          } else if (xtra_rows > 0) {
+            // May scroll text down.  If there is not enough
+            // remaining text of scrolling fails, must redraw the
+            // rest.
+            if (row + xtra_rows >= wp->w_grid.rows - 2) {
+              mod_bot = MAXLNUM;
+            } else {
+              win_scroll_lines(wp, row + old_rows, xtra_rows);
+              if (top_end > row + old_rows) {
+                // Scrolled the part at the top that requires
+                // updating down.
+                top_end += xtra_rows;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+
+          // When not updating the rest, may need to move w_lines[]
+          // entries.
+          if (mod_bot != MAXLNUM && i != j) {
+            if (j < i) {
+              int x = row + new_rows;
+
+              // move entries in w_lines[] upwards
+              for (;;) {
+                // stop at last valid entry in w_lines[]
+                if (i >= wp->w_lines_valid) {
+                  wp->w_lines_valid = (int)j;
+                  break;
+                }
+                wp->w_lines[j] = wp->w_lines[i];
+                // stop at a line that won't fit
+                if (x + (int)wp->w_lines[j].wl_size
+                    > wp->w_grid.rows) {
+                  wp->w_lines_valid = (int)j + 1;
+                  break;
+                }
+                x += wp->w_lines[j++].wl_size;
+                i++;
+              }
+              if (bot_start > x) {
+                bot_start = x;
+              }
+            } else {       // j > i
+                           // move entries in w_lines[] downwards
+              j -= i;
+              wp->w_lines_valid += (linenr_T)j;
+              if (wp->w_lines_valid > wp->w_grid.rows) {
+                wp->w_lines_valid = wp->w_grid.rows;
+              }
+              for (i = wp->w_lines_valid; i - j >= idx; i--) {
+                wp->w_lines[i] = wp->w_lines[i - j];
+              }
+
+              // The w_lines[] entries for inserted lines are
+              // now invalid, but wl_size may be used above.
+              // Reset to zero.
+              while (i >= idx) {
+                wp->w_lines[i].wl_size = 0;
+                wp->w_lines[i--].wl_valid = false;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // When lines are folded, display one line for all of them.
+      // Otherwise, display normally (can be several display lines when
+      // 'wrap' is on).
+      foldinfo_T foldinfo = fold_info(wp, lnum);
+
+      if (foldinfo.fi_lines == 0
+          && idx < wp->w_lines_valid
+          && wp->w_lines[idx].wl_valid
+          && wp->w_lines[idx].wl_lnum == lnum
+          && lnum > wp->w_topline
+          && !(dy_flags & (DY_LASTLINE | DY_TRUNCATE))
+          && srow + wp->w_lines[idx].wl_size > wp->w_grid.rows
+          && win_get_fill(wp, lnum) == 0) {
+        // This line is not going to fit.  Don't draw anything here,
+        // will draw "@  " lines below.
+        row = wp->w_grid.rows + 1;
+      } else {
+        prepare_search_hl(wp, &screen_search_hl, lnum);
+        // Let the syntax stuff know we skipped a few lines.
+        if (syntax_last_parsed != 0 && syntax_last_parsed + 1 < lnum
+            && syntax_present(wp)) {
+          syntax_end_parsing(syntax_last_parsed + 1);
+        }
+
+        // Display one line
+        row = win_line(wp, lnum, srow,
+                       foldinfo.fi_lines ? srow : wp->w_grid.rows,
+                       mod_top == 0, false, foldinfo, &line_providers, &provider_err);
+
+        if (foldinfo.fi_lines == 0) {
+          wp->w_lines[idx].wl_folded = false;
+          wp->w_lines[idx].wl_lastlnum = lnum;
+          did_update = DID_LINE;
+          syntax_last_parsed = lnum;
+        } else {
+          foldinfo.fi_lines--;
+          wp->w_lines[idx].wl_folded = true;
+          wp->w_lines[idx].wl_lastlnum = lnum + foldinfo.fi_lines;
+          did_update = DID_FOLD;
+        }
+      }
+
+      wp->w_lines[idx].wl_lnum = lnum;
+      wp->w_lines[idx].wl_valid = true;
+
+      if (row > wp->w_grid.rows) {         // past end of grid
+        // we may need the size of that too long line later on
+        if (dollar_vcol == -1) {
+          wp->w_lines[idx].wl_size = (uint16_t)plines_win(wp, lnum, true);
+        }
+        idx++;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (dollar_vcol == -1) {
+        wp->w_lines[idx].wl_size = (uint16_t)(row - srow);
+      }
+      idx++;
+      lnum += foldinfo.fi_lines + 1;
+    } else {
+      if (wp->w_p_rnu && wp->w_last_cursor_lnum_rnu != wp->w_cursor.lnum) {
+        // 'relativenumber' set and cursor moved vertically: The
+        // text doesn't need to be drawn, but the number column does.
+        foldinfo_T info = fold_info(wp, lnum);
+        (void)win_line(wp, lnum, srow, wp->w_grid.rows, true, true,
+                       info, &line_providers, &provider_err);
+      }
+
+      // This line does not need to be drawn, advance to the next one.
+      row += wp->w_lines[idx++].wl_size;
+      if (row > wp->w_grid.rows) {  // past end of screen
+        break;
+      }
+      lnum = wp->w_lines[idx - 1].wl_lastlnum + 1;
+      did_update = DID_NONE;
+    }
+
+    if (lnum > buf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
+      eof = true;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  // End of loop over all window lines.
+
+  // Now that the window has been redrawn with the old and new cursor line,
+  // update w_last_cursorline.
+  wp->w_last_cursorline = cursorline_standout ? wp->w_cursor.lnum : 0;
+
+  wp->w_last_cursor_lnum_rnu = wp->w_p_rnu ? wp->w_cursor.lnum : 0;
+
+  if (idx > wp->w_lines_valid) {
+    wp->w_lines_valid = idx;
+  }
+
+  // Let the syntax stuff know we stop parsing here.
+  if (syntax_last_parsed != 0 && syntax_present(wp)) {
+    syntax_end_parsing(syntax_last_parsed + 1);
+  }
+
+  // If we didn't hit the end of the file, and we didn't finish the last
+  // line we were working on, then the line didn't fit.
+  wp->w_empty_rows = 0;
+  wp->w_filler_rows = 0;
+  if (!eof && !didline) {
+    int at_attr = hl_combine_attr(win_bg_attr(wp), win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT));
+    if (lnum == wp->w_topline) {
+      // Single line that does not fit!
+      // Don't overwrite it, it can be edited.
+      wp->w_botline = lnum + 1;
+    } else if (win_get_fill(wp, lnum) >= wp->w_grid.rows - srow) {
+      // Window ends in filler lines.
+      wp->w_botline = lnum;
+      wp->w_filler_rows = wp->w_grid.rows - srow;
+    } else if (dy_flags & DY_TRUNCATE) {      // 'display' has "truncate"
+      int scr_row = wp->w_grid.rows - 1;
+
+      // Last line isn't finished: Display "@@@" in the last screen line.
+      grid_puts_len(&wp->w_grid, (char_u *)"@@", MIN(wp->w_grid.cols, 2), scr_row, 0, at_attr);
+
+      grid_fill(&wp->w_grid, scr_row, scr_row + 1, 2, wp->w_grid.cols,
+                '@', ' ', at_attr);
+      set_empty_rows(wp, srow);
+      wp->w_botline = lnum;
+    } else if (dy_flags & DY_LASTLINE) {      // 'display' has "lastline"
+      int start_col = wp->w_grid.cols - 3;
+
+      // Last line isn't finished: Display "@@@" at the end.
+      grid_fill(&wp->w_grid, wp->w_grid.rows - 1, wp->w_grid.rows,
+                MAX(start_col, 0), wp->w_grid.cols, '@', '@', at_attr);
+      set_empty_rows(wp, srow);
+      wp->w_botline = lnum;
+    } else {
+      win_draw_end(wp, '@', ' ', true, srow, wp->w_grid.rows, HLF_AT);
+      wp->w_botline = lnum;
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (eof) {  // we hit the end of the file
+      wp->w_botline = buf->b_ml.ml_line_count + 1;
+      j = win_get_fill(wp, wp->w_botline);
+      if (j > 0 && !wp->w_botfill && row < wp->w_grid.rows) {
+        // Display filler text below last line. win_line() will check
+        // for ml_line_count+1 and only draw filler lines
+        foldinfo_T info = FOLDINFO_INIT;
+        row = win_line(wp, wp->w_botline, row, wp->w_grid.rows,
+                       false, false, info, &line_providers, &provider_err);
+      }
+    } else if (dollar_vcol == -1) {
+      wp->w_botline = lnum;
+    }
+
+    // make sure the rest of the screen is blank
+    // write the 'eob' character to rows that aren't part of the file.
+    win_draw_end(wp, wp->w_p_fcs_chars.eob, ' ', false, row, wp->w_grid.rows,
+                 HLF_EOB);
+  }
+
+  kvi_destroy(line_providers);
+
+  if (wp->w_redr_type >= REDRAW_TOP) {
+    draw_vsep_win(wp);
+    draw_hsep_win(wp);
+    draw_sep_connectors_win(wp);
+  }
+  syn_set_timeout(NULL);
+
+  // Reset the type of redrawing required, the window has been updated.
+  wp->w_redr_type = 0;
+  wp->w_old_topfill = wp->w_topfill;
+  wp->w_old_botfill = wp->w_botfill;
+
+  // Send win_extmarks if needed
+  for (size_t n = 0; n < kv_size(win_extmark_arr); n++) {
+    ui_call_win_extmark(wp->w_grid_alloc.handle, wp->handle,
+                        kv_A(win_extmark_arr, n).ns_id, (Integer)kv_A(win_extmark_arr, n).mark_id,
+                        kv_A(win_extmark_arr, n).win_row, kv_A(win_extmark_arr, n).win_col);
+  }
+
+  if (dollar_vcol == -1) {
+    // There is a trick with w_botline.  If we invalidate it on each
+    // change that might modify it, this will cause a lot of expensive
+    // calls to plines_win() in update_topline() each time.  Therefore the
+    // value of w_botline is often approximated, and this value is used to
+    // compute the value of w_topline.  If the value of w_botline was
+    // wrong, check that the value of w_topline is correct (cursor is on
+    // the visible part of the text).  If it's not, we need to redraw
+    // again.  Mostly this just means scrolling up a few lines, so it
+    // doesn't look too bad.  Only do this for the current window (where
+    // changes are relevant).
+    wp->w_valid |= VALID_BOTLINE;
+    wp->w_viewport_invalid = true;
+    if (wp == curwin && wp->w_botline != old_botline && !recursive) {
+      recursive = true;
+      curwin->w_valid &= ~VALID_TOPLINE;
+      update_topline(curwin);  // may invalidate w_botline again
+      if (must_redraw != 0) {
+        // Don't update for changes in buffer again.
+        i = curbuf->b_mod_set;
+        curbuf->b_mod_set = false;
+        win_update(curwin, providers);
+        must_redraw = 0;
+        curbuf->b_mod_set = i;
+      }
+      recursive = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // restore got_int, unless CTRL-C was hit while redrawing
+  if (!got_int) {
+    got_int = save_got_int;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Redraw a window later, with update_screen(type).
+///
+/// Set must_redraw only if not already set to a higher value.
+/// e.g. if must_redraw is CLEAR, type NOT_VALID will do nothing.
+void redraw_later(win_T *wp, int type)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  if (!exiting && wp->w_redr_type < type) {
+    wp->w_redr_type = type;
+    if (type >= NOT_VALID) {
+      wp->w_lines_valid = 0;
+    }
+    if (must_redraw < type) {   // must_redraw is the maximum of all windows
+      must_redraw = type;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Mark all windows to be redrawn later.
+void redraw_all_later(int type)
+{
+  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+    redraw_later(wp, type);
+  }
+  // This may be needed when switching tabs.
+  if (must_redraw < type) {
+    must_redraw = type;
+  }
+}
+
+void screen_invalidate_highlights(void)
+{
+  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+    redraw_later(wp, NOT_VALID);
+    wp->w_grid_alloc.valid = false;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Mark all windows that are editing the current buffer to be updated later.
+void redraw_curbuf_later(int type)
+{
+  redraw_buf_later(curbuf, type);
+}
+
+void redraw_buf_later(buf_T *buf, int type)
+{
+  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+    if (wp->w_buffer == buf) {
+      redraw_later(wp, type);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void redraw_buf_line_later(buf_T *buf,  linenr_T line)
+{
+  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+    if (wp->w_buffer == buf
+        && line >= wp->w_topline && line < wp->w_botline) {
+      redrawWinline(wp, line);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void redraw_buf_range_later(buf_T *buf,  linenr_T firstline, linenr_T lastline)
+{
+  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+    if (wp->w_buffer == buf
+        && lastline >= wp->w_topline && firstline < wp->w_botline) {
+      if (wp->w_redraw_top == 0 || wp->w_redraw_top > firstline) {
+        wp->w_redraw_top = firstline;
+      }
+      if (wp->w_redraw_bot == 0 || wp->w_redraw_bot < lastline) {
+        wp->w_redraw_bot = lastline;
+      }
+      redraw_later(wp, VALID);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// called when the status bars for the buffer 'buf' need to be updated
+void redraw_buf_status_later(buf_T *buf)
+{
+  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+    if (wp->w_buffer == buf
+        && (wp->w_status_height
+            || (wp == curwin && global_stl_height())
+            || wp->w_winbar_height)) {
+      wp->w_redr_status = true;
+      if (must_redraw < VALID) {
+        must_redraw = VALID;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Mark all status lines and window bars for redraw; used after first :cd
+void status_redraw_all(void)
+{
+  bool is_stl_global = global_stl_height() != 0;
+
+  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+    if ((!is_stl_global && wp->w_status_height) || (is_stl_global && wp == curwin)
+        || wp->w_winbar_height) {
+      wp->w_redr_status = true;
+      redraw_later(wp, VALID);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Marks all status lines and window bars of the current buffer for redraw.
+void status_redraw_curbuf(void)
+{
+  status_redraw_buf(curbuf);
+}
+
+/// Marks all status lines and window bars of the given buffer for redraw.
+void status_redraw_buf(buf_T *buf)
+{
+  bool is_stl_global = global_stl_height() != 0;
+
+  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+    if (wp->w_buffer == buf && ((!is_stl_global && wp->w_status_height)
+                                || (is_stl_global && wp == curwin) || wp->w_winbar_height)) {
+      wp->w_redr_status = true;
+      redraw_later(wp, VALID);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Redraw all status lines that need to be redrawn.
+void redraw_statuslines(void)
+{
+  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+    if (wp->w_redr_status) {
+      win_redr_winbar(wp);
+      win_redr_status(wp);
+    }
+  }
+  if (redraw_tabline) {
+    draw_tabline();
+  }
+}
+
+/// Changed something in the current window, at buffer line "lnum", that
+/// requires that line and possibly other lines to be redrawn.
+/// Used when entering/leaving Insert mode with the cursor on a folded line.
+/// Used to remove the "$" from a change command.
+/// Note that when also inserting/deleting lines w_redraw_top and w_redraw_bot
+/// may become invalid and the whole window will have to be redrawn.
+void redrawWinline(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  if (lnum >= wp->w_topline
+      && lnum < wp->w_botline) {
+    if (wp->w_redraw_top == 0 || wp->w_redraw_top > lnum) {
+      wp->w_redraw_top = lnum;
+    }
+    if (wp->w_redraw_bot == 0 || wp->w_redraw_bot < lnum) {
+      wp->w_redraw_bot = lnum;
+    }
+    redraw_later(wp, VALID);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/nvim/drawscreen.h b/src/nvim/drawscreen.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3eac1caaa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/drawscreen.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#ifndef NVIM_DRAWSCREEN_H
+#define NVIM_DRAWSCREEN_H
+
+#include "nvim/drawline.h"
+
+/// flags for update_screen()
+/// The higher the value, the higher the priority
+enum {
+  VALID        = 10,  ///< buffer not changed, or changes marked with b_mod_*
+  INVERTED     = 20,  ///< redisplay inverted part that changed
+  INVERTED_ALL = 25,  ///< redisplay whole inverted part
+  REDRAW_TOP   = 30,  ///< display first w_upd_rows screen lines
+  SOME_VALID   = 35,  ///< like NOT_VALID but may scroll
+  NOT_VALID    = 40,  ///< buffer needs complete redraw
+  CLEAR        = 50,  ///< screen messed up, clear it
+};
+
+/// While redrawing the screen this flag is set.  It means the screen size
+/// ('lines' and 'rows') must not be changed.
+EXTERN bool updating_screen INIT(= 0);
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "drawscreen.h.generated.h"
+#endif
+#endif  // NVIM_DRAWSCREEN_H
diff --git a/src/nvim/edit.c b/src/nvim/edit.c
index 969e0af9f5..3a47731715 100644
--- a/src/nvim/edit.c
+++ b/src/nvim/edit.c
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/digraph.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/event/loop.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
 #include "nvim/indent.h"
 #include "nvim/indent_c.h"
@@ -46,9 +48,8 @@
 #include "nvim/os/time.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
 #include "nvim/plines.h"
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
+#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
 #include "nvim/quickfix.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/spell.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
@@ -1747,7 +1748,7 @@ void change_indent(int type, int amount, int round, int replaced, int call_chang
         replace_push(replaced);
         replaced = NUL;
       }
-      ++start_col;
+      start_col++;
     }
   }
 
@@ -1913,7 +1914,7 @@ int get_literal(bool no_simplify)
         cc = cc * 10 + nc - '0';
       }
 
-      ++i;
+      i++;
     }
 
     if (cc > 255
@@ -1948,7 +1949,7 @@ int get_literal(bool no_simplify)
     cc = '\n';
   }
 
-  --no_mapping;
+  no_mapping--;
   if (nc) {
     vungetc(nc);
     // A character typed with i_CTRL-V_digit cannot have modifiers.
@@ -2022,7 +2023,7 @@ static void insert_special(int c, int allow_modmask, int ctrlv)
 /// @param second_indent  indent for second line if >= 0
 void insertchar(int c, int flags, int second_indent)
 {
-  char_u *p;
+  char *p;
   int force_format = flags & INSCHAR_FORMAT;
 
   const int textwidth = comp_textwidth(force_format);
@@ -2081,13 +2082,13 @@ void insertchar(int c, int flags, int second_indent)
     // Need to remove existing (middle) comment leader and insert end
     // comment leader.  First, check what comment leader we can find.
     char_u *line = get_cursor_line_ptr();
-    int i = get_leader_len((char *)line, (char **)&p, false, true);
-    if (i > 0 && vim_strchr((char *)p, COM_MIDDLE) != NULL) {  // Just checking
+    int i = get_leader_len((char *)line, &p, false, true);
+    if (i > 0 && vim_strchr(p, COM_MIDDLE) != NULL) {  // Just checking
       // Skip middle-comment string
       while (*p && p[-1] != ':') {  // find end of middle flags
         p++;
       }
-      int middle_len = (int)copy_option_part((char **)&p, (char *)lead_end, COM_MAX_LEN, ",");
+      int middle_len = (int)copy_option_part(&p, (char *)lead_end, COM_MAX_LEN, ",");
       // Don't count trailing white space for middle_len
       while (middle_len > 0 && ascii_iswhite(lead_end[middle_len - 1])) {
         middle_len--;
@@ -2097,7 +2098,7 @@ void insertchar(int c, int flags, int second_indent)
       while (*p && p[-1] != ':') {  // find end of end flags
         p++;
       }
-      int end_len = (int)copy_option_part((char **)&p, (char *)lead_end, COM_MAX_LEN, ",");
+      int end_len = (int)copy_option_part(&p, (char *)lead_end, COM_MAX_LEN, ",");
 
       // Skip white space before the cursor
       i = curwin->w_cursor.col;
@@ -3253,7 +3254,7 @@ int cursor_down(long n, int upd_topline)
         if (hasFolding(lnum, NULL, &last)) {
           lnum = last + 1;
         } else {
-          ++lnum;
+          lnum++;
         }
         if (lnum >= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
           break;
@@ -3433,7 +3434,7 @@ void replace_push(int c)
     memmove(p + 1, p, (size_t)replace_offset);
   }
   *p = (char_u)c;
-  ++replace_stack_nr;
+  replace_stack_nr++;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3468,7 +3469,7 @@ static void replace_join(int off)
 {
   for (ssize_t i = replace_stack_nr; --i >= 0;) {
     if (replace_stack[i] == NUL && off-- <= 0) {
-      --replace_stack_nr;
+      replace_stack_nr--;
       memmove(replace_stack + i, replace_stack + i + 1,
               (size_t)(replace_stack_nr - i));
       return;
@@ -3794,12 +3795,9 @@ bool in_cinkeys(int keytyped, int when, bool line_is_empty)
       while (*look == '>') {
         look++;
       }
-    }
-    /*
-     * Is it a word: "=word"?
-     */
-    else if (*look == '=' && look[1] != ',' && look[1] != NUL) {
-      ++look;
+      // Is it a word: "=word"?
+    } else if (*look == '=' && look[1] != ',' && look[1] != NUL) {
+      look++;
       if (*look == '~') {
         icase = true;
         look++;
@@ -4253,7 +4251,7 @@ static bool ins_esc(long *count, int cmdchar, bool nomove)
   // Otherwise remove the mode message.
   if (reg_recording != 0 || restart_edit != NUL) {
     showmode();
-  } else if (p_smd) {
+  } else if (p_smd && (got_int || !skip_showmode())) {
     msg("");
   }
   // Exit Insert mode
@@ -5221,8 +5219,8 @@ static bool ins_tab(void)
     // Find first white before the cursor
     fpos = curwin->w_cursor;
     while (fpos.col > 0 && ascii_iswhite(ptr[-1])) {
-      --fpos.col;
-      --ptr;
+      fpos.col--;
+      ptr--;
     }
 
     // In Replace mode, don't change characters before the insert point.
@@ -5254,8 +5252,8 @@ static bool ins_tab(void)
           }
         }
       }
-      ++fpos.col;
-      ++ptr;
+      fpos.col++;
+      ptr++;
       vcol += i;
     }
 
@@ -5266,8 +5264,8 @@ static bool ins_tab(void)
       // Skip over the spaces we need.
       while (vcol < want_vcol && *ptr == ' ') {
         vcol += lbr_chartabsize(line, ptr, vcol);
-        ++ptr;
-        ++repl_off;
+        ptr++;
+        repl_off++;
       }
       if (vcol > want_vcol) {
         // Must have a char with 'showbreak' just before it.
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval.c b/src/nvim/eval.c
index 7cb8bdee19..53f1074033 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval.c
+++ b/src/nvim/eval.c
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 // This is an open source non-commercial project. Dear PVS-Studio, please check
 // it. PVS-Studio Static Code Analyzer for C, C++ and C#: http://www.viva64.com
 
-/*
- * eval.c: Expression evaluation.
- */
+// eval.c: Expression evaluation.
 
 #include <math.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -15,10 +13,12 @@
 #endif
 
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/channel.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/cmdhist.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
@@ -29,9 +29,10 @@
 #include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/vars.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_session.h"
-#include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
 #include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
@@ -43,8 +44,10 @@
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
 #include "nvim/os/shell.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/quickfix.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/sign.h"
@@ -71,19 +74,15 @@ static char * const namespace_char = "abglstvw";
 /// Variable used for g:
 static ScopeDictDictItem globvars_var;
 
-/*
- * Old Vim variables such as "v:version" are also available without the "v:".
- * Also in functions.  We need a special hashtable for them.
- */
+/// Old Vim variables such as "v:version" are also available without the "v:".
+/// Also in functions.  We need a special hashtable for them.
 static hashtab_T compat_hashtab;
 
 /// Used for checking if local variables or arguments used in a lambda.
 bool *eval_lavars_used = NULL;
 
-/*
- * Array to hold the hashtab with variables local to each sourced script.
- * Each item holds a variable (nameless) that points to the dict_T.
- */
+/// Array to hold the hashtab with variables local to each sourced script.
+/// Each item holds a variable (nameless) that points to the dict_T.
 typedef struct {
   ScopeDictDictItem sv_var;
   dict_T sv_dict;
@@ -98,9 +97,7 @@ static int echo_attr = 0;   // attributes used for ":echo"
 // The names of packages that once were loaded are remembered.
 static garray_T ga_loaded = { 0, 0, sizeof(char *), 4, NULL };
 
-/*
- * Info used by a ":for" loop.
- */
+/// Info used by a ":for" loop.
 typedef struct {
   int fi_semicolon;             // TRUE if ending in '; var]'
   int fi_varcount;              // nr of variables in the list
@@ -356,8 +353,6 @@ void eval_init(void)
 {
   vimvars[VV_VERSION].vv_nr = VIM_VERSION_100;
 
-  struct vimvar *p;
-
   init_var_dict(&globvardict, &globvars_var, VAR_DEF_SCOPE);
   init_var_dict(&vimvardict, &vimvars_var, VAR_SCOPE);
   vimvardict.dv_lock = VAR_FIXED;
@@ -365,7 +360,7 @@ void eval_init(void)
   func_init();
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(vimvars); i++) {
-    p = &vimvars[i];
+    struct vimvar *p = &vimvars[i];
     assert(STRLEN(p->vv_name) <= VIMVAR_KEY_LEN);
     STRCPY(p->vv_di.di_key, p->vv_name);
     if (p->vv_flags & VV_RO) {
@@ -447,10 +442,8 @@ void eval_init(void)
 #if defined(EXITFREE)
 void eval_clear(void)
 {
-  struct vimvar *p;
-
   for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(vimvars); i++) {
-    p = &vimvars[i];
+    struct vimvar *p = &vimvars[i];
     if (p->vv_di.di_tv.v_type == VAR_STRING) {
       XFREE_CLEAR(p->vv_str);
     } else if (p->vv_di.di_tv.v_type == VAR_LIST) {
@@ -473,13 +466,13 @@ void eval_clear(void)
   // autoloaded script names
   ga_clear_strings(&ga_loaded);
 
-  /* Script-local variables. First clear all the variables and in a second
-   * loop free the scriptvar_T, because a variable in one script might hold
-   * a reference to the whole scope of another script. */
-  for (int i = 1; i <= ga_scripts.ga_len; ++i) {
+  // Script-local variables. First clear all the variables and in a second
+  // loop free the scriptvar_T, because a variable in one script might hold
+  // a reference to the whole scope of another script.
+  for (int i = 1; i <= ga_scripts.ga_len; i++) {
     vars_clear(&SCRIPT_VARS(i));
   }
-  for (int i = 1; i <= ga_scripts.ga_len; ++i) {
+  for (int i = 1; i <= ga_scripts.ga_len; i++) {
     xfree(SCRIPT_SV(i));
   }
   ga_clear(&ga_scripts);
@@ -518,10 +511,6 @@ static char *redir_varname = NULL;
 /// @return  OK if successfully completed the setup.  FAIL otherwise.
 int var_redir_start(char *name, int append)
 {
-  int save_emsg;
-  int err;
-  typval_T tv;
-
   // Catch a bad name early.
   if (!eval_isnamec1(*name)) {
     emsg(_(e_invarg));
@@ -553,10 +542,11 @@ int var_redir_start(char *name, int append)
     return FAIL;
   }
 
-  /* check if we can write to the variable: set it to or append an empty
-   * string */
-  save_emsg = did_emsg;
-  did_emsg = FALSE;
+  // check if we can write to the variable: set it to or append an empty
+  // string
+  int save_emsg = did_emsg;
+  did_emsg = false;
+  typval_T tv;
   tv.v_type = VAR_STRING;
   tv.vval.v_string = "";
   if (append) {
@@ -565,7 +555,7 @@ int var_redir_start(char *name, int append)
     set_var_lval(redir_lval, redir_endp, &tv, true, false, "=");
   }
   clear_lval(redir_lval);
-  err = did_emsg;
+  int err = did_emsg;
   did_emsg |= save_emsg;
   if (err) {
     redir_endp = NULL;      // don't store a value, only cleanup
@@ -585,12 +575,11 @@ int var_redir_start(char *name, int append)
 ///   :redir END
 void var_redir_str(char *value, int value_len)
 {
-  int len;
-
   if (redir_lval == NULL) {
     return;
   }
 
+  int len;
   if (value_len == -1) {
     len = (int)STRLEN(value);           // Append the entire string
   } else {
@@ -606,12 +595,11 @@ void var_redir_str(char *value, int value_len)
 /// Frees the allocated memory.
 void var_redir_stop(void)
 {
-  typval_T tv;
-
   if (redir_lval != NULL) {
     // If there was no error: assign the text to the variable.
     if (redir_endp != NULL) {
       ga_append(&redir_ga, NUL);        // Append the trailing NUL.
+      typval_T tv;
       tv.v_type = VAR_STRING;
       tv.vval.v_string = redir_ga.ga_data;
       // Call get_lval() again, if it's inside a Dict or List it may
@@ -935,7 +923,7 @@ varnumber_T eval_to_number(char *expr)
   varnumber_T retval;
   char *p = skipwhite(expr);
 
-  ++emsg_off;
+  emsg_off++;
 
   if (eval1(&p, &rettv, true) == FAIL) {
     retval = -1;
@@ -943,7 +931,7 @@ varnumber_T eval_to_number(char *expr)
     retval = tv_get_number_chk(&rettv, NULL);
     tv_clear(&rettv);
   }
-  --emsg_off;
+  emsg_off--;
 
   return retval;
 }
@@ -1000,11 +988,9 @@ void prepare_vimvar(int idx, typval_T *save_tv)
 /// When no longer defined, remove the variable from the v: hashtable.
 void restore_vimvar(int idx, typval_T *save_tv)
 {
-  hashitem_T *hi;
-
   vimvars[idx].vv_tv = *save_tv;
   if (vimvars[idx].vv_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-    hi = hash_find(&vimvarht, (char *)vimvars[idx].vv_di.di_key);
+    hashitem_T *hi = hash_find(&vimvarht, (char *)vimvars[idx].vv_di.di_key);
     if (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
       internal_error("restore_vimvar()");
     } else {
@@ -1040,7 +1026,7 @@ list_T *eval_spell_expr(char *badword, char *expr)
   vimvars[VV_VAL].vv_type = VAR_STRING;
   vimvars[VV_VAL].vv_str = badword;
   if (p_verbose == 0) {
-    ++emsg_off;
+    emsg_off++;
   }
 
   if (eval1(&p, &rettv, true) == OK) {
@@ -1052,7 +1038,7 @@ list_T *eval_spell_expr(char *badword, char *expr)
   }
 
   if (p_verbose == 0) {
-    --emsg_off;
+    emsg_off--;
   }
   restore_vimvar(VV_VAL, &save_val);
 
@@ -1134,12 +1120,11 @@ varnumber_T call_func_retnr(const char *func, int argc, typval_T *argv)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
   typval_T rettv;
-  varnumber_T retval;
 
   if (call_vim_function((char *)func, argc, argv, &rettv) == FAIL) {
     return -1;
   }
-  retval = tv_get_number_chk(&rettv, NULL);
+  varnumber_T retval = tv_get_number_chk(&rettv, NULL);
   tv_clear(&rettv);
   return retval;
 }
@@ -1191,42 +1176,6 @@ void *call_func_retlist(const char *func, int argc, typval_T *argv)
   return rettv.vval.v_list;
 }
 
-/// Prepare profiling for entering a child or something else that is not
-/// counted for the script/function itself.
-/// Should always be called in pair with prof_child_exit().
-///
-/// @param tm  place to store waittime
-void prof_child_enter(proftime_T *tm)
-{
-  funccall_T *fc = get_current_funccal();
-
-  if (fc != NULL && fc->func->uf_profiling) {
-    fc->prof_child = profile_start();
-  }
-
-  script_prof_save(tm);
-}
-
-/// Take care of time spent in a child.
-/// Should always be called after prof_child_enter().
-///
-/// @param tm  where waittime was stored
-void prof_child_exit(proftime_T *tm)
-{
-  funccall_T *fc = get_current_funccal();
-
-  if (fc != NULL && fc->func->uf_profiling) {
-    fc->prof_child = profile_end(fc->prof_child);
-    // don't count waiting time
-    fc->prof_child = profile_sub_wait(*tm, fc->prof_child);
-    fc->func->uf_tm_children =
-      profile_add(fc->func->uf_tm_children, fc->prof_child);
-    fc->func->uf_tml_children =
-      profile_add(fc->func->uf_tml_children, fc->prof_child);
-  }
-  script_prof_restore(tm);
-}
-
 /// Evaluate 'foldexpr'.  Returns the foldlevel, and any character preceding
 /// it in "*cp".  Doesn't give error messages.
 int eval_foldexpr(char *arg, int *cp)
@@ -1235,11 +1184,11 @@ int eval_foldexpr(char *arg, int *cp)
   varnumber_T retval;
   int use_sandbox = was_set_insecurely(curwin, "foldexpr", OPT_LOCAL);
 
-  ++emsg_off;
+  emsg_off++;
   if (use_sandbox) {
-    ++sandbox;
+    sandbox++;
   }
-  ++textlock;
+  textlock++;
   *cp = NUL;
   if (eval0(arg, &tv, NULL, true) == FAIL) {
     retval = 0;
@@ -1260,11 +1209,11 @@ int eval_foldexpr(char *arg, int *cp)
     }
     tv_clear(&tv);
   }
-  --emsg_off;
+  emsg_off--;
   if (use_sandbox) {
-    --sandbox;
+    sandbox--;
   }
-  --textlock;
+  textlock--;
 
   return (int)retval;
 }
@@ -1298,16 +1247,11 @@ char *get_lval(char *const name, typval_T *const rettv, lval_T *const lp, const
                const bool skip, const int flags, const int fne_flags)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1, 3)
 {
-  dictitem_T *v;
-  typval_T var1;
-  typval_T var2;
-  int empty1 = FALSE;
-  listitem_T *ni;
-  hashtab_T *ht = NULL;
+  bool empty1 = false;
   int quiet = flags & GLV_QUIET;
 
   // Clear everything in "lp".
-  memset(lp, 0, sizeof(lval_T));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(lp);
 
   if (skip) {
     // When skipping just find the end of the name.
@@ -1355,11 +1299,13 @@ char *get_lval(char *const name, typval_T *const rettv, lval_T *const lp, const
     return p;
   }
 
+  hashtab_T *ht = NULL;
+
   // Only pass &ht when we would write to the variable, it prevents autoload
   // as well.
-  v = find_var(lp->ll_name, lp->ll_name_len,
-               (flags & GLV_READ_ONLY) ? NULL : &ht,
-               flags & GLV_NO_AUTOLOAD);
+  dictitem_T *v = find_var(lp->ll_name, lp->ll_name_len,
+                           (flags & GLV_READ_ONLY) ? NULL : &ht,
+                           flags & GLV_NO_AUTOLOAD);
   if (v == NULL && !quiet) {
     semsg(_("E121: Undefined variable: %.*s"),
           (int)lp->ll_name_len, lp->ll_name);
@@ -1370,7 +1316,9 @@ char *get_lval(char *const name, typval_T *const rettv, lval_T *const lp, const
 
   // Loop until no more [idx] or .key is following.
   lp->ll_tv = &v->di_tv;
+  typval_T var1;
   var1.v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
+  typval_T var2;
   var2.v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
   while (*p == '[' || (*p == '.' && lp->ll_tv->v_type == VAR_DICT)) {
     if (!(lp->ll_tv->v_type == VAR_LIST && lp->ll_tv->vval.v_list != NULL)
@@ -1612,7 +1560,7 @@ char *get_lval(char *const name, typval_T *const rettv, lval_T *const lp, const
         lp->ll_n2 = (long)tv_get_number(&var2);  // Is number or string.
         tv_clear(&var2);
         if (lp->ll_n2 < 0) {
-          ni = tv_list_find(lp->ll_list, (int)lp->ll_n2);
+          listitem_T *ni = tv_list_find(lp->ll_list, (int)lp->ll_n2);
           if (ni == NULL) {
             if (!quiet) {
               semsg(_(e_listidx), (int64_t)lp->ll_n2);
@@ -1765,9 +1713,7 @@ void set_var_lval(lval_T *lp, char *endp, typval_T *rettv, int copy, const bool
       ll_n1++;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Assign the List values to the list items.
-     */
+    // Assign the List values to the list items.
     for (ri = tv_list_first(rettv->vval.v_list); ri != NULL;) {
       if (op != NULL && *op != '=') {
         eexe_mod_op(TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(lp->ll_li), TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(ri), op);
@@ -1888,7 +1834,7 @@ void *eval_for_line(const char *arg, bool *errp, char **nextcmdp, int skip)
   }
 
   if (skip) {
-    ++emsg_skip;
+    emsg_skip++;
   }
   if (eval0(skipwhite(expr + 2), &tv, nextcmdp, !skip) == OK) {
     *errp = false;
@@ -1930,7 +1876,7 @@ void *eval_for_line(const char *arg, bool *errp, char **nextcmdp, int skip)
     }
   }
   if (skip) {
-    --emsg_skip;
+    emsg_skip--;
   }
 
   return fi;
@@ -2009,7 +1955,7 @@ void free_for_info(void *fi_void)
 void set_context_for_expression(expand_T *xp, char *arg, cmdidx_T cmdidx)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
-  int got_eq = FALSE;
+  bool got_eq = false;
   int c;
   char *p;
 
@@ -2035,7 +1981,7 @@ void set_context_for_expression(expand_T *xp, char *arg, cmdidx_T cmdidx)
     if (c == '&') {
       c = (uint8_t)xp->xp_pattern[1];
       if (c == '&') {
-        ++xp->xp_pattern;
+        xp->xp_pattern++;
         xp->xp_context = cmdidx != CMD_let || got_eq
                          ? EXPAND_EXPRESSION : EXPAND_NOTHING;
       } else if (c != ' ') {
@@ -2048,7 +1994,7 @@ void set_context_for_expression(expand_T *xp, char *arg, cmdidx_T cmdidx)
       // environment variable
       xp->xp_context = EXPAND_ENV_VARS;
     } else if (c == '=') {
-      got_eq = TRUE;
+      got_eq = true;
       xp->xp_context = EXPAND_EXPRESSION;
     } else if (c == '#'
                && xp->xp_context == EXPAND_EXPRESSION) {
@@ -2073,7 +2019,7 @@ void set_context_for_expression(expand_T *xp, char *arg, cmdidx_T cmdidx)
         xp->xp_context = EXPAND_NOTHING;
       } else if (c == '|') {
         if (xp->xp_pattern[1] == '|') {
-          ++xp->xp_pattern;
+          xp->xp_pattern++;
           xp->xp_context = EXPAND_EXPRESSION;
         } else {
           xp->xp_context = EXPAND_COMMANDS;
@@ -2123,11 +2069,9 @@ void del_menutrans_vars(void)
   hash_unlock(&globvarht);
 }
 
-/*
- * Local string buffer for the next two functions to store a variable name
- * with its prefix. Allocated in cat_prefix_varname(), freed later in
- * get_user_var_name().
- */
+/// Local string buffer for the next two functions to store a variable name
+/// with its prefix. Allocated in cat_prefix_varname(), freed later in
+/// get_user_var_name().
 
 static char *varnamebuf = NULL;
 static size_t varnamebuflen = 0;
@@ -2171,10 +2115,10 @@ char *get_user_var_name(expand_T *xp, int idx)
     if (gdone++ == 0) {
       hi = globvarht.ht_array;
     } else {
-      ++hi;
+      hi++;
     }
     while (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-      ++hi;
+      hi++;
     }
     if (STRNCMP("g:", xp->xp_pattern, 2) == 0) {
       return cat_prefix_varname('g', (char *)hi->hi_key);
@@ -2188,10 +2132,10 @@ char *get_user_var_name(expand_T *xp, int idx)
     if (bdone++ == 0) {
       hi = ht->ht_array;
     } else {
-      ++hi;
+      hi++;
     }
     while (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-      ++hi;
+      hi++;
     }
     return cat_prefix_varname('b', (char *)hi->hi_key);
   }
@@ -2202,10 +2146,10 @@ char *get_user_var_name(expand_T *xp, int idx)
     if (wdone++ == 0) {
       hi = ht->ht_array;
     } else {
-      ++hi;
+      hi++;
     }
     while (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-      ++hi;
+      hi++;
     }
     return cat_prefix_varname('w', (char *)hi->hi_key);
   }
@@ -2216,10 +2160,10 @@ char *get_user_var_name(expand_T *xp, int idx)
     if (tdone++ == 0) {
       hi = ht->ht_array;
     } else {
-      ++hi;
+      hi++;
     }
     while (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-      ++hi;
+      hi++;
     }
     return cat_prefix_varname('t', (char *)hi->hi_key);
   }
@@ -2291,7 +2235,7 @@ static int eval_func(char **const arg, char *const name, const int name_len, typ
   funcexe.evaluate = evaluate;
   funcexe.partial = partial;
   funcexe.basetv = basetv;
-  int ret = get_func_tv((char_u *)s, len, rettv, (char_u **)arg, &funcexe);
+  int ret = get_func_tv((char_u *)s, len, rettv, arg, &funcexe);
 
   xfree(s);
 
@@ -2317,11 +2261,9 @@ static int eval_func(char **const arg, char *const name, const int name_len, typ
 
 // TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/expressions
 
-/*
- * The "evaluate" argument: When FALSE, the argument is only parsed but not
- * executed.  The function may return OK, but the rettv will be of type
- * VAR_UNKNOWN.  The function still returns FAIL for a syntax error.
- */
+/// The "evaluate" argument: When FALSE, the argument is only parsed but not
+/// executed.  The function may return OK, but the rettv will be of type
+/// VAR_UNKNOWN.  The function still returns FAIL for a syntax error.
 
 /// Handle zero level expression.
 /// This calls eval1() and handles error message and nextcmd.
@@ -2372,18 +2314,16 @@ int eval0(char *arg, typval_T *rettv, char **nextcmd, int evaluate)
 /// @return  OK or FAIL.
 int eval1(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
 {
-  int result;
+  bool result;
   typval_T var2;
 
-  /*
-   * Get the first variable.
-   */
+  // Get the first variable.
   if (eval2(arg, rettv, evaluate) == FAIL) {
     return FAIL;
   }
 
   if ((*arg)[0] == '?') {
-    result = FALSE;
+    result = false;
     if (evaluate) {
       bool error = false;
 
@@ -2396,17 +2336,13 @@ int eval1(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
       }
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Get the second variable.
-     */
+    // Get the second variable.
     *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
     if (eval1(arg, rettv, evaluate && result) == FAIL) {  // recursive!
       return FAIL;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Check for the ":".
-     */
+    // Check for the ":".
     if ((*arg)[0] != ':') {
       emsg(_("E109: Missing ':' after '?'"));
       if (evaluate && result) {
@@ -2415,9 +2351,7 @@ int eval1(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
       return FAIL;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Get the third variable.
-     */
+    // Get the third variable.
     *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
     if (eval1(arg, &var2, evaluate && !result) == FAIL) {  // Recursive!
       if (evaluate && result) {
@@ -2445,22 +2379,16 @@ int eval1(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
 static int eval2(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
 {
   typval_T var2;
-  long result;
-  int first;
   bool error = false;
 
-  /*
-   * Get the first variable.
-   */
+  // Get the first variable.
   if (eval3(arg, rettv, evaluate) == FAIL) {
     return FAIL;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Repeat until there is no following "||".
-   */
-  first = TRUE;
-  result = FALSE;
+  // Repeat until there is no following "||".
+  bool first = true;
+  bool result = false;
   while ((*arg)[0] == '|' && (*arg)[1] == '|') {
     if (evaluate && first) {
       if (tv_get_number_chk(rettv, &error) != 0) {
@@ -2473,17 +2401,13 @@ static int eval2(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
       first = false;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Get the second variable.
-     */
+    // Get the second variable.
     *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 2);
     if (eval3(arg, &var2, evaluate && !result) == FAIL) {
       return FAIL;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Compute the result.
-     */
+    // Compute the result.
     if (evaluate && !result) {
       if (tv_get_number_chk(&var2, &error) != 0) {
         result = true;
@@ -2514,22 +2438,16 @@ static int eval2(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
 static int eval3(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
 {
   typval_T var2;
-  long result;
-  int first;
   bool error = false;
 
-  /*
-   * Get the first variable.
-   */
+  // Get the first variable.
   if (eval4(arg, rettv, evaluate) == FAIL) {
     return FAIL;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Repeat until there is no following "&&".
-   */
-  first = TRUE;
-  result = TRUE;
+  // Repeat until there is no following "&&".
+  bool first = true;
+  bool result = true;
   while ((*arg)[0] == '&' && (*arg)[1] == '&') {
     if (evaluate && first) {
       if (tv_get_number_chk(rettv, &error) == 0) {
@@ -2542,17 +2460,13 @@ static int eval3(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
       first = false;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Get the second variable.
-     */
+    // Get the second variable.
     *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 2);
     if (eval4(arg, &var2, evaluate && result) == FAIL) {
       return FAIL;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Compute the result.
-     */
+    // Compute the result.
     if (evaluate && result) {
       if (tv_get_number_chk(&var2, &error) == 0) {
         result = false;
@@ -2597,9 +2511,7 @@ static int eval4(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
   int len = 2;
   bool ic;
 
-  /*
-   * Get the first variable.
-   */
+  // Get the first variable.
   if (eval5(arg, rettv, evaluate) == FAIL) {
     return FAIL;
   }
@@ -2648,9 +2560,7 @@ static int eval4(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
     break;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * If there is a comparative operator, use it.
-   */
+  // If there is a comparative operator, use it.
   if (type != EXPR_UNKNOWN) {
     // extra question mark appended: ignore case
     if (p[len] == '?') {
@@ -2701,16 +2611,12 @@ static int eval5(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
   float_T f1 = 0, f2 = 0;
   char *p;
 
-  /*
-   * Get the first variable.
-   */
-  if (eval6(arg, rettv, evaluate, FALSE) == FAIL) {
+  // Get the first variable.
+  if (eval6(arg, rettv, evaluate, false) == FAIL) {
     return FAIL;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Repeat computing, until no '+', '-' or '.' is following.
-   */
+  // Repeat computing, until no '+', '-' or '.' is following.
   for (;;) {
     op = (char_u)(**arg);
     if (op != '+' && op != '-' && op != '.') {
@@ -2732,9 +2638,7 @@ static int eval5(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
       }
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Get the second variable.
-     */
+    // Get the second variable.
     if (op == '.' && *(*arg + 1) == '.') {  // ..string concatenation
       (*arg)++;
     }
@@ -2745,9 +2649,7 @@ static int eval5(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
     }
 
     if (evaluate) {
-      /*
-       * Compute the result.
-       */
+      // Compute the result.
       if (op == '.') {
         char buf1[NUMBUFLEN];
         char buf2[NUMBUFLEN];
@@ -2876,16 +2778,12 @@ static int eval6(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate, int want_string)
   float_T f1 = 0, f2 = 0;
   bool error = false;
 
-  /*
-   * Get the first variable.
-   */
+  // Get the first variable.
   if (eval7(arg, rettv, evaluate, want_string) == FAIL) {
     return FAIL;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Repeat computing, until no '*', '/' or '%' is following.
-   */
+  // Repeat computing, until no '*', '/' or '%' is following.
   for (;;) {
     op = (char_u)(**arg);
     if (op != '*' && op != '/' && op != '%') {
@@ -2908,9 +2806,7 @@ static int eval6(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate, int want_string)
       n1 = 0;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Get the second variable.
-     */
+    // Get the second variable.
     *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
     if (eval7(arg, &var2, evaluate, false) == FAIL) {
       return FAIL;
@@ -2935,10 +2831,8 @@ static int eval6(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate, int want_string)
         }
       }
 
-      /*
-       * Compute the result.
-       * When either side is a float the result is a float.
-       */
+      // Compute the result.
+      // When either side is a float the result is a float.
       if (use_float) {
         if (op == '*') {
           f1 = f1 * f2;
@@ -3051,9 +2945,9 @@ static int eval7(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate, int want_string)
       get_float = true;
       p = skipdigits(p + 2);
       if (*p == 'e' || *p == 'E') {
-        ++p;
+        p++;
         if (*p == '-' || *p == '+') {
-          ++p;
+          p++;
         }
         if (!ascii_isdigit(*p)) {
           get_float = false;
@@ -3147,7 +3041,7 @@ static int eval7(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate, int want_string)
   // Lambda: {arg, arg -> expr}
   // Dictionary: {'key': val, 'key': val}
   case '{':
-    ret = get_lambda_tv((char_u **)arg, rettv, evaluate);
+    ret = get_lambda_tv(arg, rettv, evaluate);
     if (ret == NOTDONE) {
       ret = dict_get_tv(arg, rettv, evaluate, false);
     }
@@ -3164,15 +3058,12 @@ static int eval7(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate, int want_string)
 
   // Register contents: @r.
   case '@':
-    ++*arg;
+    (*arg)++;
     int regname = mb_cptr2char_adv((const char_u**) arg);
     if (evaluate) {
       rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
       rettv->vval.v_string = get_reg_contents(regname, kGRegExprSrc);
     }
-    // if (**arg != NUL) {
-    //   ++*arg;
-    // }
     break;
 
   // nested expression: (expression).
@@ -3180,7 +3071,7 @@ static int eval7(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate, int want_string)
     *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
     ret = eval1(arg, rettv, evaluate);                  // recursive!
     if (**arg == ')') {
-      ++*arg;
+      (*arg)++;
     } else if (ret == OK) {
       emsg(_("E110: Missing ')'"));
       tv_clear(rettv);
@@ -3326,7 +3217,7 @@ static int call_func_rettv(char **const arg, typval_T *const rettv, const bool e
   funcexe.selfdict = selfdict;
   funcexe.basetv = basetv;
   const int ret = get_func_tv((char_u *)funcname, is_lua ? (int)(*arg - funcname) : -1, rettv,
-                              (char_u **)arg, &funcexe);
+                              arg, &funcexe);
 
   // Clear the funcref afterwards, so that deleting it while
   // evaluating the arguments is possible (see test55).
@@ -3354,7 +3245,7 @@ static int eval_lambda(char **const arg, typval_T *const rettv, const bool evalu
   typval_T base = *rettv;
   rettv->v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
 
-  int ret = get_lambda_tv((char_u **)arg, rettv, evaluate);
+  int ret = get_lambda_tv(arg, rettv, evaluate);
   if (ret != OK) {
     return FAIL;
   } else if (**arg != '(') {
@@ -3504,9 +3395,7 @@ static int eval_index(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate, int verbose)
   typval_T var1 = TV_INITIAL_VALUE;
   typval_T var2 = TV_INITIAL_VALUE;
   if (**arg == '.') {
-    /*
-     * dict.name
-     */
+    // dict.name
     key = *arg + 1;
     for (len = 0; ASCII_ISALNUM(key[len]) || key[len] == '_'; len++) {}
     if (len == 0) {
@@ -3514,11 +3403,9 @@ static int eval_index(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate, int verbose)
     }
     *arg = skipwhite(key + len);
   } else {
-    /*
-     * something[idx]
-     *
-     * Get the (first) variable from inside the [].
-     */
+    // something[idx]
+    //
+    // Get the (first) variable from inside the [].
     *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
     if (**arg == ':') {
       empty1 = true;
@@ -3530,9 +3417,7 @@ static int eval_index(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate, int verbose)
       return FAIL;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Get the second variable from inside the [:].
-     */
+    // Get the second variable from inside the [:].
     if (**arg == ':') {
       range = true;
       *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
@@ -3773,11 +3658,7 @@ static int eval_index(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate, int verbose)
 int get_option_tv(const char **const arg, typval_T *const rettv, const bool evaluate)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
 {
-  long numval;
-  char *stringval;
-  getoption_T opt_type;
   bool working = (**arg == '+');  // has("+option")
-  int ret = OK;
   int opt_flags;
 
   // Isolate the option name and find its value.
@@ -3794,10 +3675,14 @@ int get_option_tv(const char **const arg, typval_T *const rettv, const bool eval
     return OK;
   }
 
+  long numval;
+  char *stringval;
+  int ret = OK;
+
   char c = *option_end;
   *option_end = NUL;
-  opt_type = get_option_value(*arg, &numval,
-                              rettv == NULL ? NULL : &stringval, opt_flags);
+  getoption_T opt_type = get_option_value(*arg, &numval,
+                                          rettv == NULL ? NULL : &stringval, opt_flags);
 
   if (opt_type == gov_unknown) {
     if (rettv != NULL) {
@@ -3838,9 +3723,7 @@ static int get_string_tv(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
   char *p;
   unsigned int extra = 0;
 
-  /*
-   * Find the end of the string, skipping backslashed characters.
-   */
+  // Find the end of the string, skipping backslashed characters.
   for (p = *arg + 1; *p != NUL && *p != '"'; MB_PTR_ADV(p)) {
     if (*p == '\\' && p[1] != NUL) {
       p++;
@@ -3864,10 +3747,8 @@ static int get_string_tv(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
     return OK;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Copy the string into allocated memory, handling backslashed
-   * characters.
-   */
+  // Copy the string into allocated memory, handling backslashed
+  // characters.
   const int len = (int)(p - *arg + extra);
   char *name = xmalloc((size_t)len);
   rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
@@ -3906,7 +3787,7 @@ static int get_string_tv(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
           }
           nr = 0;
           while (--n >= 0 && ascii_isxdigit(p[1])) {
-            ++p;
+            p++;
             nr = (nr << 4) + hex2nr(*p);
           }
           p++;
@@ -3936,7 +3817,7 @@ static int get_string_tv(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
             *name = (char)((*name << 3) + *p++ - '0');
           }
         }
-        ++name;
+        name++;
         break;
 
       // Special key, e.g.: "\<C-W>"
@@ -3958,11 +3839,11 @@ static int get_string_tv(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
         FALLTHROUGH;
 
       default:
-        mb_copy_char((const char_u **)&p, (char_u **)&name);
+        mb_copy_char((const char **)&p, &name);
         break;
       }
     } else {
-      mb_copy_char((const char_u **)&p, (char_u **)&name);
+      mb_copy_char((const char **)&p, &name);
     }
   }
   *name = NUL;
@@ -3980,19 +3861,16 @@ static int get_string_tv(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
 static int get_lit_string_tv(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
 {
   char *p;
-  char *str;
   int reduce = 0;
 
-  /*
-   * Find the end of the string, skipping ''.
-   */
+  // Find the end of the string, skipping ''.
   for (p = *arg + 1; *p != NUL; MB_PTR_ADV(p)) {
     if (*p == '\'') {
       if (p[1] != '\'') {
         break;
       }
-      ++reduce;
-      ++p;
+      reduce++;
+      p++;
     }
   }
 
@@ -4007,10 +3885,8 @@ static int get_lit_string_tv(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
     return OK;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Copy the string into allocated memory, handling '' to ' reduction.
-   */
-  str = xmalloc((size_t)((p - *arg) - reduce));
+  // Copy the string into allocated memory, handling '' to ' reduction.
+  char *str = xmalloc((size_t)((p - *arg) - reduce));
   rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
   rettv->vval.v_string = str;
 
@@ -4019,9 +3895,9 @@ static int get_lit_string_tv(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
       if (p[1] != '\'') {
         break;
       }
-      ++p;
+      p++;
     }
-    mb_copy_char((const char_u **)&p, (char_u **)&str);
+    mb_copy_char((const char **)&p, &str);
   }
   *str = NUL;
   *arg = p + 1;
@@ -4120,16 +3996,14 @@ failret:
 /// @param ic  ignore case
 bool func_equal(typval_T *tv1, typval_T *tv2, bool ic)
 {
-  char_u *s1, *s2;
-  dict_T *d1, *d2;
-  int a1, a2;
-
   // empty and NULL function name considered the same
-  s1 = (char_u *)(tv1->v_type == VAR_FUNC ? tv1->vval.v_string : partial_name(tv1->vval.v_partial));
+  char_u *s1 =
+    (char_u *)(tv1->v_type == VAR_FUNC ? tv1->vval.v_string : partial_name(tv1->vval.v_partial));
   if (s1 != NULL && *s1 == NUL) {
     s1 = NULL;
   }
-  s2 = (char_u *)(tv2->v_type == VAR_FUNC ? tv2->vval.v_string : partial_name(tv2->vval.v_partial));
+  char_u *s2 =
+    (char_u *)(tv2->v_type == VAR_FUNC ? tv2->vval.v_string : partial_name(tv2->vval.v_partial));
   if (s2 != NULL && *s2 == NUL) {
     s2 = NULL;
   }
@@ -4142,8 +4016,8 @@ bool func_equal(typval_T *tv1, typval_T *tv2, bool ic)
   }
 
   // empty dict and NULL dict is different
-  d1 = tv1->v_type == VAR_FUNC ? NULL : tv1->vval.v_partial->pt_dict;
-  d2 = tv2->v_type == VAR_FUNC ? NULL : tv2->vval.v_partial->pt_dict;
+  dict_T *d1 = tv1->v_type == VAR_FUNC ? NULL : tv1->vval.v_partial->pt_dict;
+  dict_T *d2 = tv2->v_type == VAR_FUNC ? NULL : tv2->vval.v_partial->pt_dict;
   if (d1 == NULL || d2 == NULL) {
     if (d1 != d2) {
       return false;
@@ -4153,8 +4027,8 @@ bool func_equal(typval_T *tv1, typval_T *tv2, bool ic)
   }
 
   // empty list and no list considered the same
-  a1 = tv1->v_type == VAR_FUNC ? 0 : tv1->vval.v_partial->pt_argc;
-  a2 = tv2->v_type == VAR_FUNC ? 0 : tv2->vval.v_partial->pt_argc;
+  int a1 = tv1->v_type == VAR_FUNC ? 0 : tv1->vval.v_partial->pt_argc;
+  int a2 = tv2->v_type == VAR_FUNC ? 0 : tv2->vval.v_partial->pt_argc;
   if (a1 != a2) {
     return false;
   }
@@ -4183,25 +4057,23 @@ int get_copyID(void)
   return current_copyID;
 }
 
-/*
- * Garbage collection for lists and dictionaries.
- *
- * We use reference counts to be able to free most items right away when they
- * are no longer used.  But for composite items it's possible that it becomes
- * unused while the reference count is > 0: When there is a recursive
- * reference.  Example:
- *      :let l = [1, 2, 3]
- *      :let d = {9: l}
- *      :let l[1] = d
- *
- * Since this is quite unusual we handle this with garbage collection: every
- * once in a while find out which lists and dicts are not referenced from any
- * variable.
- *
- * Here is a good reference text about garbage collection (refers to Python
- * but it applies to all reference-counting mechanisms):
- *      http://python.ca/nas/python/gc/
- */
+/// Garbage collection for lists and dictionaries.
+///
+/// We use reference counts to be able to free most items right away when they
+/// are no longer used.  But for composite items it's possible that it becomes
+/// unused while the reference count is > 0: When there is a recursive
+/// reference.  Example:
+///      :let l = [1, 2, 3]
+///      :let d = {9: l}
+///      :let l[1] = d
+///
+/// Since this is quite unusual we handle this with garbage collection: every
+/// once in a while find out which lists and dicts are not referenced from any
+/// variable.
+///
+/// Here is a good reference text about garbage collection (refers to Python
+/// but it applies to all reference-counting mechanisms):
+///      http://python.ca/nas/python/gc/
 
 /// Do garbage collection for lists and dicts.
 ///
@@ -4220,6 +4092,23 @@ bool garbage_collect(bool testing)
     garbage_collect_at_exit = false;
   }
 
+  // The execution stack can grow big, limit the size.
+  if (exestack.ga_maxlen - exestack.ga_len > 500) {
+    // Keep 150% of the current size, with a minimum of the growth size.
+    int n = exestack.ga_len / 2;
+    if (n < exestack.ga_growsize) {
+      n = exestack.ga_growsize;
+    }
+
+    // Don't make it bigger though.
+    if (exestack.ga_len + n < exestack.ga_maxlen) {
+      size_t new_len = (size_t)exestack.ga_itemsize * (size_t)(exestack.ga_len + n);
+      char *pp = xrealloc(exestack.ga_data, new_len);
+      exestack.ga_maxlen = exestack.ga_len + n;
+      exestack.ga_data = pp;
+    }
+  }
+
   // We advance by two (COPYID_INC) because we add one for items referenced
   // through previous_funccal.
   const int copyID = get_copyID();
@@ -4233,7 +4122,7 @@ bool garbage_collect(bool testing)
   ABORTING(set_ref_in_previous_funccal)(copyID);
 
   // script-local variables
-  for (int i = 1; i <= ga_scripts.ga_len; ++i) {
+  for (int i = 1; i <= ga_scripts.ga_len; i++) {
     ABORTING(set_ref_in_ht)(&SCRIPT_VARS(i), copyID, NULL);
   }
 
@@ -4692,21 +4581,16 @@ static int get_literal_key(char **arg, typval_T *tv)
 /// @return  OK or FAIL.  Returns NOTDONE for {expr}.
 static int dict_get_tv(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate, bool literal)
 {
-  dict_T *d = NULL;
-  typval_T tvkey;
   typval_T tv;
   char *key = NULL;
-  dictitem_T *item;
   char *start = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
   char buf[NUMBUFLEN];
 
-  /*
-   * First check if it's not a curly-braces thing: {expr}.
-   * Must do this without evaluating, otherwise a function may be called
-   * twice.  Unfortunately this means we need to call eval1() twice for the
-   * first item.
-   * But {} is an empty Dictionary.
-   */
+  // First check if it's not a curly-braces thing: {expr}.
+  // Must do this without evaluating, otherwise a function may be called
+  // twice.  Unfortunately this means we need to call eval1() twice for the
+  // first item.
+  // But {} is an empty Dictionary.
   if (*start != '}') {
     if (eval1(&start, &tv, false) == FAIL) {    // recursive!
       return FAIL;
@@ -4716,9 +4600,11 @@ static int dict_get_tv(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate, bool literal)
     }
   }
 
+  dict_T *d = NULL;
   if (evaluate) {
     d = tv_dict_alloc();
   }
+  typval_T tvkey;
   tvkey.v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
   tv.v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
 
@@ -4751,7 +4637,7 @@ static int dict_get_tv(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate, bool literal)
       goto failret;
     }
     if (evaluate) {
-      item = tv_dict_find(d, (const char *)key, -1);
+      dictitem_T *item = tv_dict_find(d, (const char *)key, -1);
       if (item != NULL) {
         semsg(_("E721: Duplicate key in Dictionary: \"%s\""), key);
         tv_clear(&tvkey);
@@ -4806,8 +4692,6 @@ failret:
 size_t string2float(const char *const text, float_T *const ret_value)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
-  char *s = NULL;
-
   // MS-Windows does not deal with "inf" and "nan" properly
   if (STRNICMP(text, "inf", 3) == 0) {
     *ret_value = (float_T)INFINITY;
@@ -4821,6 +4705,7 @@ size_t string2float(const char *const text, float_T *const ret_value)
     *ret_value = (float_T)NAN;
     return 3;
   }
+  char *s = NULL;
   *ret_value = strtod(text, &s);
   return (size_t)(s - text);
 }
@@ -4834,23 +4719,18 @@ size_t string2float(const char *const text, float_T *const ret_value)
 /// @return  FAIL if the name is invalid.
 static int get_env_tv(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
 {
-  char *name;
-  char *string = NULL;
-  int len;
-  int cc;
-
-  ++*arg;
-  name = *arg;
-  len = get_env_len((const char **)arg);
+  (*arg)++;
+  char *name = *arg;
+  int len = get_env_len((const char **)arg);
 
   if (evaluate) {
     if (len == 0) {
       return FAIL;  // Invalid empty name.
     }
-    cc = (char_u)name[len];
+    int cc = (int)name[len];
     name[len] = NUL;
     // First try vim_getenv(), fast for normal environment vars.
-    string = vim_getenv(name);
+    char *string = vim_getenv(name);
     if (string == NULL || *string == NUL) {
       xfree(string);
 
@@ -4868,18 +4748,6 @@ static int get_env_tv(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
   return OK;
 }
 
-/// Get the argument list for a given window
-void get_arglist_as_rettv(aentry_T *arglist, int argcount, typval_T *rettv)
-{
-  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv, argcount);
-  if (arglist != NULL) {
-    for (int idx = 0; idx < argcount; idx++) {
-      tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list,
-                            (const char *)alist_name(&arglist[idx]), -1);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 /// Add an assert error to v:errors.
 void assert_error(garray_T *gap)
 {
@@ -4909,17 +4777,10 @@ win_T *find_win_by_nr_or_id(typval_T *vp)
 /// Implementation of map() and filter().
 void filter_map(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int map)
 {
-  typval_T *expr;
   list_T *l = NULL;
-  dictitem_T *di;
-  hashtab_T *ht;
-  hashitem_T *hi;
   dict_T *d = NULL;
-  typval_T save_val;
-  typval_T save_key;
   blob_T *b = NULL;
   int rem = false;
-  int todo;
   char *ermsg = map ? "map()" : "filter()";
   const char *const arg_errmsg = (map
                                   ? N_("map() argument")
@@ -4950,18 +4811,20 @@ void filter_map(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int map)
     return;
   }
 
-  expr = &argvars[1];
+  typval_T *expr = &argvars[1];
   // On type errors, the preceding call has already displayed an error
   // message.  Avoid a misleading error message for an empty string that
   // was not passed as argument.
   if (expr->v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
+    typval_T save_val;
     prepare_vimvar(VV_VAL, &save_val);
 
     // We reset "did_emsg" to be able to detect whether an error
     // occurred during evaluation of the expression.
     save_did_emsg = did_emsg;
-    did_emsg = FALSE;
+    did_emsg = false;
 
+    typval_T save_key;
     prepare_vimvar(VV_KEY, &save_key);
     if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_DICT) {
       vimvars[VV_KEY].vv_type = VAR_STRING;
@@ -4970,14 +4833,14 @@ void filter_map(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int map)
       if (map && d->dv_lock == VAR_UNLOCKED) {
         d->dv_lock = VAR_LOCKED;
       }
-      ht = &d->dv_hashtab;
+      hashtab_T *ht = &d->dv_hashtab;
       hash_lock(ht);
-      todo = (int)ht->ht_used;
-      for (hi = ht->ht_array; todo > 0; ++hi) {
+      int todo = (int)ht->ht_used;
+      for (hashitem_T *hi = ht->ht_array; todo > 0; hi++) {
         if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-          --todo;
+          todo--;
 
-          di = TV_DICT_HI2DI(hi);
+          dictitem_T *di = TV_DICT_HI2DI(hi);
           if (map
               && (var_check_lock(di->di_tv.v_lock, arg_errmsg, TV_TRANSLATE)
                   || var_check_ro(di->di_flags, arg_errmsg, TV_TRANSLATE))) {
@@ -5126,7 +4989,7 @@ void common_function(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, bool is_funcref, FunPtr
 
   if ((use_string && vim_strchr(s, AUTOLOAD_CHAR) == NULL) || is_funcref) {
     name = s;
-    trans_name = (char *)trans_function_name((char_u **)&name, false,
+    trans_name = (char *)trans_function_name(&name, false,
                                              TFN_INT | TFN_QUIET | TFN_NO_AUTOLOAD
                                              | TFN_NO_DEREF, NULL, NULL);
     if (*name != NUL) {
@@ -5330,29 +5193,6 @@ linenr_T tv_get_lnum_buf(const typval_T *const tv, const buf_T *const buf)
   return (linenr_T)tv_get_number_chk(tv, NULL);
 }
 
-void get_qf_loc_list(int is_qf, win_T *wp, typval_T *what_arg, typval_T *rettv)
-{
-  if (what_arg->v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-    tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv, kListLenMayKnow);
-    if (is_qf || wp != NULL) {
-      (void)get_errorlist(NULL, wp, -1, 0, rettv->vval.v_list);
-    }
-  } else {
-    tv_dict_alloc_ret(rettv);
-    if (is_qf || wp != NULL) {
-      if (what_arg->v_type == VAR_DICT) {
-        dict_T *d = what_arg->vval.v_dict;
-
-        if (d != NULL) {
-          qf_get_properties(wp, d, rettv->vval.v_dict);
-        }
-      } else {
-        emsg(_(e_dictreq));
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 /// @return  information (variables, options, etc.) about a tab page
 ///          as a dictionary.
 dict_T *get_tabpage_info(tabpage_T *tp, int tp_idx)
@@ -5689,11 +5529,7 @@ void set_buffer_lines(buf_T *buf, linenr_T lnum_arg, bool append, const typval_T
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(4, 5)
 {
   linenr_T lnum = lnum_arg + (append ? 1 : 0);
-  const char *line = NULL;
-  list_T *l = NULL;
-  listitem_T *li = NULL;
   long added = 0;
-  linenr_T append_lnum;
   buf_T *curbuf_save = NULL;
   win_T *curwin_save = NULL;
   const bool is_curbuf = buf == curbuf;
@@ -5715,6 +5551,7 @@ void set_buffer_lines(buf_T *buf, linenr_T lnum_arg, bool append, const typval_T
     find_win_for_curbuf();
   }
 
+  linenr_T append_lnum;
   if (append) {
     // appendbufline() uses the line number below which we insert
     append_lnum = lnum - 1;
@@ -5724,6 +5561,9 @@ void set_buffer_lines(buf_T *buf, linenr_T lnum_arg, bool append, const typval_T
     append_lnum = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
   }
 
+  list_T *l = NULL;
+  listitem_T *li = NULL;
+  const char *line = NULL;
   if (lines->v_type == VAR_LIST) {
     l = lines->vval.v_list;
     li = tv_list_first(l);
@@ -5807,7 +5647,6 @@ void set_buffer_lines(buf_T *buf, linenr_T lnum_arg, bool append, const typval_T
 void get_xdg_var_list(const XDGVarType xdg, typval_T *rettv)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
-  const void *iter = NULL;
   list_T *const list = tv_list_alloc(kListLenShouldKnow);
   rettv->v_type = VAR_LIST;
   rettv->vval.v_list = list;
@@ -5816,6 +5655,7 @@ void get_xdg_var_list(const XDGVarType xdg, typval_T *rettv)
   if (dirs == NULL) {
     return;
   }
+  const void *iter = NULL;
   do {
     size_t dir_len;
     const char *dir;
@@ -5925,9 +5765,9 @@ void get_system_output_as_rettv(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, bool retlist
 #ifdef USE_CRNL
     // translate <CR><NL> into <NL>
     char *d = res;
-    for (char *s = res; *s; ++s) {
+    for (char *s = res; *s; s++) {
       if (s[0] == CAR && s[1] == NL) {
-        ++s;
+        s++;
       }
 
       *d++ = *s;
@@ -6499,12 +6339,9 @@ pos_T *var2fpos(const typval_T *const tv, const bool dollar_lnum, int *const ret
 
   // Argument can be [lnum, col, coladd].
   if (tv->v_type == VAR_LIST) {
-    list_T *l;
-    int len;
     bool error = false;
-    listitem_T *li;
 
-    l = tv->vval.v_list;
+    list_T *l = tv->vval.v_list;
     if (l == NULL) {
       return NULL;
     }
@@ -6521,6 +6358,7 @@ pos_T *var2fpos(const typval_T *const tv, const bool dollar_lnum, int *const ret
     if (error) {
       return NULL;
     }
+    int len;
     if (charcol) {
       len = mb_charlen(ml_get(pos.lnum));
     } else {
@@ -6528,7 +6366,7 @@ pos_T *var2fpos(const typval_T *const tv, const bool dollar_lnum, int *const ret
     }
 
     // We accept "$" for the column number: last column.
-    li = tv_list_find(l, 1L);
+    listitem_T *li = tv_list_find(l, 1L);
     if (li != NULL && TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li)->v_type == VAR_STRING
         && TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li)->vval.v_string != NULL
         && STRCMP(TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li)->vval.v_string, "$") == 0) {
@@ -6628,8 +6466,6 @@ pos_T *var2fpos(const typval_T *const tv, const bool dollar_lnum, int *const ret
 int list2fpos(typval_T *arg, pos_T *posp, int *fnump, colnr_T *curswantp, bool charcol)
 {
   list_T *l;
-  int i = 0;
-  long n;
 
   // List must be: [fnum, lnum, col, coladd, curswant], where "fnum" is only
   // there when "fnump" isn't NULL; "coladd" and "curswant" are optional.
@@ -6640,6 +6476,8 @@ int list2fpos(typval_T *arg, pos_T *posp, int *fnump, colnr_T *curswantp, bool c
     return FAIL;
   }
 
+  int i = 0;
+  long n;
   if (fnump != NULL) {
     n = tv_list_find_nr(l, i++, NULL);  // fnum
     if (n < 0) {
@@ -6692,15 +6530,13 @@ int list2fpos(typval_T *arg, pos_T *posp, int *fnump, colnr_T *curswantp, bool c
 /// @return  0 for error.
 int get_env_len(const char **arg)
 {
-  int len;
-
   const char *p;
   for (p = *arg; vim_isIDc(*p); p++) {}
   if (p == *arg) {  // No name found.
     return 0;
   }
 
-  len = (int)(p - *arg);
+  int len = (int)(p - *arg);
   *arg = p;
   return len;
 }
@@ -6748,8 +6584,6 @@ int get_id_len(const char **const arg)
 ///           0 if something else is wrong.
 int get_name_len(const char **const arg, char **alias, bool evaluate, bool verbose)
 {
-  int len;
-
   *alias = NULL;    // default to no alias
 
   if ((*arg)[0] == (char)K_SPECIAL && (*arg)[1] == (char)KS_EXTRA
@@ -6758,7 +6592,7 @@ int get_name_len(const char **const arg, char **alias, bool evaluate, bool verbo
     *arg += 3;
     return get_id_len(arg) + 3;
   }
-  len = eval_fname_script(*arg);
+  int len = eval_fname_script(*arg);
   if (len > 0) {
     // literal "<SID>", "s:" or "<SNR>"
     *arg += len;
@@ -6776,10 +6610,8 @@ int get_name_len(const char **const arg, char **alias, bool evaluate, bool verbo
       return len;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Include any <SID> etc in the expanded string:
-     * Thus the -len here.
-     */
+    // Include any <SID> etc in the expanded string:
+    // Thus the -len here.
     char *temp_string = make_expanded_name(*arg - len, expr_start, expr_end, (char *)p);
     if (temp_string == NULL) {
       return -1;
@@ -6811,10 +6643,6 @@ int get_name_len(const char **const arg, char **alias, bool evaluate, bool verbo
 const char *find_name_end(const char *arg, const char **expr_start, const char **expr_end,
                           int flags)
 {
-  int mb_nest = 0;
-  int br_nest = 0;
-  int len;
-
   if (expr_start != NULL) {
     *expr_start = NULL;
     *expr_end = NULL;
@@ -6825,6 +6653,10 @@ const char *find_name_end(const char *arg, const char **expr_start, const char *
     return arg;
   }
 
+  int mb_nest = 0;
+  int br_nest = 0;
+  int len;
+
   const char *p;
   for (p = arg; *p != NUL
        && (eval_isnamec(*p)
@@ -6842,7 +6674,7 @@ const char *find_name_end(const char *arg, const char **expr_start, const char *
       // skip over "str\"ing" to avoid counting [ and ] inside it.
       for (p = p + 1; *p != NUL && *p != '"'; MB_PTR_ADV(p)) {
         if (*p == '\\' && p[1] != NUL) {
-          ++p;
+          p++;
         }
       }
       if (*p == NUL) {
@@ -6860,9 +6692,9 @@ const char *find_name_end(const char *arg, const char **expr_start, const char *
 
     if (mb_nest == 0) {
       if (*p == '[') {
-        ++br_nest;
+        br_nest++;
       } else if (*p == ']') {
-        --br_nest;
+        br_nest--;
       }
     }
 
@@ -6898,20 +6730,19 @@ const char *find_name_end(const char *arg, const char **expr_start, const char *
 static char *make_expanded_name(const char *in_start, char *expr_start, char *expr_end,
                                 char *in_end)
 {
-  char c1;
-  char *retval = NULL;
-  char *temp_result;
-  char *nextcmd = NULL;
-
   if (expr_end == NULL || in_end == NULL) {
     return NULL;
   }
+
+  char *retval = NULL;
+  char *nextcmd = NULL;
+
   *expr_start = NUL;
   *expr_end = NUL;
-  c1 = *in_end;
+  char c1 = *in_end;
   *in_end = NUL;
 
-  temp_result = eval_to_string(expr_start + 1, &nextcmd, false);
+  char *temp_result = eval_to_string(expr_start + 1, &nextcmd, false);
   if (temp_result != NULL && nextcmd == NULL) {
     retval = xmalloc(STRLEN(temp_result) + (size_t)(expr_start - in_start)
                      + (size_t)(in_end - expr_end) + 1);
@@ -7354,7 +7185,7 @@ int handle_subscript(const char **const arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate, int
       if (rettv->v_type == VAR_DICT) {
         selfdict = rettv->vval.v_dict;
         if (selfdict != NULL) {
-          ++selfdict->dv_refcount;
+          selfdict->dv_refcount++;
         }
       } else {
         selfdict = NULL;
@@ -7431,8 +7262,6 @@ dictitem_T *find_var_in_ht(hashtab_T *const ht, int htname, const char *const va
                            const size_t varname_len, int no_autoload)
   FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
-  hashitem_T *hi;
-
   if (varname_len == 0) {
     // Must be something like "s:", otherwise "ht" would be NULL.
     switch (htname) {
@@ -7456,7 +7285,7 @@ dictitem_T *find_var_in_ht(hashtab_T *const ht, int htname, const char *const va
     return NULL;
   }
 
-  hi = hash_find_len(ht, varname, varname_len);
+  hashitem_T *hi = hash_find_len(ht, varname, varname_len);
   if (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
     // For global variables we may try auto-loading the script.  If it
     // worked find the variable again.  Don't auto-load a script if it was
@@ -7491,7 +7320,6 @@ dictitem_T *find_var_in_ht(hashtab_T *const ht, int htname, const char *const va
 hashtab_T *find_var_ht_dict(const char *name, const size_t name_len, const char **varname,
                             dict_T **d)
 {
-  hashitem_T *hi;
   funccall_T *funccal = get_funccal();
   *d = NULL;
 
@@ -7507,7 +7335,7 @@ hashtab_T *find_var_ht_dict(const char *name, const size_t name_len, const char
     *varname = name;
 
     // "version" is "v:version" in all scopes
-    hi = hash_find_len(&compat_hashtab, name, name_len);
+    hashitem_T *hi = hash_find_len(&compat_hashtab, name, name_len);
     if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
       return &compat_hashtab;
     }
@@ -7596,28 +7424,26 @@ hashtab_T *find_var_ht(const char *name, const size_t name_len, const char **var
 /// sourcing this script and when executing functions defined in the script.
 void new_script_vars(scid_T id)
 {
-  hashtab_T *ht;
   scriptvar_T *sv;
 
   ga_grow(&ga_scripts, id - ga_scripts.ga_len);
-  {
-    /* Re-allocating ga_data means that an ht_array pointing to
-     * ht_smallarray becomes invalid.  We can recognize this: ht_mask is
-     * at its init value.  Also reset "v_dict", it's always the same. */
-    for (int i = 1; i <= ga_scripts.ga_len; ++i) {
-      ht = &SCRIPT_VARS(i);
-      if (ht->ht_mask == HT_INIT_SIZE - 1) {
-        ht->ht_array = ht->ht_smallarray;
-      }
-      sv = SCRIPT_SV(i);
-      sv->sv_var.di_tv.vval.v_dict = &sv->sv_dict;
-    }
 
-    while (ga_scripts.ga_len < id) {
-      sv = SCRIPT_SV(ga_scripts.ga_len + 1) = xcalloc(1, sizeof(scriptvar_T));
-      init_var_dict(&sv->sv_dict, &sv->sv_var, VAR_SCOPE);
-      ++ga_scripts.ga_len;
+  // Re-allocating ga_data means that an ht_array pointing to
+  // ht_smallarray becomes invalid.  We can recognize this: ht_mask is
+  // at its init value.  Also reset "v_dict", it's always the same.
+  for (int i = 1; i <= ga_scripts.ga_len; i++) {
+    hashtab_T *ht = &SCRIPT_VARS(i);
+    if (ht->ht_mask == HT_INIT_SIZE - 1) {
+      ht->ht_array = ht->ht_smallarray;
     }
+    sv = SCRIPT_SV(i);
+    sv->sv_var.di_tv.vval.v_dict = &sv->sv_dict;
+  }
+
+  while (ga_scripts.ga_len < id) {
+    sv = SCRIPT_SV(ga_scripts.ga_len + 1) = xcalloc(1, sizeof(scriptvar_T));
+    init_var_dict(&sv->sv_dict, &sv->sv_var, VAR_SCOPE);
+    ga_scripts.ga_len++;
   }
 }
 
@@ -7641,8 +7467,8 @@ void init_var_dict(dict_T *dict, ScopeDictDictItem *dict_var, ScopeType scope)
 /// Unreference a dictionary initialized by init_var_dict().
 void unref_var_dict(dict_T *dict)
 {
-  /* Now the dict needs to be freed if no one else is using it, go back to
-   * normal reference counting. */
+  // Now the dict needs to be freed if no one else is using it, go back to
+  // normal reference counting.
   dict->dv_refcount -= DO_NOT_FREE_CNT - 1;
   tv_dict_unref(dict);
 }
@@ -7674,7 +7500,7 @@ int var_item_copy(const vimconv_T *const conv, typval_T *const from, typval_T *c
     emsg(_("E698: variable nested too deep for making a copy"));
     return FAIL;
   }
-  ++recurse;
+  recurse++;
 
   switch (from->v_type) {
   case VAR_NUMBER:
@@ -7727,7 +7553,7 @@ int var_item_copy(const vimconv_T *const conv, typval_T *const from, typval_T *c
     } else if (copyID != 0 && from->vval.v_dict->dv_copyID == copyID) {
       // use the copy made earlier
       to->vval.v_dict = from->vval.v_dict->dv_copydict;
-      ++to->vval.v_dict->dv_refcount;
+      to->vval.v_dict->dv_refcount++;
     } else {
       to->vval.v_dict = tv_dict_copy(conv, from->vval.v_dict, deep, copyID);
     }
@@ -7739,7 +7565,7 @@ int var_item_copy(const vimconv_T *const conv, typval_T *const from, typval_T *c
     internal_error("var_item_copy(UNKNOWN)");
     ret = FAIL;
   }
-  --recurse;
+  recurse--;
   return ret;
 }
 
@@ -7756,7 +7582,7 @@ void ex_echo(exarg_T *eap)
   const int called_emsg_before = called_emsg;
 
   if (eap->skip) {
-    ++emsg_skip;
+    emsg_skip++;
   }
   while (*arg != NUL && *arg != '|' && *arg != '\n' && !got_int) {
     // If eval1() causes an error message the text from the command may
@@ -7836,12 +7662,11 @@ void ex_execute(exarg_T *eap)
   typval_T rettv;
   int ret = OK;
   garray_T ga;
-  int save_did_emsg;
 
   ga_init(&ga, 1, 80);
 
   if (eap->skip) {
-    ++emsg_skip;
+    emsg_skip++;
   }
   while (*arg != NUL && *arg != '|' && *arg != '\n') {
     ret = eval1_emsg(&arg, &rettv, !eap->skip);
@@ -7885,7 +7710,7 @@ void ex_execute(exarg_T *eap)
       ui_flush();
     } else if (eap->cmdidx == CMD_echoerr) {
       // We don't want to abort following commands, restore did_emsg.
-      save_did_emsg = did_emsg;
+      int save_did_emsg = did_emsg;
       msg_ext_set_kind("echoerr");
       emsg(ga.ga_data);
       if (!force_abort) {
@@ -7899,7 +7724,7 @@ void ex_execute(exarg_T *eap)
   ga_clear(&ga);
 
   if (eap->skip) {
-    --emsg_skip;
+    emsg_skip--;
   }
 
   eap->nextcmd = (char *)check_nextcmd((char_u *)arg);
@@ -7915,7 +7740,7 @@ const char *find_option_end(const char **const arg, int *const opt_flags)
 {
   const char *p = *arg;
 
-  ++p;
+  p++;
   if (*p == 'g' && p[1] == ':') {
     *opt_flags = OPT_GLOBAL;
     p += 2;
@@ -7941,174 +7766,6 @@ const char *find_option_end(const char **const arg, int *const opt_flags)
   return p;
 }
 
-/// Start profiling function "fp".
-void func_do_profile(ufunc_T *fp)
-{
-  int len = fp->uf_lines.ga_len;
-
-  if (!fp->uf_prof_initialized) {
-    if (len == 0) {
-      len = 1;  // avoid getting error for allocating zero bytes
-    }
-    fp->uf_tm_count = 0;
-    fp->uf_tm_self = profile_zero();
-    fp->uf_tm_total = profile_zero();
-
-    if (fp->uf_tml_count == NULL) {
-      fp->uf_tml_count = xcalloc((size_t)len, sizeof(int));
-    }
-
-    if (fp->uf_tml_total == NULL) {
-      fp->uf_tml_total = xcalloc((size_t)len, sizeof(proftime_T));
-    }
-
-    if (fp->uf_tml_self == NULL) {
-      fp->uf_tml_self = xcalloc((size_t)len, sizeof(proftime_T));
-    }
-
-    fp->uf_tml_idx = -1;
-    fp->uf_prof_initialized = true;
-  }
-
-  fp->uf_profiling = TRUE;
-}
-
-/// Dump the profiling results for all functions in file "fd".
-void func_dump_profile(FILE *fd)
-{
-  hashitem_T *hi;
-  int todo;
-  ufunc_T *fp;
-  ufunc_T **sorttab;
-  int st_len = 0;
-
-  todo = (int)func_hashtab.ht_used;
-  if (todo == 0) {
-    return;         // nothing to dump
-  }
-
-  sorttab = xmalloc(sizeof(ufunc_T *) * (size_t)todo);
-
-  for (hi = func_hashtab.ht_array; todo > 0; ++hi) {
-    if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-      --todo;
-      fp = HI2UF(hi);
-      if (fp->uf_prof_initialized) {
-        sorttab[st_len++] = fp;
-
-        if (fp->uf_name[0] == K_SPECIAL) {
-          fprintf(fd, "FUNCTION  <SNR>%s()\n", fp->uf_name + 3);
-        } else {
-          fprintf(fd, "FUNCTION  %s()\n", fp->uf_name);
-        }
-        if (fp->uf_script_ctx.sc_sid != 0) {
-          bool should_free;
-          const LastSet last_set = (LastSet){
-            .script_ctx = fp->uf_script_ctx,
-            .channel_id = 0,
-          };
-          char *p = (char *)get_scriptname(last_set, &should_free);
-          fprintf(fd, "    Defined: %s:%" PRIdLINENR "\n",
-                  p, fp->uf_script_ctx.sc_lnum);
-          if (should_free) {
-            xfree(p);
-          }
-        }
-        if (fp->uf_tm_count == 1) {
-          fprintf(fd, "Called 1 time\n");
-        } else {
-          fprintf(fd, "Called %d times\n", fp->uf_tm_count);
-        }
-        fprintf(fd, "Total time: %s\n", profile_msg(fp->uf_tm_total));
-        fprintf(fd, " Self time: %s\n", profile_msg(fp->uf_tm_self));
-        fprintf(fd, "\n");
-        fprintf(fd, "count  total (s)   self (s)\n");
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < fp->uf_lines.ga_len; ++i) {
-          if (FUNCLINE(fp, i) == NULL) {
-            continue;
-          }
-          prof_func_line(fd, fp->uf_tml_count[i],
-                         &fp->uf_tml_total[i], &fp->uf_tml_self[i], TRUE);
-          fprintf(fd, "%s\n", FUNCLINE(fp, i));
-        }
-        fprintf(fd, "\n");
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (st_len > 0) {
-    qsort((void *)sorttab, (size_t)st_len, sizeof(ufunc_T *),
-          prof_total_cmp);
-    prof_sort_list(fd, sorttab, st_len, "TOTAL", FALSE);
-    qsort((void *)sorttab, (size_t)st_len, sizeof(ufunc_T *),
-          prof_self_cmp);
-    prof_sort_list(fd, sorttab, st_len, "SELF", TRUE);
-  }
-
-  xfree(sorttab);
-}
-
-/// @param prefer_self  when equal print only self time
-static void prof_sort_list(FILE *fd, ufunc_T **sorttab, int st_len, char *title, int prefer_self)
-{
-  int i;
-  ufunc_T *fp;
-
-  fprintf(fd, "FUNCTIONS SORTED ON %s TIME\n", title);
-  fprintf(fd, "count  total (s)   self (s)  function\n");
-  for (i = 0; i < 20 && i < st_len; ++i) {
-    fp = sorttab[i];
-    prof_func_line(fd, fp->uf_tm_count, &fp->uf_tm_total, &fp->uf_tm_self,
-                   prefer_self);
-    if (fp->uf_name[0] == K_SPECIAL) {
-      fprintf(fd, " <SNR>%s()\n", fp->uf_name + 3);
-    } else {
-      fprintf(fd, " %s()\n", fp->uf_name);
-    }
-  }
-  fprintf(fd, "\n");
-}
-
-/// Print the count and times for one function or function line.
-///
-/// @param prefer_self  when equal print only self time
-static void prof_func_line(FILE *fd, int count, proftime_T *total, proftime_T *self,
-                           int prefer_self)
-{
-  if (count > 0) {
-    fprintf(fd, "%5d ", count);
-    if (prefer_self && profile_equal(*total, *self)) {
-      fprintf(fd, "           ");
-    } else {
-      fprintf(fd, "%s ", profile_msg(*total));
-    }
-    if (!prefer_self && profile_equal(*total, *self)) {
-      fprintf(fd, "           ");
-    } else {
-      fprintf(fd, "%s ", profile_msg(*self));
-    }
-  } else {
-    fprintf(fd, "                            ");
-  }
-}
-
-/// Compare function for total time sorting.
-static int prof_total_cmp(const void *s1, const void *s2)
-{
-  ufunc_T *p1 = *(ufunc_T **)s1;
-  ufunc_T *p2 = *(ufunc_T **)s2;
-  return profile_cmp(p1->uf_tm_total, p2->uf_tm_total);
-}
-
-/// Compare function for self time sorting.
-static int prof_self_cmp(const void *s1, const void *s2)
-{
-  ufunc_T *p1 = *(ufunc_T **)s1;
-  ufunc_T *p2 = *(ufunc_T **)s2;
-  return profile_cmp(p1->uf_tm_self, p2->uf_tm_self);
-}
-
 /// Return the autoload script name for a function or variable name
 /// Caller must make sure that "name" contains AUTOLOAD_CHAR.
 ///
@@ -8183,61 +7840,6 @@ bool script_autoload(const char *const name, const size_t name_len, const bool r
   return ret;
 }
 
-/// Called when starting to read a function line.
-/// "sourcing_lnum" must be correct!
-/// When skipping lines it may not actually be executed, but we won't find out
-/// until later and we need to store the time now.
-void func_line_start(void *cookie)
-{
-  funccall_T *fcp = (funccall_T *)cookie;
-  ufunc_T *fp = fcp->func;
-
-  if (fp->uf_profiling && sourcing_lnum >= 1
-      && sourcing_lnum <= fp->uf_lines.ga_len) {
-    fp->uf_tml_idx = sourcing_lnum - 1;
-    // Skip continuation lines.
-    while (fp->uf_tml_idx > 0 && FUNCLINE(fp, fp->uf_tml_idx) == NULL) {
-      fp->uf_tml_idx--;
-    }
-    fp->uf_tml_execed = false;
-    fp->uf_tml_start = profile_start();
-    fp->uf_tml_children = profile_zero();
-    fp->uf_tml_wait = profile_get_wait();
-  }
-}
-
-/// Called when actually executing a function line.
-void func_line_exec(void *cookie)
-{
-  funccall_T *fcp = (funccall_T *)cookie;
-  ufunc_T *fp = fcp->func;
-
-  if (fp->uf_profiling && fp->uf_tml_idx >= 0) {
-    fp->uf_tml_execed = TRUE;
-  }
-}
-
-/// Called when done with a function line.
-void func_line_end(void *cookie)
-{
-  funccall_T *fcp = (funccall_T *)cookie;
-  ufunc_T *fp = fcp->func;
-
-  if (fp->uf_profiling && fp->uf_tml_idx >= 0) {
-    if (fp->uf_tml_execed) {
-      ++fp->uf_tml_count[fp->uf_tml_idx];
-      fp->uf_tml_start = profile_end(fp->uf_tml_start);
-      fp->uf_tml_start = profile_sub_wait(fp->uf_tml_wait, fp->uf_tml_start);
-      fp->uf_tml_total[fp->uf_tml_idx] =
-        profile_add(fp->uf_tml_total[fp->uf_tml_idx], fp->uf_tml_start);
-      fp->uf_tml_self[fp->uf_tml_idx] =
-        profile_self(fp->uf_tml_self[fp->uf_tml_idx], fp->uf_tml_start,
-                     fp->uf_tml_children);
-    }
-    fp->uf_tml_idx = -1;
-  }
-}
-
 static var_flavour_T var_flavour(char *varname)
   FUNC_ATTR_PURE
 {
@@ -8325,11 +7927,9 @@ int store_session_globals(FILE *fd)
       }
       if ((fprintf(fd, "let %s = %c%s%c",
                    this_var->di_key,
-                   ((this_var->di_tv.v_type == VAR_STRING) ? '"'
-                                                           : ' '),
+                   ((this_var->di_tv.v_type == VAR_STRING) ? '"' : ' '),
                    p,
-                   ((this_var->di_tv.v_type == VAR_STRING) ? '"'
-                                                           : ' ')) < 0)
+                   ((this_var->di_tv.v_type == VAR_STRING) ? '"' : ' ')) < 0)
           || put_eol(fd) == FAIL) {
         xfree(p);
         return FAIL;
@@ -8414,10 +8014,8 @@ int modify_fname(char *src, bool tilde_file, size_t *usedlen, char **fnamep, cha
                  size_t *fnamelen)
 {
   int valid = 0;
-  char *tail;
   char *s, *p, *pbuf;
   char dirname[MAXPATHL];
-  int c;
   bool has_fullname = false;
   bool has_homerelative = false;
 
@@ -8479,6 +8077,8 @@ repeat:
     }
   }
 
+  int c;
+
   // ":." - path relative to the current directory
   // ":~" - path relative to the home directory
   // ":8" - shortname path - postponed till after
@@ -8544,7 +8144,7 @@ repeat:
     }
   }
 
-  tail = path_tail(*fnamep);
+  char *tail = path_tail(*fnamep);
   *fnamelen = STRLEN(*fnamep);
 
   // ":h" - head, remove "/file_name", can be repeated
@@ -8585,10 +8185,9 @@ repeat:
   // ":r" - root, without extension, can be repeated
   while (src[*usedlen] == ':'
          && (src[*usedlen + 1] == 'e' || src[*usedlen + 1] == 'r')) {
-    /* find a '.' in the tail:
-     * - for second :e: before the current fname
-     * - otherwise: The last '.'
-     */
+    // find a '.' in the tail:
+    // - for second :e: before the current fname
+    // - otherwise: The last '.'
     const bool is_second_e = *fnamep > tail;
     if (src[*usedlen + 1] == 'e' && is_second_e) {
       s = (*fnamep) - 2;
@@ -8639,18 +8238,16 @@ repeat:
   if (src[*usedlen] == ':'
       && (src[*usedlen + 1] == 's'
           || (src[*usedlen + 1] == 'g' && src[*usedlen + 2] == 's'))) {
-    int sep;
-    char *flags;
-    int didit = false;
+    bool didit = false;
 
-    flags = "";
+    char *flags = "";
     s = src + *usedlen + 2;
     if (src[*usedlen + 1] == 'g') {
       flags = "g";
       s++;
     }
 
-    sep = (char_u)(*s++);
+    int sep = (char_u)(*s++);
     if (sep) {
       // find end of pattern
       p = vim_strchr(s, sep);
@@ -8668,7 +8265,7 @@ repeat:
           *fnamelen = STRLEN(s);
           xfree(*bufp);
           *bufp = s;
-          didit = TRUE;
+          didit = true;
           xfree(sub);
           xfree(str);
         }
@@ -8709,26 +8306,22 @@ char *do_string_sub(char *str, char *pat, char *sub, typval_T *expr, char *flags
 {
   int sublen;
   regmatch_T regmatch;
-  int do_all;
-  char *tail;
-  char *end;
   garray_T ga;
-  char *save_cpo;
   char *zero_width = NULL;
 
   // Make 'cpoptions' empty, so that the 'l' flag doesn't work here
-  save_cpo = p_cpo;
+  char *save_cpo = p_cpo;
   p_cpo = (char *)empty_option;
 
   ga_init(&ga, 1, 200);
 
-  do_all = (flags[0] == 'g');
+  int do_all = (flags[0] == 'g');
 
   regmatch.rm_ic = p_ic;
   regmatch.regprog = vim_regcomp(pat, RE_MAGIC + RE_STRING);
   if (regmatch.regprog != NULL) {
-    tail = str;
-    end = str + STRLEN(str);
+    char *tail = str;
+    char *end = str + STRLEN(str);
     while (vim_regexec_nl(&regmatch, (char_u *)str, (colnr_T)(tail - str))) {
       // Skip empty match except for first match.
       if (regmatch.startp[0] == regmatch.endp[0]) {
@@ -8869,8 +8462,7 @@ typval_T eval_call_provider(char *provider, char *method, list_T *arguments, boo
   struct caller_scope saved_provider_caller_scope = provider_caller_scope;
   provider_caller_scope = (struct caller_scope) {
     .script_ctx = current_sctx,
-    .sourcing_name = sourcing_name,
-    .sourcing_lnum = sourcing_lnum,
+    .es_entry = ((estack_T *)exestack.ga_data)[exestack.ga_len - 1],
     .autocmd_fname = autocmd_fname,
     .autocmd_match = autocmd_match,
     .autocmd_bufnr = autocmd_bufnr,
@@ -8969,8 +8561,8 @@ bool eval_has_provider(const char *feat)
 /// Writes "<sourcing_name>:<sourcing_lnum>" to `buf[bufsize]`.
 void eval_fmt_source_name_line(char *buf, size_t bufsize)
 {
-  if (sourcing_name) {
-    snprintf(buf, bufsize, "%s:%" PRIdLINENR, sourcing_name, sourcing_lnum);
+  if (SOURCING_NAME) {
+    snprintf(buf, bufsize, "%s:%" PRIdLINENR, SOURCING_NAME, SOURCING_LNUM);
   } else {
     snprintf(buf, bufsize, "?");
   }
@@ -9012,8 +8604,6 @@ void invoke_prompt_callback(void)
 {
   typval_T rettv;
   typval_T argv[2];
-  char *text;
-  char *prompt;
   linenr_T lnum = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
 
   // Add a new line for the prompt before invoking the callback, so that
@@ -9025,8 +8615,8 @@ void invoke_prompt_callback(void)
   if (curbuf->b_prompt_callback.type == kCallbackNone) {
     return;
   }
-  text = (char *)ml_get(lnum);
-  prompt = (char *)prompt_text();
+  char *text = (char *)ml_get(lnum);
+  char *prompt = (char *)prompt_text();
   if (STRLEN(text) >= STRLEN(prompt)) {
     text += STRLEN(prompt);
   }
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval.h b/src/nvim/eval.h
index 7dbd18737a..b0cb5fd8c1 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval.h
+++ b/src/nvim/eval.h
@@ -11,15 +11,6 @@
 #define COPYID_INC 2
 #define COPYID_MASK (~0x1)
 
-// All user-defined functions are found in this hashtable.
-extern hashtab_T func_hashtab;
-
-// From user function to hashitem and back.
-EXTERN ufunc_T dumuf;
-#define UF2HIKEY(fp) ((fp)->uf_name)
-#define HIKEY2UF(p)  ((ufunc_T *)(p - offsetof(ufunc_T, uf_name)))
-#define HI2UF(hi)    HIKEY2UF((hi)->hi_key)
-
 /*
  * Structure returned by get_lval() and used by set_var_lval().
  * For a plain name:
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval.lua b/src/nvim/eval.lua
index 6d8776d08b..e4e9b34ec6 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval.lua
+++ b/src/nvim/eval.lua
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ return {
     chanclose={args={1, 2}},
     chansend={args=2},
     char2nr={args={1, 2}, base=1},
+    charclass={args=1, base=1},
     charcol={args=1, base=1},
     charidx={args={2, 3}, base=1},
     chdir={args=1, base=1},
@@ -327,6 +328,7 @@ return {
     serverstop={args=1},
     setbufline={args=3, base=3},
     setbufvar={args=3, base=3},
+    setcellwidths={args=1, base=1},
     setcharpos={args=2, base=2},
     setcharsearch={args=1, base=1},
     setcmdpos={args=1, base=1},
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/encode.c b/src/nvim/eval/encode.c
index 090939666d..bb514fba47 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval/encode.c
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/encode.c
@@ -30,12 +30,12 @@
 #include "nvim/vim.h"  // For _()
 
 const char *const encode_bool_var_names[] = {
-  [kBoolVarTrue] = "true",
-  [kBoolVarFalse] = "false",
+  [kBoolVarTrue] = "v:true",
+  [kBoolVarFalse] = "v:false",
 };
 
 const char *const encode_special_var_names[] = {
-  [kSpecialVarNull] = "null",
+  [kSpecialVarNull] = "v:null",
 };
 
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/funcs.c b/src/nvim/eval/funcs.c
index f24285063e..3b9dc92137 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval/funcs.c
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/funcs.c
@@ -7,12 +7,14 @@
 #include "nvim/api/private/converter.h"
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
 #include "nvim/api/vim.h"
+#include "nvim/arglist.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/assert.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/channel.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/cmdhist.h"
 #include "nvim/context.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/diff.h"
@@ -27,10 +29,12 @@
 #include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/vars.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/file_search.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
+#include "nvim/getchar.h"
 #include "nvim/globals.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
 #include "nvim/if_cscope.h"
@@ -45,6 +49,7 @@
 #include "nvim/match.h"
 #include "nvim/math.h"
 #include "nvim/memline.h"
+#include "nvim/menu.h"
 #include "nvim/mouse.h"
 #include "nvim/move.h"
 #include "nvim/msgpack_rpc/channel.h"
@@ -52,18 +57,20 @@
 #include "nvim/ops.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
 #include "nvim/os/dl.h"
-#include "nvim/os/input.h"
 #include "nvim/os/shell.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
 #include "nvim/plines.h"
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
+#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/quickfix.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/sha256.h"
 #include "nvim/sign.h"
 #include "nvim/spell.h"
+#include "nvim/spellsuggest.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
 #include "nvim/syntax.h"
 #include "nvim/tag.h"
@@ -117,13 +124,12 @@ static va_list dummy_ap;
 char *get_function_name(expand_T *xp, int idx)
 {
   static int intidx = -1;
-  char_u *name;
 
   if (idx == 0) {
     intidx = -1;
   }
   if (intidx < 0) {
-    name = (char_u *)get_user_func_name(xp, idx);
+    char_u *name = (char_u *)get_user_func_name(xp, idx);
     if (name != NULL) {
       if (*name != NUL && *name != '<'
           && STRNCMP("g:", xp->xp_pattern, 2) == 0) {
@@ -154,13 +160,12 @@ char *get_function_name(expand_T *xp, int idx)
 char *get_expr_name(expand_T *xp, int idx)
 {
   static int intidx = -1;
-  char_u *name;
 
   if (idx == 0) {
     intidx = -1;
   }
   if (intidx < 0) {
-    name = (char_u *)get_function_name(xp, idx);
+    char_u *name = (char_u *)get_function_name(xp, idx);
     if (name != NULL) {
       return (char *)name;
     }
@@ -294,10 +299,9 @@ static void f_abs(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_FLOAT) {
     float_op_wrapper(argvars, rettv, (FunPtr)&fabs);
   } else {
-    varnumber_T n;
     bool error = false;
 
-    n = tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[0], &error);
+    varnumber_T n = tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[0], &error);
     if (error) {
       rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
     } else if (n > 0) {
@@ -371,77 +375,6 @@ static void f_appendbufline(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   }
 }
 
-static void f_argc(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-    // use the current window
-    rettv->vval.v_number = ARGCOUNT;
-  } else if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_NUMBER
-             && tv_get_number(&argvars[0]) == -1) {
-    // use the global argument list
-    rettv->vval.v_number = GARGCOUNT;
-  } else {
-    // use the argument list of the specified window
-    win_T *wp = find_win_by_nr_or_id(&argvars[0]);
-    if (wp != NULL) {
-      rettv->vval.v_number = WARGCOUNT(wp);
-    } else {
-      rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/// "argidx()" function
-static void f_argidx(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  rettv->vval.v_number = curwin->w_arg_idx;
-}
-
-/// "arglistid" function
-static void f_arglistid(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
-  win_T *wp = find_tabwin(&argvars[0], &argvars[1]);
-  if (wp != NULL) {
-    rettv->vval.v_number = wp->w_alist->id;
-  }
-}
-
-/// "argv(nr)" function
-static void f_argv(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  aentry_T *arglist = NULL;
-  int argcount = -1;
-
-  if (argvars[0].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-    if (argvars[1].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-      arglist = ARGLIST;
-      argcount = ARGCOUNT;
-    } else if (argvars[1].v_type == VAR_NUMBER
-               && tv_get_number(&argvars[1]) == -1) {
-      arglist = GARGLIST;
-      argcount = GARGCOUNT;
-    } else {
-      win_T *wp = find_win_by_nr_or_id(&argvars[1]);
-      if (wp != NULL) {
-        // Use the argument list of the specified window
-        arglist = WARGLIST(wp);
-        argcount = WARGCOUNT(wp);
-      }
-    }
-    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
-    rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
-    int idx = (int)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[0], NULL);
-    if (arglist != NULL && idx >= 0 && idx < argcount) {
-      rettv->vval.v_string = xstrdup((const char *)alist_name(&arglist[idx]));
-    } else if (idx == -1) {
-      get_arglist_as_rettv(arglist, argcount, rettv);
-    }
-  } else {
-    get_arglist_as_rettv(ARGLIST, ARGCOUNT, rettv);
-  }
-}
-
 /// "atan2()" function
 static void f_atan2(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
@@ -479,8 +412,8 @@ static buf_T *find_buffer(typval_T *avar)
   } else if (avar->v_type == VAR_STRING && avar->vval.v_string != NULL) {
     buf = buflist_findname_exp(avar->vval.v_string);
     if (buf == NULL) {
-      /* No full path name match, try a match with a URL or a "nofile"
-       * buffer, these don't use the full path. */
+      // No full path name match, try a match with a URL or a "nofile"
+      // buffer, these don't use the full path.
       FOR_ALL_BUFFERS(bp) {
         if (bp->b_fname != NULL
             && (path_with_url(bp->b_fname) || bt_nofilename(bp))
@@ -632,17 +565,15 @@ static void f_bufwinnr(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// Get buffer by number or pattern.
 buf_T *tv_get_buf(typval_T *tv, int curtab_only)
 {
-  char_u *name = (char_u *)tv->vval.v_string;
-  int save_magic;
-  char *save_cpo;
-  buf_T *buf;
-
   if (tv->v_type == VAR_NUMBER) {
     return buflist_findnr((int)tv->vval.v_number);
   }
   if (tv->v_type != VAR_STRING) {
     return NULL;
   }
+
+  char_u *name = (char_u *)tv->vval.v_string;
+
   if (name == NULL || *name == NUL) {
     return curbuf;
   }
@@ -651,13 +582,13 @@ buf_T *tv_get_buf(typval_T *tv, int curtab_only)
   }
 
   // Ignore 'magic' and 'cpoptions' here to make scripts portable
-  save_magic = p_magic;
-  p_magic = TRUE;
-  save_cpo = p_cpo;
+  int save_magic = p_magic;
+  p_magic = true;
+  char *save_cpo = p_cpo;
   p_cpo = "";
 
-  buf = buflist_findnr(buflist_findpat((char *)name, (char *)name + STRLEN(name),
-                                       true, false, curtab_only));
+  buf_T *buf = buflist_findnr(buflist_findpat((char *)name, (char *)name + STRLEN(name),
+                                              true, false, curtab_only));
 
   p_magic = save_magic;
   p_cpo = save_cpo;
@@ -686,10 +617,8 @@ buf_T *tv_get_buf_from_arg(typval_T *const tv) FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 /// valid.
 buf_T *get_buf_arg(typval_T *arg)
 {
-  buf_T *buf;
-
   emsg_off++;
-  buf = tv_get_buf(arg, false);
+  buf_T *buf = tv_get_buf(arg, false);
   emsg_off--;
   if (buf == NULL) {
     semsg(_("E158: Invalid buffer name: %s"), tv_get_string(arg));
@@ -735,13 +664,13 @@ static void byteidx(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int comp)
 /// "byteidx()" function
 static void f_byteidx(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  byteidx(argvars, rettv, FALSE);
+  byteidx(argvars, rettv, false);
 }
 
 /// "byteidxcomp()" function
 static void f_byteidxcomp(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  byteidx(argvars, rettv, TRUE);
+  byteidx(argvars, rettv, true);
 }
 
 /// "call(func, arglist [, dict])" function
@@ -758,7 +687,6 @@ static void f_call(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   bool owned = false;
   char_u *func;
   partial_T *partial = NULL;
-  dict_T *selfdict = NULL;
   if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_FUNC) {
     func = (char_u *)argvars[0].vval.v_string;
   } else if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_PARTIAL) {
@@ -776,6 +704,7 @@ static void f_call(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     return;             // type error or empty name
   }
 
+  dict_T *selfdict = NULL;
   if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
     if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_DICT) {
       emsg(_(e_dictreq));
@@ -898,10 +827,9 @@ static void f_char2nr(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 static void get_col(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, bool charcol)
 {
   colnr_T col = 0;
-  pos_T *fp;
   int fnum = curbuf->b_fnum;
 
-  fp = var2fpos(&argvars[0], false, &fnum, charcol);
+  pos_T *fp = var2fpos(&argvars[0], false, &fnum, charcol);
   if (fp != NULL && fnum == curbuf->b_fnum) {
     if (fp->col == MAXCOL) {
       // '> can be MAXCOL, get the length of the line then
@@ -984,9 +912,6 @@ static void f_charidx(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "chdir(dir)" function
 static void f_chdir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  char_u *cwd;
-  CdScope scope = kCdScopeGlobal;
-
   rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
   rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
 
@@ -997,7 +922,7 @@ static void f_chdir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   }
 
   // Return the current directory
-  cwd = xmalloc(MAXPATHL);
+  char_u *cwd = xmalloc(MAXPATHL);
   if (os_dirname(cwd, MAXPATHL) != FAIL) {
 #ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
     slash_adjust(cwd);
@@ -1006,6 +931,7 @@ static void f_chdir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   }
   xfree(cwd);
 
+  CdScope scope = kCdScopeGlobal;
   if (curwin->w_localdir != NULL) {
     scope = kCdScopeWindow;
   } else if (curtab->tp_localdir != NULL) {
@@ -1021,11 +947,8 @@ static void f_chdir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "cindent(lnum)" function
 static void f_cindent(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  pos_T pos;
-  linenr_T lnum;
-
-  pos = curwin->w_cursor;
-  lnum = tv_get_lnum(argvars);
+  pos_T pos = curwin->w_cursor;
+  linenr_T lnum = tv_get_lnum(argvars);
   if (lnum >= 1 && lnum <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
     curwin->w_cursor.lnum = lnum;
     rettv->vval.v_number = get_c_indent();
@@ -1060,14 +983,12 @@ static void f_confirm(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
   char buf[NUMBUFLEN];
   char buf2[NUMBUFLEN];
-  const char *message;
   const char *buttons = NULL;
   int def = 1;
   int type = VIM_GENERIC;
-  const char *typestr;
   bool error = false;
 
-  message = tv_get_string_chk(&argvars[0]);
+  const char *message = tv_get_string_chk(&argvars[0]);
   if (message == NULL) {
     error = true;
   }
@@ -1079,7 +1000,7 @@ static void f_confirm(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
       def = (int)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[2], &error);
       if (argvars[3].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-        typestr = tv_get_string_buf_chk(&argvars[3], buf2);
+        const char *typestr = tv_get_string_buf_chk(&argvars[3], buf2);
         if (typestr == NULL) {
           error = true;
         } else {
@@ -1152,15 +1073,13 @@ static void f_count(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       }
     }
   } else if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_LIST) {
-    listitem_T *li;
-    list_T *l;
-    long idx;
+    list_T *l = argvars[0].vval.v_list;
 
-    if ((l = argvars[0].vval.v_list) != NULL) {
-      li = tv_list_first(l);
+    if (l != NULL) {
+      listitem_T *li = tv_list_first(l);
       if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
         if (argvars[3].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-          idx = tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[3], &error);
+          long idx = tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[3], &error);
           if (!error) {
             li = tv_list_find(l, (int)idx);
             if (li == NULL) {
@@ -1180,19 +1099,17 @@ static void f_count(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       }
     }
   } else if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_DICT) {
-    int todo;
-    dict_T *d;
-    hashitem_T *hi;
+    dict_T *d = argvars[0].vval.v_dict;
 
-    if ((d = argvars[0].vval.v_dict) != NULL) {
+    if (d != NULL) {
       if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
         if (argvars[3].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
           emsg(_(e_invarg));
         }
       }
 
-      todo = error ? 0 : (int)d->dv_hashtab.ht_used;
-      for (hi = d->dv_hashtab.ht_array; todo > 0; ++hi) {
+      int todo = error ? 0 : (int)d->dv_hashtab.ht_used;
+      for (hashitem_T *hi = d->dv_hashtab.ht_array; todo > 0; hi++) {
         if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
           todo--;
           if (tv_equal(&TV_DICT_HI2DI(hi)->di_tv, &argvars[1], ic, false)) {
@@ -1414,10 +1331,8 @@ static void f_cursor(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "debugbreak()" function
 static void f_debugbreak(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  int pid;
-
   rettv->vval.v_number = FAIL;
-  pid = (int)tv_get_number(&argvars[0]);
+  int pid = (int)tv_get_number(&argvars[0]);
   if (pid == 0) {
     emsg(_(e_invarg));
   } else {
@@ -1564,10 +1479,6 @@ static void f_dictwatcherdel(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "deletebufline()" function
 static void f_deletebufline(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  linenr_T last;
-  buf_T *curbuf_save = NULL;
-  win_T *curwin_save = NULL;
-
   buf_T *const buf = tv_get_buf(&argvars[0], false);
   if (buf == NULL) {
     rettv->vval.v_number = 1;  // FAIL
@@ -1576,6 +1487,7 @@ static void f_deletebufline(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   const bool is_curbuf = buf == curbuf;
   const bool save_VIsual_active = VIsual_active;
 
+  linenr_T last;
   const linenr_T first = tv_get_lnum_buf(&argvars[1], buf);
   if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
     last = tv_get_lnum_buf(&argvars[2], buf);
@@ -1589,6 +1501,8 @@ static void f_deletebufline(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     return;
   }
 
+  buf_T *curbuf_save = NULL;
+  win_T *curwin_save = NULL;
   if (!is_curbuf) {
     VIsual_active = false;
     curbuf_save = curbuf;
@@ -1660,8 +1574,6 @@ static void f_diff_hlID(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   static int change_start = 0;
   static int change_end = 0;
   static hlf_T hlID = (hlf_T)0;
-  int filler_lines;
-  int col;
 
   if (lnum < 0) {       // ignore type error in {lnum} arg
     lnum = 0;
@@ -1670,7 +1582,7 @@ static void f_diff_hlID(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       || changedtick != buf_get_changedtick(curbuf)
       || fnum != curbuf->b_fnum) {
     // New line, buffer, change: need to get the values.
-    filler_lines = diff_check(curwin, lnum);
+    int filler_lines = diff_check(curwin, lnum);
     if (filler_lines < 0) {
       if (filler_lines == -1) {
         change_start = MAXCOL;
@@ -1692,7 +1604,7 @@ static void f_diff_hlID(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   }
 
   if (hlID == HLF_CHD || hlID == HLF_TXD) {
-    col = (int)tv_get_number(&argvars[1]) - 1;  // Ignore type error in {col}.
+    int col = (int)tv_get_number(&argvars[1]) - 1;  // Ignore type error in {col}.
     if (col >= change_start && col <= change_end) {
       hlID = HLF_TXD;  // Changed text.
     } else {
@@ -2042,12 +1954,9 @@ static void f_exists(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "expand()" function
 static void f_expand(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  size_t len;
   char *errormsg;
   int options = WILD_SILENT|WILD_USE_NL|WILD_LIST_NOTFOUND;
-  expand_T xpc;
   bool error = false;
-  char_u *result;
 #ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
   char_u *p_csl_save = p_csl;
 
@@ -2066,7 +1975,8 @@ static void f_expand(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   const char *s = tv_get_string(&argvars[0]);
   if (*s == '%' || *s == '#' || *s == '<') {
     emsg_off++;
-    result = eval_vars((char_u *)s, (char_u *)s, &len, NULL, &errormsg, NULL);
+    size_t len;
+    char_u *result = eval_vars((char_u *)s, (char_u *)s, &len, NULL, &errormsg, NULL);
     emsg_off--;
     if (rettv->v_type == VAR_LIST) {
       tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv, (result != NULL));
@@ -2085,6 +1995,7 @@ static void f_expand(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       options |= WILD_KEEP_ALL;
     }
     if (!error) {
+      expand_T xpc;
       ExpandInit(&xpc);
       xpc.xp_context = EXPAND_FILES;
       if (p_wic) {
@@ -2151,8 +2062,6 @@ static void f_expandcmd(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "flatten(list[, {maxdepth}])" function
 static void f_flatten(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  list_T *list;
-  long maxdepth;
   bool error = false;
 
   if (argvars[0].v_type != VAR_LIST) {
@@ -2160,6 +2069,7 @@ static void f_flatten(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     return;
   }
 
+  long maxdepth;
   if (argvars[1].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
     maxdepth = 999999;
   } else {
@@ -2173,7 +2083,7 @@ static void f_flatten(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     }
   }
 
-  list = argvars[0].vval.v_list;
+  list_T *list = argvars[0].vval.v_list;
   if (list != NULL
       && !var_check_lock(tv_list_locked(list),
                          N_("flatten() argument"),
@@ -2190,7 +2100,6 @@ static void f_extend(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   const char *const arg_errmsg = N_("extend() argument");
 
   if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_LIST && argvars[1].v_type == VAR_LIST) {
-    long before;
     bool error = false;
 
     list_T *const l1 = argvars[0].vval.v_list;
@@ -2198,7 +2107,7 @@ static void f_extend(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     if (!var_check_lock(tv_list_locked(l1), arg_errmsg, TV_TRANSLATE)) {
       listitem_T *item;
       if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-        before = (long)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[2], &error);
+        long before = (long)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[2], &error);
         if (error) {
           return;  // Type error; errmsg already given.
         }
@@ -2360,7 +2269,7 @@ static void findfilendir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int find_what)
 /// "filter()" function
 static void f_filter(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  filter_map(argvars, rettv, FALSE);
+  filter_map(argvars, rettv, false);
 }
 
 /// "finddir({fname}[, {path}[, {count}]])" function
@@ -2440,130 +2349,6 @@ static void f_fnamemodify(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   xfree(fbuf);
 }
 
-/// "foldclosed()" function
-static void foldclosed_both(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int end)
-{
-  const linenr_T lnum = tv_get_lnum(argvars);
-  if (lnum >= 1 && lnum <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
-    linenr_T first;
-    linenr_T last;
-    if (hasFoldingWin(curwin, lnum, &first, &last, false, NULL)) {
-      if (end) {
-        rettv->vval.v_number = (varnumber_T)last;
-      } else {
-        rettv->vval.v_number = (varnumber_T)first;
-      }
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-  rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
-}
-
-/// "foldclosed()" function
-static void f_foldclosed(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  foldclosed_both(argvars, rettv, FALSE);
-}
-
-/// "foldclosedend()" function
-static void f_foldclosedend(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  foldclosed_both(argvars, rettv, TRUE);
-}
-
-/// "foldlevel()" function
-static void f_foldlevel(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  const linenr_T lnum = tv_get_lnum(argvars);
-  if (lnum >= 1 && lnum <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
-    rettv->vval.v_number = foldLevel(lnum);
-  }
-}
-
-/// "foldtext()" function
-static void f_foldtext(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  linenr_T foldstart;
-  linenr_T foldend;
-  char_u *dashes;
-  linenr_T lnum;
-  char_u *s;
-  char_u *r;
-  int len;
-  char *txt;
-
-  rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
-  rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
-
-  foldstart = (linenr_T)get_vim_var_nr(VV_FOLDSTART);
-  foldend = (linenr_T)get_vim_var_nr(VV_FOLDEND);
-  dashes = (char_u *)get_vim_var_str(VV_FOLDDASHES);
-  if (foldstart > 0 && foldend <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
-    // Find first non-empty line in the fold.
-    for (lnum = foldstart; lnum < foldend; lnum++) {
-      if (!linewhite(lnum)) {
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Find interesting text in this line.
-    s = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)ml_get(lnum));
-    // skip C comment-start
-    if (s[0] == '/' && (s[1] == '*' || s[1] == '/')) {
-      s = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)s + 2);
-      if (*skipwhite((char *)s) == NUL && lnum + 1 < foldend) {
-        s = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)ml_get(lnum + 1));
-        if (*s == '*') {
-          s = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)s + 1);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    unsigned long count = (unsigned long)foldend - (unsigned long)foldstart + 1;
-    txt = NGETTEXT("+-%s%3ld line: ", "+-%s%3ld lines: ", count);
-    r = xmalloc(STRLEN(txt)
-                + STRLEN(dashes)  // for %s
-                + 20              // for %3ld
-                + STRLEN(s));     // concatenated
-    sprintf((char *)r, txt, dashes, count);
-    len = (int)STRLEN(r);
-    STRCAT(r, s);
-    // remove 'foldmarker' and 'commentstring'
-    foldtext_cleanup(r + len);
-    rettv->vval.v_string = (char *)r;
-  }
-}
-
-/// "foldtextresult(lnum)" function
-static void f_foldtextresult(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  char_u *text;
-  char_u buf[FOLD_TEXT_LEN];
-  static bool entered = false;
-
-  rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
-  rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
-  if (entered) {
-    return;  // reject recursive use
-  }
-  entered = true;
-  linenr_T lnum = tv_get_lnum(argvars);
-  // Treat illegal types and illegal string values for {lnum} the same.
-  if (lnum < 0) {
-    lnum = 0;
-  }
-
-  foldinfo_T info = fold_info(curwin, lnum);
-  if (info.fi_lines > 0) {
-    text = get_foldtext(curwin, lnum, lnum + (linenr_T)info.fi_lines - 1, info, buf);
-    if (text == buf) {
-      text = vim_strsave(text);
-    }
-    rettv->vval.v_string = (char *)text;
-  }
-
-  entered = false;
-}
-
 /// "foreground()" function
 static void f_foreground(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {}
@@ -2593,10 +2378,6 @@ static void f_garbagecollect(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "get()" function
 static void f_get(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  listitem_T *li;
-  list_T *l;
-  dictitem_T *di;
-  dict_T *d;
   typval_T *tv = NULL;
   bool what_is_dict = false;
 
@@ -2617,17 +2398,19 @@ static void f_get(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       }
     }
   } else if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_LIST) {
-    if ((l = argvars[0].vval.v_list) != NULL) {
+    list_T *l = argvars[0].vval.v_list;
+    if (l != NULL) {
       bool error = false;
 
-      li = tv_list_find(l, (int)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[1], &error));
+      listitem_T *li = tv_list_find(l, (int)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[1], &error));
       if (!error && li != NULL) {
         tv = TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li);
       }
     }
   } else if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_DICT) {
-    if ((d = argvars[0].vval.v_dict) != NULL) {
-      di = tv_dict_find(d, tv_get_string(&argvars[1]), -1);
+    dict_T *d = argvars[0].vval.v_dict;
+    if (d != NULL) {
+      dictitem_T *di = tv_dict_find(d, tv_get_string(&argvars[1]), -1);
       if (di != NULL) {
         tv = &di->di_tv;
       }
@@ -2639,7 +2422,7 @@ static void f_get(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_PARTIAL) {
       pt = argvars[0].vval.v_partial;
     } else {
-      memset(&fref_pt, 0, sizeof(fref_pt));
+      CLEAR_FIELD(fref_pt);
       fref_pt.pt_name = (char_u *)argvars[0].vval.v_string;
       pt = &fref_pt;
     }
@@ -2851,147 +2634,6 @@ static void f_getchangelist(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   }
 }
 
-/// "getchar()" and "getcharstr()" functions
-static void getchar_common(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  varnumber_T n;
-  bool error = false;
-
-  no_mapping++;
-  allow_keys++;
-  for (;;) {
-    // Position the cursor.  Needed after a message that ends in a space,
-    // or if event processing caused a redraw.
-    ui_cursor_goto(msg_row, msg_col);
-
-    if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-      // getchar(): blocking wait.
-      // TODO(bfredl): deduplicate shared logic with state_enter ?
-      if (!char_avail()) {
-        (void)os_inchar(NULL, 0, -1, 0, main_loop.events);
-        if (!multiqueue_empty(main_loop.events)) {
-          state_handle_k_event();
-          continue;
-        }
-      }
-      n = safe_vgetc();
-    } else if (tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[0], &error) == 1) {
-      // getchar(1): only check if char avail
-      n = vpeekc_any();
-    } else if (error || vpeekc_any() == NUL) {
-      // illegal argument or getchar(0) and no char avail: return zero
-      n = 0;
-    } else {
-      // getchar(0) and char avail() != NUL: get a character.
-      // Note that vpeekc_any() returns K_SPECIAL for K_IGNORE.
-      n = safe_vgetc();
-    }
-
-    if (n == K_IGNORE
-        || n == K_MOUSEMOVE
-        || n == K_VER_SCROLLBAR
-        || n == K_HOR_SCROLLBAR) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    break;
-  }
-  no_mapping--;
-  allow_keys--;
-
-  if (!ui_has_messages()) {
-    // redraw the screen after getchar()
-    update_screen(CLEAR);
-  }
-
-  set_vim_var_nr(VV_MOUSE_WIN, 0);
-  set_vim_var_nr(VV_MOUSE_WINID, 0);
-  set_vim_var_nr(VV_MOUSE_LNUM, 0);
-  set_vim_var_nr(VV_MOUSE_COL, 0);
-
-  rettv->vval.v_number = n;
-  if (n != 0 && (IS_SPECIAL(n) || mod_mask != 0)) {
-    char_u temp[10];                // modifier: 3, mbyte-char: 6, NUL: 1
-    int i = 0;
-
-    // Turn a special key into three bytes, plus modifier.
-    if (mod_mask != 0) {
-      temp[i++] = K_SPECIAL;
-      temp[i++] = KS_MODIFIER;
-      temp[i++] = (char_u)mod_mask;
-    }
-    if (IS_SPECIAL(n)) {
-      temp[i++] = K_SPECIAL;
-      temp[i++] = (char_u)K_SECOND(n);
-      temp[i++] = K_THIRD(n);
-    } else {
-      i += utf_char2bytes((int)n, (char *)temp + i);
-    }
-    assert(i < 10);
-    temp[i++] = NUL;
-    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
-    rettv->vval.v_string = (char *)vim_strsave(temp);
-
-    if (is_mouse_key((int)n)) {
-      int row = mouse_row;
-      int col = mouse_col;
-      int grid = mouse_grid;
-      linenr_T lnum;
-      win_T *wp;
-      int winnr = 1;
-
-      if (row >= 0 && col >= 0) {
-        // Find the window at the mouse coordinates and compute the
-        // text position.
-        win_T *const win = mouse_find_win(&grid, &row, &col);
-        if (win == NULL) {
-          return;
-        }
-        (void)mouse_comp_pos(win, &row, &col, &lnum);
-        for (wp = firstwin; wp != win; wp = wp->w_next) {
-          ++winnr;
-        }
-        set_vim_var_nr(VV_MOUSE_WIN, winnr);
-        set_vim_var_nr(VV_MOUSE_WINID, wp->handle);
-        set_vim_var_nr(VV_MOUSE_LNUM, lnum);
-        set_vim_var_nr(VV_MOUSE_COL, col + 1);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/// "getchar()" function
-static void f_getchar(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  getchar_common(argvars, rettv);
-}
-
-/// "getcharstr()" function
-static void f_getcharstr(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  getchar_common(argvars, rettv);
-
-  if (rettv->v_type == VAR_NUMBER) {
-    char temp[7];   // mbyte-char: 6, NUL: 1
-    const varnumber_T n = rettv->vval.v_number;
-    int i = 0;
-
-    if (n != 0) {
-      i += utf_char2bytes((int)n, (char *)temp);
-    }
-    assert(i < 7);
-    temp[i++] = NUL;
-    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
-    rettv->vval.v_string = xstrdup(temp);
-  }
-}
-
-/// "getcharmod()" function
-static void f_getcharmod(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  rettv->vval.v_number = mod_mask;
-}
-
 static void getpos_both(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, bool getcurpos, bool charcol)
 {
   pos_T *fp = NULL;
@@ -3203,15 +2845,15 @@ static void f_getcwd(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   // Numbers of the scope objects (window, tab) we want the working directory
   // of. A `-1` means to skip this scope, a `0` means the current object.
   int scope_number[] = {
-    [kCdScopeWindow] = 0,  // Number of window to look at.
+    [kCdScopeWindow] = 0,   // Number of window to look at.
     [kCdScopeTabpage] = 0,  // Number of tab to look at.
   };
 
   char *cwd  = NULL;    // Current working directory to print
   char *from = NULL;    // The original string to copy
 
-  tabpage_T *tp  = curtab;  // The tabpage to look at.
-  win_T *win = curwin;  // The window to look at.
+  tabpage_T *tp = curtab;  // The tabpage to look at.
+  win_T *win = curwin;     // The window to look at.
 
   rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
   rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
@@ -3455,13 +3097,6 @@ static void f_getline(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   get_buffer_lines(curbuf, lnum, end, retlist, rettv);
 }
 
-/// "getloclist()" function
-static void f_getloclist(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  win_T *wp = find_win_by_nr_or_id(&argvars[0]);
-  get_qf_loc_list(false, wp, &argvars[1], rettv);
-}
-
 /// "getmarklist()" function
 static void f_getmarklist(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
@@ -3483,8 +3118,6 @@ static void f_getmarklist(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "getmousepos()" function
 static void f_getmousepos(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  dict_T *d;
-  win_T *wp;
   int row = mouse_row;
   int col = mouse_col;
   int grid = mouse_grid;
@@ -3495,12 +3128,12 @@ static void f_getmousepos(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   varnumber_T column = 0;
 
   tv_dict_alloc_ret(rettv);
-  d = rettv->vval.v_dict;
+  dict_T *d = rettv->vval.v_dict;
 
   tv_dict_add_nr(d, S_LEN("screenrow"), (varnumber_T)mouse_row + 1);
   tv_dict_add_nr(d, S_LEN("screencol"), (varnumber_T)mouse_col + 1);
 
-  wp = mouse_find_win(&grid, &row, &col);
+  win_T *wp = mouse_find_win(&grid, &row, &col);
   if (wp != NULL) {
     int height = wp->w_height + wp->w_hsep_height + wp->w_status_height;
     // The height is adjusted by 1 when there is a bottom border. This is not
@@ -3546,12 +3179,6 @@ static void f_getpos(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   getpos_both(argvars, rettv, false, false);
 }
 
-/// "getqflist()" functions
-static void f_getqflist(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  get_qf_loc_list(true, NULL, &argvars[0], rettv);
-}
-
 /// Common between getreg(), getreginfo() and getregtype(): get the register
 /// name from the first argument.
 /// Returns zero on error.
@@ -3788,7 +3415,6 @@ static void f_win_screenpos(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// Move the window wp into a new split of targetwin in a given direction
 static void win_move_into_split(win_T *wp, win_T *targetwin, int size, int flags)
 {
-  int dir;
   int height = wp->w_height;
   win_T *oldwin = curwin;
 
@@ -3802,6 +3428,7 @@ static void win_move_into_split(win_T *wp, win_T *targetwin, int size, int flags
   }
 
   // Remove the old window and frame from the tree of frames
+  int dir;
   (void)winframe_remove(wp, &dir, NULL);
   win_remove(wp, NULL);
   last_status(false);     // may need to remove last status line
@@ -3826,12 +3453,8 @@ static void win_move_into_split(win_T *wp, win_T *targetwin, int size, int flags
 /// "win_splitmove()" function
 static void f_win_splitmove(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  win_T *wp;
-  win_T *targetwin;
-  int flags = 0, size = 0;
-
-  wp = find_win_by_nr_or_id(&argvars[0]);
-  targetwin = find_win_by_nr_or_id(&argvars[1]);
+  win_T *wp = find_win_by_nr_or_id(&argvars[0]);
+  win_T *targetwin = find_win_by_nr_or_id(&argvars[1]);
 
   if (wp == NULL || targetwin == NULL || wp == targetwin
       || !win_valid(wp) || !win_valid(targetwin)
@@ -3841,6 +3464,8 @@ static void f_win_splitmove(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     return;
   }
 
+  int flags = 0, size = 0;
+
   if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
     dict_T *d;
     dictitem_T *di;
@@ -3890,8 +3515,8 @@ static void f_glob(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   expand_T xpc;
   bool error = false;
 
-  /* When the optional second argument is non-zero, don't remove matches
-  * for 'wildignore' and don't put matches for 'suffixes' at the end. */
+  // When the optional second argument is non-zero, don't remove matches
+  // for 'wildignore' and don't put matches for 'suffixes' at the end.
   rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
   if (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
     if (tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[1], &error)) {
@@ -3964,7 +3589,7 @@ static void f_globpath(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   if (file != NULL && !error) {
     garray_T ga;
     ga_init(&ga, (int)sizeof(char_u *), 10);
-    globpath((char_u *)tv_get_string(&argvars[0]), (char_u *)file, &ga, flags);
+    globpath((char *)tv_get_string(&argvars[0]), (char_u *)file, &ga, flags);
 
     if (rettv->v_type == VAR_STRING) {
       rettv->vval.v_string = ga_concat_strings_sep(&ga, "\n");
@@ -4306,87 +3931,6 @@ static void f_haslocaldir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   }
 }
 
-/// "histadd()" function
-static void f_histadd(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  HistoryType histype;
-
-  rettv->vval.v_number = false;
-  if (check_secure()) {
-    return;
-  }
-  const char *str = tv_get_string_chk(&argvars[0]);  // NULL on type error
-  histype = str != NULL ? get_histtype(str, strlen(str), false) : HIST_INVALID;
-  if (histype != HIST_INVALID) {
-    char buf[NUMBUFLEN];
-    str = tv_get_string_buf(&argvars[1], buf);
-    if (*str != NUL) {
-      init_history();
-      add_to_history(histype, (char_u *)str, false, NUL);
-      rettv->vval.v_number = true;
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/// "histdel()" function
-static void f_histdel(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  int n;
-  const char *const str = tv_get_string_chk(&argvars[0]);  // NULL on type error
-  if (str == NULL) {
-    n = 0;
-  } else if (argvars[1].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-    // only one argument: clear entire history
-    n = clr_history(get_histtype(str, strlen(str), false));
-  } else if (argvars[1].v_type == VAR_NUMBER) {
-    // index given: remove that entry
-    n = del_history_idx(get_histtype(str, strlen(str), false),
-                        (int)tv_get_number(&argvars[1]));
-  } else {
-    // string given: remove all matching entries
-    char buf[NUMBUFLEN];
-    n = del_history_entry(get_histtype(str, strlen(str), false),
-                          (char_u *)tv_get_string_buf(&argvars[1], buf));
-  }
-  rettv->vval.v_number = n;
-}
-
-/// "histget()" function
-static void f_histget(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  HistoryType type;
-  int idx;
-
-  const char *const str = tv_get_string_chk(&argvars[0]);  // NULL on type error
-  if (str == NULL) {
-    rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
-  } else {
-    type = get_histtype(str, strlen(str), false);
-    if (argvars[1].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-      idx = get_history_idx(type);
-    } else {
-      idx = (int)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[1], NULL);
-    }
-    // -1 on type error
-    rettv->vval.v_string = (char *)vim_strsave(get_history_entry(type, idx));
-  }
-  rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
-}
-
-/// "histnr()" function
-static void f_histnr(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  const char *const history = tv_get_string_chk(&argvars[0]);
-  HistoryType i = history == NULL
-    ? HIST_INVALID
-    : get_histtype(history, strlen(history), false);
-  if (i != HIST_INVALID) {
-    i = get_history_idx(i);
-  }
-  rettv->vval.v_number = i;
-}
-
 /// "highlightID(name)" function
 static void f_hlID(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
@@ -4526,21 +4070,18 @@ static bool inputsecret_flag = false;
 ///     Also handles inputsecret() when inputsecret is set.
 static void f_input(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  get_user_input(argvars, rettv, FALSE, inputsecret_flag);
+  get_user_input(argvars, rettv, false, inputsecret_flag);
 }
 
 /// "inputdialog()" function
 static void f_inputdialog(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  get_user_input(argvars, rettv, TRUE, inputsecret_flag);
+  get_user_input(argvars, rettv, true, inputsecret_flag);
 }
 
 /// "inputlist()" function
 static void f_inputlist(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  int selected;
-  int mouse_used;
-
   if (argvars[0].v_type != VAR_LIST) {
     semsg(_(e_listarg), "inputlist()");
     return;
@@ -4558,7 +4099,8 @@ static void f_inputlist(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   });
 
   // Ask for choice.
-  selected = prompt_for_number(&mouse_used);
+  int mouse_used;
+  int selected = prompt_for_number(&mouse_used);
   if (mouse_used) {
     selected -= lines_left;
   }
@@ -4695,7 +4237,6 @@ static void f_isdirectory(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 static void f_islocked(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
   lval_T lv;
-  dictitem_T *di;
 
   rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
   const char_u *const end = (char_u *)get_lval((char *)tv_get_string(&argvars[0]),
@@ -4708,7 +4249,7 @@ static void f_islocked(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       semsg(_(e_trailing_arg), end);
     } else {
       if (lv.ll_tv == NULL) {
-        di = find_var(lv.ll_name, lv.ll_name_len, NULL, true);
+        dictitem_T *di = find_var(lv.ll_name, lv.ll_name_len, NULL, true);
         if (di != NULL) {
           // Consider a variable locked when:
           // 1. the variable itself is locked
@@ -5016,7 +4557,7 @@ static void f_jobstart(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     if (new_cwd && *new_cwd != NUL) {
       cwd = new_cwd;
       // The new cwd must be a directory.
-      if (!os_isdir_executable((const char *)cwd)) {
+      if (!os_isdir((const char_u *)cwd)) {
         semsg(_(e_invarg2), "expected valid directory");
         shell_free_argv(argv);
         return;
@@ -5410,7 +4951,7 @@ static void f_luaeval(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "map()" function
 static void f_map(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  filter_map(argvars, rettv, TRUE);
+  filter_map(argvars, rettv, true);
 }
 
 static void find_some_match(typval_T *const argvars, typval_T *const rettv,
@@ -5420,18 +4961,16 @@ static void find_some_match(typval_T *const argvars, typval_T *const rettv,
   long len = 0;
   char_u *expr = NULL;
   regmatch_T regmatch;
-  char *save_cpo;
   long start = 0;
   long nth = 1;
   colnr_T startcol = 0;
   bool match = false;
   list_T *l = NULL;
-  listitem_T *li = NULL;
   long idx = 0;
   char_u *tofree = NULL;
 
   // Make 'cpoptions' empty, the 'l' flag should not be used here.
-  save_cpo = p_cpo;
+  char *save_cpo = p_cpo;
   p_cpo = "";
 
   rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
@@ -5458,6 +4997,7 @@ static void find_some_match(typval_T *const argvars, typval_T *const rettv,
     break;
   }
 
+  listitem_T *li = NULL;
   if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_LIST) {
     if ((l = argvars[0].vval.v_list) == NULL) {
       goto theend;
@@ -5566,10 +5106,8 @@ static void find_some_match(typval_T *const argvars, typval_T *const rettv,
 
         const size_t rd = (size_t)(regmatch.endp[0] - regmatch.startp[0]);
         TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li1)->vval.v_string = xmemdupz((const char *)regmatch.startp[0], rd);
-        TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li3)->vval.v_number = (varnumber_T)(
-                                                            regmatch.startp[0] - expr);
-        TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li4)->vval.v_number = (varnumber_T)(
-                                                            regmatch.endp[0] - expr);
+        TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li3)->vval.v_number = (varnumber_T)(regmatch.startp[0] - expr);
+        TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li4)->vval.v_number = (varnumber_T)(regmatch.endp[0] - expr);
         if (l != NULL) {
           TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li2)->vval.v_number = (varnumber_T)idx;
         }
@@ -5710,13 +5248,13 @@ static void max_min(const typval_T *const tv, typval_T *const rettv, const bool
 /// "max()" function
 static void f_max(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  max_min(argvars, rettv, TRUE);
+  max_min(argvars, rettv, true);
 }
 
 /// "min()" function
 static void f_min(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  max_min(argvars, rettv, FALSE);
+  max_min(argvars, rettv, false);
 }
 
 /// "mkdir()" function
@@ -6047,14 +5585,13 @@ static void f_printf(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
   rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
   {
-    int len;
     int saved_did_emsg = did_emsg;
 
     // Get the required length, allocate the buffer and do it for real.
     did_emsg = false;
     char buf[NUMBUFLEN];
     const char *fmt = tv_get_string_buf(&argvars[0], buf);
-    len = vim_vsnprintf_typval(NULL, 0, fmt, dummy_ap, argvars + 1);
+    int len = vim_vsnprintf_typval(NULL, 0, fmt, dummy_ap, argvars + 1);
     if (!did_emsg) {
       char *s = xmalloc((size_t)len + 1);
       rettv->vval.v_string = s;
@@ -6067,13 +5604,12 @@ static void f_printf(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "prompt_setcallback({buffer}, {callback})" function
 static void f_prompt_setcallback(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  buf_T *buf;
   Callback prompt_callback = { .type = kCallbackNone };
 
   if (check_secure()) {
     return;
   }
-  buf = tv_get_buf(&argvars[0], false);
+  buf_T *buf = tv_get_buf(&argvars[0], false);
   if (buf == NULL) {
     return;
   }
@@ -6091,13 +5627,12 @@ static void f_prompt_setcallback(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr
 /// "prompt_setinterrupt({buffer}, {callback})" function
 static void f_prompt_setinterrupt(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  buf_T *buf;
   Callback interrupt_callback = { .type = kCallbackNone };
 
   if (check_secure()) {
     return;
   }
-  buf = tv_get_buf(&argvars[0], false);
+  buf_T *buf = tv_get_buf(&argvars[0], false);
   if (buf == NULL) {
     return;
   }
@@ -6342,13 +5877,11 @@ static void f_rubyeval(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "range()" function
 static void f_range(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  varnumber_T start;
   varnumber_T end;
   varnumber_T stride = 1;
-  varnumber_T i;
   bool error = false;
 
-  start = tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[0], &error);
+  varnumber_T start = tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[0], &error);
   if (argvars[1].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
     end = start - 1;
     start = 0;
@@ -6368,7 +5901,7 @@ static void f_range(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     emsg(_("E727: Start past end"));
   } else {
     tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv, (end - start) / stride);
-    for (i = start; stride > 0 ? i <= end : i >= end; i += stride) {
+    for (varnumber_T i = start; stride > 0 ? i <= end : i >= end; i += stride) {
       tv_list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, i);
     }
   }
@@ -6379,8 +5912,6 @@ static varnumber_T readdir_checkitem(void *context, const char *name)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
   typval_T *expr = (typval_T *)context;
-  typval_T save_val;
-  typval_T rettv;
   typval_T argv[2];
   varnumber_T retval = 0;
   bool error = false;
@@ -6389,11 +5920,13 @@ static varnumber_T readdir_checkitem(void *context, const char *name)
     return 1;
   }
 
+  typval_T save_val;
   prepare_vimvar(VV_VAL, &save_val);
   set_vim_var_string(VV_VAL, name, -1);
   argv[0].v_type = VAR_STRING;
   argv[0].vval.v_string = (char *)name;
 
+  typval_T rettv;
   if (eval_expr_typval(expr, argv, 1, &rettv) == FAIL) {
     goto theend;
   }
@@ -6435,12 +5968,11 @@ static void f_readfile(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   bool binary = false;
   bool blob = false;
   FILE *fd;
-  char_u buf[(IOSIZE/256) * 256];       // rounded to avoid odd + 1
+  char_u buf[(IOSIZE/256) * 256];  // rounded to avoid odd + 1
   int io_size = sizeof(buf);
-  int readlen;                          // size of last fread()
-  char_u *prev    = NULL;          // previously read bytes, if any
-  long prevlen  = 0;                    // length of data in prev
-  long prevsize = 0;                    // size of prev buffer
+  char_u *prev = NULL;             // previously read bytes, if any
+  long prevlen  = 0;               // length of data in prev
+  long prevsize = 0;               // size of prev buffer
   long maxline  = MAXLNUM;
 
   if (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
@@ -6482,7 +6014,7 @@ static void f_readfile(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   list_T *const l = tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv, kListLenUnknown);
 
   while (maxline < 0 || tv_list_len(l) < maxline) {
-    readlen = (int)fread(buf, 1, (size_t)io_size, fd);
+    int readlen = (int)fread(buf, 1, (size_t)io_size, fd);
 
     // This for loop processes what was read, but is also entered at end
     // of file so that either:
@@ -6514,9 +6046,9 @@ static void f_readfile(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
           assert(len < INT_MAX);
           s = vim_strnsave(start, len);
         } else {
-          /* Change "prev" buffer to be the right size.  This way
-           * the bytes are only copied once, and very long lines are
-           * allocated only once.  */
+          // Change "prev" buffer to be the right size.  This way
+          // the bytes are only copied once, and very long lines are
+          // allocated only once.
           s = xrealloc(prev, (size_t)prevlen + len + 1);
           memcpy(s + prevlen, start, len);
           s[(size_t)prevlen + len] = NUL;
@@ -6590,10 +6122,10 @@ static void f_readfile(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     if (start < p) {
       // There's part of a line in buf, store it in "prev".
       if (p - start + prevlen >= prevsize) {
-        /* A common use case is ordinary text files and "prev" gets a
-         * fragment of a line, so the first allocation is made
-         * small, to avoid repeatedly 'allocing' large and
-         * 'reallocing' small. */
+        // A common use case is ordinary text files and "prev" gets a
+        // fragment of a line, so the first allocation is made
+        // small, to avoid repeatedly 'allocing' large and
+        // 'reallocing' small.
         if (prevsize == 0) {
           prevsize = (long)(p - start);
         } else {
@@ -7142,7 +6674,6 @@ static void f_reduce(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 static int get_search_arg(typval_T *varp, int *flagsp)
 {
   int dir = FORWARD;
-  int mask;
 
   if (varp->v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
     char nbuf[NUMBUFLEN];
@@ -7150,6 +6681,7 @@ static int get_search_arg(typval_T *varp, int *flagsp)
     if (flags == NULL) {
       return 0;  // Type error; errmsg already given.
     }
+    int mask;
     while (*flags != NUL) {
       switch (*flags) {
       case 'b':
@@ -7199,26 +6731,19 @@ static int get_search_arg(typval_T *varp, int *flagsp)
 /// Shared by search() and searchpos() functions.
 static int search_cmn(typval_T *argvars, pos_T *match_pos, int *flagsp)
 {
-  int flags;
-  pos_T pos;
-  pos_T save_cursor;
   bool save_p_ws = p_ws;
-  int dir;
   int retval = 0;               // default: FAIL
   long lnum_stop = 0;
-  proftime_T tm;
   long time_limit = 0;
   int options = SEARCH_KEEP;
-  int subpatnum;
-  searchit_arg_T sia;
   bool use_skip = false;
 
   const char *const pat = tv_get_string(&argvars[0]);
-  dir = get_search_arg(&argvars[1], flagsp);  // May set p_ws.
+  int dir = get_search_arg(&argvars[1], flagsp);  // May set p_ws.
   if (dir == 0) {
     goto theend;
   }
-  flags = *flagsp;
+  int flags = *flagsp;
   if (flags & SP_START) {
     options |= SEARCH_START;
   }
@@ -7245,25 +6770,27 @@ static int search_cmn(typval_T *argvars, pos_T *match_pos, int *flagsp)
   }
 
   // Set the time limit, if there is one.
-  tm = profile_setlimit(time_limit);
-
-  /*
-   * This function does not accept SP_REPEAT and SP_RETCOUNT flags.
-   * Check to make sure only those flags are set.
-   * Also, Only the SP_NOMOVE or the SP_SETPCMARK flag can be set. Both
-   * flags cannot be set. Check for that condition also.
-   */
+  proftime_T tm = profile_setlimit(time_limit);
+
+  // This function does not accept SP_REPEAT and SP_RETCOUNT flags.
+  // Check to make sure only those flags are set.
+  // Also, Only the SP_NOMOVE or the SP_SETPCMARK flag can be set. Both
+  // flags cannot be set. Check for that condition also.
   if (((flags & (SP_REPEAT | SP_RETCOUNT)) != 0)
       || ((flags & SP_NOMOVE) && (flags & SP_SETPCMARK))) {
     semsg(_(e_invarg2), tv_get_string(&argvars[1]));
     goto theend;
   }
 
-  pos = save_cursor = curwin->w_cursor;
+  pos_T save_cursor;
+  pos_T pos = save_cursor = curwin->w_cursor;
   pos_T firstpos = { 0 };
-  memset(&sia, 0, sizeof(sia));
-  sia.sa_stop_lnum = (linenr_T)lnum_stop;
-  sia.sa_tm = &tm;
+  searchit_arg_T sia = {
+    .sa_stop_lnum = (linenr_T)lnum_stop,
+    .sa_tm = &tm,
+  };
+
+  int subpatnum;
 
   // Repeat until {skip} returns false.
   for (;;) {
@@ -7398,8 +6925,7 @@ static void f_rpcrequest(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   }
 
   sctx_T save_current_sctx;
-  char *save_sourcing_name, *save_autocmd_fname, *save_autocmd_match;
-  linenr_T save_sourcing_lnum;
+  char *save_autocmd_fname, *save_autocmd_match;
   int save_autocmd_bufnr;
   funccal_entry_T funccal_entry;
 
@@ -7407,16 +6933,14 @@ static void f_rpcrequest(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     // If this is called from a provider function, restore the scope
     // information of the caller.
     save_current_sctx = current_sctx;
-    save_sourcing_name = sourcing_name;
-    save_sourcing_lnum = sourcing_lnum;
     save_autocmd_fname = autocmd_fname;
     save_autocmd_match = autocmd_match;
     save_autocmd_bufnr = autocmd_bufnr;
     save_funccal(&funccal_entry);
 
     current_sctx = provider_caller_scope.script_ctx;
-    sourcing_name = provider_caller_scope.sourcing_name;
-    sourcing_lnum = provider_caller_scope.sourcing_lnum;
+    ga_grow(&exestack, 1);
+    ((estack_T *)exestack.ga_data)[exestack.ga_len++] = provider_caller_scope.es_entry;
     autocmd_fname = provider_caller_scope.autocmd_fname;
     autocmd_match = provider_caller_scope.autocmd_match;
     autocmd_bufnr = provider_caller_scope.autocmd_bufnr;
@@ -7433,8 +6957,7 @@ static void f_rpcrequest(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 
   if (l_provider_call_nesting) {
     current_sctx = save_current_sctx;
-    sourcing_name = save_sourcing_name;
-    sourcing_lnum = save_sourcing_lnum;
+    exestack.ga_len--;
     autocmd_fname = save_autocmd_fname;
     autocmd_match = save_autocmd_match;
     autocmd_bufnr = save_autocmd_bufnr;
@@ -7568,14 +7091,13 @@ static void f_rpcstop(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "screenattr()" function
 static void f_screenattr(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  int c;
-
-  ScreenGrid *grid;
   int row = (int)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[0], NULL) - 1;
   int col = (int)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[1], NULL) - 1;
 
+  ScreenGrid *grid;
   screenchar_adjust(&grid, &row, &col);
 
+  int c;
   if (row < 0 || row >= grid->rows || col < 0 || col >= grid->cols) {
     c = -1;
   } else {
@@ -7587,14 +7109,13 @@ static void f_screenattr(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "screenchar()" function
 static void f_screenchar(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  int c;
-
-  ScreenGrid *grid;
   int row = (int)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[0], NULL) - 1;
   int col = (int)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[1], NULL) - 1;
 
+  ScreenGrid *grid;
   screenchar_adjust(&grid, &row, &col);
 
+  int c;
   if (row < 0 || row >= grid->rows || col < 0 || col >= grid->cols) {
     c = -1;
   } else {
@@ -7606,10 +7127,10 @@ static void f_screenchar(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "screenchars()" function
 static void f_screenchars(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  ScreenGrid *grid;
   int row = (int)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[0], NULL) - 1;
   int col = (int)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[1], NULL) - 1;
 
+  ScreenGrid *grid;
   screenchar_adjust(&grid, &row, &col);
 
   if (row < 0 || row >= grid->rows || col < 0 || col >= grid->cols) {
@@ -7640,10 +7161,6 @@ static void f_screencol(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "screenpos({winid}, {lnum}, {col})" function
 static void f_screenpos(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  pos_T pos;
-  int row = 0;
-  int scol = 0, ccol = 0, ecol = 0;
-
   tv_dict_alloc_ret(rettv);
   dict_T *dict = rettv->vval.v_dict;
 
@@ -7652,9 +7169,13 @@ static void f_screenpos(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     return;
   }
 
-  pos.lnum = (linenr_T)tv_get_number(&argvars[1]);
-  pos.col = (colnr_T)tv_get_number(&argvars[2]) - 1;
-  pos.coladd = 0;
+  pos_T pos = {
+    .lnum   = (linenr_T)tv_get_number(&argvars[1]),
+    .col    = (colnr_T)tv_get_number(&argvars[2]) - 1,
+    .coladd = 0
+  };
+  int row = 0;
+  int scol = 0, ccol = 0, ecol = 0;
   textpos2screenpos(wp, &pos, &row, &scol, &ccol, &ecol, false);
 
   tv_dict_add_nr(dict, S_LEN("row"), row);
@@ -7722,7 +7243,6 @@ static void f_searchdecl(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 static int searchpair_cmn(typval_T *argvars, pos_T *match_pos)
 {
   bool save_p_ws = p_ws;
-  int dir;
   int flags = 0;
   int retval = 0;  // default: FAIL
   long lnum_stop = 0;
@@ -7740,7 +7260,7 @@ static int searchpair_cmn(typval_T *argvars, pos_T *match_pos)
   }
 
   // Handle the optional fourth argument: flags.
-  dir = get_search_arg(&argvars[3], &flags);   // may set p_ws.
+  int dir = get_search_arg(&argvars[3], &flags);   // may set p_ws.
   if (dir == 0) {
     goto theend;
   }
@@ -7834,33 +7354,24 @@ long do_searchpair(const char *spat, const char *mpat, const char *epat, int dir
                    long time_limit)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1, 2, 3)
 {
-  char *save_cpo;
-  char_u *pat, *pat2 = NULL, *pat3 = NULL;
   long retval = 0;
-  pos_T pos;
-  pos_T firstpos;
-  pos_T foundpos;
-  pos_T save_cursor;
-  pos_T save_pos;
-  int n;
   int nest = 1;
   bool use_skip = false;
   int options = SEARCH_KEEP;
-  proftime_T tm;
 
   // Make 'cpoptions' empty, the 'l' flag should not be used here.
-  save_cpo = p_cpo;
+  char *save_cpo = p_cpo;
   p_cpo = (char *)empty_option;
 
   // Set the time limit, if there is one.
-  tm = profile_setlimit(time_limit);
+  proftime_T tm = profile_setlimit(time_limit);
 
   // Make two search patterns: start/end (pat2, for in nested pairs) and
   // start/middle/end (pat3, for the top pair).
   const size_t pat2_len = strlen(spat) + strlen(epat) + 17;
-  pat2 = xmalloc(pat2_len);
+  char_u *pat2 = xmalloc(pat2_len);
   const size_t pat3_len = strlen(spat) + strlen(mpat) + strlen(epat) + 25;
-  pat3 = xmalloc(pat3_len);
+  char_u *pat3 = xmalloc(pat3_len);
   snprintf((char *)pat2, pat2_len, "\\m\\(%s\\m\\)\\|\\(%s\\m\\)", spat, epat);
   if (*mpat == NUL) {
     STRCPY(pat3, pat2);
@@ -7876,19 +7387,21 @@ long do_searchpair(const char *spat, const char *mpat, const char *epat, int dir
     use_skip = eval_expr_valid_arg(skip);
   }
 
-  save_cursor = curwin->w_cursor;
-  pos = curwin->w_cursor;
+  pos_T save_cursor = curwin->w_cursor;
+  pos_T pos = curwin->w_cursor;
+  pos_T firstpos;
   clearpos(&firstpos);
+  pos_T foundpos;
   clearpos(&foundpos);
-  pat = pat3;
+  char_u *pat = pat3;
   for (;;) {
-    searchit_arg_T sia;
-    memset(&sia, 0, sizeof(sia));
-    sia.sa_stop_lnum = lnum_stop;
-    sia.sa_tm = &tm;
+    searchit_arg_T sia = {
+      .sa_stop_lnum = lnum_stop,
+      .sa_tm = &tm,
+    };
 
-    n = searchit(curwin, curbuf, &pos, NULL, dir, pat, 1L,
-                 options, RE_SEARCH, &sia);
+    int n = searchit(curwin, curbuf, &pos, NULL, dir, pat, 1L,
+                     options, RE_SEARCH, &sia);
     if (n == FAIL || (firstpos.lnum != 0 && equalpos(pos, firstpos))) {
       // didn't find it or found the first match again: FAIL
       break;
@@ -7914,7 +7427,7 @@ long do_searchpair(const char *spat, const char *mpat, const char *epat, int dir
 
     // If the skip pattern matches, ignore this match.
     if (use_skip) {
-      save_pos = curwin->w_cursor;
+      pos_T save_pos = curwin->w_cursor;
       curwin->w_cursor = pos;
       bool err = false;
       const bool r = eval_expr_to_bool(skip, &err);
@@ -8103,13 +7616,13 @@ static void f_setbufline(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// Otherwise use the column number as a byte offset.
 static void set_position(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, bool charpos)
 {
-  pos_T pos;
-  int fnum;
   colnr_T curswant = -1;
 
   rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
   const char *const name = tv_get_string_chk(argvars);
   if (name != NULL) {
+    pos_T pos;
+    int fnum;
     if (list2fpos(&argvars[1], &pos, &fnum, &curswant, charpos) == OK) {
       if (pos.col != MAXCOL && --pos.col < 0) {
         pos.col = 0;
@@ -8143,15 +7656,13 @@ static void f_setcharpos(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 
 static void f_setcharsearch(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  dict_T *d;
-  dictitem_T *di;
-
   if (argvars[0].v_type != VAR_DICT) {
     emsg(_(e_dictreq));
     return;
   }
 
-  if ((d = argvars[0].vval.v_dict) != NULL) {
+  dict_T *d = argvars[0].vval.v_dict;
+  if (d != NULL) {
     char_u *const csearch = (char_u *)tv_dict_get_string(d, "char", false);
     if (csearch != NULL) {
       int pcc[MAX_MCO];
@@ -8159,7 +7670,7 @@ static void f_setcharsearch(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       set_last_csearch(c, csearch, utfc_ptr2len((char *)csearch));
     }
 
-    di = tv_dict_find(d, S_LEN("forward"));
+    dictitem_T *di = tv_dict_find(d, S_LEN("forward"));
     if (di != NULL) {
       set_csearch_direction(tv_get_number(&di->di_tv) ? FORWARD : BACKWARD);
     }
@@ -8240,117 +7751,17 @@ static void f_setline(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   set_buffer_lines(curbuf, lnum, false, &argvars[1], rettv);
 }
 
-/// Create quickfix/location list from VimL values
-///
-/// Used by `setqflist()` and `setloclist()` functions. Accepts invalid
-/// args argument in which case errors out, including VAR_UNKNOWN parameters.
-///
-/// @param[in,out]  wp  Window to create location list for. May be NULL in
-///                     which case quickfix list will be created.
-/// @param[in]  args  [list, action, what]
-/// @param[in]  args[0]  Quickfix list contents.
-/// @param[in]  args[1]  Optional. Action to perform:
-///                      append to an existing list, replace its content,
-///                      or create a new one.
-/// @param[in]  args[2]  Optional. Quickfix list properties or title.
-///                      Defaults to caller function name.
-/// @param[out]  rettv  Return value: 0 in case of success, -1 otherwise.
-static void set_qf_ll_list(win_T *wp, typval_T *args, typval_T *rettv)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(2, 3)
-{
-  static char *e_invact = N_("E927: Invalid action: '%s'");
-  const char *title = NULL;
-  char action = ' ';
-  static int recursive = 0;
-  rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
-  dict_T *what = NULL;
-
-  typval_T *list_arg = &args[0];
-  if (list_arg->v_type != VAR_LIST) {
-    emsg(_(e_listreq));
-    return;
-  } else if (recursive != 0) {
-    emsg(_(e_au_recursive));
-    return;
-  }
-
-  typval_T *action_arg = &args[1];
-  if (action_arg->v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-    // Option argument was not given.
-    goto skip_args;
-  } else if (action_arg->v_type != VAR_STRING) {
-    emsg(_(e_stringreq));
-    return;
-  }
-  const char *const act = tv_get_string_chk(action_arg);
-  if ((*act == 'a' || *act == 'r' || *act == ' ' || *act == 'f')
-      && act[1] == NUL) {
-    action = *act;
-  } else {
-    semsg(_(e_invact), act);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  typval_T *const what_arg = &args[2];
-  if (what_arg->v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-    // Option argument was not given.
-    goto skip_args;
-  } else if (what_arg->v_type == VAR_STRING) {
-    title = tv_get_string_chk(what_arg);
-    if (!title) {
-      // Type error. Error already printed by tv_get_string_chk().
-      return;
-    }
-  } else if (what_arg->v_type == VAR_DICT && what_arg->vval.v_dict != NULL) {
-    what = what_arg->vval.v_dict;
-  } else {
-    emsg(_(e_dictreq));
-    return;
-  }
-
-skip_args:
-  if (!title) {
-    title = (wp ? ":setloclist()" : ":setqflist()");
-  }
-
-  recursive++;
-  list_T *const l = list_arg->vval.v_list;
-  if (set_errorlist(wp, l, action, (char *)title, what) == OK) {
-    rettv->vval.v_number = 0;
-  }
-  recursive--;
-}
-
-/// "setloclist()" function
-static void f_setloclist(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  win_T *win;
-
-  rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
-
-  win = find_win_by_nr_or_id(&argvars[0]);
-  if (win != NULL) {
-    set_qf_ll_list(win, &argvars[1], rettv);
-  }
-}
-
 /// "setpos()" function
 static void f_setpos(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
   set_position(argvars, rettv, false);
 }
 
-/// "setqflist()" function
-static void f_setqflist(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
-{
-  set_qf_ll_list(NULL, argvars, rettv);
-}
-
 /// Translate a register type string to the yank type and block length
-static int get_yank_type(char_u **const pp, MotionType *const yank_type, long *const block_len)
+static int get_yank_type(char **const pp, MotionType *const yank_type, long *const block_len)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
-  char *stropt = (char *)(*pp);
+  char *stropt = *pp;
   switch (*stropt) {
   case 'v':
   case 'c':  // character-wise selection
@@ -8372,7 +7783,7 @@ static int get_yank_type(char_u **const pp, MotionType *const yank_type, long *c
   default:
     return FAIL;
   }
-  *pp = (char_u *)stropt;
+  *pp = stropt;
   return OK;
 }
 
@@ -8380,11 +7791,9 @@ static int get_yank_type(char_u **const pp, MotionType *const yank_type, long *c
 static void f_setreg(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
   bool append = false;
-  MotionType yank_type;
-  long block_len;
 
-  block_len = -1;
-  yank_type = kMTUnknown;
+  long block_len = -1;
+  MotionType yank_type = kMTUnknown;
 
   rettv->vval.v_number = 1;  // FAIL is default.
 
@@ -8404,7 +7813,7 @@ static void f_setreg(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 
     if (tv_dict_len(d) == 0) {
       // Empty dict, clear the register (like setreg(0, []))
-      char_u *lstval[2] = { NULL, NULL };
+      char *lstval[2] = { NULL, NULL };
       write_reg_contents_lst(regname, lstval, false, kMTUnknown, -1);
       return;
     }
@@ -8416,7 +7825,7 @@ static void f_setreg(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 
     const char *stropt = tv_dict_get_string(d, "regtype", false);
     if (stropt != NULL) {
-      const int ret = get_yank_type((char_u **)&stropt, &yank_type, &block_len);
+      const int ret = get_yank_type((char **)&stropt, &yank_type, &block_len);
 
       if (ret == FAIL || *(++stropt) != NUL) {
         semsg(_(e_invargval), "value");
@@ -8459,7 +7868,7 @@ static void f_setreg(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
         set_unnamed = true;
         break;
       default:
-        get_yank_type((char_u **)&stropt, &yank_type, &block_len);
+        get_yank_type((char **)&stropt, &yank_type, &block_len);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -8493,7 +7902,7 @@ static void f_setreg(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     });
     *curval++ = NULL;
 
-    write_reg_contents_lst(regname, (char_u **)lstval, append, yank_type, (colnr_T)block_len);
+    write_reg_contents_lst(regname, lstval, append, yank_type, (colnr_T)block_len);
 
 free_lstval:
     while (curallocval > allocval) {
@@ -8523,14 +7932,12 @@ free_lstval:
 static void f_settagstack(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
   static char *e_invact2 = N_("E962: Invalid action: '%s'");
-  win_T *wp;
-  dict_T *d;
   char action = 'r';
 
   rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
 
   // first argument: window number or id
-  wp = find_win_by_nr_or_id(&argvars[0]);
+  win_T *wp = find_win_by_nr_or_id(&argvars[0]);
   if (wp == NULL) {
     return;
   }
@@ -8540,7 +7947,7 @@ static void f_settagstack(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     emsg(_(e_dictreq));
     return;
   }
-  d = argvars[1].vval.v_dict;
+  dict_T *d = argvars[1].vval.v_dict;
   if (d == NULL) {
     return;
   }
@@ -8600,9 +8007,7 @@ static void f_shiftwidth(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   rettv->vval.v_number = 0;
 
   if (argvars[0].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-    long col;
-
-    col = (long)tv_get_number_chk(argvars, NULL);
+    long col = (long)tv_get_number_chk(argvars, NULL);
     if (col < 0) {
       return;  // type error; errmsg already given
     }
@@ -8681,10 +8086,9 @@ static void f_stdioopen(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     return;
   }
 
-  bool rpc = false;
   CallbackReader on_stdin = CALLBACK_READER_INIT;
   dict_T *opts = argvars[0].vval.v_dict;
-  rpc = tv_dict_get_number(opts, "rpc") != 0;
+  bool rpc = tv_dict_get_number(opts, "rpc") != 0;
 
   if (!tv_dict_get_callback(opts, S_LEN("on_stdin"), &on_stdin.cb)) {
     return;
@@ -8732,9 +8136,6 @@ static void f_soundfold(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "spellbadword()" function
 static void f_spellbadword(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  const char *word = "";
-  hlf_T attr = HLF_COUNT;
-  size_t len = 0;
   const int wo_spell_save = curwin->w_p_spell;
 
   if (!curwin->w_p_spell) {
@@ -8748,6 +8149,9 @@ static void f_spellbadword(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     return;
   }
 
+  const char *word = "";
+  hlf_T attr = HLF_COUNT;
+  size_t len = 0;
   if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
     // Find the start and length of the badly spelled word.
     len = spell_move_to(curwin, FORWARD, true, true, &attr);
@@ -8779,22 +8183,16 @@ static void f_spellbadword(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv, 2);
   tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, word, (ssize_t)len);
   tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list,
-                        (attr == HLF_SPB ? "bad"
-                                         : attr == HLF_SPR ? "rare"
-                                                           : attr == HLF_SPL ? "local"
-                                                                             : attr ==
-                         HLF_SPC ? "caps"
-                                 :
-                         NULL), -1);
+                        (attr == HLF_SPB ? "bad" :
+                         attr == HLF_SPR ? "rare" :
+                         attr == HLF_SPL ? "local" :
+                         attr == HLF_SPC ? "caps" : NULL), -1);
 }
 
 /// "spellsuggest()" function
 static void f_spellsuggest(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  bool typeerr = false;
-  int maxcount;
   garray_T ga = GA_EMPTY_INIT_VALUE;
-  bool need_capital = false;
   const int wo_spell_save = curwin->w_p_spell;
 
   if (!curwin->w_p_spell) {
@@ -8808,8 +8206,11 @@ static void f_spellsuggest(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     return;
   }
 
+  int maxcount;
+  bool need_capital = false;
   const char *const str = tv_get_string(&argvars[0]);
   if (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
+    bool typeerr = false;
     maxcount = (int)tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[1], &typeerr);
     if (maxcount <= 0) {
       goto f_spellsuggest_return;
@@ -8838,14 +8239,12 @@ f_spellsuggest_return:
 
 static void f_split(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  char *save_cpo;
-  int match;
   colnr_T col = 0;
   bool keepempty = false;
   bool typeerr = false;
 
   // Make 'cpoptions' empty, the 'l' flag should not be used here.
-  save_cpo = p_cpo;
+  char *save_cpo = p_cpo;
   p_cpo = "";
 
   const char *str = tv_get_string(&argvars[0]);
@@ -8878,6 +8277,7 @@ static void f_split(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   };
   if (regmatch.regprog != NULL) {
     while (*str != NUL || keepempty) {
+      bool match;
       if (*str == NUL) {
         match = false;  // Empty item at the end.
       } else {
@@ -8978,7 +8378,6 @@ static void f_str2list(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 static void f_str2nr(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
   int base = 10;
-  varnumber_T n;
   int what = 0;
 
   if (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
@@ -9008,6 +8407,7 @@ static void f_str2nr(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     what |= STR2NR_HEX | STR2NR_FORCE;
     break;
   }
+  varnumber_T n;
   vim_str2nr(p, NULL, NULL, what, &n, NULL, 0, false);
   // Text after the number is silently ignored.
   if (isneg) {
@@ -9583,7 +8983,7 @@ static void f_synconcealed(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   const linenr_T lnum = tv_get_lnum(argvars);
   const colnr_T col = (colnr_T)tv_get_number(&argvars[1]) - 1;
 
-  memset(str, NUL, sizeof(str));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(str);
 
   if (lnum >= 1 && lnum <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count && col >= 0
       && (size_t)col <= STRLEN(ml_get(lnum)) && curwin->w_p_cole > 0) {
@@ -9694,11 +9094,9 @@ static void f_tabpagenr(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// Common code for tabpagewinnr() and winnr().
 static int get_winnr(tabpage_T *tp, typval_T *argvar)
 {
-  win_T *twin;
   int nr = 1;
-  win_T *wp;
 
-  twin = (tp == curtab) ? curwin : tp->tp_curwin;
+  win_T *twin = (tp == curtab) ? curwin : tp->tp_curwin;
   if (argvar->v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
     bool invalid_arg = false;
     const char *const arg = tv_get_string_chk(argvar);
@@ -9713,20 +9111,20 @@ static int get_winnr(tabpage_T *tp, typval_T *argvar)
       }
     } else {
       // Extract the window count (if specified). e.g. winnr('3j')
-      char_u *endp;
-      long count = strtol((char *)arg, (char **)&endp, 10);
+      char *endp;
+      long count = strtol((char *)arg, &endp, 10);
       if (count <= 0) {
         // if count is not specified, default to 1
         count = 1;
       }
       if (endp != NULL && *endp != '\0') {
-        if (strequal((char *)endp, "j")) {
+        if (strequal(endp, "j")) {
           twin = win_vert_neighbor(tp, twin, false, count);
-        } else if (strequal((char *)endp, "k")) {
+        } else if (strequal(endp, "k")) {
           twin = win_vert_neighbor(tp, twin, true, count);
-        } else if (strequal((char *)endp, "h")) {
+        } else if (strequal(endp, "h")) {
           twin = win_horz_neighbor(tp, twin, true, count);
-        } else if (strequal((char *)endp, "l")) {
+        } else if (strequal(endp, "l")) {
           twin = win_horz_neighbor(tp, twin, false, count);
         } else {
           invalid_arg = true;
@@ -9743,14 +9141,14 @@ static int get_winnr(tabpage_T *tp, typval_T *argvar)
   }
 
   if (nr > 0) {
-    for (wp = (tp == curtab) ? firstwin : tp->tp_firstwin;
+    for (win_T *wp = (tp == curtab) ? firstwin : tp->tp_firstwin;
          wp != twin; wp = wp->w_next) {
       if (wp == NULL) {
         // didn't find it in this tabpage
         nr = 0;
         break;
       }
-      ++nr;
+      nr++;
     }
   }
   return nr;
@@ -9772,13 +9170,11 @@ static void f_tabpagewinnr(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "tagfiles()" function
 static void f_tagfiles(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  char *fname;
-  tagname_T tn;
-
   tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv, kListLenUnknown);
-  fname = xmalloc(MAXPATHL);
+  char *fname = xmalloc(MAXPATHL);
 
   bool first = true;
+  tagname_T tn;
   while (get_tagfname(&tn, first, (char_u *)fname) == OK) {
     tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, fname, -1);
     first = false;
@@ -9857,7 +9253,7 @@ static void f_termopen(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     if (new_cwd && *new_cwd != NUL) {
       cwd = new_cwd;
       // The new cwd must be a directory.
-      if (!os_isdir_executable(cwd)) {
+      if (!os_isdir((const char_u *)cwd)) {
         semsg(_(e_invarg2), "expected valid directory");
         shell_free_argv(argv);
         return;
@@ -9978,7 +9374,6 @@ static void f_timer_pause(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *unused, FunPtr fptr)
 static void f_timer_start(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
   int repeat = 1;
-  dict_T *dict;
 
   rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
   if (check_secure()) {
@@ -9986,8 +9381,8 @@ static void f_timer_start(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   }
 
   if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-    if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_DICT
-        || (dict = argvars[2].vval.v_dict) == NULL) {
+    dict_T *dict = argvars[2].vval.v_dict;
+    if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_DICT || dict == NULL) {
       semsg(_(e_invarg2), tv_get_string(&argvars[2]));
       return;
     }
@@ -10128,10 +9523,8 @@ static void f_trim(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   char buf2[NUMBUFLEN];
   const char_u *head = (const char_u *)tv_get_string_buf_chk(&argvars[0], buf1);
   const char_u *mask = NULL;
-  const char_u *tail;
   const char_u *prev;
   const char_u *p;
-  int c1;
   int dir = 0;
 
   rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
@@ -10156,6 +9549,7 @@ static void f_trim(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     }
   }
 
+  int c1;
   if (dir == 0 || dir == 1) {
     // Trim leading characters
     while (*head != NUL) {
@@ -10178,7 +9572,7 @@ static void f_trim(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     }
   }
 
-  tail = head + STRLEN(head);
+  const char_u *tail = head + STRLEN(head);
   if (dir == 0 || dir == 2) {
     // Trim trailing characters
     for (; tail > head; tail = prev) {
@@ -10277,10 +9671,9 @@ static void f_undotree(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 static void f_virtcol(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
   colnr_T vcol = 0;
-  pos_T *fp;
   int fnum = curbuf->b_fnum;
 
-  fp = var2fpos(&argvars[0], false, &fnum, false);
+  pos_T *fp = var2fpos(&argvars[0], false, &fnum, false);
   if (fp != NULL && fp->lnum <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count
       && fnum == curbuf->b_fnum) {
     // Limit the column to a valid value, getvvcol() doesn't check.
@@ -10293,7 +9686,7 @@ static void f_virtcol(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       }
     }
     getvvcol(curwin, fp, NULL, NULL, &vcol);
-    ++vcol;
+    vcol++;
   }
 
   rettv->vval.v_number = vcol;
@@ -10384,17 +9777,14 @@ static void f_win_id2win(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "win_move_separator()" function
 static void f_win_move_separator(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  win_T *wp;
-  int offset;
-
   rettv->vval.v_number = false;
 
-  wp = find_win_by_nr_or_id(&argvars[0]);
+  win_T *wp = find_win_by_nr_or_id(&argvars[0]);
   if (wp == NULL || wp->w_floating) {
     return;
   }
 
-  offset = (int)tv_get_number(&argvars[1]);
+  int offset = (int)tv_get_number(&argvars[1]);
   win_drag_vsep_line(wp, offset);
   rettv->vval.v_number = true;
 }
@@ -10475,18 +9865,15 @@ static void f_winline(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "winnr()" function
 static void f_winnr(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  int nr = 1;
-
-  nr = get_winnr(curtab, &argvars[0]);
-  rettv->vval.v_number = nr;
+  rettv->vval.v_number = get_winnr(curtab, &argvars[0]);
 }
 
 /// "winrestcmd()" function
 static void f_winrestcmd(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  garray_T ga;
   char_u buf[50];
 
+  garray_T ga;
   ga_init(&ga, (int)sizeof(char), 70);
 
   // Do this twice to handle some window layouts properly.
@@ -10511,10 +9898,9 @@ static void f_winrestcmd(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "winrestview()" function
 static void f_winrestview(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  dict_T *dict;
+  dict_T *dict = argvars[0].vval.v_dict;
 
-  if (argvars[0].v_type != VAR_DICT
-      || (dict = argvars[0].vval.v_dict) == NULL) {
+  if (argvars[0].v_type != VAR_DICT || dict == NULL) {
     emsg(_(e_invarg));
   } else {
     dictitem_T *di;
@@ -10562,10 +9948,8 @@ static void f_winrestview(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "winsaveview()" function
 static void f_winsaveview(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  dict_T *dict;
-
   tv_dict_alloc_ret(rettv);
-  dict = rettv->vval.v_dict;
+  dict_T *dict = rettv->vval.v_dict;
 
   tv_dict_add_nr(dict, S_LEN("lnum"), (varnumber_T)curwin->w_cursor.lnum);
   tv_dict_add_nr(dict, S_LEN("col"), (varnumber_T)curwin->w_cursor.col);
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/typval.c b/src/nvim/eval/typval.c
index ff1808ed91..8822bb0491 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval/typval.c
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/typval.c
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ void tv_list_init_static10(staticList10_T *const sl)
 #define SL_SIZE ARRAY_SIZE(sl->sl_items)
   list_T *const l = &sl->sl_list;
 
-  memset(sl, 0, sizeof(staticList10_T));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(sl);
   l->lv_first = &sl->sl_items[0];
   l->lv_last = &sl->sl_items[SL_SIZE - 1];
   l->lv_refcount = DO_NOT_FREE_CNT;
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ void tv_list_init_static10(staticList10_T *const sl)
 void tv_list_init_static(list_T *const l)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
-  memset(l, 0, sizeof(*l));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(l);
   l->lv_refcount = DO_NOT_FREE_CNT;
   list_log(l, NULL, NULL, "sinit");
 }
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/typval.h b/src/nvim/eval/typval.h
index c02351947b..c4bc9f603b 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval/typval.h
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/typval.h
@@ -13,10 +13,9 @@
 #include "nvim/hashtab.h"
 #include "nvim/lib/queue.h"
 #include "nvim/macros.h"
-#include "nvim/mbyte.h"
+#include "nvim/mbyte_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/message.h"
 #include "nvim/pos.h"      // for linenr_T
-#include "nvim/profile.h"  // for proftime_T
 #include "nvim/types.h"
 #ifdef LOG_LIST_ACTIONS
 # include "nvim/memory.h"
@@ -356,6 +355,8 @@ struct ufunc {
                            ///< used for s: variables
   int uf_refcount;      ///< reference count, see func_name_refcount()
   funccall_T *uf_scoped;       ///< l: local variables for closure
+  char_u *uf_name_exp;  ///< if "uf_name[]" starts with SNR the name with
+                        ///< "<SNR>" as a string, otherwise NULL
   char_u uf_name[];  ///< Name of function (actual size equals name);
                      ///< can start with <SNR>123_
                      ///< (<SNR> is K_SPECIAL KS_EXTRA KE_SNR)
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/userfunc.c b/src/nvim/eval/userfunc.c
index 2f4799db57..c46cb6ba5d 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval/userfunc.c
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/userfunc.c
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 #include "nvim/eval/funcs.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/vars.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@
 #include "nvim/insexpand.h"
 #include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@
 # include "eval/userfunc.c.generated.h"
 #endif
 
-hashtab_T func_hashtab;
+static hashtab_T func_hashtab;
 
 // Used by get_func_tv()
 static garray_T funcargs = GA_EMPTY_INIT_VALUE;
@@ -66,13 +68,19 @@ void func_init(void)
   hash_init(&func_hashtab);
 }
 
+/// Return the function hash table
+hashtab_T *func_tbl_get(void)
+{
+  return &func_hashtab;
+}
+
 /// Get function arguments.
-static int get_function_args(char_u **argp, char_u endchar, garray_T *newargs, int *varargs,
+static int get_function_args(char **argp, char_u endchar, garray_T *newargs, int *varargs,
                              garray_T *default_args, bool skip)
 {
   bool mustend = false;
-  char_u *arg = *argp;
-  char_u *p = arg;
+  char *arg = *argp;
+  char *p = arg;
   char_u c;
   int i;
 
@@ -89,7 +97,7 @@ static int get_function_args(char_u **argp, char_u endchar, garray_T *newargs, i
 
   // Isolate the arguments: "arg1, arg2, ...)"
   bool any_default = false;
-  while (*p != endchar) {
+  while (*p != (char)endchar) {
     if (p[0] == '.' && p[1] == '.' && p[2] == '.') {
       if (varargs != NULL) {
         *varargs = true;
@@ -111,44 +119,43 @@ static int get_function_args(char_u **argp, char_u endchar, garray_T *newargs, i
       }
       if (newargs != NULL) {
         ga_grow(newargs, 1);
-        c = *p;
+        c = (char_u)(*p);
         *p = NUL;
-        arg = vim_strsave(arg);
+        arg = xstrdup(arg);
 
         // Check for duplicate argument name.
         for (i = 0; i < newargs->ga_len; i++) {
-          if (STRCMP(((char_u **)(newargs->ga_data))[i], arg) == 0) {
+          if (STRCMP(((char **)(newargs->ga_data))[i], arg) == 0) {
             semsg(_("E853: Duplicate argument name: %s"), arg);
             xfree(arg);
             goto err_ret;
           }
         }
-        ((char_u **)(newargs->ga_data))[newargs->ga_len] = arg;
+        ((char **)(newargs->ga_data))[newargs->ga_len] = arg;
         newargs->ga_len++;
 
-        *p = c;
+        *p = (char)c;
       }
-      if (*skipwhite((char *)p) == '=' && default_args != NULL) {
+      if (*skipwhite(p) == '=' && default_args != NULL) {
         typval_T rettv;
 
         any_default = true;
-        p = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)p) + 1;
-        p = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)p);
-        char_u *expr = p;
-        if (eval1((char **)&p, &rettv, false) != FAIL) {
+        p = skipwhite(p) + 1;
+        p = skipwhite(p);
+        char_u *expr = (char_u *)p;
+        if (eval1(&p, &rettv, false) != FAIL) {
           ga_grow(default_args, 1);
 
           // trim trailing whitespace
-          while (p > expr && ascii_iswhite(p[-1])) {
+          while (p > (char *)expr && ascii_iswhite(p[-1])) {
             p--;
           }
-          c = *p;
+          c = (char_u)(*p);
           *p = NUL;
           expr = vim_strsave(expr);
-          ((char_u **)(default_args->ga_data))
-          [default_args->ga_len] = expr;
+          ((char **)(default_args->ga_data))[default_args->ga_len] = (char *)expr;
           default_args->ga_len++;
-          *p = c;
+          *p = (char)c;
         } else {
           mustend = true;
         }
@@ -162,15 +169,15 @@ static int get_function_args(char_u **argp, char_u endchar, garray_T *newargs, i
         mustend = true;
       }
     }
-    p = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)p);
-    if (mustend && *p != endchar) {
+    p = skipwhite(p);
+    if (mustend && *p != (char)endchar) {
       if (!skip) {
         semsg(_(e_invarg2), *argp);
       }
       break;
     }
   }
-  if (*p != endchar) {
+  if (*p != (char)endchar) {
     goto err_ret;
   }
   p++;  // skip "endchar"
@@ -213,10 +220,21 @@ char_u *get_lambda_name(void)
   return name;
 }
 
+static void set_ufunc_name(ufunc_T *fp, char_u *name)
+{
+  STRCPY(fp->uf_name, name);
+
+  if (name[0] == K_SPECIAL) {
+    fp->uf_name_exp = xmalloc(STRLEN(name) + 3);
+    STRCPY(fp->uf_name_exp, "<SNR>");
+    STRCAT(fp->uf_name_exp, fp->uf_name + 3);
+  }
+}
+
 /// Parse a lambda expression and get a Funcref from "*arg".
 ///
 /// @return OK or FAIL.  Returns NOTDONE for dict or {expr}.
-int get_lambda_tv(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, bool evaluate)
+int get_lambda_tv(char **arg, typval_T *rettv, bool evaluate)
 {
   garray_T newargs = GA_EMPTY_INIT_VALUE;
   garray_T *pnewargs;
@@ -224,13 +242,13 @@ int get_lambda_tv(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, bool evaluate)
   partial_T *pt = NULL;
   int varargs;
   int ret;
-  char_u *start = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)(*arg) + 1);
+  char_u *start = (char_u *)skipwhite(*arg + 1);
   char_u *s, *e;
   bool *old_eval_lavars = eval_lavars_used;
   bool eval_lavars = false;
 
   // First, check if this is a lambda expression. "->" must exists.
-  ret = get_function_args(&start, '-', NULL, NULL, NULL, true);
+  ret = get_function_args((char **)&start, '-', NULL, NULL, NULL, true);
   if (ret == FAIL || *start != '>') {
     return NOTDONE;
   }
@@ -241,7 +259,7 @@ int get_lambda_tv(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, bool evaluate)
   } else {
     pnewargs = NULL;
   }
-  *arg = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)(*arg) + 1);
+  *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
   ret = get_function_args(arg, '-', pnewargs, &varargs, NULL, false);
   if (ret == FAIL || **arg != '>') {
     goto errret;
@@ -253,14 +271,14 @@ int get_lambda_tv(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, bool evaluate)
   }
 
   // Get the start and the end of the expression.
-  *arg = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)(*arg) + 1);
-  s = *arg;
-  ret = skip_expr((char **)arg);
+  *arg = skipwhite((*arg) + 1);
+  s = (char_u *)(*arg);
+  ret = skip_expr(arg);
   if (ret == FAIL) {
     goto errret;
   }
-  e = *arg;
-  *arg = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)(*arg));
+  e = (char_u *)(*arg);
+  *arg = skipwhite(*arg);
   if (**arg != '}') {
     goto errret;
   }
@@ -282,7 +300,7 @@ int get_lambda_tv(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, bool evaluate)
     // Add "return " before the expression.
     size_t len = (size_t)(7 + e - s + 1);
     p = (char_u *)xmalloc(len);
-    ((char_u **)(newlines.ga_data))[newlines.ga_len++] = p;
+    ((char **)(newlines.ga_data))[newlines.ga_len++] = (char *)p;
     STRCPY(p, "return ");
     STRLCPY(p + 7, s, e - s + 1);
     if (strstr((char *)p + 7, "a:") == NULL) {
@@ -291,7 +309,7 @@ int get_lambda_tv(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, bool evaluate)
     }
 
     fp->uf_refcount = 1;
-    STRCPY(fp->uf_name, name);
+    set_ufunc_name(fp, name);
     hash_add(&func_hashtab, UF2HIKEY(fp));
     fp->uf_args = newargs;
     ga_init(&fp->uf_def_args, (int)sizeof(char_u *), 1);
@@ -313,7 +331,7 @@ int get_lambda_tv(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, bool evaluate)
     fp->uf_flags = flags;
     fp->uf_calls = 0;
     fp->uf_script_ctx = current_sctx;
-    fp->uf_script_ctx.sc_lnum += sourcing_lnum - newlines.ga_len;
+    fp->uf_script_ctx.sc_lnum += SOURCING_LNUM - newlines.ga_len;
 
     pt->pt_func = fp;
     pt->pt_refcount = 1;
@@ -411,34 +429,32 @@ void emsg_funcname(char *ermsg, const char_u *name)
 /// @param funcexe  various values
 ///
 /// @return  OK or FAIL.
-int get_func_tv(const char_u *name, int len, typval_T *rettv, char_u **arg, funcexe_T *funcexe)
+int get_func_tv(const char_u *name, int len, typval_T *rettv, char **arg, funcexe_T *funcexe)
 {
-  char_u *argp;
+  char *argp;
   int ret = OK;
   typval_T argvars[MAX_FUNC_ARGS + 1];          // vars for arguments
   int argcount = 0;                     // number of arguments found
 
-  /*
-   * Get the arguments.
-   */
+  // Get the arguments.
   argp = *arg;
   while (argcount < MAX_FUNC_ARGS
          - (funcexe->partial == NULL ? 0 : funcexe->partial->pt_argc)) {
-    argp = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)argp + 1);             // skip the '(' or ','
+    argp = skipwhite(argp + 1);             // skip the '(' or ','
     if (*argp == ')' || *argp == ',' || *argp == NUL) {
       break;
     }
-    if (eval1((char **)&argp, &argvars[argcount], funcexe->evaluate) == FAIL) {
+    if (eval1(&argp, &argvars[argcount], funcexe->evaluate) == FAIL) {
       ret = FAIL;
       break;
     }
-    ++argcount;
+    argcount++;
     if (*argp != ',') {
       break;
     }
   }
   if (*argp == ')') {
-    ++argp;
+    argp++;
   } else {
     ret = FAIL;
   }
@@ -472,7 +488,7 @@ int get_func_tv(const char_u *name, int len, typval_T *rettv, char_u **arg, func
     tv_clear(&argvars[argcount]);
   }
 
-  *arg = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)argp);
+  *arg = skipwhite(argp);
   return ret;
 }
 
@@ -740,6 +756,7 @@ static void func_clear_items(ufunc_T *fp)
   ga_clear_strings(&(fp->uf_args));
   ga_clear_strings(&(fp->uf_def_args));
   ga_clear_strings(&(fp->uf_lines));
+  XFREE_CLEAR(fp->uf_name_exp);
 
   if (fp->uf_cb_free != NULL) {
     fp->uf_cb_free(fp->uf_cb_state);
@@ -803,8 +820,6 @@ void call_user_func(ufunc_T *fp, int argcount, typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rett
                     linenr_T firstline, linenr_T lastline, dict_T *selfdict)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1, 3, 4)
 {
-  char_u *save_sourcing_name;
-  linenr_T save_sourcing_lnum;
   bool using_sandbox = false;
   funccall_T *fc;
   int save_did_emsg;
@@ -814,7 +829,7 @@ void call_user_func(ufunc_T *fp, int argcount, typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rett
   int ai;
   bool islambda = false;
   char_u numbuf[NUMBUFLEN];
-  char_u *name;
+  char *name;
   typval_T *tv_to_free[MAX_FUNC_ARGS];
   int tv_to_free_len = 0;
   proftime_T wait_start;
@@ -830,7 +845,7 @@ void call_user_func(ufunc_T *fp, int argcount, typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rett
     rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
     return;
   }
-  ++depth;
+  depth++;
   // Save search patterns and redo buffer.
   save_search_patterns();
   if (!ins_compl_active()) {
@@ -870,7 +885,7 @@ void call_user_func(ufunc_T *fp, int argcount, typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rett
     // some compiler that checks the destination size.
     v = (dictitem_T *)&fc->fixvar[fixvar_idx++];
 #ifndef __clang_analyzer__
-    name = v->di_key;
+    name = (char *)v->di_key;
     STRCPY(name, "self");
 #endif
     v->di_flags = DI_FLAGS_RO | DI_FLAGS_FIX;
@@ -896,7 +911,7 @@ void call_user_func(ufunc_T *fp, int argcount, typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rett
     // destination size.
     v = (dictitem_T *)&fc->fixvar[fixvar_idx++];
 #ifndef __clang_analyzer__
-    name = v->di_key;
+    name = (char *)v->di_key;
     STRCPY(name, "000");
 #endif
     v->di_flags = DI_FLAGS_RO | DI_FLAGS_FIX;
@@ -935,13 +950,13 @@ void call_user_func(ufunc_T *fp, int argcount, typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rett
       // evaluate named argument default expression
       isdefault = ai + fp->uf_def_args.ga_len >= 0 && i >= argcount;
       if (isdefault) {
-        char_u *default_expr = NULL;
+        char *default_expr = NULL;
         def_rettv.v_type = VAR_NUMBER;
         def_rettv.vval.v_number = -1;
 
-        default_expr = ((char_u **)(fp->uf_def_args.ga_data))
+        default_expr = ((char **)(fp->uf_def_args.ga_data))
                        [ai + fp->uf_def_args.ga_len];
-        if (eval1((char **)&default_expr, &def_rettv, true) == FAIL) {
+        if (eval1(&default_expr, &def_rettv, true) == FAIL) {
           default_arg_err = true;
           break;
         }
@@ -953,7 +968,7 @@ void call_user_func(ufunc_T *fp, int argcount, typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rett
       }
       // "..." argument a:1, a:2, etc.
       snprintf((char *)numbuf, sizeof(numbuf), "%d", ai + 1);
-      name = numbuf;
+      name = (char *)numbuf;
     }
     if (fixvar_idx < FIXVAR_CNT && STRLEN(name) <= VAR_SHORT_LEN) {
       v = (dictitem_T *)&fc->fixvar[fixvar_idx++];
@@ -994,73 +1009,49 @@ void call_user_func(ufunc_T *fp, int argcount, typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rett
 
   // Don't redraw while executing the function.
   RedrawingDisabled++;
-  save_sourcing_name = (char_u *)sourcing_name;
-  save_sourcing_lnum = sourcing_lnum;
-  sourcing_lnum = 1;
 
   if (fp->uf_flags & FC_SANDBOX) {
     using_sandbox = true;
     sandbox++;
   }
 
-  // need space for new sourcing_name:
-  // * save_sourcing_name
-  // * "["number"].." or "function "
-  // * "<SNR>" + fp->uf_name - 3
-  // * terminating NUL
-  size_t len = (save_sourcing_name == NULL ? 0 : STRLEN(save_sourcing_name))
-               + STRLEN(fp->uf_name) + 27;
-  sourcing_name = xmalloc(len);
-  {
-    if (save_sourcing_name != NULL
-        && STRNCMP(save_sourcing_name, "function ", 9) == 0) {
-      vim_snprintf(sourcing_name,
-                   len,
-                   "%s[%" PRId64 "]..",
-                   save_sourcing_name,
-                   (int64_t)save_sourcing_lnum);
-    } else {
-      STRCPY(sourcing_name, "function ");
-    }
-    cat_func_name((char_u *)sourcing_name + STRLEN(sourcing_name), fp);
-
-    if (p_verbose >= 12) {
-      ++no_wait_return;
-      verbose_enter_scroll();
+  estack_push_ufunc(fp, 1);
+  if (p_verbose >= 12) {
+    no_wait_return++;
+    verbose_enter_scroll();
 
-      smsg(_("calling %s"), sourcing_name);
-      if (p_verbose >= 14) {
-        msg_puts("(");
-        for (int i = 0; i < argcount; i++) {
-          if (i > 0) {
-            msg_puts(", ");
-          }
-          if (argvars[i].v_type == VAR_NUMBER) {
-            msg_outnum((long)argvars[i].vval.v_number);
-          } else {
-            // Do not want errors such as E724 here.
-            emsg_off++;
-            char *tofree = encode_tv2string(&argvars[i], NULL);
-            emsg_off--;
-            if (tofree != NULL) {
-              char *s = tofree;
-              char buf[MSG_BUF_LEN];
-              if (vim_strsize(s) > MSG_BUF_CLEN) {
-                trunc_string(s, buf, MSG_BUF_CLEN, sizeof(buf));
-                s = buf;
-              }
-              msg_puts(s);
-              xfree(tofree);
+    smsg(_("calling %s"), SOURCING_NAME);
+    if (p_verbose >= 14) {
+      msg_puts("(");
+      for (int i = 0; i < argcount; i++) {
+        if (i > 0) {
+          msg_puts(", ");
+        }
+        if (argvars[i].v_type == VAR_NUMBER) {
+          msg_outnum((long)argvars[i].vval.v_number);
+        } else {
+          // Do not want errors such as E724 here.
+          emsg_off++;
+          char *tofree = encode_tv2string(&argvars[i], NULL);
+          emsg_off--;
+          if (tofree != NULL) {
+            char *s = tofree;
+            char buf[MSG_BUF_LEN];
+            if (vim_strsize(s) > MSG_BUF_CLEN) {
+              trunc_string(s, buf, MSG_BUF_CLEN, sizeof(buf));
+              s = buf;
             }
+            msg_puts(s);
+            xfree(tofree);
           }
         }
-        msg_puts(")");
       }
-      msg_puts("\n");  // don't overwrite this either
-
-      verbose_leave_scroll();
-      --no_wait_return;
+      msg_puts(")");
     }
+    msg_puts("\n");  // don't overwrite this either
+
+    verbose_leave_scroll();
+    no_wait_return--;
   }
 
   const bool do_profiling_yes = do_profiling == PROF_YES;
@@ -1097,12 +1088,12 @@ void call_user_func(ufunc_T *fp, int argcount, typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rett
   if (default_arg_err && (fp->uf_flags & FC_ABORT)) {
     did_emsg = true;
   } else if (islambda) {
-    char_u *p = *(char_u **)fp->uf_lines.ga_data + 7;
+    char *p = *(char **)fp->uf_lines.ga_data + 7;
 
     // A Lambda always has the command "return {expr}".  It is much faster
     // to evaluate {expr} directly.
     ex_nesting_level++;
-    (void)eval1((char **)&p, rettv, true);
+    (void)eval1(&p, rettv, true);
     ex_nesting_level--;
   } else {
     // call do_cmdline() to execute the lines
@@ -1110,7 +1101,7 @@ void call_user_func(ufunc_T *fp, int argcount, typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rett
                DOCMD_NOWAIT|DOCMD_VERBOSE|DOCMD_REPEAT);
   }
 
-  --RedrawingDisabled;
+  RedrawingDisabled--;
 
   // when the function was aborted because of an error, return -1
   if ((did_emsg
@@ -1140,14 +1131,14 @@ void call_user_func(ufunc_T *fp, int argcount, typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rett
 
   // when being verbose, mention the return value
   if (p_verbose >= 12) {
-    ++no_wait_return;
+    no_wait_return++;
     verbose_enter_scroll();
 
     if (aborting()) {
-      smsg(_("%s aborted"), sourcing_name);
+      smsg(_("%s aborted"), SOURCING_NAME);
     } else if (fc->rettv->v_type == VAR_NUMBER) {
       smsg(_("%s returning #%" PRId64 ""),
-           sourcing_name, (int64_t)fc->rettv->vval.v_number);
+           SOURCING_NAME, (int64_t)fc->rettv->vval.v_number);
     } else {
       char buf[MSG_BUF_LEN];
 
@@ -1163,19 +1154,17 @@ void call_user_func(ufunc_T *fp, int argcount, typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rett
           trunc_string(s, buf, MSG_BUF_CLEN, MSG_BUF_LEN);
           s = buf;
         }
-        smsg(_("%s returning %s"), sourcing_name, s);
+        smsg(_("%s returning %s"), SOURCING_NAME, s);
         xfree(tofree);
       }
     }
     msg_puts("\n");  // don't overwrite this either
 
     verbose_leave_scroll();
-    --no_wait_return;
+    no_wait_return--;
   }
 
-  xfree(sourcing_name);
-  sourcing_name = (char *)save_sourcing_name;
-  sourcing_lnum = save_sourcing_lnum;
+  estack_pop();
   current_sctx = save_current_sctx;
   if (do_profiling_yes) {
     script_prof_restore(&wait_start);
@@ -1184,15 +1173,15 @@ void call_user_func(ufunc_T *fp, int argcount, typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rett
     sandbox--;
   }
 
-  if (p_verbose >= 12 && sourcing_name != NULL) {
-    ++no_wait_return;
+  if (p_verbose >= 12 && SOURCING_NAME != NULL) {
+    no_wait_return++;
     verbose_enter_scroll();
 
-    smsg(_("continuing in %s"), sourcing_name);
+    smsg(_("continuing in %s"), SOURCING_NAME);
     msg_puts("\n");  // don't overwrite this either
 
     verbose_leave_scroll();
-    --no_wait_return;
+    no_wait_return--;
   }
 
   did_emsg |= save_did_emsg;
@@ -1633,9 +1622,8 @@ static void list_func_head(ufunc_T *fp, int indent, bool force)
     msg_puts("   ");
   }
   msg_puts(force ? "function! " : "function ");
-  if (fp->uf_name[0] == K_SPECIAL) {
-    msg_puts_attr("<SNR>", HL_ATTR(HLF_8));
-    msg_puts((const char *)fp->uf_name + 3);
+  if (fp->uf_name_exp != NULL) {
+    msg_puts((const char *)fp->uf_name_exp);
   } else {
     msg_puts((const char *)fp->uf_name);
   }
@@ -1691,7 +1679,7 @@ static void list_func_head(ufunc_T *fp, int indent, bool force)
 /// @param partial  return: partial of a FuncRef
 ///
 /// @return the function name in allocated memory, or NULL for failure.
-char_u *trans_function_name(char_u **pp, bool skip, int flags, funcdict_T *fdp, partial_T **partial)
+char_u *trans_function_name(char **pp, bool skip, int flags, funcdict_T *fdp, partial_T **partial)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
 {
   char_u *name = NULL;
@@ -1702,13 +1690,13 @@ char_u *trans_function_name(char_u **pp, bool skip, int flags, funcdict_T *fdp,
   lval_T lv;
 
   if (fdp != NULL) {
-    memset(fdp, 0, sizeof(funcdict_T));
+    CLEAR_POINTER(fdp);
   }
-  start = *pp;
+  start = (char_u *)(*pp);
 
   // Check for hard coded <SNR>: already translated function ID (from a user
   // command).
-  if ((*pp)[0] == K_SPECIAL && (*pp)[1] == KS_EXTRA
+  if ((unsigned char)(*pp)[0] == K_SPECIAL && (unsigned char)(*pp)[1] == KS_EXTRA
       && (*pp)[2] == KE_SNR) {
     *pp += 3;
     len = get_id_len((const char **)pp) + 3;
@@ -1742,7 +1730,7 @@ char_u *trans_function_name(char_u **pp, bool skip, int flags, funcdict_T *fdp,
         semsg(_(e_invarg2), start);
       }
     } else {
-      *pp = (char_u *)find_name_end((char *)start, NULL, NULL, FNE_INCL_BR);
+      *pp = (char *)find_name_end((char *)start, NULL, NULL, FNE_INCL_BR);
     }
     goto theend;
   }
@@ -1756,7 +1744,7 @@ char_u *trans_function_name(char_u **pp, bool skip, int flags, funcdict_T *fdp,
     }
     if (lv.ll_tv->v_type == VAR_FUNC && lv.ll_tv->vval.v_string != NULL) {
       name = vim_strsave((char_u *)lv.ll_tv->vval.v_string);
-      *pp = (char_u *)end;
+      *pp = (char *)end;
     } else if (lv.ll_tv->v_type == VAR_PARTIAL
                && lv.ll_tv->vval.v_partial != NULL) {
       if (is_luafunc(lv.ll_tv->vval.v_partial) && *end == '.') {
@@ -1767,10 +1755,10 @@ char_u *trans_function_name(char_u **pp, bool skip, int flags, funcdict_T *fdp,
         }
         name = xmallocz((size_t)len);
         memcpy(name, end + 1, (size_t)len);
-        *pp = (char_u *)end + 1 + len;
+        *pp = (char *)end + 1 + len;
       } else {
         name = vim_strsave((char_u *)partial_name(lv.ll_tv->vval.v_partial));
-        *pp = (char_u *)end;
+        *pp = (char *)end;
       }
       if (partial != NULL) {
         *partial = lv.ll_tv->vval.v_partial;
@@ -1781,7 +1769,7 @@ char_u *trans_function_name(char_u **pp, bool skip, int flags, funcdict_T *fdp,
                                             || fdp->fd_newkey == NULL)) {
         emsg(_(e_funcref));
       } else {
-        *pp = (char_u *)end;
+        *pp = (char *)end;
       }
       name = NULL;
     }
@@ -1790,7 +1778,7 @@ char_u *trans_function_name(char_u **pp, bool skip, int flags, funcdict_T *fdp,
 
   if (lv.ll_name == NULL) {
     // Error found, but continue after the function name.
-    *pp = (char_u *)end;
+    *pp = (char *)end;
     goto theend;
   }
 
@@ -1803,16 +1791,16 @@ char_u *trans_function_name(char_u **pp, bool skip, int flags, funcdict_T *fdp,
       name = NULL;
     }
   } else if (!(flags & TFN_NO_DEREF)) {
-    len = (int)(end - *pp);
+    len = (int)(end - (char_u *)(*pp));
     name = deref_func_name((const char *)(*pp), &len, partial,
                            flags & TFN_NO_AUTOLOAD);
-    if (name == *pp) {
+    if (name == (char_u *)(*pp)) {
       name = NULL;
     }
   }
   if (name != NULL) {
     name = vim_strsave(name);
-    *pp = (char_u *)end;
+    *pp = (char *)end;
     if (STRNCMP(name, "<SNR>", 5) == 0) {
       // Change "<SNR>" to the byte sequence.
       name[0] = K_SPECIAL;
@@ -1890,7 +1878,7 @@ char_u *trans_function_name(char_u **pp, bool skip, int flags, funcdict_T *fdp,
   }
   memmove(name + lead, lv.ll_name, (size_t)len);
   name[lead + len] = NUL;
-  *pp = (char_u *)end;
+  *pp = (char *)end;
 
 theend:
   clear_lval(&lv);
@@ -1941,7 +1929,7 @@ void ex_function(exarg_T *eap)
       todo = (int)func_hashtab.ht_used;
       for (hi = func_hashtab.ht_array; todo > 0 && !got_int; ++hi) {
         if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-          --todo;
+          todo--;
           fp = HI2UF(hi);
           if (message_filtered(fp->uf_name)) {
             continue;
@@ -1974,7 +1962,7 @@ void ex_function(exarg_T *eap)
         todo = (int)func_hashtab.ht_used;
         for (hi = func_hashtab.ht_array; todo > 0 && !got_int; ++hi) {
           if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-            --todo;
+            todo--;
             fp = HI2UF(hi);
             if (!isdigit(*fp->uf_name)
                 && vim_regexec(&regmatch, (char *)fp->uf_name, 0)) {
@@ -1986,7 +1974,7 @@ void ex_function(exarg_T *eap)
       }
     }
     if (*p == '/') {
-      ++p;
+      p++;
     }
     eap->nextcmd = (char *)check_nextcmd(p);
     return;
@@ -2007,7 +1995,7 @@ void ex_function(exarg_T *eap)
   // s:func      script-local function name
   // g:func      global function name, same as "func"
   p = (char_u *)eap->arg;
-  name = trans_function_name(&p, eap->skip, TFN_NO_AUTOLOAD, &fudi, NULL);
+  name = trans_function_name((char **)&p, eap->skip, TFN_NO_AUTOLOAD, &fudi, NULL);
   paren = (vim_strchr((char *)p, '(') != NULL);
   if (name == NULL && (fudi.fd_dict == NULL || !paren) && !eap->skip) {
     /*
@@ -2064,7 +2052,7 @@ void ex_function(exarg_T *eap)
               msg_putchar(' ');
             }
           }
-          msg_prt_line(FUNCLINE(fp, j), false);
+          msg_prt_line((char_u *)FUNCLINE(fp, j), false);
           ui_flush();                  // show a line at a time
           os_breakcheck();
         }
@@ -2108,9 +2096,8 @@ void ex_function(exarg_T *eap)
     }
     if (arg != NULL && (fudi.fd_di == NULL || !tv_is_func(fudi.fd_di->di_tv))) {
       int j = (*arg == K_SPECIAL) ? 3 : 0;
-      while (arg[j] != NUL && (j == 0 ? eval_isnamec1(arg[j])
-                                      : eval_isnamec(arg[j]))) {
-        ++j;
+      while (arg[j] != NUL && (j == 0 ? eval_isnamec1(arg[j]) : eval_isnamec(arg[j]))) {
+        j++;
       }
       if (arg[j] != NUL) {
         emsg_funcname((char *)e_invarg2, arg);
@@ -2122,7 +2109,7 @@ void ex_function(exarg_T *eap)
     }
   }
 
-  if (get_function_args(&p, ')', &newargs, &varargs,
+  if (get_function_args((char **)&p, ')', &newargs, &varargs,
                         &default_args, eap->skip) == FAIL) {
     goto errret_2;
   }
@@ -2192,7 +2179,7 @@ void ex_function(exarg_T *eap)
   }
 
   // Save the starting line number.
-  sourcing_lnum_top = sourcing_lnum;
+  sourcing_lnum_top = SOURCING_LNUM;
 
   indent = 2;
   nesting = 0;
@@ -2234,10 +2221,10 @@ void ex_function(exarg_T *eap)
       ui_ext_cmdline_block_append((size_t)indent, (const char *)theline);
     }
 
-    // Detect line continuation: sourcing_lnum increased more than one.
+    // Detect line continuation: SOURCING_LNUM increased more than one.
     sourcing_lnum_off = get_sourced_lnum(eap->getline, eap->cookie);
-    if (sourcing_lnum < sourcing_lnum_off) {
-      sourcing_lnum_off -= sourcing_lnum;
+    if (SOURCING_LNUM < sourcing_lnum_off) {
+      sourcing_lnum_off -= SOURCING_LNUM;
     } else {
       sourcing_lnum_off = 0;
     }
@@ -2315,7 +2302,7 @@ void ex_function(exarg_T *eap)
           p = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)p + 1);
         }
         p += eval_fname_script((const char *)p);
-        xfree(trans_function_name(&p, true, 0, NULL, NULL));
+        xfree(trans_function_name((char **)&p, true, 0, NULL, NULL));
         if (*skipwhite((char *)p) == '(') {
           nesting++;
           indent += 2;
@@ -2400,12 +2387,12 @@ void ex_function(exarg_T *eap)
     // allocates 250 bytes per line, this saves 80% on average.  The cost
     // is an extra alloc/free.
     p = vim_strsave(theline);
-    ((char_u **)(newlines.ga_data))[newlines.ga_len++] = p;
+    ((char **)(newlines.ga_data))[newlines.ga_len++] = (char *)p;
 
     // Add NULL lines for continuation lines, so that the line count is
     // equal to the index in the growarray.
     while (sourcing_lnum_off-- > 0) {
-      ((char_u **)(newlines.ga_data))[newlines.ga_len++] = NULL;
+      ((char **)(newlines.ga_data))[newlines.ga_len++] = NULL;
     }
 
     // Check for end of eap->arg.
@@ -2454,9 +2441,12 @@ void ex_function(exarg_T *eap)
         fp = NULL;
         overwrite = true;
       } else {
-        // redefine existing function
+        char_u *exp_name = fp->uf_name_exp;
+        // redefine existing function, keep the expanded name
         XFREE_CLEAR(name);
+        fp->uf_name_exp = NULL;
         func_clear_items(fp);
+        fp->uf_name_exp = exp_name;
         fp->uf_profiling = false;
         fp->uf_prof_initialized = false;
       }
@@ -2495,13 +2485,12 @@ void ex_function(exarg_T *eap)
 
       // Check that the autoload name matches the script name.
       int j = FAIL;
-      if (sourcing_name != NULL) {
+      if (SOURCING_NAME != NULL) {
         scriptname = (char_u *)autoload_name((const char *)name, STRLEN(name));
         p = (char_u *)vim_strchr((char *)scriptname, '/');
         plen = (int)STRLEN(p);
-        slen = (int)STRLEN(sourcing_name);
-        if (slen > plen && FNAMECMP(p,
-                                    sourcing_name + slen - plen) == 0) {
+        slen = (int)STRLEN(SOURCING_NAME);
+        if (slen > plen && FNAMECMP(p, SOURCING_NAME + slen - plen) == 0) {
           j = OK;
         }
         xfree(scriptname);
@@ -2536,7 +2525,7 @@ void ex_function(exarg_T *eap)
     }
 
     // insert the new function in the function list
-    STRCPY(fp->uf_name, name);
+    set_ufunc_name(fp, name);
     if (overwrite) {
       hi = hash_find(&func_hashtab, (char *)name);
       hi->hi_key = UF2HIKEY(fp);
@@ -2628,8 +2617,7 @@ bool function_exists(const char *const name, bool no_deref)
   if (no_deref) {
     flag |= TFN_NO_DEREF;
   }
-  char *const p = (char *)trans_function_name((char_u **)&nm, false, flag, NULL,
-                                              NULL);
+  char *const p = (char *)trans_function_name((char **)&nm, false, flag, NULL, NULL);
   nm = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)nm);
 
   // Only accept "funcname", "funcname ", "funcname (..." and
@@ -2656,10 +2644,10 @@ char *get_user_func_name(expand_T *xp, int idx)
   assert(hi);
   if (done < func_hashtab.ht_used) {
     if (done++ > 0) {
-      ++hi;
+      hi++;
     }
     while (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-      ++hi;
+      hi++;
     }
     fp = HI2UF(hi);
 
@@ -2693,7 +2681,7 @@ void ex_delfunction(exarg_T *eap)
   funcdict_T fudi;
 
   p = (char_u *)eap->arg;
-  name = trans_function_name(&p, eap->skip, 0, &fudi, NULL);
+  name = trans_function_name((char **)&p, eap->skip, 0, &fudi, NULL);
   xfree(fudi.fd_newkey);
   if (name == NULL) {
     if (fudi.fd_dict != NULL && !eap->skip) {
@@ -2867,7 +2855,7 @@ void ex_return(exarg_T *eap)
   }
 
   if (eap->skip) {
-    ++emsg_skip;
+    emsg_skip++;
   }
 
   eap->nextcmd = NULL;
@@ -2899,7 +2887,7 @@ void ex_return(exarg_T *eap)
   }
 
   if (eap->skip) {
-    --emsg_skip;
+    emsg_skip--;
   }
 }
 
@@ -2932,7 +2920,7 @@ void ex_call(exarg_T *eap)
     return;
   }
 
-  tofree = trans_function_name(&arg, false, TFN_INT, &fudi, &partial);
+  tofree = trans_function_name((char **)&arg, false, TFN_INT, &fudi, &partial);
   if (fudi.fd_newkey != NULL) {
     // Still need to give an error message for missing key.
     semsg(_(e_dictkey), fudi.fd_newkey);
@@ -2987,7 +2975,7 @@ void ex_call(exarg_T *eap)
     funcexe.evaluate = true;
     funcexe.partial = partial;
     funcexe.selfdict = fudi.fd_dict;
-    if (get_func_tv(name, -1, &rettv, &arg, &funcexe) == FAIL) {
+    if (get_func_tv(name, -1, &rettv, (char **)&arg, &funcexe) == FAIL) {
       failed = true;
       break;
     }
@@ -3145,8 +3133,7 @@ char *get_func_line(int c, void *cookie, int indent, bool do_concat)
 
   // If breakpoints have been added/deleted need to check for it.
   if (fcp->dbg_tick != debug_tick) {
-    fcp->breakpoint = dbg_find_breakpoint(FALSE, fp->uf_name,
-                                          sourcing_lnum);
+    fcp->breakpoint = dbg_find_breakpoint(false, fp->uf_name, SOURCING_LNUM);
     fcp->dbg_tick = debug_tick;
   }
   if (do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
@@ -3160,14 +3147,14 @@ char *get_func_line(int c, void *cookie, int indent, bool do_concat)
   } else {
     // Skip NULL lines (continuation lines).
     while (fcp->linenr < gap->ga_len
-           && ((char_u **)(gap->ga_data))[fcp->linenr] == NULL) {
+           && ((char **)(gap->ga_data))[fcp->linenr] == NULL) {
       fcp->linenr++;
     }
     if (fcp->linenr >= gap->ga_len) {
       retval = NULL;
     } else {
-      retval = vim_strsave(((char_u **)(gap->ga_data))[fcp->linenr++]);
-      sourcing_lnum = fcp->linenr;
+      retval = (char_u *)xstrdup(((char **)(gap->ga_data))[fcp->linenr++]);
+      SOURCING_LNUM = fcp->linenr;
       if (do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
         func_line_start(cookie);
       }
@@ -3175,11 +3162,10 @@ char *get_func_line(int c, void *cookie, int indent, bool do_concat)
   }
 
   // Did we encounter a breakpoint?
-  if (fcp->breakpoint != 0 && fcp->breakpoint <= sourcing_lnum) {
-    dbg_breakpoint(fp->uf_name, sourcing_lnum);
+  if (fcp->breakpoint != 0 && fcp->breakpoint <= SOURCING_LNUM) {
+    dbg_breakpoint(fp->uf_name, SOURCING_LNUM);
     // Find next breakpoint.
-    fcp->breakpoint = dbg_find_breakpoint(false, fp->uf_name,
-                                          sourcing_lnum);
+    fcp->breakpoint = dbg_find_breakpoint(false, fp->uf_name, SOURCING_LNUM);
     fcp->dbg_tick = debug_tick;
   }
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/userfunc.h b/src/nvim/eval/userfunc.h
index ed86aaad4a..4b7007aae9 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval/userfunc.h
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/userfunc.h
@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@
 #include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds_defs.h"
 
+// From user function to hashitem and back.
+#define UF2HIKEY(fp) ((fp)->uf_name)
+#define HIKEY2UF(p)  ((ufunc_T *)(p - offsetof(ufunc_T, uf_name)))
+#define HI2UF(hi)    HIKEY2UF((hi)->hi_key)
+
 ///< Structure used by trans_function_name()
 typedef struct {
   dict_T *fd_dict;  ///< Dictionary used.
@@ -59,8 +64,8 @@ typedef struct {
   .basetv = NULL, \
 }
 
-#define FUNCARG(fp, j)  ((char_u **)(fp->uf_args.ga_data))[j]
-#define FUNCLINE(fp, j) ((char_u **)(fp->uf_lines.ga_data))[j]
+#define FUNCARG(fp, j)  ((char **)(fp->uf_args.ga_data))[j]
+#define FUNCLINE(fp, j) ((char **)(fp->uf_lines.ga_data))[j]
 
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "eval/userfunc.h.generated.h"
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/vars.c b/src/nvim/eval/vars.c
index ea1c3a8c4e..51123e1a85 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval/vars.c
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/vars.c
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/encode.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/funcs.h"
@@ -15,8 +16,10 @@
 #include "nvim/eval/vars.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ops.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
+#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/window.h"
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_cmds.c b/src/nvim/ex_cmds.c
index 9d1ac185d4..bc8e823797 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_cmds.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_cmds.c
@@ -15,15 +15,18 @@
 
 #include "nvim/api/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/api/private/defs.h"
+#include "nvim/arglist.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer_updates.h"
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/cmdhist.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/decoration.h"
 #include "nvim/diff.h"
 #include "nvim/digraph.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
@@ -36,6 +39,7 @@
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
+#include "nvim/help.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
 #include "nvim/indent.h"
@@ -59,9 +63,9 @@
 #include "nvim/os_unix.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
 #include "nvim/plines.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/quickfix.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/spell.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
@@ -300,7 +304,7 @@ void ex_align(exarg_T *eap)
               new_indent--;
               break;
             }
-            --new_indent;
+            new_indent--;
           }
         }
       }
@@ -1091,12 +1095,12 @@ void ex_copy(linenr_T line1, linenr_T line2, linenr_T n)
     if (line1 == n) {
       line1 = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
     }
-    ++line1;
+    line1++;
     if (curwin->w_cursor.lnum < line1) {
-      ++line1;
+      line1++;
     }
     if (curwin->w_cursor.lnum < line2) {
-      ++line2;
+      line2++;
     }
     ++curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
   }
@@ -1198,7 +1202,7 @@ void do_bang(int addr_count, exarg_T *eap, bool forceit, bool do_in, bool do_out
           break;
         }
       }
-      ++p;
+      p++;
     }
   } while (trailarg != NULL);
 
@@ -1442,7 +1446,7 @@ static void do_filter(linenr_T line1, linenr_T line2, exarg_T *eap, char *cmd, b
     }
 
     beginline(BL_WHITE | BL_FIX);           // cursor on first non-blank
-    --no_wait_return;
+    no_wait_return--;
 
     if (linecount > p_report) {
       if (do_in) {
@@ -1460,8 +1464,8 @@ static void do_filter(linenr_T line1, linenr_T line2, exarg_T *eap, char *cmd, b
 error:
     // put cursor back in same position for ":w !cmd"
     curwin->w_cursor = cursor_save;
-    --no_wait_return;
-    wait_return(FALSE);
+    no_wait_return--;
+    wait_return(false);
   }
 
 filterend:
@@ -2111,7 +2115,7 @@ void do_wqall(exarg_T *eap)
      * 4. if overwriting is allowed (even after a dialog)
      */
     if (not_writing()) {
-      ++error;
+      error++;
       break;
     }
     if (buf->b_ffname == NULL) {
@@ -2246,7 +2250,7 @@ int getfile(int fnum, char *ffname_arg, char *sfname_arg, int setpm, linenr_T ln
     }
   }
   if (other) {
-    --no_wait_return;
+    no_wait_return--;
   }
   if (setpm) {
     setpcmark();
@@ -2959,7 +2963,7 @@ void ex_append(exarg_T *eap)
   }
 
   if (eap->cmdidx != CMD_append) {
-    --lnum;
+    lnum--;
   }
 
   // when the buffer is empty need to delete the dummy line
@@ -3015,7 +3019,7 @@ void ex_append(exarg_T *eap)
     vcol = 0;
     for (p = theline; indent > vcol; ++p) {
       if (*p == ' ') {
-        ++vcol;
+        vcol++;
       } else if (*p == TAB) {
         vcol += 8 - vcol % 8;
       } else {
@@ -3044,7 +3048,7 @@ void ex_append(exarg_T *eap)
     }
 
     xfree(theline);
-    ++lnum;
+    lnum++;
 
     if (empty) {
       ml_delete(2L, false);
@@ -3136,10 +3140,10 @@ void ex_z(exarg_T *eap)
   kind = x;
   if (*kind == '-' || *kind == '+' || *kind == '='
       || *kind == '^' || *kind == '.') {
-    ++x;
+    x++;
   }
   while (*x == '-' || *x == '+') {
-    ++x;
+    x++;
   }
 
   if (*x != 0) {
@@ -3196,7 +3200,7 @@ void ex_z(exarg_T *eap)
     if (*kind == '+') {
       start += (linenr_T)bigness * (linenr_T)(x - kind - 1) + 1;
     } else if (eap->addr_count == 0) {
-      ++start;
+      start++;
     }
     end = start + (linenr_T)bigness - 1;
     curs = end;
@@ -3343,6 +3347,7 @@ static bool sub_joining_lines(exarg_T *eap, char *pat, char *sub, char *cmd, boo
       if ((cmdmod.cmod_flags & CMOD_KEEPPATTERNS) == 0) {
         save_re_pat(RE_SUBST, (char_u *)pat, p_magic);
       }
+      // put pattern in history
       add_to_history(HIST_SEARCH, (char_u *)pat, true, NUL);
     }
 
@@ -3541,7 +3546,7 @@ static int do_sub(exarg_T *eap, proftime_T timeout, long cmdpreview_ns, handle_T
       which_pat = RE_LAST;                  // use last used regexp
       delimiter = (char_u)(*cmd++);                   // remember delimiter character
       pat = cmd;                            // remember start of search pat
-      cmd = (char *)skip_regexp((char_u *)cmd, delimiter, p_magic, (char_u **)&eap->arg);
+      cmd = (char *)skip_regexp((char_u *)cmd, delimiter, p_magic, &eap->arg);
       if (cmd[0] == delimiter) {            // end delimiter found
         *cmd++ = NUL;                       // replace it with a NUL
         has_second_delim = true;
@@ -4296,7 +4301,7 @@ skip:
                * has been appended to new_start, we don't need
                * it in the buffer.
                */
-              ++lnum;
+              lnum++;
               if (u_savedel(lnum, nmatch_tl) != OK) {
                 break;
               }
@@ -4626,7 +4631,7 @@ void ex_global(exarg_T *eap)
     delim = *cmd;               // get the delimiter
     cmd++;                      // skip delimiter if there is one
     pat = cmd;                  // remember start of pattern
-    cmd = (char *)skip_regexp((char_u *)cmd, delim, p_magic, (char_u **)&eap->arg);
+    cmd = (char *)skip_regexp((char_u *)cmd, delim, p_magic, &eap->arg);
     if (cmd[0] == delim) {                  // end delimiter found
       *cmd++ = NUL;                         // replace it with a NUL
     }
@@ -4775,1124 +4780,6 @@ bool prepare_tagpreview(bool undo_sync)
   return false;
 }
 
-/// ":help": open a read-only window on a help file
-void ex_help(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  char *arg;
-  char *tag;
-  FILE *helpfd;          // file descriptor of help file
-  int n;
-  int i;
-  win_T *wp;
-  int num_matches;
-  char **matches;
-  char *p;
-  int empty_fnum = 0;
-  int alt_fnum = 0;
-  buf_T *buf;
-  int len;
-  char *lang;
-  const bool old_KeyTyped = KeyTyped;
-
-  if (eap != NULL) {
-    /*
-     * A ":help" command ends at the first LF, or at a '|' that is
-     * followed by some text.  Set nextcmd to the following command.
-     */
-    for (arg = eap->arg; *arg; arg++) {
-      if (*arg == '\n' || *arg == '\r'
-          || (*arg == '|' && arg[1] != NUL && arg[1] != '|')) {
-        *arg++ = NUL;
-        eap->nextcmd = arg;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    arg = eap->arg;
-
-    if (eap->forceit && *arg == NUL && !curbuf->b_help) {
-      emsg(_("E478: Don't panic!"));
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (eap->skip) {        // not executing commands
-      return;
-    }
-  } else {
-    arg = "";
-  }
-
-  // remove trailing blanks
-  p = arg + STRLEN(arg) - 1;
-  while (p > arg && ascii_iswhite(*p) && p[-1] != '\\') {
-    *p-- = NUL;
-  }
-
-  // Check for a specified language
-  lang = check_help_lang(arg);
-
-  // When no argument given go to the index.
-  if (*arg == NUL) {
-    arg = "help.txt";
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * Check if there is a match for the argument.
-   */
-  n = find_help_tags(arg, &num_matches, &matches, eap != NULL && eap->forceit);
-
-  i = 0;
-  if (n != FAIL && lang != NULL) {
-    // Find first item with the requested language.
-    for (i = 0; i < num_matches; ++i) {
-      len = (int)STRLEN(matches[i]);
-      if (len > 3 && matches[i][len - 3] == '@'
-          && STRICMP(matches[i] + len - 2, lang) == 0) {
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  if (i >= num_matches || n == FAIL) {
-    if (lang != NULL) {
-      semsg(_("E661: Sorry, no '%s' help for %s"), lang, arg);
-    } else {
-      semsg(_("E149: Sorry, no help for %s"), arg);
-    }
-    if (n != FAIL) {
-      FreeWild(num_matches, matches);
-    }
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // The first match (in the requested language) is the best match.
-  tag = xstrdup(matches[i]);
-  FreeWild(num_matches, matches);
-
-  /*
-   * Re-use an existing help window or open a new one.
-   * Always open a new one for ":tab help".
-   */
-  if (!bt_help(curwin->w_buffer) || cmdmod.cmod_tab != 0) {
-    if (cmdmod.cmod_tab != 0) {
-      wp = NULL;
-    } else {
-      wp = NULL;
-      FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp2, curtab) {
-        if (bt_help(wp2->w_buffer)) {
-          wp = wp2;
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (wp != NULL && wp->w_buffer->b_nwindows > 0) {
-      win_enter(wp, true);
-    } else {
-      // There is no help window yet.
-      // Try to open the file specified by the "helpfile" option.
-      if ((helpfd = os_fopen((char *)p_hf, READBIN)) == NULL) {
-        smsg(_("Sorry, help file \"%s\" not found"), p_hf);
-        goto erret;
-      }
-      fclose(helpfd);
-
-      // Split off help window; put it at far top if no position
-      // specified, the current window is vertically split and
-      // narrow.
-      n = WSP_HELP;
-      if (cmdmod.cmod_split == 0 && curwin->w_width != Columns
-          && curwin->w_width < 80) {
-        n |= WSP_TOP;
-      }
-      if (win_split(0, n) == FAIL) {
-        goto erret;
-      }
-
-      if (curwin->w_height < p_hh) {
-        win_setheight((int)p_hh);
-      }
-
-      /*
-       * Open help file (do_ecmd() will set b_help flag, readfile() will
-       * set b_p_ro flag).
-       * Set the alternate file to the previously edited file.
-       */
-      alt_fnum = curbuf->b_fnum;
-      (void)do_ecmd(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, ECMD_LASTL,
-                    ECMD_HIDE + ECMD_SET_HELP,
-                    NULL);  // buffer is still open, don't store info
-
-      if ((cmdmod.cmod_flags & CMOD_KEEPALT) == 0) {
-        curwin->w_alt_fnum = alt_fnum;
-      }
-      empty_fnum = curbuf->b_fnum;
-    }
-  }
-
-  restart_edit = 0;               // don't want insert mode in help file
-
-  // Restore KeyTyped, setting 'filetype=help' may reset it.
-  // It is needed for do_tag top open folds under the cursor.
-  KeyTyped = old_KeyTyped;
-
-  do_tag((char_u *)tag, DT_HELP, 1, false, true);
-
-  // Delete the empty buffer if we're not using it.  Careful: autocommands
-  // may have jumped to another window, check that the buffer is not in a
-  // window.
-  if (empty_fnum != 0 && curbuf->b_fnum != empty_fnum) {
-    buf = buflist_findnr(empty_fnum);
-    if (buf != NULL && buf->b_nwindows == 0) {
-      wipe_buffer(buf, true);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // keep the previous alternate file
-  if (alt_fnum != 0 && curwin->w_alt_fnum == empty_fnum
-      && (cmdmod.cmod_flags & CMOD_KEEPALT) == 0) {
-    curwin->w_alt_fnum = alt_fnum;
-  }
-
-erret:
-  xfree(tag);
-}
-
-/// In an argument search for a language specifiers in the form "@xx".
-/// Changes the "@" to NUL if found, and returns a pointer to "xx".
-///
-/// @return  NULL if not found.
-char *check_help_lang(char *arg)
-{
-  int len = (int)STRLEN(arg);
-
-  if (len >= 3 && arg[len - 3] == '@' && ASCII_ISALPHA(arg[len - 2])
-      && ASCII_ISALPHA(arg[len - 1])) {
-    arg[len - 3] = NUL;                 // remove the '@'
-    return arg + len - 2;
-  }
-  return NULL;
-}
-
-/// Return a heuristic indicating how well the given string matches.  The
-/// smaller the number, the better the match.  This is the order of priorities,
-/// from best match to worst match:
-///      - Match with least alphanumeric characters is better.
-///      - Match with least total characters is better.
-///      - Match towards the start is better.
-///      - Match starting with "+" is worse (feature instead of command)
-/// Assumption is made that the matched_string passed has already been found to
-/// match some string for which help is requested.  webb.
-///
-/// @param offset      offset for match
-/// @param wrong_case  no matching case
-///
-/// @return  a heuristic indicating how well the given string matches.
-int help_heuristic(char *matched_string, int offset, int wrong_case)
-  FUNC_ATTR_PURE
-{
-  int num_letters;
-  char *p;
-
-  num_letters = 0;
-  for (p = matched_string; *p; p++) {
-    if (ASCII_ISALNUM(*p)) {
-      num_letters++;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * Multiply the number of letters by 100 to give it a much bigger
-   * weighting than the number of characters.
-   * If there only is a match while ignoring case, add 5000.
-   * If the match starts in the middle of a word, add 10000 to put it
-   * somewhere in the last half.
-   * If the match is more than 2 chars from the start, multiply by 200 to
-   * put it after matches at the start.
-   */
-  if (offset > 0
-      && ASCII_ISALNUM(matched_string[offset])
-      && ASCII_ISALNUM(matched_string[offset - 1])) {
-    offset += 10000;
-  } else if (offset > 2) {
-    offset *= 200;
-  }
-  if (wrong_case) {
-    offset += 5000;
-  }
-  // Features are less interesting than the subjects themselves, but "+"
-  // alone is not a feature.
-  if (matched_string[0] == '+' && matched_string[1] != NUL) {
-    offset += 100;
-  }
-  return 100 * num_letters + (int)STRLEN(matched_string) + offset;
-}
-
-/// Compare functions for qsort() below, that checks the help heuristics number
-/// that has been put after the tagname by find_tags().
-static int help_compare(const void *s1, const void *s2)
-{
-  char *p1;
-  char *p2;
-
-  p1 = *(char **)s1 + strlen(*(char **)s1) + 1;
-  p2 = *(char **)s2 + strlen(*(char **)s2) + 1;
-
-  // Compare by help heuristic number first.
-  int cmp = strcmp(p1, p2);
-  if (cmp != 0) {
-    return cmp;
-  }
-
-  // Compare by strings as tie-breaker when same heuristic number.
-  return strcmp(*(char **)s1, *(char **)s2);
-}
-
-/// Find all help tags matching "arg", sort them and return in matches[], with
-/// the number of matches in num_matches.
-/// The matches will be sorted with a "best" match algorithm.
-/// When "keep_lang" is true try keeping the language of the current buffer.
-int find_help_tags(const char *arg, int *num_matches, char ***matches, bool keep_lang)
-{
-  int i;
-
-  // Specific tags that either have a specific replacement or won't go
-  // through the generic rules.
-  static char *(except_tbl[][2]) = {
-    { "*",           "star" },
-    { "g*",          "gstar" },
-    { "[*",          "[star" },
-    { "]*",          "]star" },
-    { ":*",          ":star" },
-    { "/*",          "/star" },  // NOLINT
-    { "/\\*",        "/\\\\star" },
-    { "\"*",         "quotestar" },
-    { "**",          "starstar" },
-    { "cpo-*",       "cpo-star" },
-    { "/\\(\\)",     "/\\\\(\\\\)" },
-    { "/\\%(\\)",    "/\\\\%(\\\\)" },
-    { "?",           "?" },
-    { "??",          "??" },
-    { ":?",          ":?" },
-    { "?<CR>",       "?<CR>" },
-    { "g?",          "g?" },
-    { "g?g?",        "g?g?" },
-    { "g??",         "g??" },
-    { "-?",          "-?" },
-    { "q?",          "q?" },
-    { "v_g?",        "v_g?" },
-    { "/\\?",        "/\\\\?" },
-    { "/\\z(\\)",    "/\\\\z(\\\\)" },
-    { "\\=",         "\\\\=" },
-    { ":s\\=",       ":s\\\\=" },
-    { "[count]",     "\\[count]" },
-    { "[quotex]",    "\\[quotex]" },
-    { "[range]",     "\\[range]" },
-    { ":[range]",    ":\\[range]" },
-    { "[pattern]",   "\\[pattern]" },
-    { "\\|",         "\\\\bar" },
-    { "\\%$",        "/\\\\%\\$" },
-    { "s/\\~",       "s/\\\\\\~" },
-    { "s/\\U",       "s/\\\\U" },
-    { "s/\\L",       "s/\\\\L" },
-    { "s/\\1",       "s/\\\\1" },
-    { "s/\\2",       "s/\\\\2" },
-    { "s/\\3",       "s/\\\\3" },
-    { "s/\\9",       "s/\\\\9" },
-    { NULL, NULL }
-  };
-
-  static const char *(expr_table[]) = {
-    "!=?", "!~?", "<=?", "<?", "==?", "=~?",
-    ">=?", ">?", "is?", "isnot?"
-  };
-  char *d = (char *)IObuff;       // assume IObuff is long enough!
-  d[0] = NUL;
-
-  if (STRNICMP(arg, "expr-", 5) == 0) {
-    // When the string starting with "expr-" and containing '?' and matches
-    // the table, it is taken literally (but ~ is escaped).  Otherwise '?'
-    // is recognized as a wildcard.
-    for (i = (int)ARRAY_SIZE(expr_table); --i >= 0;) {
-      if (STRCMP(arg + 5, expr_table[i]) == 0) {
-        for (int si = 0, di = 0;; si++) {
-          if (arg[si] == '~') {
-            d[di++] = '\\';
-          }
-          d[di++] = arg[si];
-          if (arg[si] == NUL) {
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  } else {
-    // Recognize a few exceptions to the rule.  Some strings that contain
-    // '*'are changed to "star", otherwise '*' is recognized as a wildcard.
-    for (i = 0; except_tbl[i][0] != NULL; i++) {
-      if (STRCMP(arg, except_tbl[i][0]) == 0) {
-        STRCPY(d, except_tbl[i][1]);
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (d[0] == NUL) {  // no match in table
-    // Replace "\S" with "/\\S", etc.  Otherwise every tag is matched.
-    // Also replace "\%^" and "\%(", they match every tag too.
-    // Also "\zs", "\z1", etc.
-    // Also "\@<", "\@=", "\@<=", etc.
-    // And also "\_$" and "\_^".
-    if (arg[0] == '\\'
-        && ((arg[1] != NUL && arg[2] == NUL)
-            || (vim_strchr("%_z@", arg[1]) != NULL
-                && arg[2] != NUL))) {
-      vim_snprintf(d, IOSIZE, "/\\\\%s", arg + 1);
-      // Check for "/\\_$", should be "/\\_\$"
-      if (d[3] == '_' && d[4] == '$') {
-        STRCPY(d + 4, "\\$");
-      }
-    } else {
-      // Replace:
-      // "[:...:]" with "\[:...:]"
-      // "[++...]" with "\[++...]"
-      // "\{" with "\\{"               -- matching "} \}"
-      if ((arg[0] == '[' && (arg[1] == ':'
-                             || (arg[1] == '+' && arg[2] == '+')))
-          || (arg[0] == '\\' && arg[1] == '{')) {
-        *d++ = '\\';
-      }
-
-      // If tag starts with "('", skip the "(". Fixes CTRL-] on ('option'.
-      if (*arg == '(' && arg[1] == '\'') {
-        arg++;
-      }
-      for (const char *s = arg; *s; s++) {
-        // Replace "|" with "bar" and '"' with "quote" to match the name of
-        // the tags for these commands.
-        // Replace "*" with ".*" and "?" with "." to match command line
-        // completion.
-        // Insert a backslash before '~', '$' and '.' to avoid their
-        // special meaning.
-        if ((char_u *)d - IObuff > IOSIZE - 10) {           // getting too long!?
-          break;
-        }
-        switch (*s) {
-        case '|':
-          STRCPY(d, "bar");
-          d += 3;
-          continue;
-        case '"':
-          STRCPY(d, "quote");
-          d += 5;
-          continue;
-        case '*':
-          *d++ = '.';
-          break;
-        case '?':
-          *d++ = '.';
-          continue;
-        case '$':
-        case '.':
-        case '~':
-          *d++ = '\\';
-          break;
-        }
-
-        /*
-         * Replace "^x" by "CTRL-X". Don't do this for "^_" to make
-         * ":help i_^_CTRL-D" work.
-         * Insert '-' before and after "CTRL-X" when applicable.
-         */
-        if (*s < ' '
-            || (*s == '^' && s[1]
-                && (ASCII_ISALPHA(s[1]) || vim_strchr("?@[\\]^", s[1]) != NULL))) {
-          if ((char_u *)d > IObuff && d[-1] != '_' && d[-1] != '\\') {
-            *d++ = '_';                 // prepend a '_' to make x_CTRL-x
-          }
-          STRCPY(d, "CTRL-");
-          d += 5;
-          if (*s < ' ') {
-            *d++ = (char)(*s + '@');
-            if (d[-1] == '\\') {
-              *d++ = '\\';              // double a backslash
-            }
-          } else {
-            *d++ = *++s;
-          }
-          if (s[1] != NUL && s[1] != '_') {
-            *d++ = '_';                 // append a '_'
-          }
-          continue;
-        } else if (*s == '^') {         // "^" or "CTRL-^" or "^_"
-          *d++ = '\\';
-        }
-        /*
-         * Insert a backslash before a backslash after a slash, for search
-         * pattern tags: "/\|" --> "/\\|".
-         */
-        else if (s[0] == '\\' && s[1] != '\\'
-                 && *arg == '/' && s == arg + 1) {
-          *d++ = '\\';
-        }
-
-        // "CTRL-\_" -> "CTRL-\\_" to avoid the special meaning of "\_" in
-        // "CTRL-\_CTRL-N"
-        if (STRNICMP(s, "CTRL-\\_", 7) == 0) {
-          STRCPY(d, "CTRL-\\\\");
-          d += 7;
-          s += 6;
-        }
-
-        *d++ = *s;
-
-        // If tag contains "({" or "([", tag terminates at the "(".
-        // This is for help on functions, e.g.: abs({expr}).
-        if (*s == '(' && (s[1] == '{' || s[1] == '[')) {
-          break;
-        }
-
-        // If tag starts with ', toss everything after a second '. Fixes
-        // CTRL-] on 'option'. (would include the trailing '.').
-        if (*s == '\'' && s > arg && *arg == '\'') {
-          break;
-        }
-        // Also '{' and '}'. Fixes CTRL-] on '{address}'.
-        if (*s == '}' && s > arg && *arg == '{') {
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-      *d = NUL;
-
-      if (*IObuff == '`') {
-        if ((char_u *)d > IObuff + 2 && d[-1] == '`') {
-          // remove the backticks from `command`
-          memmove(IObuff, IObuff + 1, STRLEN(IObuff));
-          d[-2] = NUL;
-        } else if ((char_u *)d > IObuff + 3 && d[-2] == '`' && d[-1] == ',') {
-          // remove the backticks and comma from `command`,
-          memmove(IObuff, IObuff + 1, STRLEN(IObuff));
-          d[-3] = NUL;
-        } else if ((char_u *)d > IObuff + 4 && d[-3] == '`'
-                   && d[-2] == '\\' && d[-1] == '.') {
-          // remove the backticks and dot from `command`\.
-          memmove(IObuff, IObuff + 1, STRLEN(IObuff));
-          d[-4] = NUL;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  *matches = NULL;
-  *num_matches = 0;
-  int flags = TAG_HELP | TAG_REGEXP | TAG_NAMES | TAG_VERBOSE | TAG_NO_TAGFUNC;
-  if (keep_lang) {
-    flags |= TAG_KEEP_LANG;
-  }
-  if (find_tags(IObuff, num_matches, matches, flags, MAXCOL, NULL) == OK
-      && *num_matches > 0) {
-    // Sort the matches found on the heuristic number that is after the
-    // tag name.
-    qsort((void *)(*matches), (size_t)(*num_matches),
-          sizeof(char_u *), help_compare);
-    // Delete more than TAG_MANY to reduce the size of the listing.
-    while (*num_matches > TAG_MANY) {
-      xfree((*matches)[--*num_matches]);
-    }
-  }
-  return OK;
-}
-
-/// Called when starting to edit a buffer for a help file.
-static void prepare_help_buffer(void)
-{
-  curbuf->b_help = true;
-  set_string_option_direct("buftype", -1, "help", OPT_FREE|OPT_LOCAL, 0);
-
-  // Always set these options after jumping to a help tag, because the
-  // user may have an autocommand that gets in the way.
-  // Accept all ASCII chars for keywords, except ' ', '*', '"', '|', and
-  // latin1 word characters (for translated help files).
-  // Only set it when needed, buf_init_chartab() is some work.
-  char *p = "!-~,^*,^|,^\",192-255";
-  if (STRCMP(curbuf->b_p_isk, p) != 0) {
-    set_string_option_direct("isk", -1, p, OPT_FREE|OPT_LOCAL, 0);
-    check_buf_options(curbuf);
-    (void)buf_init_chartab(curbuf, FALSE);
-  }
-
-  // Don't use the global foldmethod.
-  set_string_option_direct("fdm", -1, "manual", OPT_FREE|OPT_LOCAL, 0);
-
-  curbuf->b_p_ts = 8;         // 'tabstop' is 8.
-  curwin->w_p_list = FALSE;   // No list mode.
-
-  curbuf->b_p_ma = FALSE;     // Not modifiable.
-  curbuf->b_p_bin = FALSE;    // Reset 'bin' before reading file.
-  curwin->w_p_nu = 0;         // No line numbers.
-  curwin->w_p_rnu = 0;        // No relative line numbers.
-  RESET_BINDING(curwin);      // No scroll or cursor binding.
-  curwin->w_p_arab = FALSE;   // No arabic mode.
-  curwin->w_p_rl  = FALSE;    // Help window is left-to-right.
-  curwin->w_p_fen = FALSE;    // No folding in the help window.
-  curwin->w_p_diff = FALSE;   // No 'diff'.
-  curwin->w_p_spell = FALSE;  // No spell checking.
-
-  set_buflisted(FALSE);
-}
-
-/// After reading a help file: May cleanup a help buffer when syntax
-/// highlighting is not used.
-void fix_help_buffer(void)
-{
-  linenr_T lnum;
-  char *line;
-  bool in_example = false;
-
-  // Set filetype to "help".
-  if (STRCMP(curbuf->b_p_ft, "help") != 0) {
-    curbuf->b_ro_locked++;
-    set_option_value("ft", 0L, "help", OPT_LOCAL);
-    curbuf->b_ro_locked--;
-  }
-
-  if (!syntax_present(curwin)) {
-    for (lnum = 1; lnum <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count; lnum++) {
-      line = (char *)ml_get_buf(curbuf, lnum, false);
-      const size_t len = STRLEN(line);
-      if (in_example && len > 0 && !ascii_iswhite(line[0])) {
-        // End of example: non-white or '<' in first column.
-        if (line[0] == '<') {
-          // blank-out a '<' in the first column
-          line = (char *)ml_get_buf(curbuf, lnum, true);
-          line[0] = ' ';
-        }
-        in_example = false;
-      }
-      if (!in_example && len > 0) {
-        if (line[len - 1] == '>' && (len == 1 || line[len - 2] == ' ')) {
-          // blank-out a '>' in the last column (start of example)
-          line = (char *)ml_get_buf(curbuf, lnum, true);
-          line[len - 1] = ' ';
-          in_example = true;
-        } else if (line[len - 1] == '~') {
-          // blank-out a '~' at the end of line (header marker)
-          line = (char *)ml_get_buf(curbuf, lnum, true);
-          line[len - 1] = ' ';
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * In the "help.txt" and "help.abx" file, add the locally added help
-   * files.  This uses the very first line in the help file.
-   */
-  char *const fname = path_tail(curbuf->b_fname);
-  if (FNAMECMP(fname, "help.txt") == 0
-      || (FNAMENCMP(fname, "help.", 5) == 0
-          && ASCII_ISALPHA(fname[5])
-          && ASCII_ISALPHA(fname[6])
-          && TOLOWER_ASC(fname[7]) == 'x'
-          && fname[8] == NUL)) {
-    for (lnum = 1; lnum < curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count; lnum++) {
-      line = (char *)ml_get_buf(curbuf, lnum, false);
-      if (strstr(line, "*local-additions*") == NULL) {
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      // Go through all directories in 'runtimepath', skipping
-      // $VIMRUNTIME.
-      char *p = (char *)p_rtp;
-      while (*p != NUL) {
-        copy_option_part(&p, (char *)NameBuff, MAXPATHL, ",");
-        char *const rt = vim_getenv("VIMRUNTIME");
-        if (rt != NULL
-            && path_full_compare(rt, (char *)NameBuff, false, true) != kEqualFiles) {
-          int fcount;
-          char **fnames;
-          char *s;
-          vimconv_T vc;
-          char *cp;
-
-          // Find all "doc/ *.txt" files in this directory.
-          if (!add_pathsep((char *)NameBuff)
-              || STRLCAT(NameBuff, "doc/*.??[tx]",
-                         sizeof(NameBuff)) >= MAXPATHL) {
-            emsg(_(e_fnametoolong));
-            continue;
-          }
-
-          // Note: We cannot just do `&NameBuff` because it is a statically sized array
-          //       so `NameBuff == &NameBuff` according to C semantics.
-          char *buff_list[1] = { (char *)NameBuff };
-          if (gen_expand_wildcards(1, buff_list, &fcount,
-                                   &fnames, EW_FILE|EW_SILENT) == OK
-              && fcount > 0) {
-            // If foo.abx is found use it instead of foo.txt in
-            // the same directory.
-            for (int i1 = 0; i1 < fcount; i1++) {
-              for (int i2 = 0; i2 < fcount; i2++) {
-                if (i1 == i2) {
-                  continue;
-                }
-                if (fnames[i1] == NULL || fnames[i2] == NULL) {
-                  continue;
-                }
-                const char *const f1 = fnames[i1];
-                const char *const f2 = fnames[i2];
-                const char *const t1 = path_tail(f1);
-                const char *const t2 = path_tail(f2);
-                const char *const e1 = (char *)STRRCHR(t1, '.');
-                const char *const e2 = (char *)STRRCHR(t2, '.');
-                if (e1 == NULL || e2 == NULL) {
-                  continue;
-                }
-                if (FNAMECMP(e1, ".txt") != 0
-                    && FNAMECMP(e1, fname + 4) != 0) {
-                  // Not .txt and not .abx, remove it.
-                  XFREE_CLEAR(fnames[i1]);
-                  continue;
-                }
-                if (e1 - f1 != e2 - f2
-                    || FNAMENCMP(f1, f2, e1 - f1) != 0) {
-                  continue;
-                }
-                if (FNAMECMP(e1, ".txt") == 0
-                    && FNAMECMP(e2, fname + 4) == 0) {
-                  // use .abx instead of .txt
-                  XFREE_CLEAR(fnames[i1]);
-                }
-              }
-            }
-            for (int fi = 0; fi < fcount; fi++) {
-              if (fnames[fi] == NULL) {
-                continue;
-              }
-
-              FILE *const fd = os_fopen(fnames[fi], "r");
-              if (fd == NULL) {
-                continue;
-              }
-              vim_fgets(IObuff, IOSIZE, fd);
-              if (IObuff[0] == '*'
-                  && (s = vim_strchr((char *)IObuff + 1, '*'))
-                  != NULL) {
-                TriState this_utf = kNone;
-                // Change tag definition to a
-                // reference and remove <CR>/<NL>.
-                IObuff[0] = '|';
-                *s = '|';
-                while (*s != NUL) {
-                  if (*s == '\r' || *s == '\n') {
-                    *s = NUL;
-                  }
-                  // The text is utf-8 when a byte
-                  // above 127 is found and no
-                  // illegal byte sequence is found.
-                  if ((char_u)(*s) >= 0x80 && this_utf != kFalse) {
-                    this_utf = kTrue;
-                    const int l = utf_ptr2len(s);
-                    if (l == 1) {
-                      this_utf = kFalse;
-                    }
-                    s += l - 1;
-                  }
-                  ++s;
-                }
-                // The help file is latin1 or utf-8;
-                // conversion to the current
-                // 'encoding' may be required.
-                vc.vc_type = CONV_NONE;
-                convert_setup(&vc,
-                              (char_u *)(this_utf == kTrue ? "utf-8" : "latin1"),
-                              p_enc);
-                if (vc.vc_type == CONV_NONE) {
-                  // No conversion needed.
-                  cp = (char *)IObuff;
-                } else {
-                  // Do the conversion.  If it fails
-                  // use the unconverted text.
-                  cp = (char *)string_convert(&vc, IObuff, NULL);
-                  if (cp == NULL) {
-                    cp = (char *)IObuff;
-                  }
-                }
-                convert_setup(&vc, NULL, NULL);
-
-                ml_append(lnum, cp, (colnr_T)0, false);
-                if ((char_u *)cp != IObuff) {
-                  xfree(cp);
-                }
-                lnum++;
-              }
-              fclose(fd);
-            }
-            FreeWild(fcount, fnames);
-          }
-        }
-        xfree(rt);
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/// ":exusage"
-void ex_exusage(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  do_cmdline_cmd("help ex-cmd-index");
-}
-
-/// ":viusage"
-void ex_viusage(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  do_cmdline_cmd("help normal-index");
-}
-
-/// Generate tags in one help directory
-///
-/// @param dir  Path to the doc directory
-/// @param ext  Suffix of the help files (".txt", ".itx", ".frx", etc.)
-/// @param tagname  Name of the tags file ("tags" for English, "tags-fr" for
-///                 French)
-/// @param add_help_tags  Whether to add the "help-tags" tag
-/// @param ignore_writeerr  ignore write error
-static void helptags_one(char *dir, const char *ext, const char *tagfname, bool add_help_tags,
-                         bool ignore_writeerr)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  garray_T ga;
-  int filecount;
-  char **files;
-  char *p1, *p2;
-  char *s;
-  TriState utf8 = kNone;
-  bool mix = false;             // detected mixed encodings
-
-  // Find all *.txt files.
-  size_t dirlen = STRLCPY(NameBuff, dir, sizeof(NameBuff));
-  if (dirlen >= MAXPATHL
-      || STRLCAT(NameBuff, "/**/*", sizeof(NameBuff)) >= MAXPATHL  // NOLINT
-      || STRLCAT(NameBuff, ext, sizeof(NameBuff)) >= MAXPATHL) {
-    emsg(_(e_fnametoolong));
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // Note: We cannot just do `&NameBuff` because it is a statically sized array
-  //       so `NameBuff == &NameBuff` according to C semantics.
-  char *buff_list[1] = { (char *)NameBuff };
-  const int res = gen_expand_wildcards(1, buff_list, &filecount, &files,
-                                       EW_FILE|EW_SILENT);
-  if (res == FAIL || filecount == 0) {
-    if (!got_int) {
-      semsg(_("E151: No match: %s"), NameBuff);
-    }
-    if (res != FAIL) {
-      FreeWild(filecount, files);
-    }
-    return;
-  }
-
-  //
-  // Open the tags file for writing.
-  // Do this before scanning through all the files.
-  //
-  memcpy(NameBuff, dir, dirlen + 1);
-  if (!add_pathsep((char *)NameBuff)
-      || STRLCAT(NameBuff, tagfname, sizeof(NameBuff)) >= MAXPATHL) {
-    emsg(_(e_fnametoolong));
-    return;
-  }
-
-  FILE *const fd_tags = os_fopen((char *)NameBuff, "w");
-  if (fd_tags == NULL) {
-    if (!ignore_writeerr) {
-      semsg(_("E152: Cannot open %s for writing"), NameBuff);
-    }
-    FreeWild(filecount, files);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // If using the "++t" argument or generating tags for "$VIMRUNTIME/doc"
-  // add the "help-tags" tag.
-  ga_init(&ga, (int)sizeof(char_u *), 100);
-  if (add_help_tags
-      || path_full_compare("$VIMRUNTIME/doc", dir, false, true) == kEqualFiles) {
-    size_t s_len = 18 + STRLEN(tagfname);
-    s = xmalloc(s_len);
-    snprintf(s, s_len, "help-tags\t%s\t1\n", tagfname);
-    GA_APPEND(char *, &ga, s);
-  }
-
-  // Go over all the files and extract the tags.
-  for (int fi = 0; fi < filecount && !got_int; fi++) {
-    FILE *const fd = os_fopen(files[fi], "r");
-    if (fd == NULL) {
-      semsg(_("E153: Unable to open %s for reading"), files[fi]);
-      continue;
-    }
-    const char *const fname = files[fi] + dirlen + 1;
-
-    bool firstline = true;
-    while (!vim_fgets(IObuff, IOSIZE, fd) && !got_int) {
-      if (firstline) {
-        // Detect utf-8 file by a non-ASCII char in the first line.
-        TriState this_utf8 = kNone;
-        for (s = (char *)IObuff; *s != NUL; s++) {
-          if ((char_u)(*s) >= 0x80) {
-            this_utf8 = kTrue;
-            const int l = utf_ptr2len(s);
-            if (l == 1) {
-              // Illegal UTF-8 byte sequence.
-              this_utf8 = kFalse;
-              break;
-            }
-            s += l - 1;
-          }
-        }
-        if (this_utf8 == kNone) {           // only ASCII characters found
-          this_utf8 = kFalse;
-        }
-        if (utf8 == kNone) {                // first file
-          utf8 = this_utf8;
-        } else if (utf8 != this_utf8) {
-          semsg(_("E670: Mix of help file encodings within a language: %s"),
-                files[fi]);
-          mix = !got_int;
-          got_int = TRUE;
-        }
-        firstline = false;
-      }
-      p1 = vim_strchr((char *)IObuff, '*');                        // find first '*'
-      while (p1 != NULL) {
-        p2 = strchr((const char *)p1 + 1, '*');  // Find second '*'.
-        if (p2 != NULL && p2 > p1 + 1) {                   // Skip "*" and "**".
-          for (s = p1 + 1; s < p2; s++) {
-            if (*s == ' ' || *s == '\t' || *s == '|') {
-              break;
-            }
-          }
-
-          // Only accept a *tag* when it consists of valid
-          // characters, there is white space before it and is
-          // followed by a white character or end-of-line.
-          if (s == p2
-              && ((char_u *)p1 == IObuff || p1[-1] == ' ' || p1[-1] == '\t')
-              && (vim_strchr(" \t\n\r", s[1]) != NULL
-                  || s[1] == '\0')) {
-            *p2 = '\0';
-            p1++;
-            size_t s_len= (size_t)(p2 - p1) + STRLEN(fname) + 2;
-            s = xmalloc(s_len);
-            GA_APPEND(char *, &ga, s);
-            snprintf(s, s_len, "%s\t%s", p1, fname);
-
-            // find next '*'
-            p2 = vim_strchr(p2 + 1, '*');
-          }
-        }
-        p1 = p2;
-      }
-      line_breakcheck();
-    }
-
-    fclose(fd);
-  }
-
-  FreeWild(filecount, files);
-
-  if (!got_int && ga.ga_data != NULL) {
-    // Sort the tags.
-    sort_strings(ga.ga_data, ga.ga_len);
-
-    // Check for duplicates.
-    for (int i = 1; i < ga.ga_len; i++) {
-      p1 = ((char **)ga.ga_data)[i - 1];
-      p2 = ((char **)ga.ga_data)[i];
-      while (*p1 == *p2) {
-        if (*p2 == '\t') {
-          *p2 = NUL;
-          vim_snprintf((char *)NameBuff, MAXPATHL,
-                       _("E154: Duplicate tag \"%s\" in file %s/%s"),
-                       ((char_u **)ga.ga_data)[i], dir, p2 + 1);
-          emsg((char *)NameBuff);
-          *p2 = '\t';
-          break;
-        }
-        ++p1;
-        ++p2;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (utf8 == kTrue) {
-      fprintf(fd_tags, "!_TAG_FILE_ENCODING\tutf-8\t//\n");
-    }
-
-    // Write the tags into the file.
-    for (int i = 0; i < ga.ga_len; i++) {
-      s = ((char **)ga.ga_data)[i];
-      if (STRNCMP(s, "help-tags\t", 10) == 0) {
-        // help-tags entry was added in formatted form
-        fputs(s, fd_tags);
-      } else {
-        fprintf(fd_tags, "%s\t/" "*", s);
-        for (p1 = s; *p1 != '\t'; p1++) {
-          // insert backslash before '\\' and '/'
-          if (*p1 == '\\' || *p1 == '/') {
-            putc('\\', fd_tags);
-          }
-          putc(*p1, fd_tags);
-        }
-        fprintf(fd_tags, "*\n");
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  if (mix) {
-    got_int = false;        // continue with other languages
-  }
-
-  GA_DEEP_CLEAR_PTR(&ga);
-  fclose(fd_tags);          // there is no check for an error...
-}
-
-/// Generate tags in one help directory, taking care of translations.
-static void do_helptags(char *dirname, bool add_help_tags, bool ignore_writeerr)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  int len;
-  garray_T ga;
-  char lang[2];
-  char ext[5];
-  char fname[8];
-  int filecount;
-  char **files;
-
-  // Get a list of all files in the help directory and in subdirectories.
-  STRLCPY(NameBuff, dirname, sizeof(NameBuff));
-  if (!add_pathsep((char *)NameBuff)
-      || STRLCAT(NameBuff, "**", sizeof(NameBuff)) >= MAXPATHL) {
-    emsg(_(e_fnametoolong));
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // Note: We cannot just do `&NameBuff` because it is a statically sized array
-  //       so `NameBuff == &NameBuff` according to C semantics.
-  char *buff_list[1] = { (char *)NameBuff };
-  if (gen_expand_wildcards(1, buff_list, &filecount, &files,
-                           EW_FILE|EW_SILENT) == FAIL
-      || filecount == 0) {
-    semsg(_("E151: No match: %s"), NameBuff);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // Go over all files in the directory to find out what languages are
-  // present.
-  int j;
-  ga_init(&ga, 1, 10);
-  for (int i = 0; i < filecount; i++) {
-    len = (int)STRLEN(files[i]);
-    if (len <= 4) {
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    if (STRICMP(files[i] + len - 4, ".txt") == 0) {
-      // ".txt" -> language "en"
-      lang[0] = 'e';
-      lang[1] = 'n';
-    } else if (files[i][len - 4] == '.'
-               && ASCII_ISALPHA(files[i][len - 3])
-               && ASCII_ISALPHA(files[i][len - 2])
-               && TOLOWER_ASC(files[i][len - 1]) == 'x') {
-      // ".abx" -> language "ab"
-      lang[0] = (char)TOLOWER_ASC(files[i][len - 3]);
-      lang[1] = (char)TOLOWER_ASC(files[i][len - 2]);
-    } else {
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    // Did we find this language already?
-    for (j = 0; j < ga.ga_len; j += 2) {
-      if (STRNCMP(lang, ((char_u *)ga.ga_data) + j, 2) == 0) {
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    if (j == ga.ga_len) {
-      // New language, add it.
-      ga_grow(&ga, 2);
-      ((char *)ga.ga_data)[ga.ga_len++] = lang[0];
-      ((char *)ga.ga_data)[ga.ga_len++] = lang[1];
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * Loop over the found languages to generate a tags file for each one.
-   */
-  for (j = 0; j < ga.ga_len; j += 2) {
-    STRCPY(fname, "tags-xx");
-    fname[5] = ((char *)ga.ga_data)[j];
-    fname[6] = ((char *)ga.ga_data)[j + 1];
-    if (fname[5] == 'e' && fname[6] == 'n') {
-      // English is an exception: use ".txt" and "tags".
-      fname[4] = NUL;
-      STRCPY(ext, ".txt");
-    } else {
-      // Language "ab" uses ".abx" and "tags-ab".
-      STRCPY(ext, ".xxx");
-      ext[1] = fname[5];
-      ext[2] = fname[6];
-    }
-    helptags_one(dirname, (char *)ext, (char *)fname, add_help_tags, ignore_writeerr);
-  }
-
-  ga_clear(&ga);
-  FreeWild(filecount, files);
-}
-
-static void helptags_cb(char *fname, void *cookie)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  do_helptags(fname, *(bool *)cookie, true);
-}
-
-/// ":helptags"
-void ex_helptags(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  expand_T xpc;
-  char *dirname;
-  bool add_help_tags = false;
-
-  // Check for ":helptags ++t {dir}".
-  if (STRNCMP(eap->arg, "++t", 3) == 0 && ascii_iswhite(eap->arg[3])) {
-    add_help_tags = true;
-    eap->arg = skipwhite(eap->arg + 3);
-  }
-
-  if (STRCMP(eap->arg, "ALL") == 0) {
-    do_in_path(p_rtp, "doc", DIP_ALL + DIP_DIR, helptags_cb, &add_help_tags);
-  } else {
-    ExpandInit(&xpc);
-    xpc.xp_context = EXPAND_DIRECTORIES;
-    dirname = (char *)ExpandOne(&xpc, (char_u *)eap->arg, NULL,
-                                WILD_LIST_NOTFOUND|WILD_SILENT, WILD_EXPAND_FREE);
-    if (dirname == NULL || !os_isdir((char_u *)dirname)) {
-      semsg(_("E150: Not a directory: %s"), eap->arg);
-    } else {
-      do_helptags(dirname, add_help_tags, false);
-    }
-    xfree(dirname);
-  }
-}
-
-/// ":helpclose": Close one help window
-void ex_helpclose(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(win, curtab) {
-    if (bt_help(win->w_buffer)) {
-      win_close(win, false, eap->forceit);
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 /// Shows the effects of the :substitute command being typed ('inccommand').
 /// If inccommand=split, shows a preview window and later restores the layout.
 ///
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_cmds.h b/src/nvim/ex_cmds.h
index a55e74a789..3aaba9ce42 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_cmds.h
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_cmds.h
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@
 #define ECMD_NOWINENTER      0x40    // do not trigger BufWinEnter
 
 // for lnum argument in do_ecmd()
-#define ECMD_LASTL      (linenr_T)0     // use last position in loaded file
-#define ECMD_LAST       ((linenr_T) - 1)  // use last position in all files
-#define ECMD_ONE        (linenr_T)1     // use first line
+#define ECMD_LASTL      (linenr_T)0       // use last position in loaded file
+#define ECMD_LAST       ((linenr_T)(-1))  // use last position in all files
+#define ECMD_ONE        (linenr_T)1       // use first line
 
 /// Previous :substitute replacement string definition
 typedef struct {
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_cmds.lua b/src/nvim/ex_cmds.lua
index a5ba5e0b30..4bed1e94b9 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_cmds.lua
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_cmds.lua
@@ -107,6 +107,12 @@ module.cmds = {
     func='ex_listdo',
   },
   {
+    command='argdedupe',
+    flags=TRLBAR,
+    addr_type='ADDR_NONE',
+    func='ex_argdedupe',
+  },
+  {
     command='argedit',
     flags=bit.bor(BANG, NEEDARG, RANGE, ZEROR, FILES, CMDARG, ARGOPT, TRLBAR),
     addr_type='ADDR_ARGUMENTS',
@@ -3175,7 +3181,7 @@ module.cmds = {
   },
   {
     command='wincmd',
-    flags=bit.bor(NEEDARG, WORD1, RANGE, CMDWIN, LOCK_OK),
+    flags=bit.bor(NEEDARG, WORD1, RANGE, COUNT, CMDWIN, LOCK_OK),
     addr_type='ADDR_OTHER',
     func='ex_wincmd',
   },
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_cmds2.c b/src/nvim/ex_cmds2.c
index 730a2f1b69..54315a6417 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_cmds2.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_cmds2.c
@@ -11,30 +11,27 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+#include "nvim/arglist.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/globals.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
 #ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_H
 # include <locale.h>
 #endif
-#include "nvim/api/private/defs.h"
-#include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
-#include "nvim/debugger.h"
-#include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
+#include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/vars.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
-#include "nvim/garray.h"
-#include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
 #include "nvim/mark.h"
 #include "nvim/mbyte.h"
-#include "nvim/memline.h"
 #include "nvim/memory.h"
 #include "nvim/message.h"
 #include "nvim/move.h"
@@ -42,101 +39,19 @@
 #include "nvim/ops.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
 #include "nvim/os/fs_defs.h"
-#include "nvim/os/input.h"
 #include "nvim/os/shell.h"
 #include "nvim/os_unix.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
-#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/quickfix.h"
-#include "nvim/regexp.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/undo.h"
-#include "nvim/version.h"
 #include "nvim/window.h"
 
-/// Growarray to store info about already sourced scripts.
-static garray_T script_items = { 0, 0, sizeof(scriptitem_T), 4, NULL };
-#define SCRIPT_ITEM(id) (((scriptitem_T *)script_items.ga_data)[(id) - 1])
-
-// Struct used in sn_prl_ga for every line of a script.
-typedef struct sn_prl_S {
-  int snp_count;                ///< nr of times line was executed
-  proftime_T sn_prl_total;      ///< time spent in a line + children
-  proftime_T sn_prl_self;       ///< time spent in a line itself
-} sn_prl_T;
-
-/// Structure used to store info for each sourced file.
-/// It is shared between do_source() and getsourceline().
-/// This is required, because it needs to be handed to do_cmdline() and
-/// sourcing can be done recursively.
-struct source_cookie {
-  FILE *fp;                     ///< opened file for sourcing
-  char *nextline;               ///< if not NULL: line that was read ahead
-  linenr_T sourcing_lnum;       ///< line number of the source file
-  int finished;                 ///< ":finish" used
-#if defined(USE_CRNL)
-  int fileformat;               ///< EOL_UNKNOWN, EOL_UNIX or EOL_DOS
-  bool error;                   ///< true if LF found after CR-LF
-#endif
-  linenr_T breakpoint;          ///< next line with breakpoint or zero
-  char *fname;                  ///< name of sourced file
-  int dbg_tick;                 ///< debug_tick when breakpoint was set
-  int level;                    ///< top nesting level of sourced file
-  vimconv_T conv;               ///< type of conversion
-};
-
-#define PRL_ITEM(si, idx)     (((sn_prl_T *)(si)->sn_prl_ga.ga_data)[(idx)])
-
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "ex_cmds2.c.generated.h"
 #endif
 
-static char *profile_fname = NULL;
-
-/// ":profile cmd args"
-void ex_profile(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  static proftime_T pause_time;
-
-  char *e;
-  int len;
-
-  e = (char *)skiptowhite((char_u *)eap->arg);
-  len = (int)(e - eap->arg);
-  e = skipwhite(e);
-
-  if (len == 5 && STRNCMP(eap->arg, "start", 5) == 0 && *e != NUL) {
-    xfree(profile_fname);
-    profile_fname = (char *)expand_env_save_opt((char_u *)e, true);
-    do_profiling = PROF_YES;
-    profile_set_wait(profile_zero());
-    set_vim_var_nr(VV_PROFILING, 1L);
-  } else if (do_profiling == PROF_NONE) {
-    emsg(_("E750: First use \":profile start {fname}\""));
-  } else if (STRCMP(eap->arg, "stop") == 0) {
-    profile_dump();
-    do_profiling = PROF_NONE;
-    set_vim_var_nr(VV_PROFILING, 0L);
-    profile_reset();
-  } else if (STRCMP(eap->arg, "pause") == 0) {
-    if (do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
-      pause_time = profile_start();
-    }
-    do_profiling = PROF_PAUSED;
-  } else if (STRCMP(eap->arg, "continue") == 0) {
-    if (do_profiling == PROF_PAUSED) {
-      pause_time = profile_end(pause_time);
-      profile_set_wait(profile_add(profile_get_wait(), pause_time));
-    }
-    do_profiling = PROF_YES;
-  } else if (STRCMP(eap->arg, "dump") == 0) {
-    profile_dump();
-  } else {
-    // The rest is similar to ":breakadd".
-    ex_breakadd(eap);
-  }
-}
-
 void ex_ruby(exarg_T *eap)
 {
   script_host_execute("ruby", eap);
@@ -182,273 +97,6 @@ void ex_perldo(exarg_T *eap)
   script_host_do_range("perl", eap);
 }
 
-// Command line expansion for :profile.
-static enum {
-  PEXP_SUBCMD,          ///< expand :profile sub-commands
-  PEXP_FUNC,  ///< expand :profile func {funcname}
-} pexpand_what;
-
-static char *pexpand_cmds[] = {
-  "continue",
-  "dump",
-  "file",
-  "func",
-  "pause",
-  "start",
-  "stop",
-  NULL
-};
-
-/// Function given to ExpandGeneric() to obtain the profile command
-/// specific expansion.
-char *get_profile_name(expand_T *xp, int idx)
-  FUNC_ATTR_PURE
-{
-  switch (pexpand_what) {
-  case PEXP_SUBCMD:
-    return pexpand_cmds[idx];
-  // case PEXP_FUNC: TODO
-  default:
-    return NULL;
-  }
-}
-
-/// Handle command line completion for :profile command.
-void set_context_in_profile_cmd(expand_T *xp, const char *arg)
-{
-  // Default: expand subcommands.
-  xp->xp_context = EXPAND_PROFILE;
-  pexpand_what = PEXP_SUBCMD;
-  xp->xp_pattern = (char *)arg;
-
-  char_u *const end_subcmd = skiptowhite((const char_u *)arg);
-  if (*end_subcmd == NUL) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if ((const char *)end_subcmd - arg == 5 && strncmp(arg, "start", 5) == 0) {
-    xp->xp_context = EXPAND_FILES;
-    xp->xp_pattern = skipwhite((char *)end_subcmd);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // TODO(tarruda): expand function names after "func"
-  xp->xp_context = EXPAND_NOTHING;
-}
-
-/// Dump the profiling info.
-void profile_dump(void)
-{
-  FILE *fd;
-
-  if (profile_fname != NULL) {
-    fd = os_fopen(profile_fname, "w");
-    if (fd == NULL) {
-      semsg(_(e_notopen), profile_fname);
-    } else {
-      script_dump_profile(fd);
-      func_dump_profile(fd);
-      fclose(fd);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/// Reset all profiling information.
-static void profile_reset(void)
-{
-  // Reset sourced files.
-  for (int id = 1; id <= script_items.ga_len; id++) {
-    scriptitem_T *si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(id);
-    if (si->sn_prof_on) {
-      si->sn_prof_on      = false;
-      si->sn_pr_force     = false;
-      si->sn_pr_child     = profile_zero();
-      si->sn_pr_nest      = 0;
-      si->sn_pr_count     = 0;
-      si->sn_pr_total     = profile_zero();
-      si->sn_pr_self      = profile_zero();
-      si->sn_pr_start     = profile_zero();
-      si->sn_pr_children  = profile_zero();
-      ga_clear(&si->sn_prl_ga);
-      si->sn_prl_start    = profile_zero();
-      si->sn_prl_children = profile_zero();
-      si->sn_prl_wait     = profile_zero();
-      si->sn_prl_idx      = -1;
-      si->sn_prl_execed   = 0;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Reset functions.
-  size_t n  = func_hashtab.ht_used;
-  hashitem_T *hi = func_hashtab.ht_array;
-
-  for (; n > (size_t)0; hi++) {
-    if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-      n--;
-      ufunc_T *uf = HI2UF(hi);
-      if (uf->uf_prof_initialized) {
-        uf->uf_profiling    = 0;
-        uf->uf_tm_count     = 0;
-        uf->uf_tm_total     = profile_zero();
-        uf->uf_tm_self      = profile_zero();
-        uf->uf_tm_children  = profile_zero();
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < uf->uf_lines.ga_len; i++) {
-          uf->uf_tml_count[i] = 0;
-          uf->uf_tml_total[i] = uf->uf_tml_self[i] = 0;
-        }
-
-        uf->uf_tml_start    = profile_zero();
-        uf->uf_tml_children = profile_zero();
-        uf->uf_tml_wait     = profile_zero();
-        uf->uf_tml_idx      = -1;
-        uf->uf_tml_execed   = 0;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  XFREE_CLEAR(profile_fname);
-}
-
-/// Start profiling a script.
-static void profile_init(scriptitem_T *si)
-{
-  si->sn_pr_count = 0;
-  si->sn_pr_total = profile_zero();
-  si->sn_pr_self = profile_zero();
-
-  ga_init(&si->sn_prl_ga, sizeof(sn_prl_T), 100);
-  si->sn_prl_idx = -1;
-  si->sn_prof_on = true;
-  si->sn_pr_nest = 0;
-}
-
-/// Save time when starting to invoke another script or function.
-///
-/// @param tm  place to store wait time
-void script_prof_save(proftime_T *tm)
-{
-  scriptitem_T *si;
-
-  if (current_sctx.sc_sid > 0 && current_sctx.sc_sid <= script_items.ga_len) {
-    si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid);
-    if (si->sn_prof_on && si->sn_pr_nest++ == 0) {
-      si->sn_pr_child = profile_start();
-    }
-  }
-  *tm = profile_get_wait();
-}
-
-/// Count time spent in children after invoking another script or function.
-void script_prof_restore(proftime_T *tm)
-{
-  scriptitem_T *si;
-
-  if (current_sctx.sc_sid > 0 && current_sctx.sc_sid <= script_items.ga_len) {
-    si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid);
-    if (si->sn_prof_on && --si->sn_pr_nest == 0) {
-      si->sn_pr_child = profile_end(si->sn_pr_child);
-      // don't count wait time
-      si->sn_pr_child = profile_sub_wait(*tm, si->sn_pr_child);
-      si->sn_pr_children = profile_add(si->sn_pr_children, si->sn_pr_child);
-      si->sn_prl_children = profile_add(si->sn_prl_children, si->sn_pr_child);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-static proftime_T inchar_time;
-
-/// Called when starting to wait for the user to type a character.
-void prof_inchar_enter(void)
-{
-  inchar_time = profile_start();
-}
-
-/// Called when finished waiting for the user to type a character.
-void prof_inchar_exit(void)
-{
-  inchar_time = profile_end(inchar_time);
-  profile_set_wait(profile_add(profile_get_wait(), inchar_time));
-}
-
-/// Dump the profiling results for all scripts in file "fd".
-static void script_dump_profile(FILE *fd)
-{
-  scriptitem_T *si;
-  FILE *sfd;
-  sn_prl_T *pp;
-
-  for (int id = 1; id <= script_items.ga_len; id++) {
-    si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(id);
-    if (si->sn_prof_on) {
-      fprintf(fd, "SCRIPT  %s\n", si->sn_name);
-      if (si->sn_pr_count == 1) {
-        fprintf(fd, "Sourced 1 time\n");
-      } else {
-        fprintf(fd, "Sourced %d times\n", si->sn_pr_count);
-      }
-      fprintf(fd, "Total time: %s\n", profile_msg(si->sn_pr_total));
-      fprintf(fd, " Self time: %s\n", profile_msg(si->sn_pr_self));
-      fprintf(fd, "\n");
-      fprintf(fd, "count  total (s)   self (s)\n");
-
-      sfd = os_fopen((char *)si->sn_name, "r");
-      if (sfd == NULL) {
-        fprintf(fd, "Cannot open file!\n");
-      } else {
-        // Keep going till the end of file, so that trailing
-        // continuation lines are listed.
-        for (int i = 0;; i++) {
-          if (vim_fgets(IObuff, IOSIZE, sfd)) {
-            break;
-          }
-          // When a line has been truncated, append NL, taking care
-          // of multi-byte characters .
-          if (IObuff[IOSIZE - 2] != NUL && IObuff[IOSIZE - 2] != NL) {
-            int n = IOSIZE - 2;
-
-            // Move to the first byte of this char.
-            // utf_head_off() doesn't work, because it checks
-            // for a truncated character.
-            while (n > 0 && (IObuff[n] & 0xc0) == 0x80) {
-              n--;
-            }
-
-            IObuff[n] = NL;
-            IObuff[n + 1] = NUL;
-          }
-          if (i < si->sn_prl_ga.ga_len
-              && (pp = &PRL_ITEM(si, i))->snp_count > 0) {
-            fprintf(fd, "%5d ", pp->snp_count);
-            if (profile_equal(pp->sn_prl_total, pp->sn_prl_self)) {
-              fprintf(fd, "           ");
-            } else {
-              fprintf(fd, "%s ", profile_msg(pp->sn_prl_total));
-            }
-            fprintf(fd, "%s ", profile_msg(pp->sn_prl_self));
-          } else {
-            fprintf(fd, "                            ");
-          }
-          fprintf(fd, "%s", IObuff);
-        }
-        fclose(sfd);
-      }
-      fprintf(fd, "\n");
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/// @return  true when a function defined in the current script should be
-///          profiled.
-bool prof_def_func(void)
-  FUNC_ATTR_PURE
-{
-  if (current_sctx.sc_sid > 0) {
-    return SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid).sn_pr_force;
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
 /// If 'autowrite' option set, try to write the file.
 /// Careful: autocommands may make "buf" invalid!
 ///
@@ -796,483 +444,6 @@ int buf_write_all(buf_T *buf, int forceit)
   return retval;
 }
 
-/// Code to handle the argument list.
-
-#define AL_SET  1
-#define AL_ADD  2
-#define AL_DEL  3
-
-/// Isolate one argument, taking backticks.
-/// Changes the argument in-place, puts a NUL after it.  Backticks remain.
-///
-/// @return  a pointer to the start of the next argument.
-static char *do_one_arg(char *str)
-{
-  char *p;
-  bool inbacktick;
-
-  inbacktick = false;
-  for (p = str; *str; str++) {
-    // When the backslash is used for escaping the special meaning of a
-    // character we need to keep it until wildcard expansion.
-    if (rem_backslash((char_u *)str)) {
-      *p++ = *str++;
-      *p++ = *str;
-    } else {
-      // An item ends at a space not in backticks
-      if (!inbacktick && ascii_isspace(*str)) {
-        break;
-      }
-      if (*str == '`') {
-        inbacktick ^= true;
-      }
-      *p++ = *str;
-    }
-  }
-  str = skipwhite(str);
-  *p = NUL;
-
-  return str;
-}
-
-/// Separate the arguments in "str" and return a list of pointers in the
-/// growarray "gap".
-static void get_arglist(garray_T *gap, char *str, int escaped)
-{
-  ga_init(gap, (int)sizeof(char_u *), 20);
-  while (*str != NUL) {
-    GA_APPEND(char *, gap, str);
-
-    // If str is escaped, don't handle backslashes or spaces
-    if (!escaped) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    // Isolate one argument, change it in-place, put a NUL after it.
-    str = do_one_arg(str);
-  }
-}
-
-/// Parse a list of arguments (file names), expand them and return in
-/// "fnames[fcountp]".  When "wig" is true, removes files matching 'wildignore'.
-///
-/// @return  FAIL or OK.
-int get_arglist_exp(char_u *str, int *fcountp, char ***fnamesp, bool wig)
-{
-  garray_T ga;
-  int i;
-
-  get_arglist(&ga, (char *)str, true);
-
-  if (wig) {
-    i = expand_wildcards(ga.ga_len, ga.ga_data,
-                         fcountp, fnamesp, EW_FILE|EW_NOTFOUND|EW_NOTWILD);
-  } else {
-    i = gen_expand_wildcards(ga.ga_len, ga.ga_data,
-                             fcountp, fnamesp, EW_FILE|EW_NOTFOUND|EW_NOTWILD);
-  }
-
-  ga_clear(&ga);
-  return i;
-}
-
-/// @param str
-/// @param what
-///         AL_SET: Redefine the argument list to 'str'.
-///         AL_ADD: add files in 'str' to the argument list after "after".
-///         AL_DEL: remove files in 'str' from the argument list.
-/// @param after
-///         0 means before first one
-/// @param will_edit  will edit added argument
-///
-/// @return  FAIL for failure, OK otherwise.
-static int do_arglist(char *str, int what, int after, bool will_edit)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  garray_T new_ga;
-  int exp_count;
-  char **exp_files;
-  char *p;
-  int match;
-  int arg_escaped = true;
-
-  // Set default argument for ":argadd" command.
-  if (what == AL_ADD && *str == NUL) {
-    if (curbuf->b_ffname == NULL) {
-      return FAIL;
-    }
-    str = curbuf->b_fname;
-    arg_escaped = false;
-  }
-
-  // Collect all file name arguments in "new_ga".
-  get_arglist(&new_ga, str, arg_escaped);
-
-  if (what == AL_DEL) {
-    regmatch_T regmatch;
-    bool didone;
-
-    // Delete the items: use each item as a regexp and find a match in the
-    // argument list.
-    regmatch.rm_ic = p_fic;     // ignore case when 'fileignorecase' is set
-    for (int i = 0; i < new_ga.ga_len && !got_int; i++) {
-      p = ((char **)new_ga.ga_data)[i];
-      p = file_pat_to_reg_pat(p, NULL, NULL, false);
-      if (p == NULL) {
-        break;
-      }
-      regmatch.regprog = vim_regcomp(p, p_magic ? RE_MAGIC : 0);
-      if (regmatch.regprog == NULL) {
-        xfree(p);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      didone = false;
-      for (match = 0; match < ARGCOUNT; match++) {
-        if (vim_regexec(&regmatch, alist_name(&ARGLIST[match]), (colnr_T)0)) {
-          didone = true;
-          xfree(ARGLIST[match].ae_fname);
-          memmove(ARGLIST + match, ARGLIST + match + 1,
-                  (size_t)(ARGCOUNT - match - 1) * sizeof(aentry_T));
-          ALIST(curwin)->al_ga.ga_len--;
-          if (curwin->w_arg_idx > match) {
-            curwin->w_arg_idx--;
-          }
-          match--;
-        }
-      }
-
-      vim_regfree(regmatch.regprog);
-      xfree(p);
-      if (!didone) {
-        semsg(_(e_nomatch2), ((char_u **)new_ga.ga_data)[i]);
-      }
-    }
-    ga_clear(&new_ga);
-  } else {
-    int i = expand_wildcards(new_ga.ga_len, new_ga.ga_data,
-                             &exp_count, &exp_files,
-                             EW_DIR|EW_FILE|EW_ADDSLASH|EW_NOTFOUND);
-    ga_clear(&new_ga);
-    if (i == FAIL || exp_count == 0) {
-      emsg(_(e_nomatch));
-      return FAIL;
-    }
-
-    if (what == AL_ADD) {
-      alist_add_list(exp_count, exp_files, after, will_edit);
-      xfree(exp_files);
-    } else {
-      assert(what == AL_SET);
-      alist_set(ALIST(curwin), exp_count, exp_files, will_edit, NULL, 0);
-    }
-  }
-
-  alist_check_arg_idx();
-
-  return OK;
-}
-
-/// Check the validity of the arg_idx for each other window.
-static void alist_check_arg_idx(void)
-{
-  FOR_ALL_TAB_WINDOWS(tp, win) {
-    if (win->w_alist == curwin->w_alist) {
-      check_arg_idx(win);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/// @return  true if window "win" is editing the file at the current argument
-///          index.
-static bool editing_arg_idx(win_T *win)
-{
-  return !(win->w_arg_idx >= WARGCOUNT(win)
-           || (win->w_buffer->b_fnum
-               != WARGLIST(win)[win->w_arg_idx].ae_fnum
-               && (win->w_buffer->b_ffname == NULL
-                   || !(path_full_compare(alist_name(&WARGLIST(win)[win->w_arg_idx]),
-                                          win->w_buffer->b_ffname, true,
-                                          true) & kEqualFiles))));
-}
-
-/// Check if window "win" is editing the w_arg_idx file in its argument list.
-void check_arg_idx(win_T *win)
-{
-  if (WARGCOUNT(win) > 1 && !editing_arg_idx(win)) {
-    // We are not editing the current entry in the argument list.
-    // Set "arg_had_last" if we are editing the last one.
-    win->w_arg_idx_invalid = true;
-    if (win->w_arg_idx != WARGCOUNT(win) - 1
-        && arg_had_last == false
-        && ALIST(win) == &global_alist
-        && GARGCOUNT > 0
-        && win->w_arg_idx < GARGCOUNT
-        && (win->w_buffer->b_fnum == GARGLIST[GARGCOUNT - 1].ae_fnum
-            || (win->w_buffer->b_ffname != NULL
-                && (path_full_compare(alist_name(&GARGLIST[GARGCOUNT - 1]),
-                                      win->w_buffer->b_ffname, true, true)
-                    & kEqualFiles)))) {
-      arg_had_last = true;
-    }
-  } else {
-    // We are editing the current entry in the argument list.
-    // Set "arg_had_last" if it's also the last one
-    win->w_arg_idx_invalid = false;
-    if (win->w_arg_idx == WARGCOUNT(win) - 1 && win->w_alist == &global_alist) {
-      arg_had_last = true;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/// ":args", ":argslocal" and ":argsglobal".
-void ex_args(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  if (eap->cmdidx != CMD_args) {
-    alist_unlink(ALIST(curwin));
-    if (eap->cmdidx == CMD_argglobal) {
-      ALIST(curwin) = &global_alist;
-    } else {     // eap->cmdidx == CMD_arglocal
-      alist_new();
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (*eap->arg != NUL) {
-    // ":args file ..": define new argument list, handle like ":next"
-    // Also for ":argslocal file .." and ":argsglobal file ..".
-    ex_next(eap);
-  } else if (eap->cmdidx == CMD_args) {
-    // ":args": list arguments.
-    if (ARGCOUNT > 0) {
-      char **items = xmalloc(sizeof(char_u *) * (size_t)ARGCOUNT);
-      // Overwrite the command, for a short list there is no scrolling
-      // required and no wait_return().
-      gotocmdline(true);
-      for (int i = 0; i < ARGCOUNT; i++) {
-        items[i] = alist_name(&ARGLIST[i]);
-      }
-      list_in_columns((char_u **)items, ARGCOUNT, curwin->w_arg_idx);
-      xfree(items);
-    }
-  } else if (eap->cmdidx == CMD_arglocal) {
-    garray_T *gap = &curwin->w_alist->al_ga;
-
-    // ":argslocal": make a local copy of the global argument list.
-    ga_grow(gap, GARGCOUNT);
-    for (int i = 0; i < GARGCOUNT; i++) {
-      if (GARGLIST[i].ae_fname != NULL) {
-        AARGLIST(curwin->w_alist)[gap->ga_len].ae_fname =
-          vim_strsave(GARGLIST[i].ae_fname);
-        AARGLIST(curwin->w_alist)[gap->ga_len].ae_fnum =
-          GARGLIST[i].ae_fnum;
-        gap->ga_len++;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/// ":previous", ":sprevious", ":Next" and ":sNext".
-void ex_previous(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  // If past the last one already, go to the last one.
-  if (curwin->w_arg_idx - (int)eap->line2 >= ARGCOUNT) {
-    do_argfile(eap, ARGCOUNT - 1);
-  } else {
-    do_argfile(eap, curwin->w_arg_idx - (int)eap->line2);
-  }
-}
-
-/// ":rewind", ":first", ":sfirst" and ":srewind".
-void ex_rewind(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  do_argfile(eap, 0);
-}
-
-/// ":last" and ":slast".
-void ex_last(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  do_argfile(eap, ARGCOUNT - 1);
-}
-
-/// ":argument" and ":sargument".
-void ex_argument(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  int i;
-
-  if (eap->addr_count > 0) {
-    i = (int)eap->line2 - 1;
-  } else {
-    i = curwin->w_arg_idx;
-  }
-  do_argfile(eap, i);
-}
-
-/// Edit file "argn" of the argument lists.
-void do_argfile(exarg_T *eap, int argn)
-{
-  int other;
-  char *p;
-  int old_arg_idx = curwin->w_arg_idx;
-
-  if (argn < 0 || argn >= ARGCOUNT) {
-    if (ARGCOUNT <= 1) {
-      emsg(_("E163: There is only one file to edit"));
-    } else if (argn < 0) {
-      emsg(_("E164: Cannot go before first file"));
-    } else {
-      emsg(_("E165: Cannot go beyond last file"));
-    }
-  } else {
-    setpcmark();
-
-    // split window or create new tab page first
-    if (*eap->cmd == 's' || cmdmod.cmod_tab != 0) {
-      if (win_split(0, 0) == FAIL) {
-        return;
-      }
-      RESET_BINDING(curwin);
-    } else {
-      // if 'hidden' set, only check for changed file when re-editing
-      // the same buffer
-      other = true;
-      if (buf_hide(curbuf)) {
-        p = fix_fname(alist_name(&ARGLIST[argn]));
-        other = otherfile(p);
-        xfree(p);
-      }
-      if ((!buf_hide(curbuf) || !other)
-          && check_changed(curbuf, CCGD_AW
-                           | (other ? 0 : CCGD_MULTWIN)
-                           | (eap->forceit ? CCGD_FORCEIT : 0)
-                           | CCGD_EXCMD)) {
-        return;
-      }
-    }
-
-    curwin->w_arg_idx = argn;
-    if (argn == ARGCOUNT - 1 && curwin->w_alist == &global_alist) {
-      arg_had_last = true;
-    }
-
-    // Edit the file; always use the last known line number.
-    // When it fails (e.g. Abort for already edited file) restore the
-    // argument index.
-    if (do_ecmd(0, alist_name(&ARGLIST[curwin->w_arg_idx]), NULL,
-                eap, ECMD_LAST,
-                (buf_hide(curwin->w_buffer) ? ECMD_HIDE : 0)
-                + (eap->forceit ? ECMD_FORCEIT : 0), curwin) == FAIL) {
-      curwin->w_arg_idx = old_arg_idx;
-    } else if (eap->cmdidx != CMD_argdo) {
-      // like Vi: set the mark where the cursor is in the file.
-      setmark('\'');
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/// ":next", and commands that behave like it.
-void ex_next(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  int i;
-
-  // check for changed buffer now, if this fails the argument list is not
-  // redefined.
-  if (buf_hide(curbuf)
-      || eap->cmdidx == CMD_snext
-      || !check_changed(curbuf, CCGD_AW
-                        | (eap->forceit ? CCGD_FORCEIT : 0)
-                        | CCGD_EXCMD)) {
-    if (*eap->arg != NUL) {                 // redefine file list
-      if (do_arglist(eap->arg, AL_SET, 0, true) == FAIL) {
-        return;
-      }
-      i = 0;
-    } else {
-      i = curwin->w_arg_idx + (int)eap->line2;
-    }
-    do_argfile(eap, i);
-  }
-}
-
-/// ":argedit"
-void ex_argedit(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  int i = eap->addr_count ? (int)eap->line2 : curwin->w_arg_idx + 1;
-  // Whether curbuf will be reused, curbuf->b_ffname will be set.
-  bool curbuf_is_reusable = curbuf_reusable();
-
-  if (do_arglist(eap->arg, AL_ADD, i, true) == FAIL) {
-    return;
-  }
-  maketitle();
-
-  if (curwin->w_arg_idx == 0
-      && (curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY)
-      && (curbuf->b_ffname == NULL || curbuf_is_reusable)) {
-    i = 0;
-  }
-  // Edit the argument.
-  if (i < ARGCOUNT) {
-    do_argfile(eap, i);
-  }
-}
-
-/// ":argadd"
-void ex_argadd(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  do_arglist(eap->arg, AL_ADD,
-             eap->addr_count > 0 ? (int)eap->line2 : curwin->w_arg_idx + 1,
-             false);
-  maketitle();
-}
-
-/// ":argdelete"
-void ex_argdelete(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  if (eap->addr_count > 0 || *eap->arg == NUL) {
-    // ":argdel" works like ":.argdel"
-    if (eap->addr_count == 0) {
-      if (curwin->w_arg_idx >= ARGCOUNT) {
-        emsg(_("E610: No argument to delete"));
-        return;
-      }
-      eap->line1 = eap->line2 = curwin->w_arg_idx + 1;
-    } else if (eap->line2 > ARGCOUNT) {
-      // ":1,4argdel": Delete all arguments in the range.
-      eap->line2 = ARGCOUNT;
-    }
-    linenr_T n = eap->line2 - eap->line1 + 1;
-    if (*eap->arg != NUL) {
-      // Can't have both a range and an argument.
-      emsg(_(e_invarg));
-    } else if (n <= 0) {
-      // Don't give an error for ":%argdel" if the list is empty.
-      if (eap->line1 != 1 || eap->line2 != 0) {
-        emsg(_(e_invrange));
-      }
-    } else {
-      for (linenr_T i = eap->line1; i <= eap->line2; i++) {
-        xfree(ARGLIST[i - 1].ae_fname);
-      }
-      memmove(ARGLIST + eap->line1 - 1, ARGLIST + eap->line2,
-              (size_t)(ARGCOUNT - eap->line2) * sizeof(aentry_T));
-      ALIST(curwin)->al_ga.ga_len -= (int)n;
-      if (curwin->w_arg_idx >= eap->line2) {
-        curwin->w_arg_idx -= (int)n;
-      } else if (curwin->w_arg_idx > eap->line1) {
-        curwin->w_arg_idx = (int)eap->line1;
-      }
-      if (ARGCOUNT == 0) {
-        curwin->w_arg_idx = 0;
-      } else if (curwin->w_arg_idx >= ARGCOUNT) {
-        curwin->w_arg_idx = ARGCOUNT - 1;
-      }
-    }
-  } else {
-    do_arglist(eap->arg, AL_DEL, 0, false);
-  }
-  maketitle();
-}
-
 /// ":argdo", ":windo", ":bufdo", ":tabdo", ":cdo", ":ldo", ":cfdo" and ":lfdo"
 void ex_listdo(exarg_T *eap)
 {
@@ -1524,51 +695,6 @@ void ex_listdo(exarg_T *eap)
   }
 }
 
-/// Add files[count] to the arglist of the current window after arg "after".
-/// The file names in files[count] must have been allocated and are taken over.
-/// Files[] itself is not taken over.
-///
-/// @param after: where to add: 0 = before first one
-/// @param will_edit  will edit adding argument
-static void alist_add_list(int count, char **files, int after, bool will_edit)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  int old_argcount = ARGCOUNT;
-  ga_grow(&ALIST(curwin)->al_ga, count);
-  {
-    if (after < 0) {
-      after = 0;
-    }
-    if (after > ARGCOUNT) {
-      after = ARGCOUNT;
-    }
-    if (after < ARGCOUNT) {
-      memmove(&(ARGLIST[after + count]), &(ARGLIST[after]),
-              (size_t)(ARGCOUNT - after) * sizeof(aentry_T));
-    }
-    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      const int flags = BLN_LISTED | (will_edit ? BLN_CURBUF : 0);
-      ARGLIST[after + i].ae_fname = (char_u *)files[i];
-      ARGLIST[after + i].ae_fnum = buflist_add(files[i], flags);
-    }
-    ALIST(curwin)->al_ga.ga_len += count;
-    if (old_argcount > 0 && curwin->w_arg_idx >= after) {
-      curwin->w_arg_idx += count;
-    }
-    return;
-  }
-}
-
-// Function given to ExpandGeneric() to obtain the possible arguments of the
-// argedit and argdelete commands.
-char *get_arglist_name(expand_T *xp FUNC_ATTR_UNUSED, int idx)
-{
-  if (idx >= ARGCOUNT) {
-    return NULL;
-  }
-  return alist_name(&ARGLIST[idx]);
-}
-
 /// ":compiler[!] {name}"
 void ex_compiler(exarg_T *eap)
 {
@@ -1632,987 +758,6 @@ void ex_compiler(exarg_T *eap)
   }
 }
 
-/// ":options"
-void ex_options(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  char buf[500];
-  bool multi_mods = 0;
-
-  buf[0] = NUL;
-  (void)add_win_cmd_modifers(buf, &cmdmod, &multi_mods);
-
-  os_setenv("OPTWIN_CMD", buf, 1);
-  cmd_source(SYS_OPTWIN_FILE, NULL);
-}
-
-/// ":source [{fname}]"
-void ex_source(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  cmd_source(eap->arg, eap);
-}
-
-static void cmd_source(char *fname, exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  if (eap != NULL && *fname == NUL) {
-    cmd_source_buffer(eap);
-  } else if (eap != NULL && eap->forceit) {
-    // ":source!": read Normal mode commands
-    // Need to execute the commands directly.  This is required at least
-    // for:
-    // - ":g" command busy
-    // - after ":argdo", ":windo" or ":bufdo"
-    // - another command follows
-    // - inside a loop
-    openscript((char_u *)fname, global_busy || listcmd_busy || eap->nextcmd != NULL
-               || eap->cstack->cs_idx >= 0);
-
-    // ":source" read ex commands
-  } else if (do_source(fname, false, DOSO_NONE) == FAIL) {
-    semsg(_(e_notopen), fname);
-  }
-}
-
-/// Concatenate VimL line if it starts with a line continuation into a growarray
-/// (excluding the continuation chars and leading whitespace)
-///
-/// @note Growsize of the growarray may be changed to speed up concatenations!
-///
-/// @param ga  the growarray to append to
-/// @param init_growsize  the starting growsize value of the growarray
-/// @param p  pointer to the beginning of the line to consider
-/// @param len  the length of this line
-///
-/// @return true if this line did begin with a continuation (the next line
-///         should also be considered, if it exists); false otherwise
-static bool concat_continued_line(garray_T *const ga, const int init_growsize,
-                                  const char_u *const p, size_t len)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  const char *const line = (char *)skipwhite_len(p, len);
-  len -= (size_t)((char_u *)line - p);
-  // Skip lines starting with '\" ', concat lines starting with '\'
-  if (len >= 3 && STRNCMP(line, "\"\\ ", 3) == 0) {
-    return true;
-  } else if (len == 0 || line[0] != '\\') {
-    return false;
-  }
-  if (ga->ga_len > init_growsize) {
-    ga_set_growsize(ga, MIN(ga->ga_len, 8000));
-  }
-  ga_concat_len(ga, line + 1, len - 1);
-  return true;
-}
-
-typedef struct {
-  linenr_T curr_lnum;
-  const linenr_T final_lnum;
-} GetBufferLineCookie;
-
-/// ":source" and associated commands.
-///
-/// @return address holding the next breakpoint line for a source cookie
-linenr_T *source_breakpoint(void *cookie)
-{
-  return &((struct source_cookie *)cookie)->breakpoint;
-}
-
-/// @return  the address holding the debug tick for a source cookie.
-int *source_dbg_tick(void *cookie)
-{
-  return &((struct source_cookie *)cookie)->dbg_tick;
-}
-
-/// @return  the nesting level for a source cookie.
-int source_level(void *cookie)
-  FUNC_ATTR_PURE
-{
-  return ((struct source_cookie *)cookie)->level;
-}
-
-/// Special function to open a file without handle inheritance.
-/// If possible the handle is closed on exec().
-static FILE *fopen_noinh_readbin(char *filename)
-{
-#ifdef WIN32
-  int fd_tmp = os_open(filename, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY | O_NOINHERIT, 0);
-#else
-  int fd_tmp = os_open(filename, O_RDONLY, 0);
-#endif
-
-  if (fd_tmp < 0) {
-    return NULL;
-  }
-
-  (void)os_set_cloexec(fd_tmp);
-
-  return fdopen(fd_tmp, READBIN);
-}
-
-typedef struct {
-  char *buf;
-  size_t offset;
-} GetStrLineCookie;
-
-/// Get one full line from a sourced string (in-memory, no file).
-/// Called by do_cmdline() when it's called from do_source_str().
-///
-/// @return pointer to allocated line, or NULL for end-of-file or
-///         some error.
-static char *get_str_line(int c, void *cookie, int indent, bool do_concat)
-{
-  GetStrLineCookie *p = cookie;
-  if (STRLEN(p->buf) <= p->offset) {
-    return NULL;
-  }
-  const char *line = p->buf + p->offset;
-  const char *eol = (char *)skip_to_newline((char_u *)line);
-  garray_T ga;
-  ga_init(&ga, sizeof(char_u), 400);
-  ga_concat_len(&ga, line, (size_t)(eol - line));
-  if (do_concat && vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_CONCAT) == NULL) {
-    while (eol[0] != NUL) {
-      line = eol + 1;
-      const char_u *const next_eol = skip_to_newline((char_u *)line);
-      if (!concat_continued_line(&ga, 400, (char_u *)line, (size_t)(next_eol - (char_u *)line))) {
-        break;
-      }
-      eol = (char *)next_eol;
-    }
-  }
-  ga_append(&ga, NUL);
-  p->offset = (size_t)(eol - p->buf) + 1;
-  return ga.ga_data;
-}
-
-/// Create a new script item and allocate script-local vars. @see new_script_vars
-///
-/// @param  name  File name of the script. NULL for anonymous :source.
-/// @param[out]  sid_out  SID of the new item.
-///
-/// @return  pointer to the created script item.
-scriptitem_T *new_script_item(char *const name, scid_T *const sid_out)
-{
-  static scid_T last_current_SID = 0;
-  const scid_T sid = ++last_current_SID;
-  if (sid_out != NULL) {
-    *sid_out = sid;
-  }
-  ga_grow(&script_items, sid - script_items.ga_len);
-  while (script_items.ga_len < sid) {
-    script_items.ga_len++;
-    SCRIPT_ITEM(script_items.ga_len).sn_name = NULL;
-    SCRIPT_ITEM(script_items.ga_len).sn_prof_on = false;
-  }
-  SCRIPT_ITEM(sid).sn_name = (char_u *)name;
-  new_script_vars(sid);  // Allocate the local script variables to use for this script.
-  return &SCRIPT_ITEM(sid);
-}
-
-static int source_using_linegetter(void *cookie, LineGetter fgetline, const char *traceback_name)
-{
-  char *save_sourcing_name = sourcing_name;
-  linenr_T save_sourcing_lnum = sourcing_lnum;
-  char sourcing_name_buf[256];
-  if (save_sourcing_name == NULL) {
-    sourcing_name = (char *)traceback_name;
-  } else {
-    snprintf((char *)sourcing_name_buf, sizeof(sourcing_name_buf),
-             "%s called at %s:%" PRIdLINENR, traceback_name, save_sourcing_name,
-             save_sourcing_lnum);
-    sourcing_name = sourcing_name_buf;  // -V507 reassigned below, before return.
-  }
-  sourcing_lnum = 0;
-
-  const sctx_T save_current_sctx = current_sctx;
-  if (current_sctx.sc_sid != SID_LUA) {
-    current_sctx.sc_sid = SID_STR;
-  }
-  current_sctx.sc_seq = 0;
-  current_sctx.sc_lnum = save_sourcing_lnum;
-  funccal_entry_T entry;
-  save_funccal(&entry);
-  int retval = do_cmdline(NULL, fgetline, cookie,
-                          DOCMD_VERBOSE | DOCMD_NOWAIT | DOCMD_REPEAT);
-  sourcing_lnum = save_sourcing_lnum;
-  sourcing_name = save_sourcing_name;
-  current_sctx = save_current_sctx;
-  restore_funccal();
-  return retval;
-}
-
-static void cmd_source_buffer(const exarg_T *const eap)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  if (curbuf == NULL) {
-    return;
-  }
-  garray_T ga;
-  ga_init(&ga, sizeof(char_u), 400);
-  const linenr_T final_lnum = eap->line2;
-  // Copy the contents to be executed.
-  for (linenr_T curr_lnum = eap->line1; curr_lnum <= final_lnum; curr_lnum++) {
-    // Adjust growsize to current length to speed up concatenating many lines.
-    if (ga.ga_len > 400) {
-      ga_set_growsize(&ga, MIN(ga.ga_len, 8000));
-    }
-    ga_concat(&ga, (char *)ml_get(curr_lnum));
-    ga_append(&ga, NL);
-  }
-  ((char_u *)ga.ga_data)[ga.ga_len - 1] = NUL;
-  const GetStrLineCookie cookie = {
-    .buf = ga.ga_data,
-    .offset = 0,
-  };
-  if (curbuf->b_fname
-      && path_with_extension((const char *)curbuf->b_fname, "lua")) {
-    nlua_source_using_linegetter(get_str_line, (void *)&cookie,
-                                 ":source (no file)");
-  } else {
-    source_using_linegetter((void *)&cookie, get_str_line,
-                            ":source (no file)");
-  }
-  ga_clear(&ga);
-}
-
-/// Executes lines in `src` as Ex commands.
-///
-/// @see do_source()
-int do_source_str(const char *cmd, const char *traceback_name)
-{
-  GetStrLineCookie cookie = {
-    .buf = (char *)cmd,
-    .offset = 0,
-  };
-  return source_using_linegetter((void *)&cookie, get_str_line, traceback_name);
-}
-
-/// When fname is a 'lua' file nlua_exec_file() is invoked to source it.
-/// Otherwise reads the file `fname` and executes its lines as Ex commands.
-///
-/// This function may be called recursively!
-///
-/// @see do_source_str
-///
-/// @param fname
-/// @param check_other  check for .vimrc and _vimrc
-/// @param is_vimrc     DOSO_ value
-///
-/// @return  FAIL if file could not be opened, OK otherwise
-int do_source(char *fname, int check_other, int is_vimrc)
-{
-  struct source_cookie cookie;
-  char *save_sourcing_name;
-  linenr_T save_sourcing_lnum;
-  char *p;
-  char *fname_exp;
-  uint8_t *firstline = NULL;
-  int retval = FAIL;
-  int save_debug_break_level = debug_break_level;
-  scriptitem_T *si = NULL;
-  proftime_T wait_start;
-  bool trigger_source_post = false;
-
-  p = expand_env_save(fname);
-  if (p == NULL) {
-    return retval;
-  }
-  fname_exp = fix_fname(p);
-  xfree(p);
-  if (fname_exp == NULL) {
-    return retval;
-  }
-  if (os_isdir((char_u *)fname_exp)) {
-    smsg(_("Cannot source a directory: \"%s\""), fname);
-    goto theend;
-  }
-
-  // Apply SourceCmd autocommands, they should get the file and source it.
-  if (has_autocmd(EVENT_SOURCECMD, fname_exp, NULL)
-      && apply_autocmds(EVENT_SOURCECMD, fname_exp, fname_exp,
-                        false, curbuf)) {
-    retval = aborting() ? FAIL : OK;
-    if (retval == OK) {
-      // Apply SourcePost autocommands.
-      apply_autocmds(EVENT_SOURCEPOST, fname_exp, fname_exp, false, curbuf);
-    }
-    goto theend;
-  }
-
-  // Apply SourcePre autocommands, they may get the file.
-  apply_autocmds(EVENT_SOURCEPRE, fname_exp, fname_exp, false, curbuf);
-
-  cookie.fp = fopen_noinh_readbin(fname_exp);
-  if (cookie.fp == NULL && check_other) {
-    // Try again, replacing file name ".vimrc" by "_vimrc" or vice versa,
-    // and ".exrc" by "_exrc" or vice versa.
-    p = path_tail(fname_exp);
-    if ((*p == '.' || *p == '_')
-        && (STRICMP(p + 1, "nvimrc") == 0 || STRICMP(p + 1, "exrc") == 0)) {
-      *p = (*p == '_') ? '.' : '_';
-      cookie.fp = fopen_noinh_readbin(fname_exp);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (cookie.fp == NULL) {
-    if (p_verbose > 1) {
-      verbose_enter();
-      if (sourcing_name == NULL) {
-        smsg(_("could not source \"%s\""), fname);
-      } else {
-        smsg(_("line %" PRId64 ": could not source \"%s\""),
-             (int64_t)sourcing_lnum, fname);
-      }
-      verbose_leave();
-    }
-    goto theend;
-  }
-
-  // The file exists.
-  // - In verbose mode, give a message.
-  // - For a vimrc file, may want to call vimrc_found().
-  if (p_verbose > 1) {
-    verbose_enter();
-    if (sourcing_name == NULL) {
-      smsg(_("sourcing \"%s\""), fname);
-    } else {
-      smsg(_("line %" PRId64 ": sourcing \"%s\""),
-           (int64_t)sourcing_lnum, fname);
-    }
-    verbose_leave();
-  }
-  if (is_vimrc == DOSO_VIMRC) {
-    vimrc_found(fname_exp, "MYVIMRC");
-  }
-
-#ifdef USE_CRNL
-  // If no automatic file format: Set default to CR-NL.
-  if (*p_ffs == NUL) {
-    cookie.fileformat = EOL_DOS;
-  } else {
-    cookie.fileformat = EOL_UNKNOWN;
-  }
-  cookie.error = false;
-#endif
-
-  cookie.nextline = NULL;
-  cookie.sourcing_lnum = 0;
-  cookie.finished = false;
-
-  // Check if this script has a breakpoint.
-  cookie.breakpoint = dbg_find_breakpoint(true, (char_u *)fname_exp, (linenr_T)0);
-  cookie.fname = fname_exp;
-  cookie.dbg_tick = debug_tick;
-
-  cookie.level = ex_nesting_level;
-
-  // Keep the sourcing name/lnum, for recursive calls.
-  save_sourcing_name = sourcing_name;
-  sourcing_name = fname_exp;
-  save_sourcing_lnum = sourcing_lnum;
-  sourcing_lnum = 0;
-
-  // start measuring script load time if --startuptime was passed and
-  // time_fd was successfully opened afterwards.
-  proftime_T rel_time;
-  proftime_T start_time;
-  FILE * const l_time_fd = time_fd;
-  if (l_time_fd != NULL) {
-    time_push(&rel_time, &start_time);
-  }
-
-  const int l_do_profiling = do_profiling;
-  if (l_do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
-    prof_child_enter(&wait_start);    // entering a child now
-  }
-
-  // Don't use local function variables, if called from a function.
-  // Also starts profiling timer for nested script.
-  funccal_entry_T funccalp_entry;
-  save_funccal(&funccalp_entry);
-
-  const sctx_T save_current_sctx = current_sctx;
-  si = get_current_script_id((char_u *)fname_exp, &current_sctx);
-
-  if (l_do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
-    bool forceit = false;
-
-    // Check if we do profiling for this script.
-    if (!si->sn_prof_on && has_profiling(true, si->sn_name, &forceit)) {
-      profile_init(si);
-      si->sn_pr_force = forceit;
-    }
-    if (si->sn_prof_on) {
-      si->sn_pr_count++;
-      si->sn_pr_start = profile_start();
-      si->sn_pr_children = profile_zero();
-    }
-  }
-
-  cookie.conv.vc_type = CONV_NONE;              // no conversion
-
-  // Read the first line so we can check for a UTF-8 BOM.
-  firstline = (uint8_t *)getsourceline(0, (void *)&cookie, 0, true);
-  if (firstline != NULL && STRLEN(firstline) >= 3 && firstline[0] == 0xef
-      && firstline[1] == 0xbb && firstline[2] == 0xbf) {
-    // Found BOM; setup conversion, skip over BOM and recode the line.
-    convert_setup(&cookie.conv, (char_u *)"utf-8", p_enc);
-    p = (char *)string_convert(&cookie.conv, (char_u *)firstline + 3, NULL);
-    if (p == NULL) {
-      p = xstrdup((char *)firstline + 3);
-    }
-    xfree(firstline);
-    firstline = (uint8_t *)p;
-  }
-
-  if (path_with_extension((const char *)fname_exp, "lua")) {
-    const sctx_T current_sctx_backup = current_sctx;
-    const linenr_T sourcing_lnum_backup = sourcing_lnum;
-    current_sctx.sc_sid = SID_LUA;
-    current_sctx.sc_lnum = 0;
-    sourcing_lnum = 0;
-    // Source the file as lua
-    nlua_exec_file((const char *)fname_exp);
-    current_sctx = current_sctx_backup;
-    sourcing_lnum = sourcing_lnum_backup;
-  } else {
-    // Call do_cmdline, which will call getsourceline() to get the lines.
-    do_cmdline((char *)firstline, getsourceline, (void *)&cookie,
-               DOCMD_VERBOSE|DOCMD_NOWAIT|DOCMD_REPEAT);
-  }
-  retval = OK;
-
-  if (l_do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
-    // Get "si" again, "script_items" may have been reallocated.
-    si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid);
-    if (si->sn_prof_on) {
-      si->sn_pr_start = profile_end(si->sn_pr_start);
-      si->sn_pr_start = profile_sub_wait(wait_start, si->sn_pr_start);
-      si->sn_pr_total = profile_add(si->sn_pr_total, si->sn_pr_start);
-      si->sn_pr_self = profile_self(si->sn_pr_self, si->sn_pr_start,
-                                    si->sn_pr_children);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (got_int) {
-    emsg(_(e_interr));
-  }
-  sourcing_name = save_sourcing_name;
-  sourcing_lnum = save_sourcing_lnum;
-  if (p_verbose > 1) {
-    verbose_enter();
-    smsg(_("finished sourcing %s"), fname);
-    if (sourcing_name != NULL) {
-      smsg(_("continuing in %s"), sourcing_name);
-    }
-    verbose_leave();
-  }
-
-  if (l_time_fd != NULL) {
-    vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, "sourcing %s", fname);
-    time_msg((char *)IObuff, &start_time);
-    time_pop(rel_time);
-  }
-
-  if (!got_int) {
-    trigger_source_post = true;
-  }
-
-  // After a "finish" in debug mode, need to break at first command of next
-  // sourced file.
-  if (save_debug_break_level > ex_nesting_level
-      && debug_break_level == ex_nesting_level) {
-    debug_break_level++;
-  }
-
-  current_sctx = save_current_sctx;
-  restore_funccal();
-  if (l_do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
-    prof_child_exit(&wait_start);    // leaving a child now
-  }
-  fclose(cookie.fp);
-  xfree(cookie.nextline);
-  xfree(firstline);
-  convert_setup(&cookie.conv, NULL, NULL);
-
-  if (trigger_source_post) {
-    apply_autocmds(EVENT_SOURCEPOST, fname_exp, fname_exp, false, curbuf);
-  }
-
-theend:
-  xfree(fname_exp);
-  return retval;
-}
-
-/// Check if fname was sourced before to finds its SID.
-/// If it's new, generate a new SID.
-///
-/// @param[in] fname file path of script
-/// @param[out] ret_sctx sctx of this script
-scriptitem_T *get_current_script_id(char_u *fname, sctx_T *ret_sctx)
-{
-  static int last_current_SID_seq = 0;
-
-  sctx_T script_sctx = { .sc_seq = ++last_current_SID_seq,
-                         .sc_lnum = 0,
-                         .sc_sid = 0 };
-  scriptitem_T *si = NULL;
-
-  assert(script_items.ga_len >= 0);
-  for (script_sctx.sc_sid = script_items.ga_len; script_sctx.sc_sid > 0; script_sctx.sc_sid--) {
-    // We used to check inode here, but that doesn't work:
-    // - If a script is edited and written, it may get a different
-    //   inode number, even though to the user it is the same script.
-    // - If a script is deleted and another script is written, with a
-    //   different name, the inode may be re-used.
-    si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(script_sctx.sc_sid);
-    if (si->sn_name != NULL && FNAMECMP(si->sn_name, fname) == 0) {
-      // Found it!
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  if (script_sctx.sc_sid == 0) {
-    si = new_script_item((char *)vim_strsave(fname), &script_sctx.sc_sid);
-  }
-  if (ret_sctx != NULL) {
-    *ret_sctx = script_sctx;
-  }
-
-  return si;
-}
-
-/// ":scriptnames"
-void ex_scriptnames(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  if (eap->addr_count > 0) {
-    // :script {scriptId}: edit the script
-    if (eap->line2 < 1 || eap->line2 > script_items.ga_len) {
-      emsg(_(e_invarg));
-    } else {
-      eap->arg = (char *)SCRIPT_ITEM(eap->line2).sn_name;
-      do_exedit(eap, NULL);
-    }
-    return;
-  }
-
-  for (int i = 1; i <= script_items.ga_len && !got_int; i++) {
-    if (SCRIPT_ITEM(i).sn_name != NULL) {
-      home_replace(NULL, (char *)SCRIPT_ITEM(i).sn_name, (char *)NameBuff, MAXPATHL, true);
-      vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, "%3d: %s", i, NameBuff);
-      if (!message_filtered(IObuff)) {
-        msg_putchar('\n');
-        msg_outtrans((char *)IObuff);
-        line_breakcheck();
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-#if defined(BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME)
-/// Fix slashes in the list of script names for 'shellslash'.
-void scriptnames_slash_adjust(void)
-{
-  for (int i = 1; i <= script_items.ga_len; i++) {
-    if (SCRIPT_ITEM(i).sn_name != NULL) {
-      slash_adjust(SCRIPT_ITEM(i).sn_name);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-#endif
-
-/// Get a pointer to a script name.  Used for ":verbose set".
-/// Message appended to "Last set from "
-char_u *get_scriptname(LastSet last_set, bool *should_free)
-{
-  *should_free = false;
-
-  switch (last_set.script_ctx.sc_sid) {
-  case SID_MODELINE:
-    return (char_u *)_("modeline");
-  case SID_CMDARG:
-    return (char_u *)_("--cmd argument");
-  case SID_CARG:
-    return (char_u *)_("-c argument");
-  case SID_ENV:
-    return (char_u *)_("environment variable");
-  case SID_ERROR:
-    return (char_u *)_("error handler");
-  case SID_WINLAYOUT:
-    return (char_u *)_("changed window size");
-  case SID_LUA:
-    return (char_u *)_("Lua");
-  case SID_API_CLIENT:
-    snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, _("API client (channel id %" PRIu64 ")"), last_set.channel_id);
-    return IObuff;
-  case SID_STR:
-    return (char_u *)_("anonymous :source");
-  default: {
-    char *const sname = (char *)SCRIPT_ITEM(last_set.script_ctx.sc_sid).sn_name;
-    if (sname == NULL) {
-      snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, _("anonymous :source (script id %d)"),
-               last_set.script_ctx.sc_sid);
-      return IObuff;
-    }
-
-    *should_free = true;
-    return (char_u *)home_replace_save(NULL, sname);
-  }
-  }
-}
-
-#if defined(EXITFREE)
-void free_scriptnames(void)
-{
-  profile_reset();
-
-# define FREE_SCRIPTNAME(item) xfree((item)->sn_name)
-  GA_DEEP_CLEAR(&script_items, scriptitem_T, FREE_SCRIPTNAME);
-}
-#endif
-
-linenr_T get_sourced_lnum(LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie)
-  FUNC_ATTR_PURE
-{
-  return fgetline == getsourceline
-        ? ((struct source_cookie *)cookie)->sourcing_lnum
-        : sourcing_lnum;
-}
-
-/// Get one full line from a sourced file.
-/// Called by do_cmdline() when it's called from do_source().
-///
-/// @return pointer to the line in allocated memory, or NULL for end-of-file or
-///         some error.
-char *getsourceline(int c, void *cookie, int indent, bool do_concat)
-{
-  struct source_cookie *sp = (struct source_cookie *)cookie;
-  char *line;
-  char *p;
-
-  // If breakpoints have been added/deleted need to check for it.
-  if (sp->dbg_tick < debug_tick) {
-    sp->breakpoint = dbg_find_breakpoint(true, (char_u *)sp->fname, sourcing_lnum);
-    sp->dbg_tick = debug_tick;
-  }
-  if (do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
-    script_line_end();
-  }
-  // Set the current sourcing line number.
-  sourcing_lnum = sp->sourcing_lnum + 1;
-  // Get current line.  If there is a read-ahead line, use it, otherwise get
-  // one now.
-  if (sp->finished) {
-    line = NULL;
-  } else if (sp->nextline == NULL) {
-    line = get_one_sourceline(sp);
-  } else {
-    line = sp->nextline;
-    sp->nextline = NULL;
-    sp->sourcing_lnum++;
-  }
-  if (line != NULL && do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
-    script_line_start();
-  }
-
-  // Only concatenate lines starting with a \ when 'cpoptions' doesn't
-  // contain the 'C' flag.
-  if (line != NULL && do_concat && (vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_CONCAT) == NULL)) {
-    // compensate for the one line read-ahead
-    sp->sourcing_lnum--;
-
-    // Get the next line and concatenate it when it starts with a
-    // backslash. We always need to read the next line, keep it in
-    // sp->nextline.
-    // Also check for a comment in between continuation lines: "\ .
-    sp->nextline = get_one_sourceline(sp);
-    if (sp->nextline != NULL
-        && (*(p = skipwhite(sp->nextline)) == '\\'
-            || (p[0] == '"' && p[1] == '\\' && p[2] == ' '))) {
-      garray_T ga;
-
-      ga_init(&ga, (int)sizeof(char_u), 400);
-      ga_concat(&ga, line);
-      while (sp->nextline != NULL
-             && concat_continued_line(&ga, 400, (char_u *)sp->nextline,
-                                      STRLEN(sp->nextline))) {
-        xfree(sp->nextline);
-        sp->nextline = get_one_sourceline(sp);
-      }
-      ga_append(&ga, NUL);
-      xfree(line);
-      line = ga.ga_data;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (line != NULL && sp->conv.vc_type != CONV_NONE) {
-    char *s;
-
-    // Convert the encoding of the script line.
-    s = (char *)string_convert(&sp->conv, (char_u *)line, NULL);
-    if (s != NULL) {
-      xfree(line);
-      line = s;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Did we encounter a breakpoint?
-  if (sp->breakpoint != 0 && sp->breakpoint <= sourcing_lnum) {
-    dbg_breakpoint((char_u *)sp->fname, sourcing_lnum);
-    // Find next breakpoint.
-    sp->breakpoint = dbg_find_breakpoint(true, (char_u *)sp->fname, sourcing_lnum);
-    sp->dbg_tick = debug_tick;
-  }
-
-  return line;
-}
-
-static char *get_one_sourceline(struct source_cookie *sp)
-{
-  garray_T ga;
-  int len;
-  int c;
-  char *buf;
-#ifdef USE_CRNL
-  int has_cr;                           // CR-LF found
-#endif
-  bool have_read = false;
-
-  // use a growarray to store the sourced line
-  ga_init(&ga, 1, 250);
-
-  // Loop until there is a finished line (or end-of-file).
-  sp->sourcing_lnum++;
-  for (;;) {
-    // make room to read at least 120 (more) characters
-    ga_grow(&ga, 120);
-    buf = ga.ga_data;
-
-retry:
-    errno = 0;
-    if (fgets(buf + ga.ga_len, ga.ga_maxlen - ga.ga_len,
-              sp->fp) == NULL) {
-      if (errno == EINTR) {
-        goto retry;
-      }
-
-      break;
-    }
-    len = ga.ga_len + (int)STRLEN(buf + ga.ga_len);
-#ifdef USE_CRNL
-    // Ignore a trailing CTRL-Z, when in Dos mode. Only recognize the
-    // CTRL-Z by its own, or after a NL.
-    if ((len == 1 || (len >= 2 && buf[len - 2] == '\n'))
-        && sp->fileformat == EOL_DOS
-        && buf[len - 1] == Ctrl_Z) {
-      buf[len - 1] = NUL;
-      break;
-    }
-#endif
-
-    have_read = true;
-    ga.ga_len = len;
-
-    // If the line was longer than the buffer, read more.
-    if (ga.ga_maxlen - ga.ga_len == 1 && buf[len - 1] != '\n') {
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    if (len >= 1 && buf[len - 1] == '\n') {     // remove trailing NL
-#ifdef USE_CRNL
-      has_cr = (len >= 2 && buf[len - 2] == '\r');
-      if (sp->fileformat == EOL_UNKNOWN) {
-        if (has_cr) {
-          sp->fileformat = EOL_DOS;
-        } else {
-          sp->fileformat = EOL_UNIX;
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (sp->fileformat == EOL_DOS) {
-        if (has_cr) {               // replace trailing CR
-          buf[len - 2] = '\n';
-          len--;
-          ga.ga_len--;
-        } else {          // lines like ":map xx yy^M" will have failed
-          if (!sp->error) {
-            msg_source(HL_ATTR(HLF_W));
-            emsg(_("W15: Warning: Wrong line separator, ^M may be missing"));
-          }
-          sp->error = true;
-          sp->fileformat = EOL_UNIX;
-        }
-      }
-#endif
-      // The '\n' is escaped if there is an odd number of ^V's just
-      // before it, first set "c" just before the 'V's and then check
-      // len&c parities (is faster than ((len-c)%2 == 0)) -- Acevedo
-      for (c = len - 2; c >= 0 && buf[c] == Ctrl_V; c--) {}
-      if ((len & 1) != (c & 1)) {       // escaped NL, read more
-        sp->sourcing_lnum++;
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      buf[len - 1] = NUL;               // remove the NL
-    }
-
-    // Check for ^C here now and then, so recursive :so can be broken.
-    line_breakcheck();
-    break;
-  }
-
-  if (have_read) {
-    return ga.ga_data;
-  }
-
-  xfree(ga.ga_data);
-  return NULL;
-}
-
-/// Called when starting to read a script line.
-/// "sourcing_lnum" must be correct!
-/// When skipping lines it may not actually be executed, but we won't find out
-/// until later and we need to store the time now.
-void script_line_start(void)
-{
-  scriptitem_T *si;
-  sn_prl_T *pp;
-
-  if (current_sctx.sc_sid <= 0 || current_sctx.sc_sid > script_items.ga_len) {
-    return;
-  }
-  si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid);
-  if (si->sn_prof_on && sourcing_lnum >= 1) {
-    // Grow the array before starting the timer, so that the time spent
-    // here isn't counted.
-    (void)ga_grow(&si->sn_prl_ga, sourcing_lnum - si->sn_prl_ga.ga_len);
-    si->sn_prl_idx = sourcing_lnum - 1;
-    while (si->sn_prl_ga.ga_len <= si->sn_prl_idx
-           && si->sn_prl_ga.ga_len < si->sn_prl_ga.ga_maxlen) {
-      // Zero counters for a line that was not used before.
-      pp = &PRL_ITEM(si, si->sn_prl_ga.ga_len);
-      pp->snp_count = 0;
-      pp->sn_prl_total = profile_zero();
-      pp->sn_prl_self = profile_zero();
-      si->sn_prl_ga.ga_len++;
-    }
-    si->sn_prl_execed = false;
-    si->sn_prl_start = profile_start();
-    si->sn_prl_children = profile_zero();
-    si->sn_prl_wait = profile_get_wait();
-  }
-}
-
-/// Called when actually executing a function line.
-void script_line_exec(void)
-{
-  scriptitem_T *si;
-
-  if (current_sctx.sc_sid <= 0 || current_sctx.sc_sid > script_items.ga_len) {
-    return;
-  }
-  si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid);
-  if (si->sn_prof_on && si->sn_prl_idx >= 0) {
-    si->sn_prl_execed = true;
-  }
-}
-
-/// Called when done with a function line.
-void script_line_end(void)
-{
-  scriptitem_T *si;
-  sn_prl_T *pp;
-
-  if (current_sctx.sc_sid <= 0 || current_sctx.sc_sid > script_items.ga_len) {
-    return;
-  }
-  si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid);
-  if (si->sn_prof_on && si->sn_prl_idx >= 0
-      && si->sn_prl_idx < si->sn_prl_ga.ga_len) {
-    if (si->sn_prl_execed) {
-      pp = &PRL_ITEM(si, si->sn_prl_idx);
-      pp->snp_count++;
-      si->sn_prl_start = profile_end(si->sn_prl_start);
-      si->sn_prl_start = profile_sub_wait(si->sn_prl_wait, si->sn_prl_start);
-      pp->sn_prl_total = profile_add(pp->sn_prl_total, si->sn_prl_start);
-      pp->sn_prl_self = profile_self(pp->sn_prl_self, si->sn_prl_start,
-                                     si->sn_prl_children);
-    }
-    si->sn_prl_idx = -1;
-  }
-}
-
-/// ":scriptencoding": Set encoding conversion for a sourced script.
-/// Without the multi-byte feature it's simply ignored.
-void ex_scriptencoding(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  struct source_cookie *sp;
-  char *name;
-
-  if (!getline_equal(eap->getline, eap->cookie, getsourceline)) {
-    emsg(_("E167: :scriptencoding used outside of a sourced file"));
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if (*eap->arg != NUL) {
-    name = (char *)enc_canonize((char_u *)eap->arg);
-  } else {
-    name = eap->arg;
-  }
-
-  // Setup for conversion from the specified encoding to 'encoding'.
-  sp = (struct source_cookie *)getline_cookie(eap->getline, eap->cookie);
-  convert_setup(&sp->conv, (char_u *)name, p_enc);
-
-  if (name != eap->arg) {
-    xfree(name);
-  }
-}
-
-/// ":finish": Mark a sourced file as finished.
-void ex_finish(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  if (getline_equal(eap->getline, eap->cookie, getsourceline)) {
-    do_finish(eap, false);
-  } else {
-    emsg(_("E168: :finish used outside of a sourced file"));
-  }
-}
-
-/// Mark a sourced file as finished.  Possibly makes the ":finish" pending.
-/// Also called for a pending finish at the ":endtry" or after returning from
-/// an extra do_cmdline().  "reanimate" is used in the latter case.
-void do_finish(exarg_T *eap, int reanimate)
-{
-  int idx;
-
-  if (reanimate) {
-    ((struct source_cookie *)getline_cookie(eap->getline,
-                                            eap->cookie))->finished = false;
-  }
-
-  // Cleanup (and deactivate) conditionals, but stop when a try conditional
-  // not in its finally clause (which then is to be executed next) is found.
-  // In this case, make the ":finish" pending for execution at the ":endtry".
-  // Otherwise, finish normally.
-  idx = cleanup_conditionals(eap->cstack, 0, true);
-  if (idx >= 0) {
-    eap->cstack->cs_pending[idx] = CSTP_FINISH;
-    report_make_pending(CSTP_FINISH, NULL);
-  } else {
-    ((struct source_cookie *)getline_cookie(eap->getline,
-                                            eap->cookie))->finished = true;
-  }
-}
-
-/// @return  true when a sourced file had the ":finish" command: Don't give error
-///          message for missing ":endif".
-///          false when not sourcing a file.
-bool source_finished(LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie)
-{
-  return getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, getsourceline)
-         && ((struct source_cookie *)getline_cookie(fgetline, cookie))->finished;
-}
-
 /// ":checktime [buffer]"
 void ex_checktime(exarg_T *eap)
 {
@@ -3007,7 +1152,7 @@ void ex_drop(exarg_T *eap)
   // and mostly only one file is dropped.
   // This also ignores wildcards, since it is very unlikely the user is
   // editing a file name with a wildcard character.
-  do_arglist(eap->arg, AL_SET, 0, false);
+  set_arglist(eap->arg);
 
   // Expanding wildcards may result in an empty argument list.  E.g. when
   // editing "foo.pyc" and ".pyc" is in 'wildignore'.  Assume that we
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_cmds2.h b/src/nvim/ex_cmds2.h
index c463bfa5ab..e454a30028 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_cmds2.h
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_cmds2.h
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
-#include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
-#include "nvim/runtime.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_cmds_defs.h"
 
 //
 // flags for check_changed()
@@ -15,27 +14,6 @@
 #define CCGD_ALLBUF     8       // may write all buffers
 #define CCGD_EXCMD      16      // may suggest using !
 
-typedef struct scriptitem_S {
-  char_u *sn_name;
-  bool sn_prof_on;              ///< true when script is/was profiled
-  bool sn_pr_force;             ///< forceit: profile functions in this script
-  proftime_T sn_pr_child;       ///< time set when going into first child
-  int sn_pr_nest;               ///< nesting for sn_pr_child
-  // profiling the script as a whole
-  int sn_pr_count;              ///< nr of times sourced
-  proftime_T sn_pr_total;       ///< time spent in script + children
-  proftime_T sn_pr_self;        ///< time spent in script itself
-  proftime_T sn_pr_start;       ///< time at script start
-  proftime_T sn_pr_children;    ///< time in children after script start
-  // profiling the script per line
-  garray_T sn_prl_ga;           ///< things stored for every line
-  proftime_T sn_prl_start;      ///< start time for current line
-  proftime_T sn_prl_children;   ///< time spent in children for this line
-  proftime_T sn_prl_wait;       ///< wait start time for current line
-  linenr_T sn_prl_idx;          ///< index of line being timed; -1 if none
-  int sn_prl_execed;            ///< line being timed was executed
-} scriptitem_T;
-
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "ex_cmds2.h.generated.h"
 #endif
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_docmd.c b/src/nvim/ex_docmd.c
index 4ac9847e53..afa8a276c8 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_docmd.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_docmd.c
@@ -9,14 +9,17 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+#include "nvim/arglist.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/cmdhist.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/debugger.h"
 #include "nvim/diff.h"
 #include "nvim/digraph.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
@@ -38,6 +41,7 @@
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
 #include "nvim/globals.h"
 #include "nvim/hardcopy.h"
+#include "nvim/help.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
 #include "nvim/if_cscope.h"
 #include "nvim/input.h"
@@ -62,10 +66,10 @@
 #include "nvim/os/time.h"
 #include "nvim/os_unix.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
+#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/quickfix.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/shada.h"
 #include "nvim/sign.h"
@@ -100,16 +104,14 @@ typedef struct {
 
 #define FREE_WCMD(wcmd) xfree((wcmd)->line)
 
-/*
- * Structure used to store info for line position in a while or for loop.
- * This is required, because do_one_cmd() may invoke ex_function(), which
- * reads more lines that may come from the while/for loop.
- */
+/// Structure used to store info for line position in a while or for loop.
+/// This is required, because do_one_cmd() may invoke ex_function(), which
+/// reads more lines that may come from the while/for loop.
 struct loop_cookie {
   garray_T *lines_gap;               // growarray with line info
   int current_line;                     // last read line from growarray
-  int repeating;                        // TRUE when looping a second time
-  // When "repeating" is FALSE use "getline" and "cookie" to get lines
+  int repeating;                        // true when looping a second time
+  // When "repeating" is false use "getline" and "cookie" to get lines
   char *(*getline)(int, void *, int, bool);
   void *cookie;
 };
@@ -136,9 +138,7 @@ struct dbg_stuff {
 # define ex_language            ex_ni
 #endif
 
-/*
- * Declare cmdnames[].
- */
+// Declare cmdnames[].
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "ex_cmds_defs.generated.h"
 #endif
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ static char dollar_command[2] = { '$', 0 };
 static void save_dbg_stuff(struct dbg_stuff *dsp)
 {
   dsp->trylevel       = trylevel;             trylevel = 0;
-  dsp->force_abort    = force_abort;          force_abort = FALSE;
+  dsp->force_abort    = force_abort;          force_abort = false;
   dsp->caught_stack   = caught_stack;         caught_stack = NULL;
   dsp->vv_exception   = v_exception(NULL);
   dsp->vv_throwpoint  = v_throwpoint(NULL);
@@ -179,11 +179,6 @@ static void restore_dbg_stuff(struct dbg_stuff *dsp)
 /// Repeatedly get commands for Ex mode, until the ":vi" command is given.
 void do_exmode(void)
 {
-  int save_msg_scroll;
-  int prev_msg_row;
-  linenr_T prev_line;
-  varnumber_T changedtick;
-
   exmode_active = true;
   State = MODE_NORMAL;
   may_trigger_modechanged();
@@ -194,7 +189,7 @@ void do_exmode(void)
     return;
   }
 
-  save_msg_scroll = msg_scroll;
+  int save_msg_scroll = msg_scroll;
   RedrawingDisabled++;  // don't redisplay the window
   no_wait_return++;  // don't wait for return
 
@@ -209,9 +204,9 @@ void do_exmode(void)
     need_wait_return = false;
     ex_pressedreturn = false;
     ex_no_reprint = false;
-    changedtick = buf_get_changedtick(curbuf);
-    prev_msg_row = msg_row;
-    prev_line = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
+    varnumber_T changedtick = buf_get_changedtick(curbuf);
+    int prev_msg_row = msg_row;
+    linenr_T prev_line = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
     cmdline_row = msg_row;
     do_cmdline(NULL, getexline, NULL, 0);
     lines_left = Rows - 1;
@@ -232,7 +227,7 @@ void do_exmode(void)
           }
         }
         msg_col = 0;
-        print_line_no_prefix(curwin->w_cursor.lnum, FALSE, FALSE);
+        print_line_no_prefix(curwin->w_cursor.lnum, false, false);
         msg_clr_eos();
       }
     } else if (ex_pressedreturn && !ex_no_reprint) {  // must be at EOF
@@ -301,26 +296,26 @@ int do_cmdline_cmd(const char *cmd)
 /// @return FAIL if cmdline could not be executed, OK otherwise
 int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
 {
-  char *next_cmdline;            // next cmd to execute
-  char *cmdline_copy = NULL;     // copy of cmd line
+  char *next_cmdline;                   // next cmd to execute
+  char *cmdline_copy = NULL;            // copy of cmd line
   bool used_getline = false;            // used "fgetline" to obtain command
   static int recursive = 0;             // recursive depth
   bool msg_didout_before_start = false;
   int count = 0;                        // line number count
-  int did_inc = FALSE;                  // incremented RedrawingDisabled
+  bool did_inc = false;                 // incremented RedrawingDisabled
   int retval = OK;
   cstack_T cstack = {                   // conditional stack
     .cs_idx = -1,
   };
   garray_T lines_ga;                    // keep lines for ":while"/":for"
   int current_line = 0;                 // active line in lines_ga
-  char *fname = NULL;               // function or script name
+  char *fname = NULL;                   // function or script name
   linenr_T *breakpoint = NULL;          // ptr to breakpoint field in cookie
-  int *dbg_tick = NULL;            // ptr to dbg_tick field in cookie
+  int *dbg_tick = NULL;                 // ptr to dbg_tick field in cookie
   struct dbg_stuff debug_saved;         // saved things for debug mode
   int initial_trylevel;
-  struct msglist **saved_msg_list = NULL;
-  struct msglist *private_msg_list;
+  msglist_T **saved_msg_list = NULL;
+  msglist_T *private_msg_list;
 
   // "fgetline" and "cookie" passed to do_one_cmd()
   char *(*cmd_getline)(int, void *, int, bool);
@@ -361,7 +356,7 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
   // Inside a function use a higher nesting level.
   getline_is_func = getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, get_func_line);
   if (getline_is_func && ex_nesting_level == func_level(real_cookie)) {
-    ++ex_nesting_level;
+    ex_nesting_level++;
   }
 
   // Get the function or script name and the address where the next breakpoint
@@ -371,14 +366,12 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
     breakpoint = func_breakpoint(real_cookie);
     dbg_tick = func_dbg_tick(real_cookie);
   } else if (getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, getsourceline)) {
-    fname = sourcing_name;
+    fname = SOURCING_NAME;
     breakpoint = source_breakpoint(real_cookie);
     dbg_tick = source_dbg_tick(real_cookie);
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Initialize "force_abort"  and "suppress_errthrow" at the top level.
-   */
+  // Initialize "force_abort"  and "suppress_errthrow" at the top level.
   if (!recursive) {
     force_abort = false;
     suppress_errthrow = false;
@@ -390,13 +383,13 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
   if (flags & DOCMD_EXCRESET) {
     save_dbg_stuff(&debug_saved);
   } else {
-    memset(&debug_saved, 0, sizeof(debug_saved));
+    CLEAR_FIELD(debug_saved);
   }
 
   initial_trylevel = trylevel;
 
   current_exception = NULL;
-  // "did_emsg" will be set to TRUE when emsg() is used, in which case we
+  // "did_emsg" will be set to true when emsg() is used, in which case we
   // cancel the whole command line, and any if/endif or loop.
   // If force_abort is set, we cancel everything.
   did_emsg = false;
@@ -408,12 +401,10 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
     KeyTyped = false;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Continue executing command lines:
-   * - when inside an ":if", ":while" or ":for"
-   * - for multiple commands on one line, separated with '|'
-   * - when repeating until there are no more lines (for ":source")
-   */
+  // Continue executing command lines:
+  // - when inside an ":if", ":while" or ":for"
+  // - for multiple commands on one line, separated with '|'
+  // - when repeating until there are no more lines (for ":source")
   next_cmdline = cmdline;
   do {
     getline_is_func = getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, get_func_line);
@@ -427,11 +418,9 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
       did_emsg = false;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * 1. If repeating a line in a loop, get a line from lines_ga.
-     * 2. If no line given: Get an allocated line with fgetline().
-     * 3. If a line is given: Make a copy, so we can mess with it.
-     */
+    // 1. If repeating a line in a loop, get a line from lines_ga.
+    // 2. If no line given: Get an allocated line with fgetline().
+    // 3. If a line is given: Make a copy, so we can mess with it.
 
     // 1. If repeating, get a previous line from lines_ga.
     if (cstack.cs_looplevel > 0 && current_line < lines_ga.ga_len) {
@@ -464,20 +453,19 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
       if (breakpoint != NULL && dbg_tick != NULL
           && *dbg_tick != debug_tick) {
         *breakpoint = dbg_find_breakpoint(getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, getsourceline),
-                                          (char_u *)fname, sourcing_lnum);
+                                          (char_u *)fname, SOURCING_LNUM);
         *dbg_tick = debug_tick;
       }
 
       next_cmdline = ((wcmd_T *)(lines_ga.ga_data))[current_line].line;
-      sourcing_lnum = ((wcmd_T *)(lines_ga.ga_data))[current_line].lnum;
+      SOURCING_LNUM = ((wcmd_T *)(lines_ga.ga_data))[current_line].lnum;
 
       // Did we encounter a breakpoint?
-      if (breakpoint != NULL && *breakpoint != 0
-          && *breakpoint <= sourcing_lnum) {
-        dbg_breakpoint((char_u *)fname, sourcing_lnum);
+      if (breakpoint != NULL && *breakpoint != 0 && *breakpoint <= SOURCING_LNUM) {
+        dbg_breakpoint((char_u *)fname, SOURCING_LNUM);
         // Find next breakpoint.
         *breakpoint = dbg_find_breakpoint(getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, getsourceline),
-                                          (char_u *)fname, sourcing_lnum);
+                                          (char_u *)fname, SOURCING_LNUM);
         *dbg_tick = debug_tick;
       }
       if (do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
@@ -509,10 +497,8 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
 
     // 2. If no line given, get an allocated line with fgetline().
     if (next_cmdline == NULL) {
-      /*
-       * Need to set msg_didout for the first line after an ":if",
-       * otherwise the ":if" will be overwritten.
-       */
+      // Need to set msg_didout for the first line after an ":if",
+      // otherwise the ":if" will be overwritten.
       if (count == 1 && getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, getexline)) {
         msg_didout = true;
       }
@@ -532,9 +518,7 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
       }
       used_getline = true;
 
-      /*
-       * Keep the first typed line.  Clear it when more lines are typed.
-       */
+      // Keep the first typed line.  Clear it when more lines are typed.
       if (flags & DOCMD_KEEPLINE) {
         xfree(repeat_cmdline);
         if (count == 0) {
@@ -549,13 +533,11 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
     }
     cmdline_copy = next_cmdline;
 
-    /*
-     * Save the current line when inside a ":while" or ":for", and when
-     * the command looks like a ":while" or ":for", because we may need it
-     * later.  When there is a '|' and another command, it is stored
-     * separately, because we need to be able to jump back to it from an
-     * :endwhile/:endfor.
-     */
+    // Save the current line when inside a ":while" or ":for", and when
+    // the command looks like a ":while" or ":for", because we may need it
+    // later.  When there is a '|' and another command, it is stored
+    // separately, because we need to be able to jump back to it from an
+    // :endwhile/:endfor.
     if (current_line == lines_ga.ga_len
         && (cstack.cs_looplevel || has_loop_cmd(next_cmdline))) {
       store_loop_line(&lines_ga, next_cmdline);
@@ -563,32 +545,28 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
     did_endif = false;
 
     if (count++ == 0) {
-      /*
-       * All output from the commands is put below each other, without
-       * waiting for a return. Don't do this when executing commands
-       * from a script or when being called recursive (e.g. for ":e
-       * +command file").
-       */
+      // All output from the commands is put below each other, without
+      // waiting for a return. Don't do this when executing commands
+      // from a script or when being called recursive (e.g. for ":e
+      // +command file").
       if (!(flags & DOCMD_NOWAIT) && !recursive) {
         msg_didout_before_start = msg_didout;
         msg_didany = false;         // no output yet
         msg_start();
-        msg_scroll = TRUE;          // put messages below each other
-        ++no_wait_return;           // don't wait for return until finished
-        ++RedrawingDisabled;
-        did_inc = TRUE;
+        msg_scroll = true;          // put messages below each other
+        no_wait_return++;           // don't wait for return until finished
+        RedrawingDisabled++;
+        did_inc = true;
       }
     }
 
-    if ((p_verbose >= 15 && sourcing_name != NULL) || p_verbose >= 16) {
-      msg_verbose_cmd(sourcing_lnum, cmdline_copy);
+    if ((p_verbose >= 15 && SOURCING_NAME != NULL) || p_verbose >= 16) {
+      msg_verbose_cmd(SOURCING_LNUM, cmdline_copy);
     }
 
-    /*
-     * 2. Execute one '|' separated command.
-     *    do_one_cmd() will return NULL if there is no trailing '|'.
-     *    "cmdline_copy" can change, e.g. for '%' and '#' expansion.
-     */
+    // 2. Execute one '|' separated command.
+    //    do_one_cmd() will return NULL if there is no trailing '|'.
+    //    "cmdline_copy" can change, e.g. for '%' and '#' expansion.
     recursive++;
     next_cmdline = do_one_cmd(&cmdline_copy, flags, &cstack, cmd_getline, cmd_cookie);
     recursive--;
@@ -601,10 +579,9 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
 
     if (next_cmdline == NULL) {
       XFREE_CLEAR(cmdline_copy);
-      //
+
       // If the command was typed, remember it for the ':' register.
       // Do this AFTER executing the command to make :@: work.
-      //
       if (getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, getexline)
           && new_last_cmdline != NULL) {
         xfree(last_cmdline);
@@ -622,18 +599,16 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
     if (did_emsg && !force_abort
         && getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, get_func_line)
         && !func_has_abort(real_cookie)) {
-      did_emsg = FALSE;
+      did_emsg = false;
     }
 
     if (cstack.cs_looplevel > 0) {
-      ++current_line;
-
-      /*
-       * An ":endwhile", ":endfor" and ":continue" is handled here.
-       * If we were executing commands, jump back to the ":while" or
-       * ":for".
-       * If we were not executing commands, decrement cs_looplevel.
-       */
+      current_line++;
+
+      // An ":endwhile", ":endfor" and ":continue" is handled here.
+      // If we were executing commands, jump back to the ":while" or
+      // ":for".
+      // If we were not executing commands, decrement cs_looplevel.
       if (cstack.cs_lflags & (CSL_HAD_CONT | CSL_HAD_ENDLOOP)) {
         cstack.cs_lflags &= ~(CSL_HAD_CONT | CSL_HAD_ENDLOOP);
 
@@ -667,34 +642,27 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
                                 CSF_WHILE | CSF_FOR, &cstack.cs_looplevel);
           }
         }
-      }
-      /*
-       * For a ":while" or ":for" we need to remember the line number.
-       */
-      else if (cstack.cs_lflags & CSL_HAD_LOOP) {
+      } else if (cstack.cs_lflags & CSL_HAD_LOOP) {
+        // For a ":while" or ":for" we need to remember the line number.
         cstack.cs_lflags &= ~CSL_HAD_LOOP;
         cstack.cs_line[cstack.cs_idx] = current_line - 1;
       }
     }
 
-    /*
-     * When not inside any ":while" loop, clear remembered lines.
-     */
+    // When not inside any ":while" loop, clear remembered lines.
     if (cstack.cs_looplevel == 0) {
       if (!GA_EMPTY(&lines_ga)) {
-        sourcing_lnum = ((wcmd_T *)lines_ga.ga_data)[lines_ga.ga_len - 1].lnum;
+        SOURCING_LNUM = ((wcmd_T *)lines_ga.ga_data)[lines_ga.ga_len - 1].lnum;
         GA_DEEP_CLEAR(&lines_ga, wcmd_T, FREE_WCMD);
       }
       current_line = 0;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * A ":finally" makes did_emsg, got_int and current_exception pending for
-     * being restored at the ":endtry".  Reset them here and set the
-     * ACTIVE and FINALLY flags, so that the finally clause gets executed.
-     * This includes the case where a missing ":endif", ":endwhile" or
-     * ":endfor" was detected by the ":finally" itself.
-     */
+    // A ":finally" makes did_emsg, got_int and current_exception pending for
+    // being restored at the ":endtry".  Reset them here and set the
+    // ACTIVE and FINALLY flags, so that the finally clause gets executed.
+    // This includes the case where a missing ":endif", ":endwhile" or
+    // ":endfor" was detected by the ":finally" itself.
     if (cstack.cs_lflags & CSL_HAD_FINA) {
       cstack.cs_lflags &= ~CSL_HAD_FINA;
       report_make_pending((cstack.cs_pending[cstack.cs_idx]
@@ -720,38 +688,34 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
 
     // Convert an interrupt to an exception if appropriate.
     (void)do_intthrow(&cstack);
-  }
-  /*
-   * Continue executing command lines when:
-   * - no CTRL-C typed, no aborting error, no exception thrown or try
-   *   conditionals need to be checked for executing finally clauses or
-   *   catching an interrupt exception
-   * - didn't get an error message or lines are not typed
-   * - there is a command after '|', inside a :if, :while, :for or :try, or
-   *   looping for ":source" command or function call.
-   */
-  while (!((got_int || (did_emsg && force_abort) || current_exception)
-           && cstack.cs_trylevel == 0)
-         && !(did_emsg
-              // Keep going when inside try/catch, so that the error can be
-              // deal with, except when it is a syntax error, it may cause
-              // the :endtry to be missed.
-              && (cstack.cs_trylevel == 0 || did_emsg_syntax)
-              && used_getline
-              && getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, getexline))
-         && (next_cmdline != NULL
-             || cstack.cs_idx >= 0
-             || (flags & DOCMD_REPEAT)));
+
+    // Continue executing command lines when:
+    // - no CTRL-C typed, no aborting error, no exception thrown or try
+    //   conditionals need to be checked for executing finally clauses or
+    //   catching an interrupt exception
+    // - didn't get an error message or lines are not typed
+    // - there is a command after '|', inside a :if, :while, :for or :try, or
+    //   looping for ":source" command or function call.
+  } while (!((got_int || (did_emsg && force_abort) || current_exception)
+             && cstack.cs_trylevel == 0)
+           && !(did_emsg
+                // Keep going when inside try/catch, so that the error can be
+                // deal with, except when it is a syntax error, it may cause
+                // the :endtry to be missed.
+                && (cstack.cs_trylevel == 0 || did_emsg_syntax)
+                && used_getline
+                && getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, getexline))
+           && (next_cmdline != NULL
+               || cstack.cs_idx >= 0
+               || (flags & DOCMD_REPEAT)));
 
   xfree(cmdline_copy);
   did_emsg_syntax = false;
   GA_DEEP_CLEAR(&lines_ga, wcmd_T, FREE_WCMD);
 
   if (cstack.cs_idx >= 0) {
-    /*
-     * If a sourced file or executed function ran to its end, report the
-     * unclosed conditional.
-     */
+    // If a sourced file or executed function ran to its end, report the
+    // unclosed conditional.
     if (!got_int && !current_exception
         && ((getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, getsourceline)
              && !source_finished(fgetline, cookie))
@@ -768,18 +732,16 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
       }
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Reset "trylevel" in case of a ":finish" or ":return" or a missing
-     * ":endtry" in a sourced file or executed function.  If the try
-     * conditional is in its finally clause, ignore anything pending.
-     * If it is in a catch clause, finish the caught exception.
-     * Also cleanup any "cs_forinfo" structures.
-     */
+    // Reset "trylevel" in case of a ":finish" or ":return" or a missing
+    // ":endtry" in a sourced file or executed function.  If the try
+    // conditional is in its finally clause, ignore anything pending.
+    // If it is in a catch clause, finish the caught exception.
+    // Also cleanup any "cs_forinfo" structures.
     do {
-      int idx = cleanup_conditionals(&cstack, 0, TRUE);
+      int idx = cleanup_conditionals(&cstack, 0, true);
 
       if (idx >= 0) {
-        --idx;              // remove try block not in its finally clause
+        idx--;              // remove try block not in its finally clause
       }
       rewind_conditionals(&cstack, idx, CSF_WHILE | CSF_FOR,
                           &cstack.cs_looplevel);
@@ -799,17 +761,13 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
     // commands are executed.
     if (current_exception) {
       char *p = NULL;
-      char *saved_sourcing_name;
-      linenr_T saved_sourcing_lnum;
-      struct msglist *messages = NULL;
-      struct msglist *next;
-
-      /*
-       * If the uncaught exception is a user exception, report it as an
-       * error.  If it is an error exception, display the saved error
-       * message now.  For an interrupt exception, do nothing; the
-       * interrupt message is given elsewhere.
-       */
+      msglist_T *messages = NULL;
+      msglist_T *next;
+
+      // If the uncaught exception is a user exception, report it as an
+      // error.  If it is an error exception, display the saved error
+      // message now.  For an interrupt exception, do nothing; the
+      // interrupt message is given elsewhere.
       switch (current_exception->type) {
       case ET_USER:
         vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE,
@@ -825,10 +783,7 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
         break;
       }
 
-      saved_sourcing_name = sourcing_name;
-      saved_sourcing_lnum = sourcing_lnum;
-      sourcing_name = current_exception->throw_name;
-      sourcing_lnum = current_exception->throw_lnum;
+      estack_push(ETYPE_EXCEPT, current_exception->throw_name, current_exception->throw_lnum);
       current_exception->throw_name = NULL;
 
       discard_current_exception();              // uses IObuff if 'verbose'
@@ -848,9 +803,8 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
         emsg(p);
         xfree(p);
       }
-      xfree(sourcing_name);
-      sourcing_name = saved_sourcing_name;
-      sourcing_lnum = saved_sourcing_lnum;
+      xfree(SOURCING_NAME);
+      estack_pop();
     } else if (got_int || (did_emsg && force_abort)) {
       // On an interrupt or an aborting error not converted to an exception,
       // disable the conversion of errors to exceptions.  (Interrupts are not
@@ -880,25 +834,21 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
   } else {
     // When leaving a function, reduce nesting level.
     if (getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, get_func_line)) {
-      --ex_nesting_level;
+      ex_nesting_level--;
     }
-    /*
-     * Go to debug mode when returning from a function in which we are
-     * single-stepping.
-     */
+    // Go to debug mode when returning from a function in which we are
+    // single-stepping.
     if ((getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, getsourceline)
          || getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, get_func_line))
         && ex_nesting_level + 1 <= debug_break_level) {
       do_debug(getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, getsourceline)
-          ? (char_u *)_("End of sourced file")
-          : (char_u *)_("End of function"));
+               ? (char_u *)_("End of sourced file")
+               : (char_u *)_("End of function"));
     }
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Restore the exception environment (done after returning from the
-   * debugger).
-   */
+  // Restore the exception environment (done after returning from the
+  // debugger).
   if (flags & DOCMD_EXCRESET) {
     restore_dbg_stuff(&debug_saved);
   }
@@ -914,32 +864,26 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
     }
   }
 
-  /*
-   * If there was too much output to fit on the command line, ask the user to
-   * hit return before redrawing the screen. With the ":global" command we do
-   * this only once after the command is finished.
-   */
+  // If there was too much output to fit on the command line, ask the user to
+  // hit return before redrawing the screen. With the ":global" command we do
+  // this only once after the command is finished.
   if (did_inc) {
-    --RedrawingDisabled;
-    --no_wait_return;
-    msg_scroll = FALSE;
-
-    /*
-     * When just finished an ":if"-":else" which was typed, no need to
-     * wait for hit-return.  Also for an error situation.
-     */
+    RedrawingDisabled--;
+    no_wait_return--;
+    msg_scroll = false;
+
+    // When just finished an ":if"-":else" which was typed, no need to
+    // wait for hit-return.  Also for an error situation.
     if (retval == FAIL
         || (did_endif && KeyTyped && !did_emsg)) {
       need_wait_return = false;
       msg_didany = false;               // don't wait when restarting edit
     } else if (need_wait_return) {
-      /*
-       * The msg_start() above clears msg_didout. The wait_return we do
-       * here should not overwrite the command that may be shown before
-       * doing that.
-       */
+      // The msg_start() above clears msg_didout. The wait_return we do
+      // here should not overwrite the command that may be shown before
+      // doing that.
       msg_didout |= msg_didout_before_start;
-      wait_return(FALSE);
+      wait_return(false);
     }
   }
 
@@ -954,13 +898,12 @@ int do_cmdline(char *cmdline, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, int flags)
 static char *get_loop_line(int c, void *cookie, int indent, bool do_concat)
 {
   struct loop_cookie *cp = (struct loop_cookie *)cookie;
-  wcmd_T *wp;
-  char *line;
 
   if (cp->current_line + 1 >= cp->lines_gap->ga_len) {
     if (cp->repeating) {
       return NULL;              // trying to read past ":endwhile"/":endfor"
     }
+    char *line;
     // First time inside the ":while"/":for": get line normally.
     if (cp->getline == NULL) {
       line = (char *)getcmdline(c, 0L, indent, do_concat);
@@ -969,7 +912,7 @@ static char *get_loop_line(int c, void *cookie, int indent, bool do_concat)
     }
     if (line != NULL) {
       store_loop_line(cp->lines_gap, line);
-      ++cp->current_line;
+      cp->current_line++;
     }
 
     return line;
@@ -977,8 +920,8 @@ static char *get_loop_line(int c, void *cookie, int indent, bool do_concat)
 
   KeyTyped = false;
   cp->current_line++;
-  wp = (wcmd_T *)(cp->lines_gap->ga_data) + cp->current_line;
-  sourcing_lnum = wp->lnum;
+  wcmd_T *wp = (wcmd_T *)(cp->lines_gap->ga_data) + cp->current_line;
+  SOURCING_LNUM = wp->lnum;
   return xstrdup(wp->line);
 }
 
@@ -987,23 +930,20 @@ static void store_loop_line(garray_T *gap, char *line)
 {
   wcmd_T *p = GA_APPEND_VIA_PTR(wcmd_T, gap);
   p->line = xstrdup(line);
-  p->lnum = sourcing_lnum;
+  p->lnum = SOURCING_LNUM;
 }
 
-/// If "fgetline" is get_loop_line(), return TRUE if the getline it uses equals
-/// "func".  * Otherwise return TRUE when "fgetline" equals "func".
+/// If "fgetline" is get_loop_line(), return true if the getline it uses equals
+/// "func".  * Otherwise return true when "fgetline" equals "func".
 ///
 /// @param cookie  argument for fgetline()
-int getline_equal(LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, LineGetter func)
+bool getline_equal(LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, LineGetter func)
 {
-  LineGetter gp;
-  struct loop_cookie *cp;
-
   // When "fgetline" is "get_loop_line()" use the "cookie" to find the
   // function that's originally used to obtain the lines.  This may be
   // nested several levels.
-  gp = fgetline;
-  cp = (struct loop_cookie *)cookie;
+  LineGetter gp = fgetline;
+  struct loop_cookie *cp = (struct loop_cookie *)cookie;
   while (gp == get_loop_line) {
     gp = cp->getline;
     cp = cp->cookie;
@@ -1017,14 +957,11 @@ int getline_equal(LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, LineGetter func)
 /// @param cookie  argument for fgetline()
 void *getline_cookie(LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie)
 {
-  LineGetter gp;
-  struct loop_cookie *cp;
-
   // When "fgetline" is "get_loop_line()" use the "cookie" to find the
   // cookie that's originally used to obtain the lines.  This may be nested
   // several levels.
-  gp = fgetline;
-  cp = (struct loop_cookie *)cookie;
+  LineGetter gp = fgetline;
+  struct loop_cookie *cp = (struct loop_cookie *)cookie;
   while (gp == get_loop_line) {
     gp = cp->getline;
     cp = cp->cookie;
@@ -1038,11 +975,10 @@ void *getline_cookie(LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie)
 /// @return  the buffer number.
 static int compute_buffer_local_count(cmd_addr_T addr_type, linenr_T lnum, long offset)
 {
-  buf_T *buf;
   buf_T *nextbuf;
   long count = offset;
 
-  buf = firstbuf;
+  buf_T *buf = firstbuf;
   while (buf->b_next != NULL && buf->b_fnum < lnum) {
     buf = buf->b_next;
   }
@@ -1085,7 +1021,7 @@ static int current_win_nr(const win_T *win)
   int nr = 0;
 
   FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    ++nr;
+    nr++;
     if (wp == win) {
       break;
     }
@@ -1098,7 +1034,7 @@ static int current_tab_nr(tabpage_T *tab)
   int nr = 0;
 
   FOR_ALL_TABS(tp) {
-    ++nr;
+    nr++;
     if (tp == tab) {
       break;
     }
@@ -1385,12 +1321,11 @@ static int parse_count(exarg_T *eap, char **errormsg, bool validate)
   // Check for a count.  When accepting a EX_BUFNAME, don't use "123foo" as a
   // count, it's a buffer name.
   char *p;
-  long n;
 
   if ((eap->argt & EX_COUNT) && ascii_isdigit(*eap->arg)
       && (!(eap->argt & EX_BUFNAME) || *(p = skipdigits(eap->arg + 1)) == NUL
           || ascii_iswhite(*p))) {
-    n = getdigits_long(&eap->arg, false, -1);
+    long n = getdigits_long(&eap->arg, false, -1);
     eap->arg = skipwhite(eap->arg);
     if (n <= 0 && (eap->argt & EX_ZEROR) == 0) {
       if (errormsg != NULL) {
@@ -1423,21 +1358,20 @@ bool is_cmd_ni(cmdidx_T cmdidx)
 /// @return Success or failure
 bool parse_cmdline(char *cmdline, exarg_T *eap, CmdParseInfo *cmdinfo, char **errormsg)
 {
-  char *cmd;
-  char *p;
   char *after_modifier = NULL;
 
   // Initialize cmdinfo
-  memset(cmdinfo, 0, sizeof(*cmdinfo));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(cmdinfo);
 
   // Initialize eap
-  memset(eap, 0, sizeof(*eap));
-  eap->line1 = 1;
-  eap->line2 = 1;
-  eap->cmd = cmdline;
-  eap->cmdlinep = &cmdline;
-  eap->getline = NULL;
-  eap->cookie = NULL;
+  *eap = (exarg_T){
+    .line1 = 1,
+    .line2 = 1,
+    .cmd = cmdline,
+    .cmdlinep = &cmdline,
+    .getline = NULL,
+    .cookie = NULL,
+  };
 
   const bool save_ex_pressedreturn = ex_pressedreturn;
   // Parse command modifiers
@@ -1449,13 +1383,13 @@ bool parse_cmdline(char *cmdline, exarg_T *eap, CmdParseInfo *cmdinfo, char **er
   after_modifier = eap->cmd;
 
   // Save location after command modifiers
-  cmd = eap->cmd;
+  char *cmd = eap->cmd;
   // Skip ranges to find command name since we need the command to know what kind of range it uses
   eap->cmd = skip_range(eap->cmd, NULL);
   if (*eap->cmd == '*') {
     eap->cmd = skipwhite(eap->cmd + 1);
   }
-  p = find_ex_command(eap, NULL);
+  char *p = find_ex_command(eap, NULL);
   if (p == NULL) {
     *errormsg = _(e_ambiguous_use_of_user_defined_command);
     goto err;
@@ -1719,7 +1653,7 @@ end:
 
 static void profile_cmd(const exarg_T *eap, cstack_T *cstack, LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie)
 {
-  // Count this line for profiling if skip is TRUE.
+  // Count this line for profiling if skip is true.
   if (do_profiling == PROF_YES
       && (!eap->skip || cstack->cs_idx == 0
           || (cstack->cs_idx > 0
@@ -1855,7 +1789,7 @@ static bool skip_cmd(const exarg_T *eap)
 
 /// Execute one Ex command.
 ///
-/// If 'sourcing' is TRUE, the command will be included in the error message.
+/// If 'sourcing' is true, the command will be included in the error message.
 ///
 /// 1. skip comment lines and leading space
 /// 2. handle command modifiers
@@ -1877,10 +1811,10 @@ static char *do_one_cmd(char **cmdlinep, int flags, cstack_T *cstack, LineGetter
   const int save_reg_executing = reg_executing;
   const bool save_pending_end_reg_executing = pending_end_reg_executing;
 
-  exarg_T ea;
-  memset(&ea, 0, sizeof(ea));
-  ea.line1 = 1;
-  ea.line2 = 1;
+  exarg_T ea = {
+    .line1 = 1,
+    .line2 = 1,
+  };
   ex_nesting_level++;
 
   // When the last file has not been edited :q has to be typed twice.
@@ -1890,7 +1824,7 @@ static char *do_one_cmd(char **cmdlinep, int flags, cstack_T *cstack, LineGetter
       // avoid that an autocommand, e.g. QuitPre, does this
       && !getline_equal(fgetline, cookie,
                         getnextac)) {
-    --quitmore;
+    quitmore--;
   }
 
   // Reset browse, confirm, etc..  They are restored when returning, for
@@ -1941,7 +1875,7 @@ static char *do_one_cmd(char **cmdlinep, int flags, cstack_T *cstack, LineGetter
   // used, throw an interrupt exception and skip the next command.
   dbg_check_breakpoint(&ea);
   if (!ea.skip && got_int) {
-    ea.skip = TRUE;
+    ea.skip = true;
     (void)do_intthrow(cstack);
   }
 
@@ -2015,7 +1949,7 @@ static char *do_one_cmd(char **cmdlinep, int flags, cstack_T *cstack, LineGetter
       && has_event(EVENT_CMDUNDEFINED)) {
     p = ea.cmd;
     while (ASCII_ISALNUM(*p)) {
-      ++p;
+      p++;
     }
     p = xstrnsave(ea.cmd, (size_t)(p - ea.cmd));
     int ret = apply_autocmds(EVENT_CMDUNDEFINED, p, p, true, NULL);
@@ -2194,16 +2128,16 @@ static char *do_one_cmd(char **cmdlinep, int flags, cstack_T *cstack, LineGetter
       ea.arg = skipwhite(ea.arg + 1);
       ea.append = true;
     } else if (*ea.arg == '!' && ea.cmdidx == CMD_write) {  // :w !filter
-      ++ea.arg;
-      ea.usefilter = TRUE;
+      ea.arg++;
+      ea.usefilter = true;
     }
   } else if (ea.cmdidx == CMD_read) {
     if (ea.forceit) {
-      ea.usefilter = TRUE;                      // :r! filter if ea.forceit
-      ea.forceit = FALSE;
+      ea.usefilter = true;                      // :r! filter if ea.forceit
+      ea.forceit = false;
     } else if (*ea.arg == '!') {              // :r !filter
-      ++ea.arg;
-      ea.usefilter = TRUE;
+      ea.arg++;
+      ea.usefilter = true;
     }
   } else if (ea.cmdidx == CMD_lshift || ea.cmdidx == CMD_rshift) {
     ea.amount = 1;
@@ -2294,10 +2228,10 @@ static char *do_one_cmd(char **cmdlinep, int flags, cstack_T *cstack, LineGetter
     do_throw(cstack);
   } else if (check_cstack) {
     if (source_finished(fgetline, cookie)) {
-      do_finish(&ea, TRUE);
+      do_finish(&ea, true);
     } else if (getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, get_func_line)
                && current_func_returned()) {
-      do_return(&ea, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);
+      do_return(&ea, true, false, NULL);
     }
   }
   need_rethrow = check_cstack = false;
@@ -2332,7 +2266,7 @@ doend:
     ea.nextcmd = NULL;
   }
 
-  --ex_nesting_level;
+  ex_nesting_level--;
 
   return ea.nextcmd;
 }
@@ -2368,8 +2302,6 @@ char *ex_errmsg(const char *const msg, const char *const arg)
 /// @return  FAIL when the command is not to be executed.
 int parse_command_modifiers(exarg_T *eap, char **errormsg, cmdmod_T *cmod, bool skip_only)
 {
-  char *p;
-
   CLEAR_POINTER(cmod);
 
   // Repeat until no more command modifiers are found.
@@ -2401,7 +2333,7 @@ int parse_command_modifiers(exarg_T *eap, char **errormsg, cmdmod_T *cmod, bool
       return FAIL;
     }
 
-    p = skip_range(eap->cmd, NULL);
+    char *p = skip_range(eap->cmd, NULL);
     switch (*p) {
     // When adding an entry, also modify cmd_exists().
     case 'a':
@@ -2840,12 +2772,12 @@ theend:
 }
 
 /// Check for an Ex command with optional tail.
-/// If there is a match advance "pp" to the argument and return TRUE.
+/// If there is a match advance "pp" to the argument and return true.
 ///
 /// @param pp   start of command
 /// @param cmd  name of command
 /// @param len  required length
-int checkforcmd(char **pp, char *cmd, int len)
+bool checkforcmd(char **pp, char *cmd, int len)
 {
   int i;
 
@@ -2858,7 +2790,7 @@ int checkforcmd(char **pp, char *cmd, int len)
     *pp = skipwhite(*pp + i);
     return true;
   }
-  return FALSE;
+  return false;
 }
 
 /// Append "cmd" to the error message in IObuff.
@@ -2886,7 +2818,7 @@ static void append_command(char *cmd)
     } else if ((char_u *)d - IObuff + utfc_ptr2len(s) + 1 >= IOSIZE) {
       break;
     } else {
-      mb_copy_char((const char_u **)&s, (char_u **)&d);
+      mb_copy_char((const char **)&s, &d);
     }
   }
   *d = NUL;
@@ -2895,29 +2827,23 @@ static void append_command(char *cmd)
 /// Find an Ex command by its name, either built-in or user.
 /// Start of the name can be found at eap->cmd.
 /// Sets eap->cmdidx and returns a pointer to char after the command name.
-/// "full" is set to TRUE if the whole command name matched.
+/// "full" is set to true if the whole command name matched.
 ///
 /// @return  NULL for an ambiguous user command.
 char *find_ex_command(exarg_T *eap, int *full)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
 {
-  int len;
-  char *p;
-  int i;
-
-  /*
-   * Isolate the command and search for it in the command table.
-   * Exceptions:
-   * - the 'k' command can directly be followed by any character.
-   * - the 's' command can be followed directly by 'c', 'g', 'i', 'I' or 'r'
-   *        but :sre[wind] is another command, as are :scr[iptnames],
-   *        :scs[cope], :sim[alt], :sig[ns] and :sil[ent].
-   * - the "d" command can directly be followed by 'l' or 'p' flag.
-   */
-  p = eap->cmd;
+  // Isolate the command and search for it in the command table.
+  // Exceptions:
+  // - the 'k' command can directly be followed by any character.
+  // - the 's' command can be followed directly by 'c', 'g', 'i', 'I' or 'r'
+  //        but :sre[wind] is another command, as are :scr[iptnames],
+  //        :scs[cope], :sim[alt], :sig[ns] and :sil[ent].
+  // - the "d" command can directly be followed by 'l' or 'p' flag.
+  char *p = eap->cmd;
   if (*p == 'k') {
     eap->cmdidx = CMD_k;
-    ++p;
+    p++;
   } else if (p[0] == 's'
              && ((p[1] == 'c'
                   && (p[2] == NUL
@@ -2929,15 +2855,15 @@ char *find_ex_command(exarg_T *eap, int *full)
                  || p[1] == 'I'
                  || (p[1] == 'r' && p[2] != 'e'))) {
     eap->cmdidx = CMD_substitute;
-    ++p;
+    p++;
   } else {
     while (ASCII_ISALPHA(*p)) {
-      ++p;
+      p++;
     }
     // for python 3.x support ":py3", ":python3", ":py3file", etc.
     if (eap->cmd[0] == 'p' && eap->cmd[1] == 'y') {
       while (ASCII_ISALNUM(*p)) {
-        ++p;
+        p++;
       }
     }
 
@@ -2945,17 +2871,18 @@ char *find_ex_command(exarg_T *eap, int *full)
     if (p == eap->cmd && vim_strchr("@!=><&~#", *p) != NULL) {
       p++;
     }
-    len = (int)(p - eap->cmd);
+    int len = (int)(p - eap->cmd);
     if (*eap->cmd == 'd' && (p[-1] == 'l' || p[-1] == 'p')) {
       // Check for ":dl", ":dell", etc. to ":deletel": that's
       // :delete with the 'l' flag.  Same for 'p'.
+      int i;
       for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
         if (eap->cmd[i] != ("delete")[i]) {
           break;
         }
       }
       if (i == len - 1) {
-        --len;
+        len--;
         if (p[-1] == 'l') {
           eap->flags |= EXFLAG_LIST;
         } else {
@@ -2992,7 +2919,7 @@ char *find_ex_command(exarg_T *eap, int *full)
                   (size_t)len) == 0) {
         if (full != NULL
             && cmdnames[(int)eap->cmdidx].cmd_name[len] == NUL) {
-          *full = TRUE;
+          *full = true;
         }
         break;
       }
@@ -3003,7 +2930,7 @@ char *find_ex_command(exarg_T *eap, int *full)
         && *eap->cmd >= 'A' && *eap->cmd <= 'Z') {
       // User defined commands may contain digits.
       while (ASCII_ISALNUM(*p)) {
-        ++p;
+        p++;
       }
       p = find_ucmd(eap, p, full, NULL, NULL);
     }
@@ -3075,9 +3002,6 @@ int modifier_len(char *cmd)
 ///            3 if there is an ambiguous match.
 int cmd_exists(const char *const name)
 {
-  exarg_T ea;
-  char *p;
-
   // Check command modifiers.
   for (int i = 0; i < (int)ARRAY_SIZE(cmdmods); i++) {
     int j;
@@ -3093,11 +3017,12 @@ int cmd_exists(const char *const name)
 
   // Check built-in commands and user defined commands.
   // For ":2match" and ":3match" we need to skip the number.
+  exarg_T ea;
   ea.cmd = (char *)((*name == '2' || *name == '3') ? name + 1 : name);
   ea.cmdidx = (cmdidx_T)0;
   ea.flags = 0;
   int full = false;
-  p = find_ex_command(&ea, &full);
+  char *p = find_ex_command(&ea, &full);
   if (p == NULL) {
     return 3;
   }
@@ -3113,7 +3038,6 @@ int cmd_exists(const char *const name)
 /// "fullcommand" function
 void f_fullcommand(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  exarg_T ea;
   char *name = argvars[0].vval.v_string;
 
   rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
@@ -3127,6 +3051,7 @@ void f_fullcommand(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   }
   name = skip_range(name, NULL);
 
+  exarg_T ea;
   ea.cmd = (*name == '2' || *name == '3') ? name + 1 : name;
   ea.cmdidx = (cmdidx_T)0;
   ea.flags = 0;
@@ -3175,14 +3100,10 @@ const char *set_one_cmd_context(expand_T *xp, const char *buff)
     return NULL;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * 3. parse a range specifier of the form: addr [,addr] [;addr] ..
-   */
+  // 3. parse a range specifier of the form: addr [,addr] [;addr] ..
   cmd = (const char *)skip_range(cmd, &xp->xp_context);
 
-  /*
-   * 4. parse command
-   */
+  // 4. parse command
   xp->xp_pattern = (char *)cmd;
   if (*cmd == NUL) {
     return NULL;
@@ -3195,13 +3116,11 @@ const char *set_one_cmd_context(expand_T *xp, const char *buff)
   if (*cmd == '|' || *cmd == '\n') {
     return cmd + 1;                     // There's another command
   }
-  /*
-   * Isolate the command and search for it in the command table.
-   * Exceptions:
-   * - the 'k' command can directly be followed by any character, but
-   *   do accept "keepmarks", "keepalt" and "keepjumps".
-   * - the 's' command can be followed directly by 'c', 'g', 'i', 'I' or 'r'
-   */
+  // Isolate the command and search for it in the command table.
+  // Exceptions:
+  // - the 'k' command can directly be followed by any character, but
+  //   do accept "keepmarks", "keepalt" and "keepjumps".
+  // - the 's' command can be followed directly by 'c', 'g', 'i', 'I' or 'r'
   const char *p;
   if (*cmd == 'k' && cmd[1] != 'e') {
     ea.cmdidx = CMD_k;
@@ -3281,9 +3200,7 @@ const char *set_one_cmd_context(expand_T *xp, const char *buff)
     p++;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * 5. parse arguments
-   */
+  // 5. parse arguments
   if (!IS_USER_CMDIDX(ea.cmdidx)) {
     ea.argt = cmdnames[(int)ea.cmdidx].cmd_argt;
   }
@@ -3341,10 +3258,8 @@ const char *set_one_cmd_context(expand_T *xp, const char *buff)
     arg = (const char *)skipwhite(arg);
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Check for '|' to separate commands and '"' to start comments.
-   * Don't do this for ":read !cmd" and ":write !cmd".
-   */
+  // Check for '|' to separate commands and '"' to start comments.
+  // Don't do this for ":read !cmd" and ":write !cmd".
   if ((ea.argt & EX_TRLBAR) && !usefilter) {
     p = arg;
     // ":redir @" is not the start of a comment
@@ -3392,18 +3307,15 @@ const char *set_one_cmd_context(expand_T *xp, const char *buff)
   }
 
   if (ea.argt & EX_XFILE) {
-    int c;
     int in_quote = false;
     const char *bow = NULL;  // Beginning of word.
 
-    /*
-     * Allow spaces within back-quotes to count as part of the argument
-     * being expanded.
-     */
+    // Allow spaces within back-quotes to count as part of the argument
+    // being expanded.
     xp->xp_pattern = skipwhite(arg);
     p = (const char *)xp->xp_pattern;
     while (*p != NUL) {
-      c = utf_ptr2char(p);
+      int c = utf_ptr2char(p);
       if (c == '\\' && p[1] != NUL) {
         p++;
       } else if (c == '`') {
@@ -3412,13 +3324,9 @@ const char *set_one_cmd_context(expand_T *xp, const char *buff)
           bow = p + 1;
         }
         in_quote = !in_quote;
-      }
-      /* An argument can contain just about everything, except
-       * characters that end the command and white space. */
-      else if (c == '|'
-               || c == '\n'
-               || c == '"'
-               || ascii_iswhite(c)) {
+        // An argument can contain just about everything, except
+        // characters that end the command and white space.
+      } else if (c == '|' || c == '\n' || c == '"' || ascii_iswhite(c)) {
         len = 0;          // avoid getting stuck when space is in 'isfname'
         while (*p != NUL) {
           c = utf_ptr2char(p);
@@ -3438,10 +3346,8 @@ const char *set_one_cmd_context(expand_T *xp, const char *buff)
       MB_PTR_ADV(p);
     }
 
-    /*
-     * If we are still inside the quotes, and we passed a space, just
-     * expand from there.
-     */
+    // If we are still inside the quotes, and we passed a space, just
+    // expand from there.
     if (bow != NULL && in_quote) {
       xp->xp_pattern = (char *)bow;
     }
@@ -3450,7 +3356,7 @@ const char *set_one_cmd_context(expand_T *xp, const char *buff)
     // For a shell command more chars need to be escaped.
     if (usefilter || ea.cmdidx == CMD_bang || ea.cmdidx == CMD_terminal) {
 #ifndef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
-      xp->xp_shell = TRUE;
+      xp->xp_shell = true;
 #endif
       // When still after the command name expand executables.
       if (xp->xp_pattern == skipwhite(arg)) {
@@ -3483,14 +3389,12 @@ const char *set_one_cmd_context(expand_T *xp, const char *buff)
       if (*p == NUL && p > (const char *)xp->xp_pattern + 1
           && match_user((char_u *)xp->xp_pattern + 1) >= 1) {
         xp->xp_context = EXPAND_USER;
-        ++xp->xp_pattern;
+        xp->xp_pattern++;
       }
     }
   }
 
-  /*
-   * 6. switch on command name
-   */
+  // 6. switch on command name
   switch (ea.cmdidx) {
   case CMD_find:
   case CMD_sfind:
@@ -3514,8 +3418,8 @@ const char *set_one_cmd_context(expand_T *xp, const char *buff)
     xp->xp_pattern = (char *)arg;
     break;
 
-  /* Command modifiers: return the argument.
-   * Also for commands with an argument that is a command. */
+  // Command modifiers: return the argument.
+  // Also for commands with an argument that is a command.
   case CMD_aboveleft:
   case CMD_argdo:
   case CMD_belowright:
@@ -3573,9 +3477,7 @@ const char *set_one_cmd_context(expand_T *xp, const char *buff)
     }
     return (const char *)find_nextcmd((char_u *)arg);
 
-  /*
-   * All completion for the +cmdline_compl feature goes here.
-   */
+  // All completion for the +cmdline_compl feature goes here.
 
   case CMD_command:
     return set_context_in_user_cmd(xp, arg);
@@ -3785,7 +3687,7 @@ const char *set_one_cmd_context(expand_T *xp, const char *buff)
         } else if (context == EXPAND_COMMANDS) {
           return arg;
         } else if (context == EXPAND_MAPPINGS) {
-          return (const char *)set_context_in_map_cmd(xp, (char_u *)"map", (char_u *)arg, forceit,
+          return (const char *)set_context_in_map_cmd(xp, "map", (char_u *)arg, forceit,
                                                       false, false,
                                                       CMD_map);
         }
@@ -3823,7 +3725,7 @@ const char *set_one_cmd_context(expand_T *xp, const char *buff)
   case CMD_snoremap:
   case CMD_xmap:
   case CMD_xnoremap:
-    return (const char *)set_context_in_map_cmd(xp, (char_u *)cmd, (char_u *)arg, forceit, false,
+    return (const char *)set_context_in_map_cmd(xp, (char *)cmd, (char_u *)arg, forceit, false,
                                                 false, ea.cmdidx);
   case CMD_unmap:
   case CMD_nunmap:
@@ -3834,7 +3736,7 @@ const char *set_one_cmd_context(expand_T *xp, const char *buff)
   case CMD_lunmap:
   case CMD_sunmap:
   case CMD_xunmap:
-    return (const char *)set_context_in_map_cmd(xp, (char_u *)cmd, (char_u *)arg, forceit, false,
+    return (const char *)set_context_in_map_cmd(xp, (char *)cmd, (char_u *)arg, forceit, false,
                                                 true, ea.cmdidx);
   case CMD_mapclear:
   case CMD_nmapclear:
@@ -3855,12 +3757,12 @@ const char *set_one_cmd_context(expand_T *xp, const char *buff)
   case CMD_cnoreabbrev:
   case CMD_iabbrev:
   case CMD_inoreabbrev:
-    return (const char *)set_context_in_map_cmd(xp, (char_u *)cmd, (char_u *)arg, forceit, true,
+    return (const char *)set_context_in_map_cmd(xp, (char *)cmd, (char_u *)arg, forceit, true,
                                                 false, ea.cmdidx);
   case CMD_unabbreviate:
   case CMD_cunabbrev:
   case CMD_iunabbrev:
-    return (const char *)set_context_in_map_cmd(xp, (char_u *)cmd, (char_u *)arg, forceit, true,
+    return (const char *)set_context_in_map_cmd(xp, (char *)cmd, (char_u *)arg, forceit, true,
                                                 true, ea.cmdidx);
   case CMD_menu:
   case CMD_noremenu:
@@ -3992,8 +3894,6 @@ const char *set_one_cmd_context(expand_T *xp, const char *buff)
 /// @return the "cmd" pointer advanced to beyond the range.
 char *skip_range(const char *cmd, int *ctx)
 {
-  unsigned delim;
-
   while (vim_strchr(" \t0123456789.$%'/?-+,;\\", *cmd) != NULL) {
     if (*cmd == '\\') {
       if (cmd[1] == '?' || cmd[1] == '/' || cmd[1] == '&') {
@@ -4006,10 +3906,10 @@ char *skip_range(const char *cmd, int *ctx)
         *ctx = EXPAND_NOTHING;
       }
     } else if (*cmd == '/' || *cmd == '?') {
-      delim = (unsigned)(*cmd++);
+      unsigned delim = (unsigned)(*cmd++);
       while (*cmd != NUL && *cmd != (char)delim) {
         if (*cmd++ == '\\' && *cmd != NUL) {
-          ++cmd;
+          cmd++;
         }
       }
       if (*cmd == NUL && ctx != NULL) {
@@ -4017,7 +3917,7 @@ char *skip_range(const char *cmd, int *ctx)
       }
     }
     if (*cmd != NUL) {
-      ++cmd;
+      cmd++;
     }
   }
 
@@ -4055,17 +3955,15 @@ static linenr_T get_address(exarg_T *eap, char **ptr, cmd_addr_T addr_type, int
   int c;
   int i;
   linenr_T n;
-  char *cmd;
   pos_T pos;
-  linenr_T lnum;
   buf_T *buf;
 
-  cmd = skipwhite(*ptr);
-  lnum = MAXLNUM;
+  char *cmd = skipwhite(*ptr);
+  linenr_T lnum = MAXLNUM;
   do {
     switch (*cmd) {
     case '.':                               // '.' - Cursor position
-      ++cmd;
+      cmd++;
       switch (addr_type) {
       case ADDR_LINES:
       case ADDR_OTHER:
@@ -4101,7 +3999,7 @@ static linenr_T get_address(exarg_T *eap, char **ptr, cmd_addr_T addr_type, int
       break;
 
     case '$':                               // '$' - last line
-      ++cmd;
+      cmd++;
       switch (addr_type) {
       case ADDR_LINES:
       case ADDR_OTHER:
@@ -4162,7 +4060,7 @@ static linenr_T get_address(exarg_T *eap, char **ptr, cmd_addr_T addr_type, int
         goto error;
       }
       if (skip) {
-        ++cmd;
+        cmd++;
       } else {
         // Only accept a mark in another file when it is
         // used by itself: ":'M".
@@ -4194,7 +4092,7 @@ static linenr_T get_address(exarg_T *eap, char **ptr, cmd_addr_T addr_type, int
       if (skip) {                       // skip "/pat/"
         cmd = (char *)skip_regexp((char_u *)cmd, c, p_magic, NULL);
         if (*cmd == c) {
-          ++cmd;
+          cmd++;
         }
       } else {
         int flags;
@@ -4234,7 +4132,7 @@ static linenr_T get_address(exarg_T *eap, char **ptr, cmd_addr_T addr_type, int
       break;
 
     case '\\':                      // "\?", "\/" or "\&", repeat search
-      ++cmd;
+      cmd++;
       if (addr_type != ADDR_LINES) {
         addr_error(addr_type);
         cmd = NULL;
@@ -4265,7 +4163,7 @@ static linenr_T get_address(exarg_T *eap, char **ptr, cmd_addr_T addr_type, int
           goto error;
         }
       }
-      ++cmd;
+      cmd++;
       break;
 
     default:
@@ -4560,45 +4458,35 @@ char *replace_makeprg(exarg_T *eap, char *arg, char **cmdlinep)
 /// @return  FAIL for failure, OK otherwise.
 int expand_filename(exarg_T *eap, char **cmdlinep, char **errormsgp)
 {
-  int has_wildcards;            // need to expand wildcards
-  char *repl;
-  size_t srclen;
-  char *p;
-  int escaped;
-
   // Skip a regexp pattern for ":vimgrep[add] pat file..."
-  p = skip_grep_pat(eap);
-
-  /*
-   * Decide to expand wildcards *before* replacing '%', '#', etc.  If
-   * the file name contains a wildcard it should not cause expanding.
-   * (it will be expanded anyway if there is a wildcard before replacing).
-   */
-  has_wildcards = path_has_wildcard((char_u *)p);
+  char *p = skip_grep_pat(eap);
+
+  // Decide to expand wildcards *before* replacing '%', '#', etc.  If
+  // the file name contains a wildcard it should not cause expanding.
+  // (it will be expanded anyway if there is a wildcard before replacing).
+  int has_wildcards = path_has_wildcard((char_u *)p);
   while (*p != NUL) {
     // Skip over `=expr`, wildcards in it are not expanded.
     if (p[0] == '`' && p[1] == '=') {
       p += 2;
       (void)skip_expr(&p);
       if (*p == '`') {
-        ++p;
+        p++;
       }
       continue;
     }
-    /*
-     * Quick check if this cannot be the start of a special string.
-     * Also removes backslash before '%', '#' and '<'.
-     */
+    // Quick check if this cannot be the start of a special string.
+    // Also removes backslash before '%', '#' and '<'.
     if (vim_strchr("%#<", *p) == NULL) {
       p++;
       continue;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Try to find a match at this position.
-     */
-    repl = (char *)eval_vars((char_u *)p, (char_u *)eap->arg, &srclen, &(eap->do_ecmd_lnum),
-                             errormsgp, &escaped);
+    // Try to find a match at this position.
+    size_t srclen;
+    int escaped;
+    char *repl = (char *)eval_vars((char_u *)p, (char_u *)eap->arg, &srclen, &(eap->do_ecmd_lnum),
+                                   errormsgp, &escaped);
     if (*errormsgp != NULL) {           // error detected
       return FAIL;
     }
@@ -4668,20 +4556,16 @@ int expand_filename(exarg_T *eap, char **cmdlinep, char **errormsgp)
     xfree(repl);
   }
 
-  /*
-   * One file argument: Expand wildcards.
-   * Don't do this with ":r !command" or ":w !command".
-   */
+  // One file argument: Expand wildcards.
+  // Don't do this with ":r !command" or ":w !command".
   if ((eap->argt & EX_NOSPC) && !eap->usefilter) {
     // Replace environment variables.
     if (has_wildcards) {
-      /*
-       * May expand environment variables.  This
-       * can be done much faster with expand_env() than with
-       * something else (e.g., calling a shell).
-       * After expanding environment variables, check again
-       * if there are still wildcards present.
-       */
+      // May expand environment variables.  This
+      // can be done much faster with expand_env() than with
+      // something else (e.g., calling a shell).
+      // After expanding environment variables, check again
+      // if there are still wildcards present.
       if (vim_strchr(eap->arg, '$') != NULL
           || vim_strchr(eap->arg, '~') != NULL) {
         expand_env_esc((char_u *)eap->arg, NameBuff, MAXPATHL, true, true, NULL);
@@ -4695,15 +4579,16 @@ int expand_filename(exarg_T *eap, char **cmdlinep, char **errormsgp)
       }
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Halve the number of backslashes (this is Vi compatible).
-     * For Unix, when wildcards are expanded, this is
-     * done by ExpandOne() below.
-     */
+    // Halve the number of backslashes (this is Vi compatible).
+    // For Unix, when wildcards are expanded, this is
+    // done by ExpandOne() below.
 #ifdef UNIX
-    if (!has_wildcards)
-#endif
+    if (!has_wildcards) {
+      backslash_halve((char_u *)eap->arg);
+    }
+#else
     backslash_halve((char_u *)eap->arg);
+#endif
 
     if (has_wildcards) {
       expand_T xpc;
@@ -4733,11 +4618,9 @@ int expand_filename(exarg_T *eap, char **cmdlinep, char **errormsgp)
 /// @return  a pointer to the character after the replaced string.
 static char *repl_cmdline(exarg_T *eap, char *src, size_t srclen, char *repl, char **cmdlinep)
 {
-  /*
-   * The new command line is build in new_cmdline[].
-   * First allocate it.
-   * Careful: a "+cmd" argument may have been NUL terminated.
-   */
+  // The new command line is build in new_cmdline[].
+  // First allocate it.
+  // Careful: a "+cmd" argument may have been NUL terminated.
   size_t len = STRLEN(repl);
   size_t i = (size_t)(src - *cmdlinep) + STRLEN(src + srclen) + len + 3;
   if (eap->nextcmd != NULL) {
@@ -4746,12 +4629,10 @@ static char *repl_cmdline(exarg_T *eap, char *src, size_t srclen, char *repl, ch
   char *new_cmdline = xmalloc(i);
   size_t offset = (size_t)(src - *cmdlinep);
 
-  /*
-   * Copy the stuff before the expanded part.
-   * Copy the expanded stuff.
-   * Copy what came after the expanded part.
-   * Copy the next commands, if there are any.
-   */
+  // Copy the stuff before the expanded part.
+  // Copy the expanded stuff.
+  // Copy what came after the expanded part.
+  // Copy the next commands, if there are any.
   i = offset;   // length of part before match
   memmove(new_cmdline, *cmdlinep, i);
 
@@ -4847,12 +4728,12 @@ static char *getargcmd(char **argp)
   char *command = NULL;
 
   if (*arg == '+') {        // +[command]
-    ++arg;
+    arg++;
     if (ascii_isspace(*arg) || *arg == '\0') {
       command = (char *)dollar_command;
     } else {
       command = arg;
-      arg = skip_cmd_arg(command, TRUE);
+      arg = skip_cmd_arg(command, true);
       if (*arg != NUL) {
         *arg++ = NUL;                   // terminate command with NUL
       }
@@ -4866,7 +4747,7 @@ static char *getargcmd(char **argp)
 
 /// Find end of "+command" argument.  Skip over "\ " and "\\".
 ///
-/// @param rembs  TRUE to halve the number of backslashes
+/// @param rembs  true to halve the number of backslashes
 static char *skip_cmd_arg(char *p, int rembs)
 {
   while (*p && !ascii_isspace(*p)) {
@@ -4874,7 +4755,7 @@ static char *skip_cmd_arg(char *p, int rembs)
       if (rembs) {
         STRMOVE(p, p + 1);
       } else {
-        ++p;
+        p++;
       }
     }
     MB_PTR_ADV(p);
@@ -4905,7 +4786,6 @@ static int getargopt(exarg_T *eap)
   char *arg = eap->arg + 2;
   int *pp = NULL;
   int bad_char_idx;
-  char *p;
 
   // ":edit ++[no]bin[ary] file"
   if (STRNCMP(arg, "bin", 3) == 0 || STRNCMP(arg, "nobin", 5) == 0) {
@@ -4964,7 +4844,7 @@ static int getargopt(exarg_T *eap)
     eap->force_ff = (char_u)eap->cmd[eap->force_ff];
   } else if (pp == &eap->force_enc) {
     // Make 'fileencoding' lower case.
-    for (p = eap->cmd + eap->force_enc; *p != NUL; p++) {
+    for (char *p = eap->cmd + eap->force_enc; *p != NUL; p++) {
       *p = (char)TOLOWER_ASC(*p);
     }
   } else {
@@ -4989,7 +4869,6 @@ static int get_tabpage_arg(exarg_T *eap)
 
   if (eap->arg && *eap->arg != NUL) {
     char *p = eap->arg;
-    char *p_save;
     int relative = 0;  // argument +N/-N means: go to N places to the
                        // right/left relative to the current position.
 
@@ -5001,7 +4880,7 @@ static int get_tabpage_arg(exarg_T *eap)
       p++;
     }
 
-    p_save = p;
+    char *p_save = p;
     tab_number = (int)getdigits(&p, false, tab_number);
 
     if (relative == 0) {
@@ -5223,9 +5102,9 @@ char_u *check_nextcmd(char_u *p)
 /// - and forceit not used
 /// - and not repeated twice on a row
 ///
-/// @param   message  when FALSE check only, no messages
+/// @param   message  when false check only, no messages
 ///
-/// @return  FAIL and give error message if 'message' TRUE, return OK otherwise
+/// @return  FAIL and give error message if 'message' true, return OK otherwise
 static int check_more(int message, bool forceit)
 {
   int n = ARGCOUNT - curwin->w_arg_idx - 1;
@@ -5266,10 +5145,9 @@ static void ex_colorscheme(exarg_T *eap)
 {
   if (*eap->arg == NUL) {
     char *expr = xstrdup("g:colors_name");
-    char *p = NULL;
 
     emsg_off++;
-    p = eval_to_string(expr, NULL, false);
+    char *p = eval_to_string(expr, NULL, false);
     emsg_off--;
     xfree(expr);
 
@@ -5473,16 +5351,15 @@ static void ex_pclose(exarg_T *eap)
 /// @param tp  NULL or the tab page "win" is in
 void ex_win_close(int forceit, win_T *win, tabpage_T *tp)
 {
-  int need_hide;
-  buf_T *buf = win->w_buffer;
-
   // Never close the autocommand window.
   if (win == aucmd_win) {
     emsg(_(e_autocmd_close));
     return;
   }
 
-  need_hide = (bufIsChanged(buf) && buf->b_nwindows <= 1);
+  buf_T *buf = win->w_buffer;
+
+  bool need_hide = (bufIsChanged(buf) && buf->b_nwindows <= 1);
   if (need_hide && !buf_hide(buf) && !forceit) {
     if ((p_confirm || (cmdmod.cmod_flags & CMOD_CONFIRM)) && p_write) {
       bufref_T bufref;
@@ -5510,8 +5387,6 @@ void ex_win_close(int forceit, win_T *win, tabpage_T *tp)
 /// ":tabclose N": close tab page N.
 static void ex_tabclose(exarg_T *eap)
 {
-  tabpage_T *tp;
-
   if (cmdwin_type != 0) {
     cmdwin_result = K_IGNORE;
   } else if (first_tabpage->tp_next == NULL) {
@@ -5519,7 +5394,7 @@ static void ex_tabclose(exarg_T *eap)
   } else {
     int tab_number = get_tabpage_arg(eap);
     if (eap->errmsg == NULL) {
-      tp = find_tabpage(tab_number);
+      tabpage_T *tp = find_tabpage(tab_number);
       if (tp == NULL) {
         beep_flush();
         return;
@@ -5591,7 +5466,6 @@ void tabpage_close(int forceit)
 void tabpage_close_other(tabpage_T *tp, int forceit)
 {
   int done = 0;
-  win_T *wp;
   int h = tabline_height();
   char prev_idx[NUMBUFLEN];
 
@@ -5599,7 +5473,7 @@ void tabpage_close_other(tabpage_T *tp, int forceit)
   // one.  OK, so I'm paranoid...
   while (++done < 1000) {
     snprintf((char *)prev_idx, sizeof(prev_idx), "%i", tabpage_index(tp));
-    wp = tp->tp_lastwin;
+    win_T *wp = tp->tp_lastwin;
     ex_win_close(forceit, wp, tp);
 
     // Autocommands may delete the tab page under our fingers and we may
@@ -5619,10 +5493,9 @@ void tabpage_close_other(tabpage_T *tp, int forceit)
 static void ex_only(exarg_T *eap)
 {
   win_T *wp;
-  linenr_T wnr;
 
   if (eap->addr_count > 0) {
-    wnr = eap->line2;
+    linenr_T wnr = eap->line2;
     for (wp = firstwin; --wnr > 0;) {
       if (wp->w_next == NULL) {
         break;
@@ -5636,17 +5509,7 @@ static void ex_only(exarg_T *eap)
   if (wp != curwin) {
     win_goto(wp);
   }
-  close_others(TRUE, eap->forceit);
-}
-
-/// ":all" and ":sall".
-/// Also used for ":tab drop file ..." after setting the argument list.
-void ex_all(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  if (eap->addr_count == 0) {
-    eap->line2 = 9999;
-  }
-  do_arg_all((int)eap->line2, eap->forceit, eap->cmdidx == CMD_drop);
+  close_others(true, eap->forceit);
 }
 
 static void ex_hide(exarg_T *eap)
@@ -5761,162 +5624,6 @@ static void ex_goto(exarg_T *eap)
   goto_byte(eap->line2);
 }
 
-/// Clear an argument list: free all file names and reset it to zero entries.
-void alist_clear(alist_T *al)
-{
-#define FREE_AENTRY_FNAME(arg) xfree((arg)->ae_fname)
-  GA_DEEP_CLEAR(&al->al_ga, aentry_T, FREE_AENTRY_FNAME);
-}
-
-/// Init an argument list.
-void alist_init(alist_T *al)
-{
-  ga_init(&al->al_ga, (int)sizeof(aentry_T), 5);
-}
-
-/// Remove a reference from an argument list.
-/// Ignored when the argument list is the global one.
-/// If the argument list is no longer used by any window, free it.
-void alist_unlink(alist_T *al)
-{
-  if (al != &global_alist && --al->al_refcount <= 0) {
-    alist_clear(al);
-    xfree(al);
-  }
-}
-
-/// Create a new argument list and use it for the current window.
-void alist_new(void)
-{
-  curwin->w_alist = xmalloc(sizeof(*curwin->w_alist));
-  curwin->w_alist->al_refcount = 1;
-  curwin->w_alist->id = ++max_alist_id;
-  alist_init(curwin->w_alist);
-}
-
-#if !defined(UNIX)
-
-/// Expand the file names in the global argument list.
-/// If "fnum_list" is not NULL, use "fnum_list[fnum_len]" as a list of buffer
-/// numbers to be re-used.
-void alist_expand(int *fnum_list, int fnum_len)
-{
-  char **old_arg_files;
-  int old_arg_count;
-  char **new_arg_files;
-  int new_arg_file_count;
-  char *save_p_su = p_su;
-  int i;
-
-  /* Don't use 'suffixes' here.  This should work like the shell did the
-   * expansion.  Also, the vimrc file isn't read yet, thus the user
-   * can't set the options. */
-  p_su = empty_option;
-  old_arg_files = xmalloc(sizeof(*old_arg_files) * GARGCOUNT);
-  for (i = 0; i < GARGCOUNT; ++i) {
-    old_arg_files[i] = vim_strsave(GARGLIST[i].ae_fname);
-  }
-  old_arg_count = GARGCOUNT;
-  if (expand_wildcards(old_arg_count, old_arg_files,
-                       &new_arg_file_count, &new_arg_files,
-                       EW_FILE|EW_NOTFOUND|EW_ADDSLASH|EW_NOERROR) == OK
-      && new_arg_file_count > 0) {
-    alist_set(&global_alist, new_arg_file_count, new_arg_files,
-              TRUE, fnum_list, fnum_len);
-    FreeWild(old_arg_count, old_arg_files);
-  }
-  p_su = save_p_su;
-}
-#endif
-
-/// Set the argument list for the current window.
-/// Takes over the allocated files[] and the allocated fnames in it.
-void alist_set(alist_T *al, int count, char **files, int use_curbuf, int *fnum_list, int fnum_len)
-{
-  int i;
-  static int recursive = 0;
-
-  if (recursive) {
-    emsg(_(e_au_recursive));
-    return;
-  }
-  recursive++;
-
-  alist_clear(al);
-  ga_grow(&al->al_ga, count);
-  {
-    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-      if (got_int) {
-        /* When adding many buffers this can take a long time.  Allow
-         * interrupting here. */
-        while (i < count) {
-          xfree(files[i++]);
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      /* May set buffer name of a buffer previously used for the
-       * argument list, so that it's re-used by alist_add. */
-      if (fnum_list != NULL && i < fnum_len) {
-        buf_set_name(fnum_list[i], files[i]);
-      }
-
-      alist_add(al, files[i], use_curbuf ? 2 : 1);
-      os_breakcheck();
-    }
-    xfree(files);
-  }
-
-  if (al == &global_alist) {
-    arg_had_last = false;
-  }
-  recursive--;
-}
-
-/// Add file "fname" to argument list "al".
-/// "fname" must have been allocated and "al" must have been checked for room.
-///
-/// @param set_fnum  1: set buffer number; 2: re-use curbuf
-void alist_add(alist_T *al, char *fname, int set_fnum)
-{
-  if (fname == NULL) {          // don't add NULL file names
-    return;
-  }
-#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
-  slash_adjust(fname);
-#endif
-  AARGLIST(al)[al->al_ga.ga_len].ae_fname = (char_u *)fname;
-  if (set_fnum > 0) {
-    AARGLIST(al)[al->al_ga.ga_len].ae_fnum =
-      buflist_add(fname, BLN_LISTED | (set_fnum == 2 ? BLN_CURBUF : 0));
-  }
-  ++al->al_ga.ga_len;
-}
-
-#if defined(BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME)
-
-/// Adjust slashes in file names.  Called after 'shellslash' was set.
-void alist_slash_adjust(void)
-{
-  for (int i = 0; i < GARGCOUNT; ++i) {
-    if (GARGLIST[i].ae_fname != NULL) {
-      slash_adjust(GARGLIST[i].ae_fname);
-    }
-  }
-
-  FOR_ALL_TAB_WINDOWS(tp, wp) {
-    if (wp->w_alist != &global_alist) {
-      for (int i = 0; i < WARGCOUNT(wp); ++i) {
-        if (WARGLIST(wp)[i].ae_fname != NULL) {
-          slash_adjust(WARGLIST(wp)[i].ae_fname);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-#endif
-
 /// ":preserve".
 static void ex_preserve(exarg_T *eap)
 {
@@ -5985,9 +5692,7 @@ void ex_splitview(exarg_T *eap)
     eap->arg = fname;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Either open new tab page or split the window.
-   */
+  // Either open new tab page or split the window.
   if (use_tab) {
     if (win_new_tabpage(cmdmod.cmod_tab != 0 ? cmdmod.cmod_tab : eap->addr_count == 0
                         ? 0 : (int)eap->line2 + 1, (char_u *)eap->arg) != FAIL) {
@@ -6021,12 +5726,11 @@ theend:
 /// Open a new tab page.
 void tabpage_new(void)
 {
-  exarg_T ea;
-
-  memset(&ea, 0, sizeof(ea));
-  ea.cmdidx = CMD_tabnew;
-  ea.cmd = "tabn";
-  ea.arg = "";
+  exarg_T ea = {
+    .cmdidx = CMD_tabnew,
+    .cmd = "tabn",
+    .arg = "",
+  };
   ex_splitview(&ea);
 }
 
@@ -6092,7 +5796,7 @@ static void ex_tabs(exarg_T *eap)
   int tabcount = 1;
 
   msg_start();
-  msg_scroll = TRUE;
+  msg_scroll = true;
 
   win_T *lastused_win = valid_tabpage(lastused_tabpage)
     ? lastused_tabpage->tp_curwin
@@ -6147,15 +5851,14 @@ static void ex_mode(exarg_T *eap)
 /// set, increment or decrement current window height
 static void ex_resize(exarg_T *eap)
 {
-  int n;
   win_T *wp = curwin;
 
   if (eap->addr_count > 0) {
-    n = (int)eap->line2;
+    int n = (int)eap->line2;
     for (wp = firstwin; wp->w_next != NULL && --n > 0; wp = wp->w_next) {}
   }
 
-  n = (int)atol(eap->arg);
+  int n = (int)atol(eap->arg);
   if (cmdmod.cmod_split & WSP_VERT) {
     if (*eap->arg == '-' || *eap->arg == '+') {
       n += wp->w_width;
@@ -6176,15 +5879,12 @@ static void ex_resize(exarg_T *eap)
 /// ":find [+command] <file>" command.
 static void ex_find(exarg_T *eap)
 {
-  char *fname;
-  linenr_T count;
-
-  fname = (char *)find_file_in_path((char_u *)eap->arg, STRLEN(eap->arg),
-                                    FNAME_MESS, true, (char_u *)curbuf->b_ffname);
+  char *fname = (char *)find_file_in_path((char_u *)eap->arg, STRLEN(eap->arg),
+                                          FNAME_MESS, true, (char_u *)curbuf->b_ffname);
   if (eap->addr_count > 0) {
     // Repeat finding the file "count" times.  This matters when it
     // appears several times in the path.
-    count = eap->line2;
+    linenr_T count = eap->line2;
     while (fname != NULL && --count > 0) {
       xfree(fname);
       fname = (char *)find_file_in_path(NULL, 0, FNAME_MESS, false, (char_u *)curbuf->b_ffname);
@@ -6210,11 +5910,8 @@ static void ex_edit(exarg_T *eap)
 void do_exedit(exarg_T *eap, win_T *old_curwin)
 {
   int n;
-  int need_hide;
 
-  /*
-   * ":vi" command ends Ex mode.
-   */
+  // ":vi" command ends Ex mode.
   if (exmode_active && (eap->cmdidx == CMD_visual
                         || eap->cmdidx == CMD_view)) {
     exmode_active = false;
@@ -6286,12 +5983,12 @@ void do_exedit(exarg_T *eap, win_T *old_curwin)
                 old_curwin == NULL ? curwin : NULL) == FAIL) {
       // Editing the file failed.  If the window was split, close it.
       if (old_curwin != NULL) {
-        need_hide = (curbufIsChanged() && curbuf->b_nwindows <= 1);
+        bool need_hide = (curbufIsChanged() && curbuf->b_nwindows <= 1);
         if (!need_hide || buf_hide(curbuf)) {
           cleanup_T cs;
 
           // Reset the error/interrupt/exception state here so that
-          // aborting() returns FALSE when closing a window.
+          // aborting() returns false when closing a window.
           enter_cleanup(&cs);
           win_close(curwin, !need_hide && !buf_hide(curbuf), false);
 
@@ -6320,10 +6017,8 @@ void do_exedit(exarg_T *eap, win_T *old_curwin)
     }
   }
 
-  /*
-   * if ":split file" worked, set alternate file name in old window to new
-   * file
-   */
+  // if ":split file" worked, set alternate file name in old window to new
+  // file
   if (old_curwin != NULL
       && *eap->arg != NUL
       && curwin != old_curwin
@@ -6369,9 +6064,7 @@ static void ex_syncbind(exarg_T *eap)
 
   setpcmark();
 
-  /*
-   * determine max topline
-   */
+  // determine max topline
   if (curwin->w_p_scb) {
     topline = curwin->w_topline;
     FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
@@ -6389,23 +6082,21 @@ static void ex_syncbind(exarg_T *eap)
     topline = 1;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Set all scrollbind windows to the same topline.
-   */
+  // Set all scrollbind windows to the same topline.
   FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
     curwin = wp;
     if (curwin->w_p_scb) {
       curbuf = curwin->w_buffer;
       y = topline - curwin->w_topline;
       if (y > 0) {
-        scrollup(y, TRUE);
+        scrollup(y, true);
       } else {
-        scrolldown(-y, TRUE);
+        scrolldown(-y, true);
       }
       curwin->w_scbind_pos = topline;
       redraw_later(curwin, VALID);
       cursor_correct();
-      curwin->w_redr_status = TRUE;
+      curwin->w_redr_status = true;
     }
   }
   curwin = save_curwin;
@@ -6425,9 +6116,7 @@ static void ex_syncbind(exarg_T *eap)
 
 static void ex_read(exarg_T *eap)
 {
-  int i;
   int empty = (curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY);
-  linenr_T lnum;
 
   if (eap->usefilter) {  // :r!cmd
     do_bang(1, eap, false, false, true);
@@ -6435,6 +6124,7 @@ static void ex_read(exarg_T *eap)
     if (u_save(eap->line2, (linenr_T)(eap->line2 + 1)) == FAIL) {
       return;
     }
+    int i;
 
     if (*eap->arg == NUL) {
       if (check_fname() == FAIL) {       // check for no file name
@@ -6457,6 +6147,7 @@ static void ex_read(exarg_T *eap)
       if (empty && exmode_active) {
         // Delete the empty line that remains.  Historically ex does
         // this but vi doesn't.
+        linenr_T lnum;
         if (eap->line2 == 0) {
           lnum = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
         } else {
@@ -6685,17 +6376,14 @@ static void ex_equal(exarg_T *eap)
 
 static void ex_sleep(exarg_T *eap)
 {
-  int n;
-  long len;
-
   if (cursor_valid()) {
-    n = curwin->w_winrow + curwin->w_wrow - msg_scrolled;
+    int n = curwin->w_winrow + curwin->w_wrow - msg_scrolled;
     if (n >= 0) {
       ui_cursor_goto(n, curwin->w_wincol + curwin->w_wcol);
     }
   }
 
-  len = eap->line2;
+  long len = eap->line2;
   switch (*eap->arg) {
   case 'm':
     break;
@@ -6815,7 +6503,7 @@ static void ex_operators(exarg_T *eap)
     } else {
       oa.op_type = OP_LSHIFT;
     }
-    op_shift(&oa, FALSE, eap->amount);
+    op_shift(&oa, false, eap->amount);
     break;
   }
   virtual_op = kNone;
@@ -6828,7 +6516,7 @@ static void ex_put(exarg_T *eap)
   // ":0put" works like ":1put!".
   if (eap->line2 == 0) {
     eap->line2 = 1;
-    eap->forceit = TRUE;
+    eap->forceit = true;
   }
   curwin->w_cursor.lnum = eap->line2;
   check_cursor_col();
@@ -6846,9 +6534,7 @@ static void ex_copymove(exarg_T *eap)
   }
   get_flags(eap);
 
-  /*
-   * move or copy lines from 'eap->line1'-'eap->line2' to below line 'n'
-   */
+  // move or copy lines from 'eap->line1'-'eap->line2' to below line 'n'
   if (n == MAXLNUM || n < 0 || n > curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
     emsg(_(e_invrange));
     return;
@@ -6910,7 +6596,7 @@ static void ex_join(exarg_T *eap)
       beep_flush();
       return;
     }
-    ++eap->line2;
+    eap->line2++;
   }
   do_join((size_t)((ssize_t)eap->line2 - eap->line1 + 1), !eap->forceit, true, true, true);
   beginline(BL_WHITE | BL_FIX);
@@ -6939,11 +6625,9 @@ static void ex_at(exarg_T *eap)
 
     exec_from_reg = true;
 
-    /*
-     * Execute from the typeahead buffer.
-     * Continue until the stuff buffer is empty and all added characters
-     * have been consumed.
-     */
+    // Execute from the typeahead buffer.
+    // Continue until the stuff buffer is empty and all added characters
+    // have been consumed.
     while (!stuff_empty() || typebuf.tb_len > prev_len) {
       (void)do_cmdline(NULL, getexline, NULL, DOCMD_NOWAIT|DOCMD_VERBOSE);
     }
@@ -7032,15 +6716,15 @@ static void ex_later(exarg_T *eap)
     count = getdigits_long(&p, false, 0);
     switch (*p) {
     case 's':
-      ++p; sec = true; break;
+      p++; sec = true; break;
     case 'm':
-      ++p; sec = true; count *= 60; break;
+      p++; sec = true; count *= 60; break;
     case 'h':
-      ++p; sec = true; count *= 60 * 60; break;
+      p++; sec = true; count *= 60 * 60; break;
     case 'd':
-      ++p; sec = true; count *= 24 * 60 * 60; break;
+      p++; sec = true; count *= 24 * 60 * 60; break;
     case 'f':
-      ++p; file = true; break;
+      p++; file = true; break;
     }
   }
 
@@ -7055,17 +6739,16 @@ static void ex_later(exarg_T *eap)
 /// ":redir": start/stop redirection.
 static void ex_redir(exarg_T *eap)
 {
-  char *mode;
-  char *fname;
   char *arg = eap->arg;
 
   if (STRICMP(eap->arg, "END") == 0) {
     close_redir();
   } else {
     if (*arg == '>') {
-      ++arg;
+      arg++;
+      char *mode;
       if (*arg == '>') {
-        ++arg;
+        arg++;
         mode = "a";
       } else {
         mode = "w";
@@ -7075,7 +6758,7 @@ static void ex_redir(exarg_T *eap)
       close_redir();
 
       // Expand environment variables and "~/".
-      fname = expand_env_save(arg);
+      char *fname = expand_env_save(arg);
       if (fname == NULL) {
         return;
       }
@@ -7085,7 +6768,7 @@ static void ex_redir(exarg_T *eap)
     } else if (*arg == '@') {
       // redirect to a register a-z (resp. A-Z for appending)
       close_redir();
-      ++arg;
+      arg++;
       if (valid_yank_reg(*arg, true) && *arg != '_') {
         redir_reg = (char_u)(*arg++);
         if (*arg == '>' && arg[1] == '>') {        // append
@@ -7114,10 +6797,10 @@ static void ex_redir(exarg_T *eap)
       arg += 2;
 
       if (*arg == '>') {
-        ++arg;
-        append = TRUE;
+        arg++;
+        append = true;
       } else {
-        append = FALSE;
+        append = false;
       }
 
       if (var_redir_start(skipwhite(arg), append) == OK) {
@@ -7146,14 +6829,15 @@ static void ex_redraw(exarg_T *eap)
   int p = p_lz;
 
   RedrawingDisabled = 0;
-  p_lz = FALSE;
+  p_lz = false;
   validate_cursor();
   update_topline(curwin);
   if (eap->forceit) {
     redraw_all_later(NOT_VALID);
+    redraw_cmdline = true;
   }
   update_screen(eap->forceit ? NOT_VALID
-                             : VIsual_active ? INVERTED : 0);
+                : VIsual_active ? INVERTED : 0);
   if (need_maketitle) {
     maketitle();
   }
@@ -7180,7 +6864,7 @@ static void ex_redrawstatus(exarg_T *eap)
   int p = p_lz;
 
   RedrawingDisabled = 0;
-  p_lz = FALSE;
+  p_lz = false;
   if (eap->forceit) {
     status_redraw_all();
   } else {
@@ -7245,8 +6929,6 @@ int vim_mkdir_emsg(const char *const name, const int prot)
 /// @return  file descriptor, or NULL on failure.
 FILE *open_exfile(char_u *fname, int forceit, char *mode)
 {
-  FILE *fd;
-
 #ifdef UNIX
   // with Unix it is possible to open a directory
   if (os_isdir(fname)) {
@@ -7259,6 +6941,7 @@ FILE *open_exfile(char_u *fname, int forceit, char *mode)
     return NULL;
   }
 
+  FILE *fd;
   if ((fd = os_fopen((char *)fname, mode)) == NULL) {
     semsg(_("E190: Cannot open \"%s\" for writing"), fname);
   }
@@ -7269,14 +6952,12 @@ FILE *open_exfile(char_u *fname, int forceit, char *mode)
 /// ":mark" and ":k".
 static void ex_mark(exarg_T *eap)
 {
-  pos_T pos;
-
   if (*eap->arg == NUL) {               // No argument?
     emsg(_(e_argreq));
   } else if (eap->arg[1] != NUL) {         // more than one character?
     semsg(_(e_trailing_arg), eap->arg);
   } else {
-    pos = curwin->w_cursor;             // save curwin->w_cursor
+    pos_T pos = curwin->w_cursor;             // save curwin->w_cursor
     curwin->w_cursor.lnum = eap->line2;
     beginline(BL_WHITE | BL_FIX);
     if (setmark(*eap->arg) == FAIL) {   // set mark
@@ -7357,10 +7038,7 @@ static void ex_normal(exarg_T *eap)
     emsg("Can't re-enter normal mode from terminal mode");
     return;
   }
-  save_state_T save_state;
   char *arg = NULL;
-  int l;
-  char *p;
 
   if (ex_normal_lock > 0) {
     emsg(_(e_secure));
@@ -7378,6 +7056,8 @@ static void ex_normal(exarg_T *eap)
     int len = 0;
 
     // Count the number of characters to be escaped.
+    int l;
+    char *p;
     for (p = eap->arg; *p != NUL; p++) {
       for (l = utfc_ptr2len(p) - 1; l > 0; l--) {
         if (*++p == (char)K_SPECIAL) {  // trailbyte K_SPECIAL
@@ -7403,6 +7083,7 @@ static void ex_normal(exarg_T *eap)
   }
 
   ex_normal_busy++;
+  save_state_T save_state;
   if (save_current_state(&save_state)) {
     // Repeat the :normal command for each line in the range.  When no
     // range given, execute it just once, without positioning the cursor
@@ -7521,8 +7202,6 @@ static void ex_psearch(exarg_T *eap)
 static void ex_findpat(exarg_T *eap)
 {
   bool whole = true;
-  long n;
-  char *p;
   int action;
 
   switch (cmdnames[eap->cmdidx].cmd_name[2]) {
@@ -7544,7 +7223,7 @@ static void ex_findpat(exarg_T *eap)
     break;
   }
 
-  n = 1;
+  long n = 1;
   if (ascii_isdigit(*eap->arg)) {  // get count
     n = getdigits_long(&eap->arg, false, 0);
     eap->arg = skipwhite(eap->arg);
@@ -7552,7 +7231,7 @@ static void ex_findpat(exarg_T *eap)
   if (*eap->arg == '/') {   // Match regexp, not just whole words
     whole = false;
     eap->arg++;
-    p = (char *)skip_regexp((char_u *)eap->arg, '/', p_magic, NULL);
+    char *p = (char *)skip_regexp((char_u *)eap->arg, '/', p_magic, NULL);
     if (*p) {
       *p++ = NUL;
       p = skipwhite(p);
@@ -7686,7 +7365,6 @@ enum {
 ssize_t find_cmdline_var(const char_u *src, size_t *usedlen)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
-  size_t len;
   static char *(spec_str[]) = {
     [SPEC_PERC] = "%",
     [SPEC_HASH] = "#",
@@ -7705,8 +7383,8 @@ ssize_t find_cmdline_var(const char_u *src, size_t *usedlen)
     // [SPEC_CLIENT] = "<client>",
   };
 
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(spec_str); ++i) {
-    len = STRLEN(spec_str[i]);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(spec_str); i++) {
+    size_t len = STRLEN(spec_str[i]);
     if (STRNCMP(src, spec_str[i], len) == 0) {
       *usedlen = len;
       assert(i <= SSIZE_MAX);
@@ -7725,6 +7403,7 @@ ssize_t find_cmdline_var(const char_u *src, size_t *usedlen)
 ///        '<cexpr>' to C-expression under the cursor
 ///        '<cfile>' to path name under the cursor
 ///        '<sfile>' to sourced file name
+///        '<stack>' to call stack
 ///        '<slnum>' to sourced file line number
 ///        '<afile>' to file name for autocommand
 ///        '<abuf>'  to buffer number for autocommand
@@ -7746,12 +7425,9 @@ ssize_t find_cmdline_var(const char_u *src, size_t *usedlen)
 char_u *eval_vars(char_u *src, char_u *srcstart, size_t *usedlen, linenr_T *lnump, char **errormsg,
                   int *escaped)
 {
-  int i;
-  char *s;
   char *result;
   char *resultbuf = NULL;
   size_t resultlen;
-  buf_T *buf;
   int valid = VALID_HEAD | VALID_PATH;  // Assume valid result.
   bool tilde_file = false;
   bool skip_mod = false;
@@ -7759,40 +7435,34 @@ char_u *eval_vars(char_u *src, char_u *srcstart, size_t *usedlen, linenr_T *lnum
 
   *errormsg = NULL;
   if (escaped != NULL) {
-    *escaped = FALSE;
+    *escaped = false;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Check if there is something to do.
-   */
+  // Check if there is something to do.
   ssize_t spec_idx = find_cmdline_var(src, usedlen);
   if (spec_idx < 0) {   // no match
     *usedlen = 1;
     return NULL;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Skip when preceded with a backslash "\%" and "\#".
-   * Note: In "\\%" the % is also not recognized!
-   */
+  // Skip when preceded with a backslash "\%" and "\#".
+  // Note: In "\\%" the % is also not recognized!
   if (src > srcstart && src[-1] == '\\') {
     *usedlen = 0;
     STRMOVE(src - 1, src);      // remove backslash
     return NULL;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * word or WORD under cursor
-   */
+  // word or WORD under cursor
   if (spec_idx == SPEC_CWORD
       || spec_idx == SPEC_CCWORD
       || spec_idx == SPEC_CEXPR) {
-    resultlen = find_ident_under_cursor((char_u **)&result,
+    resultlen = find_ident_under_cursor(&result,
                                         spec_idx == SPEC_CWORD
-        ? (FIND_IDENT | FIND_STRING)
-        : (spec_idx == SPEC_CEXPR
-           ? (FIND_IDENT | FIND_STRING | FIND_EVAL)
-           : FIND_STRING));
+                                        ? (FIND_IDENT | FIND_STRING)
+                                        : (spec_idx == SPEC_CEXPR
+                                           ? (FIND_IDENT | FIND_STRING | FIND_EVAL)
+                                           : FIND_STRING));
     if (resultlen == 0) {
       *errormsg = "";
       return NULL;
@@ -7822,16 +7492,16 @@ char_u *eval_vars(char_u *src, char_u *srcstart, size_t *usedlen, linenr_T *lnum
         resultbuf = result;
         *usedlen = 2;
         if (escaped != NULL) {
-          *escaped = TRUE;
+          *escaped = true;
         }
         skip_mod = true;
         break;
       }
-      s = (char *)src + 1;
+      char *s = (char *)src + 1;
       if (*s == '<') {                  // "#<99" uses v:oldfiles.
         s++;
       }
-      i = getdigits_int(&s, false, 0);
+      int i = getdigits_int(&s, false, 0);
       if ((char_u *)s == src + 2 && src[1] == '-') {
         // just a minus sign, don't skip over it
         s--;
@@ -7853,7 +7523,7 @@ char_u *eval_vars(char_u *src, char_u *srcstart, size_t *usedlen, linenr_T *lnum
         if (i == 0 && src[1] == '<' && *usedlen > 1) {
           *usedlen = 1;
         }
-        buf = buflist_findnr(i);
+        buf_T *buf = buflist_findnr(i);
         if (buf == NULL) {
           *errormsg = _("E194: No alternate file name to substitute for '#'");
           return NULL;
@@ -7918,29 +7588,33 @@ char_u *eval_vars(char_u *src, char_u *srcstart, size_t *usedlen, linenr_T *lnum
       break;
 
     case SPEC_SFILE:            // file name for ":so" command
-      result = sourcing_name;
+    case SPEC_STACK:            // call stack
+      result = estack_sfile(spec_idx == SPEC_SFILE ? ESTACK_SFILE : ESTACK_STACK);
       if (result == NULL) {
-        *errormsg = _("E498: no :source file name to substitute for \"<sfile>\"");
+        *errormsg = spec_idx == SPEC_SFILE
+          ? _("E498: no :source file name to substitute for \"<sfile>\"")
+          : _("E489: no call stack to substitute for \"<stack>\"");
         return NULL;
       }
+      resultbuf = result;  // remember allocated string
       break;
 
     case SPEC_SLNUM:            // line in file for ":so" command
-      if (sourcing_name == NULL || sourcing_lnum == 0) {
+      if (SOURCING_NAME == NULL || SOURCING_LNUM == 0) {
         *errormsg = _("E842: no line number to use for \"<slnum>\"");
         return NULL;
       }
-      snprintf(strbuf, sizeof(strbuf), "%" PRIdLINENR, sourcing_lnum);
+      snprintf(strbuf, sizeof(strbuf), "%" PRIdLINENR, SOURCING_LNUM);
       result = strbuf;
       break;
 
     case SPEC_SFLNUM:  // line in script file
-      if (current_sctx.sc_lnum + sourcing_lnum == 0) {
+      if (current_sctx.sc_lnum + SOURCING_LNUM == 0) {
         *errormsg = _("E961: no line number to use for \"<sflnum>\"");
         return NULL;
       }
       snprintf((char *)strbuf, sizeof(strbuf), "%" PRIdLINENR,
-               current_sctx.sc_lnum + sourcing_lnum);
+               current_sctx.sc_lnum + SOURCING_LNUM);
       result = strbuf;
       break;
 
@@ -7966,6 +7640,7 @@ char_u *eval_vars(char_u *src, char_u *srcstart, size_t *usedlen, linenr_T *lnum
     // Remove the file name extension.
     if (src[*usedlen] == '<') {
       (*usedlen)++;
+      char *s;
       if ((s = (char *)STRRCHR(result, '.')) != NULL
           && s >= path_tail(result)) {
         resultlen = (size_t)(s - result);
@@ -7995,88 +7670,21 @@ char_u *eval_vars(char_u *src, char_u *srcstart, size_t *usedlen, linenr_T *lnum
   return (char_u *)result;
 }
 
-/// Concatenate all files in the argument list, separated by spaces, and return
-/// it in one allocated string.
-/// Spaces and backslashes in the file names are escaped with a backslash.
-static char *arg_all(void)
-{
-  int len;
-  int idx;
-  char *retval = NULL;
-  char *p;
-
-  /*
-   * Do this loop two times:
-   * first time: compute the total length
-   * second time: concatenate the names
-   */
-  for (;;) {
-    len = 0;
-    for (idx = 0; idx < ARGCOUNT; idx++) {
-      p = alist_name(&ARGLIST[idx]);
-      if (p == NULL) {
-        continue;
-      }
-      if (len > 0) {
-        // insert a space in between names
-        if (retval != NULL) {
-          retval[len] = ' ';
-        }
-        ++len;
-      }
-      for (; *p != NUL; p++) {
-        if (*p == ' '
-#ifndef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
-            || *p == '\\'
-#endif
-            || *p == '`') {
-          // insert a backslash
-          if (retval != NULL) {
-            retval[len] = '\\';
-          }
-          len++;
-        }
-        if (retval != NULL) {
-          retval[len] = *p;
-        }
-        len++;
-      }
-    }
-
-    // second time: break here
-    if (retval != NULL) {
-      retval[len] = NUL;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    // allocate memory
-    retval = xmalloc((size_t)len + 1);
-  }
-
-  return retval;
-}
-
 /// Expand the <sfile> string in "arg".
 ///
 /// @return  an allocated string, or NULL for any error.
 char *expand_sfile(char *arg)
 {
-  char *errormsg;
-  size_t len;
-  char *result;
-  char *newres;
-  char *repl;
-  size_t srclen;
-  char *p;
-
-  result = xstrdup(arg);
+  char *result = xstrdup(arg);
 
-  for (p = result; *p;) {
+  for (char *p = result; *p;) {
     if (STRNCMP(p, "<sfile>", 7) != 0) {
-      ++p;
+      p++;
     } else {
       // replace "<sfile>" with the sourced file name, and do ":" stuff
-      repl = (char *)eval_vars((char_u *)p, (char_u *)result, &srclen, NULL, &errormsg, NULL);
+      size_t srclen;
+      char *errormsg;
+      char *repl = (char *)eval_vars((char_u *)p, (char_u *)result, &srclen, NULL, &errormsg, NULL);
       if (errormsg != NULL) {
         if (*errormsg) {
           emsg(errormsg);
@@ -8088,8 +7696,8 @@ char *expand_sfile(char *arg)
         p += srclen;
         continue;
       }
-      len = STRLEN(result) - srclen + STRLEN(repl) + 1;
-      newres = xmalloc(len);
+      size_t len = STRLEN(result) - srclen + STRLEN(repl) + 1;
+      char *newres = xmalloc(len);
       memmove(newres, result, (size_t)(p - result));
       STRCPY(newres + (p - result), repl);
       len = STRLEN(newres);
@@ -8107,9 +7715,7 @@ char *expand_sfile(char *arg)
 /// ":rshada" and ":wshada".
 static void ex_shada(exarg_T *eap)
 {
-  char *save_shada;
-
-  save_shada = (char *)p_shada;
+  char *save_shada = (char *)p_shada;
   if (*p_shada == NUL) {
     p_shada = (char_u *)"'100";
   }
@@ -8193,10 +7799,6 @@ static TriState filetype_indent = kNone;
 /// indent off: load indoff.vim
 static void ex_filetype(exarg_T *eap)
 {
-  char *arg = eap->arg;
-  bool plugin = false;
-  bool indent = false;
-
   if (*eap->arg == NUL) {
     // Print current status.
     smsg("filetype detection:%s  plugin:%s  indent:%s",
@@ -8206,6 +7808,10 @@ static void ex_filetype(exarg_T *eap)
     return;
   }
 
+  char *arg = eap->arg;
+  bool plugin = false;
+  bool indent = false;
+
   // Accept "plugin" and "indent" in any order.
   for (;;) {
     if (STRNCMP(arg, "plugin", 6) == 0) {
@@ -8342,7 +7948,7 @@ static void ex_foldopen(exarg_T *eap)
 static void ex_folddo(exarg_T *eap)
 {
   // First set the marks for all lines closed/open.
-  for (linenr_T lnum = eap->line1; lnum <= eap->line2; ++lnum) {
+  for (linenr_T lnum = eap->line1; lnum <= eap->line2; lnum++) {
     if (hasFolding(lnum, NULL, NULL) == (eap->cmdidx == CMD_folddoclosed)) {
       ml_setmarked(lnum);
     }
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_eval.c b/src/nvim/ex_eval.c
index f67c8a6720..69d509abb7 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_eval.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_eval.c
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
 #include "nvim/debugger.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
 #include "nvim/memory.h"
 #include "nvim/message.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
 
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@ int aborted_in_try(void)
 bool cause_errthrow(const char *mesg, bool severe, bool *ignore)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
-  struct msglist *elem;
-  struct msglist **plist;
+  msglist_T *elem;
+  msglist_T **plist;
 
   /*
    * Do nothing when displaying the interrupt message or reporting an
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ bool cause_errthrow(const char *mesg, bool severe, bool *ignore)
         plist = &(*plist)->next;
       }
 
-      elem = xmalloc(sizeof(struct msglist));
+      elem = xmalloc(sizeof(msglist_T));
       elem->msg = xstrdup(mesg);
       elem->next = NULL;
       elem->throw_msg = NULL;
@@ -275,20 +275,26 @@ bool cause_errthrow(const char *mesg, bool severe, bool *ignore)
           (*msg_list)->throw_msg = tmsg;
         }
       }
+
+      // Get the source name and lnum now, it may change before
+      // reaching do_errthrow().
+      elem->sfile = estack_sfile(ESTACK_NONE);
+      elem->slnum = SOURCING_LNUM;
     }
     return true;
   }
 }
 
 /// Free a "msg_list" and the messages it contains.
-static void free_msglist(struct msglist *l)
+static void free_msglist(msglist_T *l)
 {
-  struct msglist *messages, *next;
+  msglist_T *messages, *next;
 
   messages = l;
   while (messages != NULL) {
     next = messages->next;
     xfree(messages->msg);
+    xfree(messages->sfile);
     xfree(messages);
     messages = next;
   }
@@ -389,7 +395,7 @@ char *get_exception_string(void *value, except_type_T type, char *cmdname, int *
 
   if (type == ET_ERROR) {
     *should_free = true;
-    mesg = ((struct msglist *)value)->throw_msg;
+    mesg = ((msglist_T *)value)->throw_msg;
     if (cmdname != NULL && *cmdname != NUL) {
       size_t cmdlen = STRLEN(cmdname);
       ret = xstrnsave("Vim(", 4 + cmdlen + 2 + STRLEN(mesg));
@@ -469,7 +475,7 @@ static int throw_exception(void *value, except_type_T type, char *cmdname)
   if (type == ET_ERROR) {
     // Store the original message and prefix the exception value with
     // "Vim:" or, if a command name is given, "Vim(cmdname):".
-    excp->messages = (struct msglist *)value;
+    excp->messages = (msglist_T *)value;
   }
 
   excp->value = get_exception_string(value, type, cmdname, &should_free);
@@ -478,8 +484,18 @@ static int throw_exception(void *value, except_type_T type, char *cmdname)
   }
 
   excp->type = type;
-  excp->throw_name = xstrdup(sourcing_name == NULL ? "" : sourcing_name);
-  excp->throw_lnum = sourcing_lnum;
+  if (type == ET_ERROR && ((msglist_T *)value)->sfile != NULL) {
+    msglist_T *entry = (msglist_T *)value;
+    excp->throw_name = entry->sfile;
+    entry->sfile = NULL;
+    excp->throw_lnum = entry->slnum;
+  } else {
+    excp->throw_name = estack_sfile(ESTACK_NONE);
+    if (excp->throw_name == NULL) {
+      excp->throw_name = xstrdup("");
+    }
+    excp->throw_lnum = SOURCING_LNUM;
+  }
 
   if (p_verbose >= 13 || debug_break_level > 0) {
     int save_msg_silent = msg_silent;
@@ -489,7 +505,7 @@ static int throw_exception(void *value, except_type_T type, char *cmdname)
     } else {
       verbose_enter();
     }
-    ++no_wait_return;
+    no_wait_return++;
     if (debug_break_level > 0 || *p_vfile == NUL) {
       msg_scroll = TRUE;            // always scroll up, don't overwrite
     }
@@ -499,7 +515,7 @@ static int throw_exception(void *value, except_type_T type, char *cmdname)
     if (debug_break_level > 0 || *p_vfile == NUL) {
       cmdline_row = msg_row;
     }
-    --no_wait_return;
+    no_wait_return--;
     if (debug_break_level > 0) {
       msg_silent = save_msg_silent;
     } else {
@@ -542,7 +558,7 @@ static void discard_exception(except_T *excp, bool was_finished)
     } else {
       verbose_enter();
     }
-    ++no_wait_return;
+    no_wait_return++;
     if (debug_break_level > 0 || *p_vfile == NUL) {
       msg_scroll = TRUE;            // always scroll up, don't overwrite
     }
@@ -610,7 +626,7 @@ static void catch_exception(except_T *excp)
     } else {
       verbose_enter();
     }
-    ++no_wait_return;
+    no_wait_return++;
     if (debug_break_level > 0 || *p_vfile == NUL) {
       msg_scroll = TRUE;            // always scroll up, don't overwrite
     }
@@ -620,7 +636,7 @@ static void catch_exception(except_T *excp)
     if (debug_break_level > 0 || *p_vfile == NUL) {
       cmdline_row = msg_row;
     }
-    --no_wait_return;
+    no_wait_return--;
     if (debug_break_level > 0) {
       msg_silent = save_msg_silent;
     } else {
@@ -732,12 +748,12 @@ static void report_pending(int action, int pending, void *value)
   if (debug_break_level > 0) {
     msg_silent = FALSE;         // display messages
   }
-  ++no_wait_return;
-  msg_scroll = TRUE;            // always scroll up, don't overwrite
+  no_wait_return++;
+  msg_scroll = true;            // always scroll up, don't overwrite
   smsg(mesg, s);
   msg_puts("\n");  // don't overwrite this either
   cmdline_row = msg_row;
-  --no_wait_return;
+  no_wait_return--;
   if (debug_break_level > 0) {
     msg_silent = save_msg_silent;
   }
@@ -2038,7 +2054,7 @@ int has_loop_cmd(char *p)
   // skip modifiers, white space and ':'
   for (;;) {
     while (*p == ' ' || *p == '\t' || *p == ':') {
-      ++p;
+      p++;
     }
     len = modifier_len(p);
     if (len == 0) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_eval.h b/src/nvim/ex_eval.h
index 235875fb91..9e3ac5e9c1 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_eval.h
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_eval.h
@@ -2,81 +2,7 @@
 #define NVIM_EX_EVAL_H
 
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds_defs.h"  // for exarg_T
-#include "nvim/pos.h"           // for linenr_T
-
-/* There is no CSF_IF, the lack of CSF_WHILE, CSF_FOR and CSF_TRY means ":if"
- * was used. */
-#define CSF_TRUE       0x0001  // condition was TRUE
-#define CSF_ACTIVE     0x0002  // current state is active
-#define CSF_ELSE       0x0004  // ":else" has been passed
-#define CSF_WHILE      0x0008  // is a ":while"
-#define CSF_FOR        0x0010  // is a ":for"
-
-#define CSF_TRY        0x0100  // is a ":try"
-#define CSF_FINALLY    0x0200  // ":finally" has been passed
-#define CSF_THROWN     0x0800  // exception thrown to this try conditional
-#define CSF_CAUGHT     0x1000  // exception caught by this try conditional
-#define CSF_FINISHED   0x2000  // CSF_CAUGHT was handled by finish_exception()
-#define CSF_SILENT     0x4000  // "emsg_silent" reset by ":try"
-// Note that CSF_ELSE is only used when CSF_TRY and CSF_WHILE are unset
-// (an ":if"), and CSF_SILENT is only used when CSF_TRY is set.
-
-/*
- * What's pending for being reactivated at the ":endtry" of this try
- * conditional:
- */
-#define CSTP_NONE      0       // nothing pending in ":finally" clause
-#define CSTP_ERROR     1       // an error is pending
-#define CSTP_INTERRUPT 2       // an interrupt is pending
-#define CSTP_THROW     4       // a throw is pending
-#define CSTP_BREAK     8       // ":break" is pending
-#define CSTP_CONTINUE  16      // ":continue" is pending
-#define CSTP_RETURN    24      // ":return" is pending
-#define CSTP_FINISH    32      // ":finish" is pending
-
-/*
- * A list of error messages that can be converted to an exception.  "throw_msg"
- * is only set in the first element of the list.  Usually, it points to the
- * original message stored in that element, but sometimes it points to a later
- * message in the list.  See cause_errthrow() below.
- */
-struct msglist {
-  char *msg;             // original message
-  char *throw_msg;       // msg to throw: usually original one
-  struct msglist *next;            // next of several messages in a row
-};
-
-// The exception types.
-typedef enum {
-  ET_USER,       // exception caused by ":throw" command
-  ET_ERROR,      // error exception
-  ET_INTERRUPT,  // interrupt exception triggered by Ctrl-C
-} except_type_T;
-
-/*
- * Structure describing an exception.
- * (don't use "struct exception", it's used by the math library).
- */
-typedef struct vim_exception except_T;
-struct vim_exception {
-  except_type_T type;                   // exception type
-  char *value;           // exception value
-  struct msglist *messages;        // message(s) causing error exception
-  char *throw_name;      // name of the throw point
-  linenr_T throw_lnum;                  // line number of the throw point
-  except_T *caught;          // next exception on the caught stack
-};
-
-/*
- * Structure to save the error/interrupt/exception state between calls to
- * enter_cleanup() and leave_cleanup().  Must be allocated as an automatic
- * variable by the (common) caller of these functions.
- */
-typedef struct cleanup_stuff cleanup_T;
-struct cleanup_stuff {
-  int pending;                  // error/interrupt/exception state
-  except_T *exception;          // exception value
-};
+#include "nvim/ex_eval_defs.h"
 
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "ex_eval.h.generated.h"
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_eval_defs.h b/src/nvim/ex_eval_defs.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9da0c9ad12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_eval_defs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+#ifndef NVIM_EX_EVAL_DEFS_H
+#define NVIM_EX_EVAL_DEFS_H
+
+#include "nvim/pos.h"           // for linenr_T
+
+/// There is no CSF_IF, the lack of CSF_WHILE, CSF_FOR and CSF_TRY means ":if"
+/// was used.
+enum {
+  CSF_TRUE     = 0x0001,  ///< condition was TRUE
+  CSF_ACTIVE   = 0x0002,  ///< current state is active
+  CSF_ELSE     = 0x0004,  ///< ":else" has been passed
+  CSF_WHILE    = 0x0008,  ///< is a ":while"
+  CSF_FOR      = 0x0010,  ///< is a ":for"
+
+  CSF_TRY      = 0x0100,  ///< is a ":try"
+  CSF_FINALLY  = 0x0200,  ///< ":finally" has been passed
+  CSF_THROWN   = 0x0800,  ///< exception thrown to this try conditional
+  CSF_CAUGHT   = 0x1000,  ///< exception caught by this try conditional
+  CSF_FINISHED = 0x2000,  ///< CSF_CAUGHT was handled by finish_exception()
+  CSF_SILENT   = 0x4000,  ///< "emsg_silent" reset by ":try"
+};
+// Note that CSF_ELSE is only used when CSF_TRY and CSF_WHILE are unset
+// (an ":if"), and CSF_SILENT is only used when CSF_TRY is set.
+
+/// What's pending for being reactivated at the ":endtry" of this try
+/// conditional:
+enum {
+  CSTP_NONE      = 0,   ///< nothing pending in ":finally" clause
+  CSTP_ERROR     = 1,   ///< an error is pending
+  CSTP_INTERRUPT = 2,   ///< an interrupt is pending
+  CSTP_THROW     = 4,   ///< a throw is pending
+  CSTP_BREAK     = 8,   ///< ":break" is pending
+  CSTP_CONTINUE  = 16,  ///< ":continue" is pending
+  CSTP_RETURN    = 24,  ///< ":return" is pending
+  CSTP_FINISH    = 32,  ///< ":finish" is pending
+};
+
+/// A list of error messages that can be converted to an exception.  "throw_msg"
+/// is only set in the first element of the list.  Usually, it points to the
+/// original message stored in that element, but sometimes it points to a later
+/// message in the list.  See cause_errthrow().
+typedef struct msglist msglist_T;
+struct msglist {
+  char *msg;        ///< original message, allocated
+  char *throw_msg;  ///< msg to throw: usually original one
+  char *sfile;      ///< value from estack_sfile(), allocated
+  linenr_T slnum;   ///< line number for "sfile"
+  msglist_T *next;  ///< next of several messages in a row
+};
+
+/// The exception types.
+typedef enum {
+  ET_USER,       ///< exception caused by ":throw" command
+  ET_ERROR,      ///< error exception
+  ET_INTERRUPT,  ///< interrupt exception triggered by Ctrl-C
+} except_type_T;
+
+/// Structure describing an exception.
+/// (don't use "struct exception", it's used by the math library).
+typedef struct vim_exception except_T;
+struct vim_exception {
+  except_type_T type;   ///< exception type
+  char *value;          ///< exception value
+  msglist_T *messages;  ///< message(s) causing error exception
+  char *throw_name;     ///< name of the throw point
+  linenr_T throw_lnum;  ///< line number of the throw point
+  except_T *caught;     ///< next exception on the caught stack
+};
+
+/// Structure to save the error/interrupt/exception state between calls to
+/// enter_cleanup() and leave_cleanup().  Must be allocated as an automatic
+/// variable by the (common) caller of these functions.
+typedef struct cleanup_stuff cleanup_T;
+struct cleanup_stuff {
+  int pending;          ///< error/interrupt/exception state
+  except_T *exception;  ///< exception value
+};
+
+#endif  // NVIM_EX_EVAL_DEFS_H
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_getln.c b/src/nvim/ex_getln.c
index 07a0e68884..c15d85967d 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_getln.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_getln.c
@@ -15,13 +15,16 @@
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
 #include "nvim/api/vim.h"
 #include "nvim/arabic.h"
+#include "nvim/arglist.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/assert.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/cmdhist.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor_shape.h"
 #include "nvim/digraph.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/funcs.h"
@@ -37,6 +40,8 @@
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
 #include "nvim/globals.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
+#include "nvim/help.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
@@ -63,9 +68,9 @@
 #include "nvim/os/time.h"
 #include "nvim/os_unix.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
+#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/sign.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
@@ -143,7 +148,7 @@ struct cmdline_info {
 /// Last value of prompt_id, incremented when doing new prompt
 static unsigned last_prompt_id = 0;
 
-// Struct to store the viewstate during 'incsearch' highlighting.
+// Struct to store the viewstate during 'incsearch' highlighting and 'inccommand' preview.
 typedef struct {
   colnr_T vs_curswant;
   colnr_T vs_leftcol;
@@ -195,6 +200,32 @@ typedef struct command_line_state {
   long *b_im_ptr;
 } CommandLineState;
 
+typedef struct cmdpreview_win_info {
+  win_T *win;
+  pos_T save_w_cursor;
+  viewstate_T save_viewstate;
+  int save_w_p_cul;
+  int save_w_p_cuc;
+} CpWinInfo;
+
+typedef struct cmdpreview_buf_info {
+  buf_T *buf;
+  time_t save_b_u_time_cur;
+  long save_b_u_seq_cur;
+  u_header_T *save_b_u_newhead;
+  long save_b_p_ul;
+  int save_b_changed;
+  varnumber_T save_changedtick;
+} CpBufInfo;
+
+typedef struct cmdpreview_info {
+  kvec_t(CpWinInfo) win_info;
+  kvec_t(CpBufInfo) buf_info;
+  bool save_hls;
+  cmdmod_T save_cmdmod;
+  garray_T save_view;
+} CpInfo;
+
 typedef struct cmdline_info CmdlineInfo;
 
 /// The current cmdline_info.  It is initialized in getcmdline() and after that
@@ -214,12 +245,6 @@ static Array cmdline_block = ARRAY_DICT_INIT;
  */
 typedef void *(*user_expand_func_T)(const char_u *, int, typval_T *);
 
-static histentry_T *(history[HIST_COUNT]) = { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL };
-static int hisidx[HIST_COUNT] = { -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 };       // lastused entry
-static int hisnum[HIST_COUNT] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
-// identifying (unique) number of newest history entry
-static int hislen = 0;                  // actual length of history tables
-
 /// Flag for command_line_handle_key to ignore <C-c>
 ///
 /// Used if it was received while processing highlight function in order for
@@ -243,26 +268,26 @@ static long cmdpreview_ns = 0;
 
 static int cmd_hkmap = 0;  // Hebrew mapping during command line
 
-static void save_viewstate(viewstate_T *vs)
+static void save_viewstate(win_T *wp, viewstate_T *vs)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
-  vs->vs_curswant = curwin->w_curswant;
-  vs->vs_leftcol = curwin->w_leftcol;
-  vs->vs_topline = curwin->w_topline;
-  vs->vs_topfill = curwin->w_topfill;
-  vs->vs_botline = curwin->w_botline;
-  vs->vs_empty_rows = curwin->w_empty_rows;
+  vs->vs_curswant = wp->w_curswant;
+  vs->vs_leftcol = wp->w_leftcol;
+  vs->vs_topline = wp->w_topline;
+  vs->vs_topfill = wp->w_topfill;
+  vs->vs_botline = wp->w_botline;
+  vs->vs_empty_rows = wp->w_empty_rows;
 }
 
-static void restore_viewstate(viewstate_T *vs)
+static void restore_viewstate(win_T *wp, viewstate_T *vs)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
-  curwin->w_curswant = vs->vs_curswant;
-  curwin->w_leftcol = vs->vs_leftcol;
-  curwin->w_topline = vs->vs_topline;
-  curwin->w_topfill = vs->vs_topfill;
-  curwin->w_botline = vs->vs_botline;
-  curwin->w_empty_rows = vs->vs_empty_rows;
+  wp->w_curswant = vs->vs_curswant;
+  wp->w_leftcol = vs->vs_leftcol;
+  wp->w_topline = vs->vs_topline;
+  wp->w_topfill = vs->vs_topfill;
+  wp->w_botline = vs->vs_botline;
+  wp->w_empty_rows = vs->vs_empty_rows;
 }
 
 static void init_incsearch_state(incsearch_state_T *s)
@@ -274,8 +299,8 @@ static void init_incsearch_state(incsearch_state_T *s)
   clearpos(&s->match_end);
   s->save_cursor = curwin->w_cursor;  // may be restored later
   s->search_start = curwin->w_cursor;
-  save_viewstate(&s->init_viewstate);
-  save_viewstate(&s->old_viewstate);
+  save_viewstate(curwin, &s->init_viewstate);
+  save_viewstate(curwin, &s->old_viewstate);
 }
 
 /// Completion for |:checkhealth| command.
@@ -316,7 +341,6 @@ static bool do_incsearch_highlighting(int firstc, int *search_delim, incsearch_s
   int delim;
   char *end;
   char *dummy;
-  exarg_T ea;
   pos_T save_cursor;
   bool use_last_pat;
   bool retval = false;
@@ -341,11 +365,12 @@ static bool do_incsearch_highlighting(int firstc, int *search_delim, incsearch_s
   }
 
   emsg_off++;
-  memset(&ea, 0, sizeof(ea));
-  ea.line1 = 1;
-  ea.line2 = 1;
-  ea.cmd = (char *)ccline.cmdbuff;
-  ea.addr_type = ADDR_LINES;
+  exarg_T ea = {
+    .line1 = 1,
+    .line2 = 1,
+    .cmd = (char *)ccline.cmdbuff,
+    .addr_type = ADDR_LINES,
+  };
 
   cmdmod_T dummy_cmdmod;
   parse_command_modifiers(&ea, &dummy, &dummy_cmdmod, true);
@@ -458,7 +483,6 @@ static void may_do_incsearch_highlighting(int firstc, long count, incsearch_stat
 {
   pos_T end_pos;
   proftime_T tm;
-  searchit_arg_T sia;
   int skiplen, patlen;
   char_u next_char;
   char_u use_last_pat;
@@ -521,8 +545,9 @@ static void may_do_incsearch_highlighting(int firstc, long count, incsearch_stat
       search_flags += SEARCH_START;
     }
     ccline.cmdbuff[skiplen + patlen] = NUL;
-    memset(&sia, 0, sizeof(sia));
-    sia.sa_tm = &tm;
+    searchit_arg_T sia = {
+      .sa_tm = &tm,
+    };
     found = do_search(NULL, firstc == ':' ? '/' : firstc, search_delim,
                       ccline.cmdbuff + skiplen, count,
                       search_flags, &sia);
@@ -555,7 +580,7 @@ static void may_do_incsearch_highlighting(int firstc, long count, incsearch_stat
 
   // first restore the old curwin values, so the screen is
   // positioned in the same way as the actual search command
-  restore_viewstate(&s->old_viewstate);
+  restore_viewstate(curwin, &s->old_viewstate);
   changed_cline_bef_curs();
   update_topline(curwin);
 
@@ -665,7 +690,7 @@ static void finish_incsearch_highlighting(int gotesc, incsearch_state_T *s, bool
       }
       curwin->w_cursor = s->search_start;  // -V519
     }
-    restore_viewstate(&s->old_viewstate);
+    restore_viewstate(curwin, &s->old_viewstate);
     highlight_match = false;
 
     // by default search all lines
@@ -736,7 +761,7 @@ static uint8_t *command_line_enter(int firstc, long count, int indent, bool init
     save_cmdline(&save_ccline);
     did_save_ccline = true;
   } else if (init_ccline) {
-    memset(&ccline, 0, sizeof(struct cmdline_info));
+    CLEAR_FIELD(ccline);
   }
 
   if (s->firstc == -1) {
@@ -869,7 +894,7 @@ static uint8_t *command_line_enter(int firstc, long count, int indent, bool init
   may_trigger_modechanged();
 
   init_history();
-  s->hiscnt = hislen;              // set hiscnt to impossible history value
+  s->hiscnt = get_hislen();  // set hiscnt to impossible history value
   s->histype = hist_char2type(s->firstc);
   do_digraph(-1);                       // init digraph typeahead
 
@@ -1664,7 +1689,7 @@ static int may_do_command_line_next_incsearch(int firstc, long count, incsearch_
     update_topline(curwin);
     validate_cursor();
     highlight_match = true;
-    save_viewstate(&s->old_viewstate);
+    save_viewstate(curwin, &s->old_viewstate);
     update_screen(NOT_VALID);
     highlight_match = false;
     redrawcmdline();
@@ -1682,12 +1707,12 @@ static void command_line_next_histidx(CommandLineState *s, bool next_match)
   for (;;) {
     // one step backwards
     if (!next_match) {
-      if (s->hiscnt == hislen) {
+      if (s->hiscnt == get_hislen()) {
         // first time
-        s->hiscnt = hisidx[s->histype];
-      } else if (s->hiscnt == 0 && hisidx[s->histype] != hislen - 1) {
-        s->hiscnt = hislen - 1;
-      } else if (s->hiscnt != hisidx[s->histype] + 1) {
+        s->hiscnt = *get_hisidx(s->histype);
+      } else if (s->hiscnt == 0 && *get_hisidx(s->histype) != get_hislen() - 1) {
+        s->hiscnt = get_hislen() - 1;
+      } else if (s->hiscnt != *get_hisidx(s->histype) + 1) {
         s->hiscnt--;
       } else {
         // at top of list
@@ -1696,17 +1721,17 @@ static void command_line_next_histidx(CommandLineState *s, bool next_match)
       }
     } else {          // one step forwards
       // on last entry, clear the line
-      if (s->hiscnt == hisidx[s->histype]) {
-        s->hiscnt = hislen;
+      if (s->hiscnt == *get_hisidx(s->histype)) {
+        s->hiscnt = get_hislen();
         break;
       }
 
       // not on a history line, nothing to do
-      if (s->hiscnt == hislen) {
+      if (s->hiscnt == get_hislen()) {
         break;
       }
 
-      if (s->hiscnt == hislen - 1) {
+      if (s->hiscnt == get_hislen() - 1) {
         // wrap around
         s->hiscnt = 0;
       } else {
@@ -1714,14 +1739,14 @@ static void command_line_next_histidx(CommandLineState *s, bool next_match)
       }
     }
 
-    if (s->hiscnt < 0 || history[s->histype][s->hiscnt].hisstr == NULL) {
+    if (s->hiscnt < 0 || get_histentry(s->histype)[s->hiscnt].hisstr == NULL) {
       s->hiscnt = s->save_hiscnt;
       break;
     }
 
     if ((s->c != K_UP && s->c != K_DOWN)
         || s->hiscnt == s->save_hiscnt
-        || STRNCMP(history[s->histype][s->hiscnt].hisstr,
+        || STRNCMP(get_histentry(s->histype)[s->hiscnt].hisstr,
                    s->lookfor, (size_t)j) == 0) {
       break;
     }
@@ -2103,7 +2128,7 @@ static int command_line_handle_key(CommandLineState *s)
   case K_KPAGEUP:
   case K_PAGEDOWN:
   case K_KPAGEDOWN:
-    if (s->histype == HIST_INVALID || hislen == 0 || s->firstc == NUL) {
+    if (s->histype == HIST_INVALID || get_hislen() == 0 || s->firstc == NUL) {
       // no history
       return command_line_not_changed(s);
     }
@@ -2128,10 +2153,10 @@ static int command_line_handle_key(CommandLineState *s)
 
       XFREE_CLEAR(ccline.cmdbuff);
       s->xpc.xp_context = EXPAND_NOTHING;
-      if (s->hiscnt == hislen) {
+      if (s->hiscnt == get_hislen()) {
         p = s->lookfor;                  // back to the old one
       } else {
-        p = history[s->histype][s->hiscnt].hisstr;
+        p = get_histentry(s->histype)[s->hiscnt].hisstr;
       }
 
       if (s->histype == HIST_SEARCH
@@ -2159,14 +2184,14 @@ static int command_line_handle_key(CommandLineState *s)
                 if (i > 0) {
                   ccline.cmdbuff[len] = '\\';
                 }
-                ++len;
+                len++;
               }
 
               if (i > 0) {
                 ccline.cmdbuff[len] = p[j];
               }
             }
-            ++len;
+            len++;
           }
 
           if (i == 0) {
@@ -2396,6 +2421,126 @@ static void cmdpreview_close_win(void)
   }
 }
 
+/// Save current state and prepare windows and buffers for command preview.
+static void cmdpreview_prepare(CpInfo *cpinfo)
+{
+  kv_init(cpinfo->buf_info);
+  kv_init(cpinfo->win_info);
+
+  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(win, curtab) {
+    buf_T *buf = win->w_buffer;
+
+    // Don't save state of command preview buffer or preview window.
+    if (buf->handle == cmdpreview_bufnr) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    CpBufInfo cp_bufinfo;
+    cp_bufinfo.buf = buf;
+
+    cp_bufinfo.save_b_u_time_cur = buf->b_u_time_cur;
+    cp_bufinfo.save_b_u_seq_cur = buf->b_u_seq_cur;
+    cp_bufinfo.save_b_u_newhead = buf->b_u_newhead;
+    cp_bufinfo.save_b_p_ul = buf->b_p_ul;
+    cp_bufinfo.save_b_changed = buf->b_changed;
+    cp_bufinfo.save_changedtick = buf_get_changedtick(buf);
+
+    kv_push(cpinfo->buf_info, cp_bufinfo);
+
+    buf->b_p_ul = LONG_MAX;     // Make sure we can undo all changes
+
+    CpWinInfo cp_wininfo;
+    cp_wininfo.win = win;
+
+    // Save window cursor position and viewstate
+    cp_wininfo.save_w_cursor = win->w_cursor;
+    save_viewstate(win, &cp_wininfo.save_viewstate);
+
+    // Save 'cursorline' and 'cursorcolumn'
+    cp_wininfo.save_w_p_cul = win->w_p_cul;
+    cp_wininfo.save_w_p_cuc = win->w_p_cuc;
+
+    kv_push(cpinfo->win_info, cp_wininfo);
+
+    win->w_p_cul = false;       // Disable 'cursorline' so it doesn't mess up the highlights
+    win->w_p_cuc = false;       // Disable 'cursorcolumn' so it doesn't mess up the highlights
+  }
+
+  cpinfo->save_hls = p_hls;
+  cpinfo->save_cmdmod = cmdmod;
+  win_size_save(&cpinfo->save_view);
+  save_search_patterns();
+
+  p_hls = false;                 // Don't show search highlighting during live substitution
+  cmdmod.cmod_split = 0;         // Disable :leftabove/botright modifiers
+  cmdmod.cmod_tab = 0;           // Disable :tab modifier
+  cmdmod.cmod_flags |= CMOD_NOSWAPFILE;  // Disable swap for preview buffer
+}
+
+// Restore the state of buffers and windows before command preview.
+static void cmdpreview_restore_state(CpInfo *cpinfo)
+{
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < cpinfo->buf_info.size; i++) {
+    CpBufInfo cp_bufinfo = cpinfo->buf_info.items[i];
+    buf_T *buf = cp_bufinfo.buf;
+
+    buf->b_changed = cp_bufinfo.save_b_changed;
+
+    if (buf->b_u_seq_cur != cp_bufinfo.save_b_u_seq_cur) {
+      int count = 0;
+
+      // Calculate how many undo steps are necessary to restore earlier state.
+      for (u_header_T *uhp = buf->b_u_curhead ? buf->b_u_curhead : buf->b_u_newhead;
+           uhp != NULL && uhp->uh_seq > cp_bufinfo.save_b_u_seq_cur;
+           uhp = uhp->uh_next.ptr, ++count) {}
+
+      aco_save_T aco;
+      aucmd_prepbuf(&aco, buf);
+      // Undo invisibly. This also moves the cursor!
+      if (!u_undo_and_forget(count)) {
+        abort();
+      }
+      aucmd_restbuf(&aco);
+
+      // Restore newhead. It is meaningless when curhead is valid, but we must
+      // restore it so that undotree() is identical before/after the preview.
+      buf->b_u_newhead = cp_bufinfo.save_b_u_newhead;
+      buf->b_u_time_cur = cp_bufinfo.save_b_u_time_cur;
+    }
+    if (cp_bufinfo.save_changedtick != buf_get_changedtick(buf)) {
+      buf_set_changedtick(buf, cp_bufinfo.save_changedtick);
+    }
+
+    buf->b_p_ul = cp_bufinfo.save_b_p_ul;        // Restore 'undolevels'
+
+    // Clear preview highlights.
+    extmark_clear(buf, (uint32_t)cmdpreview_ns, 0, 0, MAXLNUM, MAXCOL);
+  }
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < cpinfo->win_info.size; i++) {
+    CpWinInfo cp_wininfo = cpinfo->win_info.items[i];
+    win_T *win = cp_wininfo.win;
+
+    // Restore window cursor position and viewstate
+    win->w_cursor = cp_wininfo.save_w_cursor;
+    restore_viewstate(win, &cp_wininfo.save_viewstate);
+
+    // Restore 'cursorline' and 'cursorcolumn'
+    win->w_p_cul = cp_wininfo.save_w_p_cul;
+    win->w_p_cuc = cp_wininfo.save_w_p_cuc;
+
+    update_topline(win);
+  }
+
+  cmdmod = cpinfo->save_cmdmod;                // Restore cmdmod
+  p_hls = cpinfo->save_hls;                    // Restore 'hlsearch'
+  restore_search_patterns();           // Restore search patterns
+  win_size_restore(&cpinfo->save_view);        // Restore window sizes
+
+  ga_clear(&cpinfo->save_view);
+  kv_destroy(cpinfo->win_info);
+  kv_destroy(cpinfo->buf_info);
+}
+
 /// Show 'inccommand' preview if command is previewable. It works like this:
 ///    1. Store current undo information so we can revert to current state later.
 ///    2. Execute the preview callback with the parsed command, preview buffer number and preview
@@ -2440,35 +2585,18 @@ static bool cmdpreview_may_show(CommandLineState *s)
     ea.line2 = lnum;
   }
 
-  time_t save_b_u_time_cur = curbuf->b_u_time_cur;
-  long save_b_u_seq_cur = curbuf->b_u_seq_cur;
-  u_header_T *save_b_u_newhead = curbuf->b_u_newhead;
-  long save_b_p_ul = curbuf->b_p_ul;
-  int save_b_changed = curbuf->b_changed;
-  int save_w_p_cul = curwin->w_p_cul;
-  int save_w_p_cuc = curwin->w_p_cuc;
-  bool save_hls = p_hls;
-  varnumber_T save_changedtick = buf_get_changedtick(curbuf);
+  CpInfo cpinfo;
   bool icm_split = *p_icm == 's';  // inccommand=split
   buf_T *cmdpreview_buf;
   win_T *cmdpreview_win;
-  cmdmod_T save_cmdmod = cmdmod;
 
-  cmdpreview = true;
   emsg_silent++;                 // Block error reporting as the command may be incomplete,
                                  // but still update v:errmsg
   msg_silent++;                  // Block messages, namely ones that prompt
   block_autocmds();              // Block events
-  garray_T save_view;
-  win_size_save(&save_view);     // Save current window sizes
-  save_search_patterns();        // Save search patterns
-  curbuf->b_p_ul = LONG_MAX;     // Make sure we can undo all changes
-  curwin->w_p_cul = false;       // Disable 'cursorline' so it doesn't mess up the highlights
-  curwin->w_p_cuc = false;       // Disable 'cursorcolumn' so it doesn't mess up the highlights
-  p_hls = false;                 // Don't show search highlighting during live substitution
-  cmdmod.cmod_split = 0;         // Disable :leftabove/botright modifiers
-  cmdmod.cmod_tab = 0;           // Disable :tab modifier
-  cmdmod.cmod_flags |= CMOD_NOSWAPFILE;  // Disable swap for preview buffer
+
+  // Save current state and prepare for command preview.
+  cmdpreview_prepare(&cpinfo);
 
   // Open preview buffer if inccommand=split.
   if (!icm_split) {
@@ -2476,12 +2604,14 @@ static bool cmdpreview_may_show(CommandLineState *s)
   } else if ((cmdpreview_buf = cmdpreview_open_buf()) == NULL) {
     abort();
   }
-
   // Setup preview namespace if it's not already set.
   if (!cmdpreview_ns) {
     cmdpreview_ns = (int)nvim_create_namespace((String)STRING_INIT);
   }
 
+  // Set cmdpreview state.
+  cmdpreview = true;
+
   // Execute the preview callback and use its return value to determine whether to show preview or
   // open the preview window. The preview callback also handles doing the changes and highlights for
   // the preview.
@@ -2500,7 +2630,7 @@ static bool cmdpreview_may_show(CommandLineState *s)
     cmdpreview_type = 1;
   }
 
-  // If preview callback is nonzero, update screen now.
+  // If preview callback return value is nonzero, update screen now.
   if (cmdpreview_type != 0) {
     int save_rd = RedrawingDisabled;
     RedrawingDisabled = 0;
@@ -2512,44 +2642,13 @@ static bool cmdpreview_may_show(CommandLineState *s)
   if (icm_split && cmdpreview_type == 2 && cmdpreview_win != NULL) {
     cmdpreview_close_win();
   }
-  // Clear preview highlights.
-  extmark_clear(curbuf, (uint32_t)cmdpreview_ns, 0, 0, MAXLNUM, MAXCOL);
 
-  curbuf->b_changed = save_b_changed;  // Preserve 'modified' during preview
+  // Restore state.
+  cmdpreview_restore_state(&cpinfo);
 
-  if (curbuf->b_u_seq_cur != save_b_u_seq_cur) {
-    // Undo invisibly. This also moves the cursor!
-    while (curbuf->b_u_seq_cur != save_b_u_seq_cur) {
-      if (!u_undo_and_forget(1)) {
-        abort();
-      }
-    }
-    // Restore newhead. It is meaningless when curhead is valid, but we must
-    // restore it so that undotree() is identical before/after the preview.
-    curbuf->b_u_newhead = save_b_u_newhead;
-    curbuf->b_u_time_cur = save_b_u_time_cur;
-  }
-  if (save_changedtick != buf_get_changedtick(curbuf)) {
-    buf_set_changedtick(curbuf, save_changedtick);
-  }
-
-  cmdmod = save_cmdmod;                // Restore cmdmod
-  p_hls = save_hls;                    // Restore 'hlsearch'
-  curwin->w_p_cul = save_w_p_cul;      // Restore 'cursorline'
-  curwin->w_p_cuc = save_w_p_cuc;      // Restore 'cursorcolumn'
-  curbuf->b_p_ul = save_b_p_ul;        // Restore 'undolevels'
-  restore_search_patterns();           // Restore search patterns
-  win_size_restore(&save_view);        // Restore window sizes
-  ga_clear(&save_view);
   unblock_autocmds();                  // Unblock events
   msg_silent--;                        // Unblock messages
   emsg_silent--;                       // Unblock error reporting
-
-  // Restore the window "view".
-  curwin->w_cursor   = s->is_state.save_cursor;
-  restore_viewstate(&s->is_state.old_viewstate);
-  update_topline(curwin);
-
   redrawcmdline();
 end:
   xfree(cmdline);
@@ -2682,7 +2781,7 @@ char *getcmdline_prompt(const int firstc, const char *const prompt, const int at
     save_cmdline(&save_ccline);
     did_save_ccline = true;
   } else {
-    memset(&ccline, 0, sizeof(struct cmdline_info));
+    CLEAR_FIELD(ccline);
   }
   ccline.prompt_id = last_prompt_id++;
   ccline.cmdprompt = (char_u *)prompt;
@@ -3592,7 +3691,7 @@ void put_on_cmdline(char_u *str, int len, int redraw)
       msg_col -= i;
       if (msg_col < 0) {
         msg_col += Columns;
-        --msg_row;
+        msg_row--;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -3645,7 +3744,7 @@ void put_on_cmdline(char_u *str, int len, int redraw)
 static void save_cmdline(struct cmdline_info *ccp)
 {
   *ccp = ccline;
-  memset(&ccline, 0, sizeof(struct cmdline_info));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(ccline);
   ccline.prev_ccline = ccp;
   ccline.cmdbuff = NULL;  // signal that ccline is not in use
 }
@@ -3669,7 +3768,7 @@ static void restore_cmdline(struct cmdline_info *ccp)
 /// @returns FAIL for failure, OK otherwise
 static bool cmdline_paste(int regname, bool literally, bool remcr)
 {
-  char_u *arg;
+  char *arg;
   char_u *p;
   bool allocated;
 
@@ -3702,7 +3801,7 @@ static bool cmdline_paste(int regname, bool literally, bool remcr)
 
     // When 'incsearch' is set and CTRL-R CTRL-W used: skip the duplicate
     // part of the word.
-    p = arg;
+    p = (char_u *)arg;
     if (p_is && regname == Ctrl_W) {
       char_u *w;
       int len;
@@ -4138,9 +4237,9 @@ char_u *ExpandOne(expand_T *xp, char_u *str, char_u *orig, int options, int mode
         if (findex == -1) {
           findex = xp->xp_numfiles;
         }
-        --findex;
+        findex--;
       } else {  // mode == WILD_NEXT
-        ++findex;
+        findex++;
       }
 
       /*
@@ -4880,7 +4979,7 @@ char_u *addstar(char_u *fname, size_t len, int context)
         && vim_strchr((char *)retval, '`') == NULL) {
       retval[len++] = '*';
     } else if (len > 0 && retval[len - 1] == '$') {
-      --len;
+      len--;
     }
     retval[len] = NUL;
   }
@@ -5028,58 +5127,6 @@ int expand_cmdline(expand_T *xp, char_u *str, int col, int *matchcount, char ***
   return EXPAND_OK;
 }
 
-// Cleanup matches for help tags:
-// Remove "@ab" if the top of 'helplang' is "ab" and the language of the first
-// tag matches it.  Otherwise remove "@en" if "en" is the only language.
-static void cleanup_help_tags(int num_file, char **file)
-{
-  char_u buf[4];
-  char_u *p = buf;
-
-  if (p_hlg[0] != NUL && (p_hlg[0] != 'e' || p_hlg[1] != 'n')) {
-    *p++ = '@';
-    *p++ = p_hlg[0];
-    *p++ = p_hlg[1];
-  }
-  *p = NUL;
-
-  for (int i = 0; i < num_file; i++) {
-    int len = (int)STRLEN(file[i]) - 3;
-    if (len <= 0) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (STRCMP(file[i] + len, "@en") == 0) {
-      // Sorting on priority means the same item in another language may
-      // be anywhere.  Search all items for a match up to the "@en".
-      int j;
-      for (j = 0; j < num_file; j++) {
-        if (j != i
-            && (int)STRLEN(file[j]) == len + 3
-            && STRNCMP(file[i], file[j], len + 1) == 0) {
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-      if (j == num_file) {
-        // item only exists with @en, remove it
-        file[i][len] = NUL;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (*buf != NUL) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_file; i++) {
-      int len = (int)STRLEN(file[i]) - 3;
-      if (len <= 0) {
-        continue;
-      }
-      if (STRCMP(file[i] + len, buf) == 0) {
-        // remove the default language
-        file[i][len] = NUL;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 typedef char *(*ExpandFunc)(expand_T *, int);
 
 /// Do the expansion based on xp->xp_context and "pat".
@@ -5289,8 +5336,8 @@ static int ExpandFromContext(expand_T *xp, char_u *pat, int *num_file, char ***f
       { EXPAND_SYNTAX, get_syntax_name, true, true },
       { EXPAND_SYNTIME, get_syntime_arg, true, true },
       { EXPAND_HIGHLIGHT, (ExpandFunc)get_highlight_name, true, true },
-      { EXPAND_EVENTS, expand_get_event_name, true, true },
-      { EXPAND_AUGROUP, expand_get_augroup_name, true, true },
+      { EXPAND_EVENTS, expand_get_event_name, true, false },
+      { EXPAND_AUGROUP, expand_get_augroup_name, true, false },
       { EXPAND_CSCOPE, get_cscope_name, true, true },
       { EXPAND_SIGN, get_sign_name, true, true },
       { EXPAND_PROFILE, get_profile_name, true, true },
@@ -5521,7 +5568,7 @@ static void expand_shellcmd(char_u *filepat, int *num_file, char ***file, int fl
       }
     }
     if (*e != NUL) {
-      ++e;
+      e++;
     }
   }
   *file = ga.ga_data;
@@ -5674,163 +5721,9 @@ static int ExpandUserLua(expand_T *xp, int *num_file, char ***file)
   return OK;
 }
 
-/// Expand color scheme, compiler or filetype names.
-/// Search from 'runtimepath':
-///   'runtimepath'/{dirnames}/{pat}.vim
-/// When "flags" has DIP_START: search also from 'start' of 'packpath':
-///   'packpath'/pack/ * /start/ * /{dirnames}/{pat}.vim
-/// When "flags" has DIP_OPT: search also from 'opt' of 'packpath':
-///   'packpath'/pack/ * /opt/ * /{dirnames}/{pat}.vim
-/// When "flags" has DIP_LUA: search also performed for .lua files
-/// "dirnames" is an array with one or more directory names.
-static int ExpandRTDir(char_u *pat, int flags, int *num_file, char ***file, char *dirnames[])
-{
-  *num_file = 0;
-  *file = NULL;
-  size_t pat_len = STRLEN(pat);
-
-  garray_T ga;
-  ga_init(&ga, (int)sizeof(char *), 10);
-
-  // TODO(bfredl): this is bullshit, exandpath should not reinvent path logic.
-  for (int i = 0; dirnames[i] != NULL; i++) {
-    size_t size = STRLEN(dirnames[i]) + pat_len + 7;
-    char_u *s = xmalloc(size);
-    snprintf((char *)s, size, "%s/%s*.vim", dirnames[i], pat);
-    globpath(p_rtp, s, &ga, 0);
-    if (flags & DIP_LUA) {
-      snprintf((char *)s, size, "%s/%s*.lua", dirnames[i], pat);
-      globpath(p_rtp, s, &ga, 0);
-    }
-    xfree(s);
-  }
-
-  if (flags & DIP_START) {
-    for (int i = 0; dirnames[i] != NULL; i++) {
-      size_t size = STRLEN(dirnames[i]) + pat_len + 22;
-      char_u *s = xmalloc(size);
-      snprintf((char *)s, size, "pack/*/start/*/%s/%s*.vim", dirnames[i], pat);  // NOLINT
-      globpath(p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
-      if (flags & DIP_LUA) {
-        snprintf((char *)s, size, "pack/*/start/*/%s/%s*.lua", dirnames[i], pat);  // NOLINT
-        globpath(p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
-      }
-      xfree(s);
-    }
-
-    for (int i = 0; dirnames[i] != NULL; i++) {
-      size_t size = STRLEN(dirnames[i]) + pat_len + 22;
-      char_u *s = xmalloc(size);
-      snprintf((char *)s, size, "start/*/%s/%s*.vim", dirnames[i], pat);  // NOLINT
-      globpath(p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
-      if (flags & DIP_LUA) {
-        snprintf((char *)s, size, "start/*/%s/%s*.lua", dirnames[i], pat);  // NOLINT
-        globpath(p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
-      }
-      xfree(s);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (flags & DIP_OPT) {
-    for (int i = 0; dirnames[i] != NULL; i++) {
-      size_t size = STRLEN(dirnames[i]) + pat_len + 20;
-      char_u *s = xmalloc(size);
-      snprintf((char *)s, size, "pack/*/opt/*/%s/%s*.vim", dirnames[i], pat);  // NOLINT
-      globpath(p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
-      if (flags & DIP_LUA) {
-        snprintf((char *)s, size, "pack/*/opt/*/%s/%s*.lua", dirnames[i], pat);  // NOLINT
-        globpath(p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
-      }
-      xfree(s);
-    }
-
-    for (int i = 0; dirnames[i] != NULL; i++) {
-      size_t size = STRLEN(dirnames[i]) + pat_len + 20;
-      char_u *s = xmalloc(size);
-      snprintf((char *)s, size, "opt/*/%s/%s*.vim", dirnames[i], pat);  // NOLINT
-      globpath(p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
-      if (flags & DIP_LUA) {
-        snprintf((char *)s, size, "opt/*/%s/%s*.lua", dirnames[i], pat);  // NOLINT
-        globpath(p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
-      }
-      xfree(s);
-    }
-  }
-
-  for (int i = 0; i < ga.ga_len; i++) {
-    char_u *match = ((char_u **)ga.ga_data)[i];
-    char_u *s = match;
-    char_u *e = s + STRLEN(s);
-    if (e - s > 4 && (STRNICMP(e - 4, ".vim", 4) == 0
-                      || ((flags & DIP_LUA)
-                          && STRNICMP(e - 4, ".lua", 4) == 0))) {
-      e -= 4;
-      for (s = e; s > match; MB_PTR_BACK(match, s)) {
-        if (vim_ispathsep(*s)) {
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-      s++;
-      *e = NUL;
-      assert((e - s) + 1 >= 0);
-      memmove(match, s, (size_t)(e - s) + 1);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (GA_EMPTY(&ga)) {
-    return FAIL;
-  }
-
-  /* Sort and remove duplicates which can happen when specifying multiple
-   * directories in dirnames. */
-  ga_remove_duplicate_strings(&ga);
-
-  *file = ga.ga_data;
-  *num_file = ga.ga_len;
-  return OK;
-}
-
-/// Expand loadplugin names:
-/// 'packpath'/pack/ * /opt/{pat}
-static int ExpandPackAddDir(char_u *pat, int *num_file, char ***file)
-{
-  garray_T ga;
-
-  *num_file = 0;
-  *file = NULL;
-  size_t pat_len = STRLEN(pat);
-  ga_init(&ga, (int)sizeof(char *), 10);
-
-  size_t buflen = pat_len + 26;
-  char_u *s = xmalloc(buflen);
-  snprintf((char *)s, buflen, "pack/*/opt/%s*", pat);  // NOLINT
-  globpath(p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
-  snprintf((char *)s, buflen, "opt/%s*", pat);  // NOLINT
-  globpath(p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
-  xfree(s);
-
-  for (int i = 0; i < ga.ga_len; i++) {
-    char_u *match = ((char_u **)ga.ga_data)[i];
-    s = (char_u *)path_tail((char *)match);
-    memmove(match, s, STRLEN(s) + 1);
-  }
-
-  if (GA_EMPTY(&ga)) {
-    return FAIL;
-  }
-
-  // Sort and remove duplicates which can happen when specifying multiple
-  // directories in dirnames.
-  ga_remove_duplicate_strings(&ga);
-
-  *file = ga.ga_data;
-  *num_file = ga.ga_len;
-  return OK;
-}
-
 /// Expand `file` for all comma-separated directories in `path`.
 /// Adds matches to `ga`.
-void globpath(char_u *path, char_u *file, garray_T *ga, int expand_options)
+void globpath(char *path, char_u *file, garray_T *ga, int expand_options)
 {
   expand_T xpc;
   ExpandInit(&xpc);
@@ -5841,7 +5734,7 @@ void globpath(char_u *path, char_u *file, garray_T *ga, int expand_options)
   // Loop over all entries in {path}.
   while (*path != NUL) {
     // Copy one item of the path to buf[] and concatenate the file name.
-    copy_option_part((char **)&path, (char *)buf, MAXPATHL, ",");
+    copy_option_part(&path, (char *)buf, MAXPATHL, ",");
     if (STRLEN(buf) + STRLEN(file) + 2 < MAXPATHL) {
       add_pathsep((char *)buf);
       STRCAT(buf, file);  // NOLINT
@@ -5868,309 +5761,6 @@ void globpath(char_u *path, char_u *file, garray_T *ga, int expand_options)
   xfree(buf);
 }
 
-/*********************************
-*  Command line history stuff    *
-*********************************/
-
-/// Translate a history character to the associated type number
-static HistoryType hist_char2type(const int c)
-  FUNC_ATTR_CONST FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-{
-  switch (c) {
-  case ':':
-    return HIST_CMD;
-  case '=':
-    return HIST_EXPR;
-  case '@':
-    return HIST_INPUT;
-  case '>':
-    return HIST_DEBUG;
-  case NUL:
-  case '/':
-  case '?':
-    return HIST_SEARCH;
-  default:
-    return HIST_INVALID;
-  }
-  // Silence -Wreturn-type
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Table of history names.
- * These names are used in :history and various hist...() functions.
- * It is sufficient to give the significant prefix of a history name.
- */
-
-static char *(history_names[]) =
-{
-  "cmd",
-  "search",
-  "expr",
-  "input",
-  "debug",
-  NULL
-};
-
-/*
- * Function given to ExpandGeneric() to obtain the possible first
- * arguments of the ":history command.
- */
-static char *get_history_arg(expand_T *xp, int idx)
-{
-  static char_u compl[2] = { NUL, NUL };
-  char *short_names = ":=@>?/";
-  int short_names_count = (int)STRLEN(short_names);
-  int history_name_count = ARRAY_SIZE(history_names) - 1;
-
-  if (idx < short_names_count) {
-    compl[0] = (char_u)short_names[idx];
-    return (char *)compl;
-  }
-  if (idx < short_names_count + history_name_count) {
-    return history_names[idx - short_names_count];
-  }
-  if (idx == short_names_count + history_name_count) {
-    return "all";
-  }
-  return NULL;
-}
-
-/// Initialize command line history.
-/// Also used to re-allocate history tables when size changes.
-void init_history(void)
-{
-  assert(p_hi >= 0 && p_hi <= INT_MAX);
-  int newlen = (int)p_hi;
-  int oldlen = hislen;
-
-  // If history tables size changed, reallocate them.
-  // Tables are circular arrays (current position marked by hisidx[type]).
-  // On copying them to the new arrays, we take the chance to reorder them.
-  if (newlen != oldlen) {
-    for (int type = 0; type < HIST_COUNT; type++) {
-      histentry_T *temp = (newlen
-                           ? xmalloc((size_t)newlen * sizeof(*temp))
-                           : NULL);
-
-      int j = hisidx[type];
-      if (j >= 0) {
-        // old array gets partitioned this way:
-        // [0       , i1     ) --> newest entries to be deleted
-        // [i1      , i1 + l1) --> newest entries to be copied
-        // [i1 + l1 , i2     ) --> oldest entries to be deleted
-        // [i2      , i2 + l2) --> oldest entries to be copied
-        int l1 = MIN(j + 1, newlen);             // how many newest to copy
-        int l2 = MIN(newlen, oldlen) - l1;       // how many oldest to copy
-        int i1 = j + 1 - l1;                     // copy newest from here
-        int i2 = MAX(l1, oldlen - newlen + l1);  // copy oldest from here
-
-        // copy as much entries as they fit to new table, reordering them
-        if (newlen) {
-          // copy oldest entries
-          memcpy(&temp[0], &history[type][i2], (size_t)l2 * sizeof(*temp));
-          // copy newest entries
-          memcpy(&temp[l2], &history[type][i1], (size_t)l1 * sizeof(*temp));
-        }
-
-        // delete entries that don't fit in newlen, if any
-        for (int i = 0; i < i1; i++) {
-          hist_free_entry(history[type] + i);
-        }
-        for (int i = i1 + l1; i < i2; i++) {
-          hist_free_entry(history[type] + i);
-        }
-      }
-
-      // clear remaining space, if any
-      int l3 = j < 0 ? 0 : MIN(newlen, oldlen);  // number of copied entries
-      if (newlen) {
-        memset(temp + l3, 0, (size_t)(newlen - l3) * sizeof(*temp));
-      }
-
-      hisidx[type] = l3 - 1;
-      xfree(history[type]);
-      history[type] = temp;
-    }
-    hislen = newlen;
-  }
-}
-
-static inline void hist_free_entry(histentry_T *hisptr)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  xfree(hisptr->hisstr);
-  tv_list_unref(hisptr->additional_elements);
-  clear_hist_entry(hisptr);
-}
-
-static inline void clear_hist_entry(histentry_T *hisptr)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  memset(hisptr, 0, sizeof(*hisptr));
-}
-
-/// Check if command line 'str' is already in history.
-/// If 'move_to_front' is TRUE, matching entry is moved to end of history.
-///
-/// @param move_to_front  Move the entry to the front if it exists
-static int in_history(int type, char_u *str, int move_to_front, int sep)
-{
-  int i;
-  int last_i = -1;
-  char_u *p;
-
-  if (hisidx[type] < 0) {
-    return FALSE;
-  }
-  i = hisidx[type];
-  do {
-    if (history[type][i].hisstr == NULL) {
-      return FALSE;
-    }
-
-    /* For search history, check that the separator character matches as
-     * well. */
-    p = history[type][i].hisstr;
-    if (STRCMP(str, p) == 0
-        && (type != HIST_SEARCH || sep == p[STRLEN(p) + 1])) {
-      if (!move_to_front) {
-        return TRUE;
-      }
-      last_i = i;
-      break;
-    }
-    if (--i < 0) {
-      i = hislen - 1;
-    }
-  } while (i != hisidx[type]);
-
-  if (last_i >= 0) {
-    list_T *const list = history[type][i].additional_elements;
-    str = history[type][i].hisstr;
-    while (i != hisidx[type]) {
-      if (++i >= hislen) {
-        i = 0;
-      }
-      history[type][last_i] = history[type][i];
-      last_i = i;
-    }
-    tv_list_unref(list);
-    history[type][i].hisnum = ++hisnum[type];
-    history[type][i].hisstr = str;
-    history[type][i].timestamp = os_time();
-    history[type][i].additional_elements = NULL;
-    return true;
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
-/// Convert history name to its HIST_ equivalent
-///
-/// Names are taken from the table above. When `name` is empty returns currently
-/// active history or HIST_DEFAULT, depending on `return_default` argument.
-///
-/// @param[in]  name            Converted name.
-/// @param[in]  len             Name length.
-/// @param[in]  return_default  Determines whether HIST_DEFAULT should be
-///                             returned or value based on `ccline.cmdfirstc`.
-///
-/// @return Any value from HistoryType enum, including HIST_INVALID. May not
-///         return HIST_DEFAULT unless return_default is true.
-HistoryType get_histtype(const char *const name, const size_t len, const bool return_default)
-  FUNC_ATTR_PURE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-{
-  // No argument: use current history.
-  if (len == 0) {
-    return return_default ? HIST_DEFAULT : hist_char2type(ccline.cmdfirstc);
-  }
-
-  for (HistoryType i = 0; history_names[i] != NULL; i++) {
-    if (STRNICMP(name, history_names[i], len) == 0) {
-      return i;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (vim_strchr(":=@>?/", name[0]) != NULL && len == 1) {
-    return hist_char2type(name[0]);
-  }
-
-  return HIST_INVALID;
-}
-
-static int last_maptick = -1;           // last seen maptick
-
-/// Add the given string to the given history.  If the string is already in the
-/// history then it is moved to the front.  "histype" may be one of the HIST_
-/// values.
-///
-/// @parma in_map  consider maptick when inside a mapping
-/// @param sep     separator character used (search hist)
-void add_to_history(int histype, char_u *new_entry, int in_map, int sep)
-{
-  histentry_T *hisptr;
-
-  if (hislen == 0 || histype == HIST_INVALID) {  // no history
-    return;
-  }
-  assert(histype != HIST_DEFAULT);
-
-  if ((cmdmod.cmod_flags & CMOD_KEEPPATTERNS) && histype == HIST_SEARCH) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * Searches inside the same mapping overwrite each other, so that only
-   * the last line is kept.  Be careful not to remove a line that was moved
-   * down, only lines that were added.
-   */
-  if (histype == HIST_SEARCH && in_map) {
-    if (maptick == last_maptick && hisidx[HIST_SEARCH] >= 0) {
-      // Current line is from the same mapping, remove it
-      hisptr = &history[HIST_SEARCH][hisidx[HIST_SEARCH]];
-      hist_free_entry(hisptr);
-      --hisnum[histype];
-      if (--hisidx[HIST_SEARCH] < 0) {
-        hisidx[HIST_SEARCH] = hislen - 1;
-      }
-    }
-    last_maptick = -1;
-  }
-  if (!in_history(histype, new_entry, true, sep)) {
-    if (++hisidx[histype] == hislen) {
-      hisidx[histype] = 0;
-    }
-    hisptr = &history[histype][hisidx[histype]];
-    hist_free_entry(hisptr);
-
-    // Store the separator after the NUL of the string.
-    size_t len = STRLEN(new_entry);
-    hisptr->hisstr = vim_strnsave(new_entry, len + 2);
-    hisptr->timestamp = os_time();
-    hisptr->additional_elements = NULL;
-    hisptr->hisstr[len + 1] = (char_u)sep;
-
-    hisptr->hisnum = ++hisnum[histype];
-    if (histype == HIST_SEARCH && in_map) {
-      last_maptick = maptick;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/*
- * Get identifier of newest history entry.
- * "histype" may be one of the HIST_ values.
- */
-int get_history_idx(int histype)
-{
-  if (hislen == 0 || histype < 0 || histype >= HIST_COUNT
-      || hisidx[histype] < 0) {
-    return -1;
-  }
-
-  return history[histype][hisidx[histype]].hisnum;
-}
-
 /// Get pointer to the command line info to use. save_cmdline() may clear
 /// ccline and put the previous value in ccline.prev_ccline.
 static struct cmdline_info *get_ccline_ptr(void)
@@ -6292,168 +5882,10 @@ int get_cmdline_type(void)
   return p->cmdfirstc;
 }
 
-/*
- * Calculate history index from a number:
- *   num > 0: seen as identifying number of a history entry
- *   num < 0: relative position in history wrt newest entry
- * "histype" may be one of the HIST_ values.
- */
-static int calc_hist_idx(int histype, int num)
-{
-  int i;
-  histentry_T *hist;
-  int wrapped = FALSE;
-
-  if (hislen == 0 || histype < 0 || histype >= HIST_COUNT
-      || (i = hisidx[histype]) < 0 || num == 0) {
-    return -1;
-  }
-
-  hist = history[histype];
-  if (num > 0) {
-    while (hist[i].hisnum > num) {
-      if (--i < 0) {
-        if (wrapped) {
-          break;
-        }
-        i += hislen;
-        wrapped = TRUE;
-      }
-    }
-    if (i >= 0 && hist[i].hisnum == num && hist[i].hisstr != NULL) {
-      return i;
-    }
-  } else if (-num <= hislen) {
-    i += num + 1;
-    if (i < 0) {
-      i += hislen;
-    }
-    if (hist[i].hisstr != NULL) {
-      return i;
-    }
-  }
-  return -1;
-}
-
-/*
- * Get a history entry by its index.
- * "histype" may be one of the HIST_ values.
- */
-char_u *get_history_entry(int histype, int idx)
-{
-  idx = calc_hist_idx(histype, idx);
-  if (idx >= 0) {
-    return history[histype][idx].hisstr;
-  } else {
-    return (char_u *)"";
-  }
-}
-
-/// Clear all entries in a history
-///
-/// @param[in]  histype  One of the HIST_ values.
-///
-/// @return OK if there was something to clean and histype was one of HIST_
-///         values, FAIL otherwise.
-int clr_history(const int histype)
-{
-  if (hislen != 0 && histype >= 0 && histype < HIST_COUNT) {
-    histentry_T *hisptr = history[histype];
-    for (int i = hislen; i--; hisptr++) {
-      hist_free_entry(hisptr);
-    }
-    hisidx[histype] = -1;  // mark history as cleared
-    hisnum[histype] = 0;   // reset identifier counter
-    return OK;
-  }
-  return FAIL;
-}
-
-/*
- * Remove all entries matching {str} from a history.
- * "histype" may be one of the HIST_ values.
- */
-int del_history_entry(int histype, char_u *str)
+/// Return the first character of the current command line.
+int get_cmdline_firstc(void)
 {
-  regmatch_T regmatch;
-  histentry_T *hisptr;
-  int idx;
-  int i;
-  int last;
-  bool found = false;
-
-  regmatch.regprog = NULL;
-  regmatch.rm_ic = FALSE;       // always match case
-  if (hislen != 0
-      && histype >= 0
-      && histype < HIST_COUNT
-      && *str != NUL
-      && (idx = hisidx[histype]) >= 0
-      && (regmatch.regprog = vim_regcomp((char *)str, RE_MAGIC + RE_STRING))
-      != NULL) {
-    i = last = idx;
-    do {
-      hisptr = &history[histype][i];
-      if (hisptr->hisstr == NULL) {
-        break;
-      }
-      if (vim_regexec(&regmatch, (char *)hisptr->hisstr, (colnr_T)0)) {
-        found = true;
-        hist_free_entry(hisptr);
-      } else {
-        if (i != last) {
-          history[histype][last] = *hisptr;
-          clear_hist_entry(hisptr);
-        }
-        if (--last < 0) {
-          last += hislen;
-        }
-      }
-      if (--i < 0) {
-        i += hislen;
-      }
-    } while (i != idx);
-    if (history[histype][idx].hisstr == NULL) {
-      hisidx[histype] = -1;
-    }
-  }
-  vim_regfree(regmatch.regprog);
-  return found;
-}
-
-/*
- * Remove an indexed entry from a history.
- * "histype" may be one of the HIST_ values.
- */
-int del_history_idx(int histype, int idx)
-{
-  int i, j;
-
-  i = calc_hist_idx(histype, idx);
-  if (i < 0) {
-    return FALSE;
-  }
-  idx = hisidx[histype];
-  hist_free_entry(&history[histype][i]);
-
-  /* When deleting the last added search string in a mapping, reset
-   * last_maptick, so that the last added search string isn't deleted again.
-   */
-  if (histype == HIST_SEARCH && maptick == last_maptick && i == idx) {
-    last_maptick = -1;
-  }
-
-  while (i != idx) {
-    j = (i + 1) % hislen;
-    history[histype][i] = history[histype][j];
-    i = j;
-  }
-  clear_hist_entry(&history[histype][idx]);
-  if (--i < 0) {
-    i += hislen;
-  }
-  hisidx[histype] = i;
-  return TRUE;
+  return ccline.cmdfirstc;
 }
 
 /// Get indices that specify a range within a list (not a range of text lines
@@ -6464,26 +5896,26 @@ int del_history_idx(int histype, int idx)
 /// @param num2 to
 ///
 /// @return OK if parsed successfully, otherwise FAIL.
-int get_list_range(char_u **str, int *num1, int *num2)
+int get_list_range(char **str, int *num1, int *num2)
 {
   int len;
   int first = false;
   varnumber_T num;
 
-  *str = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)(*str));
+  *str = skipwhite((*str));
   if (**str == '-' || ascii_isdigit(**str)) {  // parse "from" part of range
-    vim_str2nr(*str, NULL, &len, 0, &num, NULL, 0, false);
+    vim_str2nr((char_u *)(*str), NULL, &len, 0, &num, NULL, 0, false);
     *str += len;
     *num1 = (int)num;
     first = true;
   }
-  *str = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)(*str));
+  *str = skipwhite((*str));
   if (**str == ',') {                   // parse "to" part of range
-    *str = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)(*str) + 1);
-    vim_str2nr(*str, NULL, &len, 0, &num, NULL, 0, false);
+    *str = skipwhite((*str) + 1);
+    vim_str2nr((char_u *)(*str), NULL, &len, 0, &num, NULL, 0, false);
     if (len > 0) {
       *num2 = (int)num;
-      *str = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)(*str) + len);
+      *str = skipwhite((*str) + len);
     } else if (!first) {                  // no number given at all
       return FAIL;
     }
@@ -6493,118 +5925,9 @@ int get_list_range(char_u **str, int *num1, int *num2)
   return OK;
 }
 
-/*
- * :history command - print a history
- */
-void ex_history(exarg_T *eap)
-{
-  histentry_T *hist;
-  int histype1 = HIST_CMD;
-  int histype2 = HIST_CMD;
-  int hisidx1 = 1;
-  int hisidx2 = -1;
-  int idx;
-  int i, j, k;
-  char_u *end;
-  char_u *arg = (char_u *)eap->arg;
-
-  if (hislen == 0) {
-    msg(_("'history' option is zero"));
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if (!(ascii_isdigit(*arg) || *arg == '-' || *arg == ',')) {
-    end = arg;
-    while (ASCII_ISALPHA(*end)
-           || vim_strchr(":=@>/?", *end) != NULL) {
-      end++;
-    }
-    histype1 = get_histtype((const char *)arg, (size_t)(end - arg), false);
-    if (histype1 == HIST_INVALID) {
-      if (STRNICMP(arg, "all", end - arg) == 0) {
-        histype1 = 0;
-        histype2 = HIST_COUNT - 1;
-      } else {
-        semsg(_(e_trailing_arg), arg);
-        return;
-      }
-    } else {
-      histype2 = histype1;
-    }
-  } else {
-    end = arg;
-  }
-  if (!get_list_range(&end, &hisidx1, &hisidx2) || *end != NUL) {
-    semsg(_(e_trailing_arg), end);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  for (; !got_int && histype1 <= histype2; ++histype1) {
-    STRCPY(IObuff, "\n      #  ");
-    assert(history_names[histype1] != NULL);
-    STRCAT(STRCAT(IObuff, history_names[histype1]), " history");
-    msg_puts_title((char *)IObuff);
-    idx = hisidx[histype1];
-    hist = history[histype1];
-    j = hisidx1;
-    k = hisidx2;
-    if (j < 0) {
-      j = (-j > hislen) ? 0 : hist[(hislen + j + idx + 1) % hislen].hisnum;
-    }
-    if (k < 0) {
-      k = (-k > hislen) ? 0 : hist[(hislen + k + idx + 1) % hislen].hisnum;
-    }
-    if (idx >= 0 && j <= k) {
-      for (i = idx + 1; !got_int; ++i) {
-        if (i == hislen) {
-          i = 0;
-        }
-        if (hist[i].hisstr != NULL
-            && hist[i].hisnum >= j && hist[i].hisnum <= k) {
-          msg_putchar('\n');
-          snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, "%c%6d  ", i == idx ? '>' : ' ',
-                   hist[i].hisnum);
-          if (vim_strsize((char *)hist[i].hisstr) > Columns - 10) {
-            trunc_string((char *)hist[i].hisstr, (char *)IObuff + STRLEN(IObuff),
-                         Columns - 10, IOSIZE - (int)STRLEN(IObuff));
-          } else {
-            STRCAT(IObuff, hist[i].hisstr);
-          }
-          msg_outtrans((char *)IObuff);
-          ui_flush();
-        }
-        if (i == idx) {
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/// Translate a history type number to the associated character
-int hist_type2char(int type)
-  FUNC_ATTR_CONST
-{
-  switch (type) {
-  case HIST_CMD:
-    return ':';
-  case HIST_SEARCH:
-    return '/';
-  case HIST_EXPR:
-    return '=';
-  case HIST_INPUT:
-    return '@';
-  case HIST_DEBUG:
-    return '>';
-  default:
-    abort();
-  }
-  return NUL;
-}
-
 void cmdline_init(void)
 {
-  memset(&ccline, 0, sizeof(struct cmdline_info));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(ccline);
 }
 
 /// Open a window on the current command line and history.  Allow editing in
@@ -6688,18 +6011,18 @@ static int open_cmdwin(void)
 
   // Fill the buffer with the history.
   init_history();
-  if (hislen > 0 && histtype != HIST_INVALID) {
-    i = hisidx[histtype];
+  if (get_hislen() > 0 && histtype != HIST_INVALID) {
+    i = *get_hisidx(histtype);
     if (i >= 0) {
       lnum = 0;
       do {
-        if (++i == hislen) {
+        if (++i == get_hislen()) {
           i = 0;
         }
-        if (history[histtype][i].hisstr != NULL) {
-          ml_append(lnum++, (char *)history[histtype][i].hisstr, (colnr_T)0, false);
+        if (get_histentry(histtype)[i].hisstr != NULL) {
+          ml_append(lnum++, (char *)get_histentry(histtype)[i].hisstr, (colnr_T)0, false);
         }
-      } while (i != hisidx[histtype]);
+      } while (i != *get_hisidx(histtype));
     }
   }
 
@@ -6904,90 +6227,6 @@ char *script_get(exarg_T *const eap, size_t *const lenp)
   return (char *)ga.ga_data;
 }
 
-/// Iterate over history items
-///
-/// @warning No history-editing functions must be run while iteration is in
-///          progress.
-///
-/// @param[in]   iter          Pointer to the last history entry.
-/// @param[in]   history_type  Type of the history (HIST_*). Ignored if iter
-///                            parameter is not NULL.
-/// @param[in]   zero          If true then zero (but not free) returned items.
-///
-///                            @warning When using this parameter user is
-///                                     responsible for calling clr_history()
-///                                     itself after iteration is over. If
-///                                     clr_history() is not called behaviour is
-///                                     undefined. No functions that work with
-///                                     history must be called during iteration
-///                                     in this case.
-/// @param[out]  hist          Next history entry.
-///
-/// @return Pointer used in next iteration or NULL to indicate that iteration
-///         was finished.
-const void *hist_iter(const void *const iter, const uint8_t history_type, const bool zero,
-                      histentry_T *const hist)
-  FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(4)
-{
-  *hist = (histentry_T) {
-    .hisstr = NULL
-  };
-  if (hisidx[history_type] == -1) {
-    return NULL;
-  }
-  histentry_T *const hstart = &(history[history_type][0]);
-  histentry_T *const hlast = (
-                              &(history[history_type][hisidx[history_type]]));
-  const histentry_T *const hend = &(history[history_type][hislen - 1]);
-  histentry_T *hiter;
-  if (iter == NULL) {
-    histentry_T *hfirst = hlast;
-    do {
-      hfirst++;
-      if (hfirst > hend) {
-        hfirst = hstart;
-      }
-      if (hfirst->hisstr != NULL) {
-        break;
-      }
-    } while (hfirst != hlast);
-    hiter = hfirst;
-  } else {
-    hiter = (histentry_T *)iter;
-  }
-  if (hiter == NULL) {
-    return NULL;
-  }
-  *hist = *hiter;
-  if (zero) {
-    memset(hiter, 0, sizeof(*hiter));
-  }
-  if (hiter == hlast) {
-    return NULL;
-  }
-  hiter++;
-  return (const void *)((hiter > hend) ? hstart : hiter);
-}
-
-/// Get array of history items
-///
-/// @param[in]   history_type  Type of the history to get array for.
-/// @param[out]  new_hisidx    Location where last index in the new array should
-///                            be saved.
-/// @param[out]  new_hisnum    Location where last history number in the new
-///                            history should be saved.
-///
-/// @return Pointer to the array or NULL.
-histentry_T *hist_get_array(const uint8_t history_type, int **const new_hisidx,
-                            int **const new_hisnum)
-  FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  init_history();
-  *new_hisidx = &(hisidx[history_type]);
-  *new_hisnum = &(hisnum[history_type]);
-  return history[history_type];
-}
-
 static void set_search_match(pos_T *t)
 {
   // First move cursor to end of match, then to the start.  This
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_getln.h b/src/nvim/ex_getln.h
index 1cc6faf87c..2f6929924d 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_getln.h
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_getln.h
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@
 
 #include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds_defs.h"
-#include "nvim/os/time.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp_defs.h"
 
 // Values for nextwild() and ExpandOne().  See ExpandOne() for meaning.
@@ -39,30 +37,8 @@
 #define VSE_SHELL       1       ///< escape for a shell command
 #define VSE_BUFFER      2       ///< escape for a ":buffer" command
 
-/// Present history tables
-typedef enum {
-  HIST_DEFAULT = -2,  ///< Default (current) history.
-  HIST_INVALID = -1,  ///< Unknown history.
-  HIST_CMD = 0,       ///< Colon commands.
-  HIST_SEARCH,        ///< Search commands.
-  HIST_EXPR,          ///< Expressions (e.g. from entering = register).
-  HIST_INPUT,         ///< input() lines.
-  HIST_DEBUG,         ///< Debug commands.
-} HistoryType;
-
-/// Number of history tables
-#define HIST_COUNT      (HIST_DEBUG + 1)
-
 typedef char *(*CompleteListItemGetter)(expand_T *, int);
 
-/// History entry definition
-typedef struct hist_entry {
-  int hisnum;           ///< Entry identifier number.
-  char_u *hisstr;       ///< Actual entry, separator char after the NUL.
-  Timestamp timestamp;  ///< Time when entry was added.
-  list_T *additional_elements;  ///< Additional entries from ShaDa file.
-} histentry_T;
-
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "ex_getln.h.generated.h"
 #endif
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_session.c b/src/nvim/ex_session.c
index 1d670afa6d..9495ae1c4b 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_session.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_session.c
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+#include "nvim/arglist.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_session.h"
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include "nvim/os/os.h"
 #include "nvim/os/time.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
 #include "nvim/window.h"
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/file_search.c b/src/nvim/file_search.c
index ebefd1157c..2d09e7aa71 100644
--- a/src/nvim/file_search.c
+++ b/src/nvim/file_search.c
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/file_search.h"
@@ -306,7 +307,7 @@ void *vim_findfile_init(char_u *path, char_u *filename, char_u *stopdirs, int le
       search_ctx->ffsc_start_dir = vim_strnsave(rel_fname, len);
     }
     if (*++path != NUL) {
-      ++path;
+      path++;
     }
   } else if (*path == NUL || !vim_isAbsName(path)) {
 #ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
@@ -583,7 +584,7 @@ char_u *vim_findfile(void *search_ctx_arg)
   ff_stack_T *stackp = NULL;
   size_t len;
   char_u *p;
-  char_u *suf;
+  char *suf;
   ff_search_ctx_T *search_ctx;
 
   if (search_ctx_arg == NULL) {
@@ -824,9 +825,9 @@ char_u *vim_findfile(void *search_ctx_arg)
              */
             len = STRLEN(file_path);
             if (search_ctx->ffsc_tagfile) {
-              suf = (char_u *)"";
+              suf = "";
             } else {
-              suf = curbuf->b_p_sua;
+              suf = (char *)curbuf->b_p_sua;
             }
             for (;;) {
               // if file exists and we didn't already find it
@@ -891,7 +892,7 @@ char_u *vim_findfile(void *search_ctx_arg)
                 break;
               }
               assert(MAXPATHL >= len);
-              copy_option_part((char **)&suf, (char *)file_path + len, MAXPATHL - len, ",");
+              copy_option_part(&suf, (char *)file_path + len, MAXPATHL - len, ",");
             }
           }
         } else {
@@ -1401,11 +1402,11 @@ char_u *find_file_in_path_option(char_u *ptr, size_t len, int options, int first
                                  char_u *path_option, int find_what, char_u *rel_fname,
                                  char_u *suffixes)
 {
-  static char_u *dir;
-  static int did_findfile_init = FALSE;
+  static char *dir;
+  static int did_findfile_init = false;
   char_u save_char;
   char_u *file_name = NULL;
-  char_u *buf = NULL;
+  char *buf = NULL;
   int rel_to_curdir;
 
   if (rel_fname != NULL && path_with_url((const char *)rel_fname)) {
@@ -1482,7 +1483,7 @@ char_u *find_file_in_path_option(char_u *ptr, size_t len, int options, int first
 
         /* When the file doesn't exist, try adding parts of
          * 'suffixesadd'. */
-        buf = suffixes;
+        buf = (char *)suffixes;
         for (;;) {
           if (
               (os_path_exists(NameBuff)
@@ -1496,7 +1497,7 @@ char_u *find_file_in_path_option(char_u *ptr, size_t len, int options, int first
             break;
           }
           assert(MAXPATHL >= l);
-          copy_option_part((char **)&buf, (char *)NameBuff + l, MAXPATHL - l, ",");
+          copy_option_part(&buf, (char *)NameBuff + l, MAXPATHL - l, ",");
         }
       }
     }
@@ -1509,8 +1510,8 @@ char_u *find_file_in_path_option(char_u *ptr, size_t len, int options, int first
     if (first == TRUE) {
       // vim_findfile_free_visited can handle a possible NULL pointer
       vim_findfile_free_visited(fdip_search_ctx);
-      dir = path_option;
-      did_findfile_init = FALSE;
+      dir = (char *)path_option;
+      did_findfile_init = false;
     }
 
     for (;;) {
@@ -1536,13 +1537,13 @@ char_u *find_file_in_path_option(char_u *ptr, size_t len, int options, int first
 
         // copy next path
         buf[0] = 0;
-        copy_option_part((char **)&dir, (char *)buf, MAXPATHL, " ,");
+        copy_option_part(&dir, buf, MAXPATHL, " ,");
 
         // get the stopdir string
-        r_ptr = vim_findfile_stopdir(buf);
-        fdip_search_ctx = vim_findfile_init(buf, ff_file_to_find,
-                                            r_ptr, 100, FALSE, find_what,
-                                            fdip_search_ctx, FALSE, rel_fname);
+        r_ptr = vim_findfile_stopdir((char_u *)buf);
+        fdip_search_ctx = vim_findfile_init((char_u *)buf, ff_file_to_find,
+                                            r_ptr, 100, false, find_what,
+                                            fdip_search_ctx, false, rel_fname);
         if (fdip_search_ctx != NULL) {
           did_findfile_init = TRUE;
         }
diff --git a/src/nvim/fileio.c b/src/nvim/fileio.c
index b98984017b..d29a0f0a08 100644
--- a/src/nvim/fileio.c
+++ b/src/nvim/fileio.c
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/diff.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
+#include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
@@ -48,7 +50,6 @@
 #include "nvim/path.h"
 #include "nvim/quickfix.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/sha256.h"
 #include "nvim/shada.h"
@@ -631,7 +632,7 @@ int readfile(char *fname, char *sfname, linenr_T from, linenr_T lines_to_skip,
     }
 
     if (aborting()) {       // autocmds may abort script processing
-      --no_wait_return;
+      no_wait_return--;
       msg_scroll = msg_save;
       curbuf->b_p_ro = TRUE;            // must use "w!" now
       return FAIL;
@@ -1196,11 +1197,11 @@ retry:
           }
 
           // Deal with a bad byte and continue with the next.
-          ++fromp;
-          --from_size;
+          fromp++;
+          from_size--;
           if (bad_char_behavior == BAD_KEEP) {
             *top++ = *(fromp - 1);
-            --to_size;
+            to_size--;
           } else if (bad_char_behavior != BAD_DROP) {
             *top++ = (char)bad_char_behavior;
             to_size--;
@@ -1238,7 +1239,7 @@ retry:
             // Check for a trailing incomplete UTF-8 sequence
             tail = ptr + size - 1;
             while (tail > ptr && (*tail & 0xc0) == 0x80) {
-              --tail;
+              tail--;
             }
             if (tail + utf_byte2len(*tail) <= ptr + size) {
               tail = NULL;
@@ -1556,7 +1557,7 @@ rewind_retry:
      * Keep it fast!
      */
     if (fileformat == EOL_MAC) {
-      --ptr;
+      ptr--;
       while (++ptr, --size >= 0) {
         // catch most common case first
         if ((c = *ptr) != NUL && c != CAR && c != NL) {
@@ -1577,20 +1578,20 @@ rewind_retry:
             if (read_undo_file) {
               sha256_update(&sha_ctx, (char_u *)line_start, (size_t)len);
             }
-            ++lnum;
+            lnum++;
             if (--read_count == 0) {
               error = true;                     // break loop
               line_start = ptr;                 // nothing left to write
               break;
             }
           } else {
-            --skip_count;
+            skip_count--;
           }
           line_start = ptr + 1;
         }
       }
     } else {
-      --ptr;
+      ptr--;
       while (++ptr, --size >= 0) {
         if ((c = *ptr) != NUL && c != NL) {        // catch most common case
           continue;
@@ -1633,14 +1634,14 @@ rewind_retry:
             if (read_undo_file) {
               sha256_update(&sha_ctx, (char_u *)line_start, (size_t)len);
             }
-            ++lnum;
+            lnum++;
             if (--read_count == 0) {
               error = true;                         // break loop
               line_start = ptr;                 // nothing left to write
               break;
             }
           } else {
-            --skip_count;
+            skip_count--;
           }
           line_start = ptr + 1;
         }
@@ -1999,7 +2000,7 @@ static linenr_T readfile_linenr(linenr_T linecnt, char_u *p, char_u *endp)
   lnum = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count - linecnt + 1;
   for (s = p; s < endp; ++s) {
     if (*s == '\n') {
-      ++lnum;
+      lnum++;
     }
   }
   return lnum;
@@ -2477,7 +2478,7 @@ int buf_write(buf_T *buf, char *fname, char *sfname, linenr_T start, linenr_T en
       } else {                                                    // less lines
         end -= old_line_count - buf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
         if (end < start) {
-          --no_wait_return;
+          no_wait_return--;
           msg_scroll = msg_save;
           emsg(_("E204: Autocommand changed number of lines in unexpected way"));
           return FAIL;
@@ -4819,8 +4820,8 @@ int check_timestamps(int focus)
         }
       }
     }
-    --no_wait_return;
-    need_check_timestamps = FALSE;
+    no_wait_return--;
+    need_check_timestamps = false;
     if (need_wait_return && didit == 2) {
       // make sure msg isn't overwritten
       msg_puts("\n");
@@ -5122,7 +5123,7 @@ void buf_reload(buf_T *buf, int orig_mode, bool reload_options)
   // file, not reset the syntax highlighting, clear marks, diff status, etc.
   // Force the fileformat and encoding to be the same.
   if (reload_options) {
-    memset(&ea, 0, sizeof(ea));
+    CLEAR_FIELD(ea);
   } else {
     prep_exarg(&ea, buf);
   }
@@ -5580,14 +5581,14 @@ bool match_file_list(char_u *list, char_u *sfname, char_u *ffname)
   char_u *regpat;
   char allow_dirs;
   bool match;
-  char_u *p;
+  char *p;
 
   tail = (char_u *)path_tail((char *)sfname);
 
   // try all patterns in 'wildignore'
-  p = list;
+  p = (char *)list;
   while (*p) {
-    copy_option_part((char **)&p, (char *)buf, ARRAY_SIZE(buf), ",");
+    copy_option_part(&p, (char *)buf, ARRAY_SIZE(buf), ",");
     regpat = (char_u *)file_pat_to_reg_pat((char *)buf, NULL, &allow_dirs, false);
     if (regpat == NULL) {
       break;
@@ -5680,7 +5681,7 @@ char *file_pat_to_reg_pat(const char *pat, const char *pat_end, char *allow_dirs
       reg_pat[i++] = '.';
       reg_pat[i++] = '*';
       while (p[1] == '*') {  // "**" matches like "*"
-        ++p;
+        p++;
       }
       break;
     case '.':
@@ -5768,7 +5769,7 @@ char *file_pat_to_reg_pat(const char *pat, const char *pat_end, char *allow_dirs
     case '}':
       reg_pat[i++] = '\\';
       reg_pat[i++] = ')';
-      --nested;
+      nested--;
       break;
     case ',':
       if (nested) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/fileio.h b/src/nvim/fileio.h
index 62d8b6142e..650977deac 100644
--- a/src/nvim/fileio.h
+++ b/src/nvim/fileio.h
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #ifndef NVIM_FILEIO_H
 #define NVIM_FILEIO_H
 
-#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
diff --git a/src/nvim/fold.c b/src/nvim/fold.c
index 8f26e03a94..8ce24fd378 100644
--- a/src/nvim/fold.c
+++ b/src/nvim/fold.c
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/diff.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_session.h"
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@
 #include "nvim/option.h"
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
 #include "nvim/plines.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/syntax.h"
 #include "nvim/undo.h"
@@ -247,7 +248,7 @@ bool hasFoldingWin(win_T *const win, const linenr_T lnum, linenr_T *const firstp
 
 // foldLevel() {{{2
 /// @return  fold level at line number "lnum" in the current window.
-int foldLevel(linenr_T lnum)
+static int foldLevel(linenr_T lnum)
 {
   // While updating the folds lines between invalid_top and invalid_bot have
   // an undefined fold level.  Otherwise update the folds first.
@@ -862,7 +863,7 @@ int foldMoveTo(const bool updown, const int dir, const long count)
           if (fp - (fold_T *)gap->ga_data >= gap->ga_len) {
             break;
           }
-          --fp;
+          fp--;
         } else {
           if (fp == (fold_T *)gap->ga_data) {
             break;
@@ -1786,13 +1787,13 @@ char_u *get_foldtext(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum, linenr_T lnume, foldinfo_T foldin
 
 // foldtext_cleanup() {{{2
 /// Remove 'foldmarker' and 'commentstring' from "str" (in-place).
-void foldtext_cleanup(char_u *str)
+static void foldtext_cleanup(char_u *str)
 {
   // Ignore leading and trailing white space in 'commentstring'.
   char_u *cms_start = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)curbuf->b_p_cms);
   size_t cms_slen = STRLEN(cms_start);
   while (cms_slen > 0 && ascii_iswhite(cms_start[cms_slen - 1])) {
-    --cms_slen;
+    cms_slen--;
   }
 
   // locate "%s" in 'commentstring', use the part before and after it.
@@ -1804,7 +1805,7 @@ void foldtext_cleanup(char_u *str)
 
     // exclude white space before "%s"
     while (cms_slen > 0 && ascii_iswhite(cms_start[cms_slen - 1])) {
-      --cms_slen;
+      cms_slen--;
     }
 
     // skip "%s" and white space after it
@@ -3190,3 +3191,119 @@ static int put_fold_open_close(FILE *fd, fold_T *fp, linenr_T off)
 }
 
 // }}}1
+
+/// "foldclosed()" and "foldclosedend()" functions
+static void foldclosed_both(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int end)
+{
+  const linenr_T lnum = tv_get_lnum(argvars);
+  if (lnum >= 1 && lnum <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
+    linenr_T first;
+    linenr_T last;
+    if (hasFoldingWin(curwin, lnum, &first, &last, false, NULL)) {
+      if (end) {
+        rettv->vval.v_number = (varnumber_T)last;
+      } else {
+        rettv->vval.v_number = (varnumber_T)first;
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
+}
+
+/// "foldclosed()" function
+void f_foldclosed(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  foldclosed_both(argvars, rettv, false);
+}
+
+/// "foldclosedend()" function
+void f_foldclosedend(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  foldclosed_both(argvars, rettv, true);
+}
+
+/// "foldlevel()" function
+void f_foldlevel(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  const linenr_T lnum = tv_get_lnum(argvars);
+  if (lnum >= 1 && lnum <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
+    rettv->vval.v_number = foldLevel(lnum);
+  }
+}
+
+/// "foldtext()" function
+void f_foldtext(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+  rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+
+  linenr_T foldstart = (linenr_T)get_vim_var_nr(VV_FOLDSTART);
+  linenr_T foldend = (linenr_T)get_vim_var_nr(VV_FOLDEND);
+  char_u *dashes = (char_u *)get_vim_var_str(VV_FOLDDASHES);
+  if (foldstart > 0 && foldend <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
+    // Find first non-empty line in the fold.
+    linenr_T lnum;
+    for (lnum = foldstart; lnum < foldend; lnum++) {
+      if (!linewhite(lnum)) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Find interesting text in this line.
+    char_u *s = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)ml_get(lnum));
+    // skip C comment-start
+    if (s[0] == '/' && (s[1] == '*' || s[1] == '/')) {
+      s = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)s + 2);
+      if (*skipwhite((char *)s) == NUL && lnum + 1 < foldend) {
+        s = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)ml_get(lnum + 1));
+        if (*s == '*') {
+          s = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)s + 1);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    int count = foldend - foldstart + 1;
+    char *txt = NGETTEXT("+-%s%3ld line: ", "+-%s%3ld lines: ", count);
+    size_t len = STRLEN(txt)
+                 + STRLEN(dashes)  // for %s
+                 + 20              // for %3ld
+                 + STRLEN(s);      // concatenated
+    char_u *r = xmalloc(len);
+    snprintf((char *)r, len, txt, dashes, count);
+    len = STRLEN(r);
+    STRCAT(r, s);
+    // remove 'foldmarker' and 'commentstring'
+    foldtext_cleanup(r + len);
+    rettv->vval.v_string = (char *)r;
+  }
+}
+
+/// "foldtextresult(lnum)" function
+void f_foldtextresult(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  char_u buf[FOLD_TEXT_LEN];
+  static bool entered = false;
+
+  rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+  rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+  if (entered) {
+    return;  // reject recursive use
+  }
+  entered = true;
+  linenr_T lnum = tv_get_lnum(argvars);
+  // Treat illegal types and illegal string values for {lnum} the same.
+  if (lnum < 0) {
+    lnum = 0;
+  }
+
+  foldinfo_T info = fold_info(curwin, lnum);
+  if (info.fi_lines > 0) {
+    char_u *text = get_foldtext(curwin, lnum, lnum + info.fi_lines - 1, info, buf);
+    if (text == buf) {
+      text = vim_strsave(text);
+    }
+    rettv->vval.v_string = (char *)text;
+  }
+
+  entered = false;
+}
diff --git a/src/nvim/generators/gen_unicode_tables.lua b/src/nvim/generators/gen_unicode_tables.lua
index aa96c97bc1..36553f4649 100644
--- a/src/nvim/generators/gen_unicode_tables.lua
+++ b/src/nvim/generators/gen_unicode_tables.lua
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 --    2 then interval applies only to first, third, fifth, … character in range.
 --    Fourth value is number that should be added to the codepoint to yield
 --    folded/lower/upper codepoint.
--- 4. emoji_width and emoji_all tables: sorted lists of non-overlapping closed
---    intervals of Emoji characters.  emoji_width contains all the characters
+-- 4. emoji_wide and emoji_all tables: sorted lists of non-overlapping closed
+--    intervals of Emoji characters.  emoji_wide contains all the characters
 --    which don't have ambiguous or double width, and emoji_all has all Emojis.
 if arg[1] == '--help' then
   print('Usage:')
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ local build_emoji_table = function(ut_fp, emojiprops, doublewidth, ambiwidth)
   end
   ut_fp:write('};\n')
 
-  ut_fp:write('static const struct interval emoji_width[] = {\n')
+  ut_fp:write('static const struct interval emoji_wide[] = {\n')
   for _, p in ipairs(emojiwidth) do
     ut_fp:write(make_range(p[1], p[2]))
   end
diff --git a/src/nvim/getchar.c b/src/nvim/getchar.c
index 2b2889d4d6..a3af7dc372 100644
--- a/src/nvim/getchar.c
+++ b/src/nvim/getchar.c
@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@
 #include "nvim/buffer_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
+#include "nvim/eval.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/event/loop.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
@@ -40,7 +43,6 @@
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
 #include "nvim/os/os.h"
 #include "nvim/plines.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
@@ -1336,7 +1338,7 @@ static void closescript(void)
   file_free(scriptin[curscript], false);
   scriptin[curscript] = NULL;
   if (curscript > 0) {
-    --curscript;
+    curscript--;
   }
 }
 
@@ -1695,6 +1697,149 @@ int char_avail(void)
   return retval != NUL;
 }
 
+/// "getchar()" and "getcharstr()" functions
+static void getchar_common(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  varnumber_T n;
+  bool error = false;
+
+  no_mapping++;
+  allow_keys++;
+  for (;;) {
+    // Position the cursor.  Needed after a message that ends in a space,
+    // or if event processing caused a redraw.
+    ui_cursor_goto(msg_row, msg_col);
+
+    if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
+      // getchar(): blocking wait.
+      // TODO(bfredl): deduplicate shared logic with state_enter ?
+      if (!char_avail()) {
+        // flush output before waiting
+        ui_flush();
+        (void)os_inchar(NULL, 0, -1, 0, main_loop.events);
+        if (!multiqueue_empty(main_loop.events)) {
+          state_handle_k_event();
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+      n = safe_vgetc();
+    } else if (tv_get_number_chk(&argvars[0], &error) == 1) {
+      // getchar(1): only check if char avail
+      n = vpeekc_any();
+    } else if (error || vpeekc_any() == NUL) {
+      // illegal argument or getchar(0) and no char avail: return zero
+      n = 0;
+    } else {
+      // getchar(0) and char avail() != NUL: get a character.
+      // Note that vpeekc_any() returns K_SPECIAL for K_IGNORE.
+      n = safe_vgetc();
+    }
+
+    if (n == K_IGNORE
+        || n == K_MOUSEMOVE
+        || n == K_VER_SCROLLBAR
+        || n == K_HOR_SCROLLBAR) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  no_mapping--;
+  allow_keys--;
+
+  if (!ui_has_messages()) {
+    // redraw the screen after getchar()
+    update_screen(CLEAR);
+  }
+
+  set_vim_var_nr(VV_MOUSE_WIN, 0);
+  set_vim_var_nr(VV_MOUSE_WINID, 0);
+  set_vim_var_nr(VV_MOUSE_LNUM, 0);
+  set_vim_var_nr(VV_MOUSE_COL, 0);
+
+  rettv->vval.v_number = n;
+  if (n != 0 && (IS_SPECIAL(n) || mod_mask != 0)) {
+    char_u temp[10];                // modifier: 3, mbyte-char: 6, NUL: 1
+    int i = 0;
+
+    // Turn a special key into three bytes, plus modifier.
+    if (mod_mask != 0) {
+      temp[i++] = K_SPECIAL;
+      temp[i++] = KS_MODIFIER;
+      temp[i++] = (char_u)mod_mask;
+    }
+    if (IS_SPECIAL(n)) {
+      temp[i++] = K_SPECIAL;
+      temp[i++] = (char_u)K_SECOND(n);
+      temp[i++] = K_THIRD(n);
+    } else {
+      i += utf_char2bytes((int)n, (char *)temp + i);
+    }
+    assert(i < 10);
+    temp[i++] = NUL;
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+    rettv->vval.v_string = (char *)vim_strsave(temp);
+
+    if (is_mouse_key((int)n)) {
+      int row = mouse_row;
+      int col = mouse_col;
+      int grid = mouse_grid;
+      linenr_T lnum;
+      win_T *wp;
+      int winnr = 1;
+
+      if (row >= 0 && col >= 0) {
+        // Find the window at the mouse coordinates and compute the
+        // text position.
+        win_T *const win = mouse_find_win(&grid, &row, &col);
+        if (win == NULL) {
+          return;
+        }
+        (void)mouse_comp_pos(win, &row, &col, &lnum);
+        for (wp = firstwin; wp != win; wp = wp->w_next) {
+          winnr++;
+        }
+        set_vim_var_nr(VV_MOUSE_WIN, winnr);
+        set_vim_var_nr(VV_MOUSE_WINID, wp->handle);
+        set_vim_var_nr(VV_MOUSE_LNUM, lnum);
+        set_vim_var_nr(VV_MOUSE_COL, col + 1);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// "getchar()" function
+void f_getchar(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  getchar_common(argvars, rettv);
+}
+
+/// "getcharstr()" function
+void f_getcharstr(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  getchar_common(argvars, rettv);
+
+  if (rettv->v_type == VAR_NUMBER) {
+    char temp[7];   // mbyte-char: 6, NUL: 1
+    const varnumber_T n = rettv->vval.v_number;
+    int i = 0;
+
+    if (n != 0) {
+      i += utf_char2bytes((int)n, (char *)temp);
+    }
+    assert(i < 7);
+    temp[i++] = NUL;
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+    rettv->vval.v_string = xstrdup(temp);
+  }
+}
+
+/// "getcharmod()" function
+void f_getcharmod(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  rettv->vval.v_number = mod_mask;
+}
+
 typedef enum {
   map_result_fail,    // failed, break loop
   map_result_get,     // get a character from typeahead
@@ -2251,7 +2396,7 @@ static int vgetorpeek(bool advance)
     return NUL;
   }
 
-  ++vgetc_busy;
+  vgetc_busy++;
 
   if (advance) {
     KeyStuffed = FALSE;
@@ -2638,7 +2783,7 @@ static int vgetorpeek(bool advance)
     gotchars(nop_buf, 3);
   }
 
-  --vgetc_busy;
+  vgetc_busy--;
 
   return c;
 }
diff --git a/src/nvim/globals.h b/src/nvim/globals.h
index 317423ffa0..954b62883e 100644
--- a/src/nvim/globals.h
+++ b/src/nvim/globals.h
@@ -6,12 +6,14 @@
 
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/event/loop.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_cmds_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_eval_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/iconv.h"
 #include "nvim/macros.h"
 #include "nvim/mbyte.h"
-#include "nvim/menu.h"
+#include "nvim/menu_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/os/os_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/syntax_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/types.h"
 
@@ -94,9 +96,6 @@ EXTERN struct nvim_stats_s {
 EXTERN int Rows INIT(= DFLT_ROWS);     // nr of rows in the screen
 EXTERN int Columns INIT(= DFLT_COLS);  // nr of columns in the screen
 
-EXTERN NS ns_hl_active INIT(= 0);         // current ns that defines highlights
-EXTERN bool ns_hl_changed INIT(= false);  // highlight need update
-
 // We use 64-bit file functions here, if available.  E.g. ftello() returns
 // off_t instead of long, which helps if long is 32 bit and off_t is 64 bit.
 // We assume that when fseeko() is available then ftello() is too.
@@ -143,6 +142,7 @@ EXTERN int vgetc_char INIT(= 0);
 EXTERN int cmdline_row;
 
 EXTERN bool redraw_cmdline INIT(= false);          // cmdline must be redrawn
+EXTERN bool redraw_mode INIT(= false);             // mode must be redrawn
 EXTERN bool clear_cmdline INIT(= false);           // cmdline must be cleared
 EXTERN bool mode_displayed INIT(= false);          // mode is being displayed
 EXTERN int cmdline_star INIT(= false);             // cmdline is encrypted
@@ -248,9 +248,6 @@ EXTERN int lines_left INIT(= -1);           // lines left for listing
 EXTERN int msg_no_more INIT(= false);       // don't use more prompt, truncate
                                             // messages
 
-EXTERN char *sourcing_name INIT(= NULL);    // name of error message source
-EXTERN linenr_T sourcing_lnum INIT(= 0);    // line number of the source file
-
 EXTERN int ex_nesting_level INIT(= 0);          // nesting level
 EXTERN int debug_break_level INIT(= -1);        // break below this level
 EXTERN bool debug_did_msg INIT(= false);        // did "debug mode" message
@@ -296,7 +293,7 @@ EXTERN int force_abort INIT(= false);
 /// same as the "msg" field of that element, but can be identical to the "msg"
 /// field of a later list element, when the "emsg_severe" flag was set when the
 /// emsg() call was made.
-EXTERN struct msglist **msg_list INIT(= NULL);
+EXTERN msglist_T **msg_list INIT(= NULL);
 
 /// When set, don't convert an error to an exception.  Used when displaying the
 /// interrupt message or reporting an exception that is still uncaught at the
@@ -348,8 +345,8 @@ EXTERN bool did_source_packages INIT(= false);
 // provider function call
 EXTERN struct caller_scope {
   sctx_T script_ctx;
-  char *sourcing_name, *autocmd_fname, *autocmd_match;
-  linenr_T sourcing_lnum;
+  estack_T es_entry;
+  char *autocmd_fname, *autocmd_match;
   int autocmd_bufnr;
   void *funccalp;
 } provider_caller_scope;
diff --git a/src/nvim/grid.c b/src/nvim/grid.c
index 72e85c425d..f95ef3e705 100644
--- a/src/nvim/grid.c
+++ b/src/nvim/grid.c
@@ -1,10 +1,19 @@
 // This is an open source non-commercial project. Dear PVS-Studio, please check
 // it. PVS-Studio Static Code Analyzer for C, C++ and C#: http://www.viva64.com
 
+// Most of the routines in this file perform screen (grid) manipulations. The
+// given operation is performed physically on the screen. The corresponding
+// change is also made to the internal screen image. In this way, the editor
+// anticipates the effect of editing changes on the appearance of the screen.
+// That way, when we call update_screen() a complete redraw isn't usually
+// necessary. Another advantage is that we can keep adding code to anticipate
+// screen changes, and in the meantime, everything still works.
+//
+// The grid_*() functions write to the screen and handle updating grid->lines[].
+
 #include "nvim/arabic.h"
 #include "nvim/grid.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
 
@@ -780,3 +789,123 @@ void grid_assign_handle(ScreenGrid *grid)
     grid->handle = ++last_grid_handle;
   }
 }
+
+/// insert lines on the screen and move the existing lines down
+/// 'line_count' is the number of lines to be inserted.
+/// 'end' is the line after the scrolled part. Normally it is Rows.
+/// 'col' is the column from with we start inserting.
+//
+/// 'row', 'col' and 'end' are relative to the start of the region.
+void grid_ins_lines(ScreenGrid *grid, int row, int line_count, int end, int col, int width)
+{
+  int i;
+  int j;
+  unsigned temp;
+
+  int row_off = 0;
+  grid_adjust(&grid, &row_off, &col);
+  row += row_off;
+  end += row_off;
+
+  if (line_count <= 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Shift line_offset[] line_count down to reflect the inserted lines.
+  // Clear the inserted lines.
+  for (i = 0; i < line_count; i++) {
+    if (width != grid->cols) {
+      // need to copy part of a line
+      j = end - 1 - i;
+      while ((j -= line_count) >= row) {
+        linecopy(grid, j + line_count, j, col, width);
+      }
+      j += line_count;
+      grid_clear_line(grid, grid->line_offset[j] + (size_t)col, width, false);
+      grid->line_wraps[j] = false;
+    } else {
+      j = end - 1 - i;
+      temp = (unsigned)grid->line_offset[j];
+      while ((j -= line_count) >= row) {
+        grid->line_offset[j + line_count] = grid->line_offset[j];
+        grid->line_wraps[j + line_count] = grid->line_wraps[j];
+      }
+      grid->line_offset[j + line_count] = temp;
+      grid->line_wraps[j + line_count] = false;
+      grid_clear_line(grid, temp, grid->cols, false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!grid->throttled) {
+    ui_call_grid_scroll(grid->handle, row, end, col, col + width, -line_count, 0);
+  }
+}
+
+/// delete lines on the screen and move lines up.
+/// 'end' is the line after the scrolled part. Normally it is Rows.
+/// When scrolling region used 'off' is the offset from the top for the region.
+/// 'row' and 'end' are relative to the start of the region.
+void grid_del_lines(ScreenGrid *grid, int row, int line_count, int end, int col, int width)
+{
+  int j;
+  int i;
+  unsigned temp;
+
+  int row_off = 0;
+  grid_adjust(&grid, &row_off, &col);
+  row += row_off;
+  end += row_off;
+
+  if (line_count <= 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Now shift line_offset[] line_count up to reflect the deleted lines.
+  // Clear the inserted lines.
+  for (i = 0; i < line_count; i++) {
+    if (width != grid->cols) {
+      // need to copy part of a line
+      j = row + i;
+      while ((j += line_count) <= end - 1) {
+        linecopy(grid, j - line_count, j, col, width);
+      }
+      j -= line_count;
+      grid_clear_line(grid, grid->line_offset[j] + (size_t)col, width, false);
+      grid->line_wraps[j] = false;
+    } else {
+      // whole width, moving the line pointers is faster
+      j = row + i;
+      temp = (unsigned)grid->line_offset[j];
+      while ((j += line_count) <= end - 1) {
+        grid->line_offset[j - line_count] = grid->line_offset[j];
+        grid->line_wraps[j - line_count] = grid->line_wraps[j];
+      }
+      grid->line_offset[j - line_count] = temp;
+      grid->line_wraps[j - line_count] = false;
+      grid_clear_line(grid, temp, grid->cols, false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!grid->throttled) {
+    ui_call_grid_scroll(grid->handle, row, end, col, col + width, line_count, 0);
+  }
+}
+
+static void linecopy(ScreenGrid *grid, int to, int from, int col, int width)
+{
+  unsigned off_to = (unsigned)(grid->line_offset[to] + (size_t)col);
+  unsigned off_from = (unsigned)(grid->line_offset[from] + (size_t)col);
+
+  memmove(grid->chars + off_to, grid->chars + off_from, (size_t)width * sizeof(schar_T));
+  memmove(grid->attrs + off_to, grid->attrs + off_from, (size_t)width * sizeof(sattr_T));
+}
+
+win_T *get_win_by_grid_handle(handle_T handle)
+{
+  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+    if (wp->w_grid_alloc.handle == handle) {
+      return wp;
+    }
+  }
+  return NULL;
+}
diff --git a/src/nvim/grid.h b/src/nvim/grid.h
index c38748940d..6a93bf3d90 100644
--- a/src/nvim/grid.h
+++ b/src/nvim/grid.h
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/grid_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/mbyte.h"
 
 /// By default, all windows are drawn on a single rectangular grid, represented by
 /// this ScreenGrid instance. In multigrid mode each window will have its own
@@ -18,6 +19,9 @@ EXTERN ScreenGrid default_grid INIT(= SCREEN_GRID_INIT);
 
 #define DEFAULT_GRID_HANDLE 1  // handle for the default_grid
 
+/// While resizing the screen this flag is set.
+EXTERN bool resizing_screen INIT(= 0);
+
 EXTERN schar_T *linebuf_char INIT(= NULL);
 EXTERN sattr_T *linebuf_attr INIT(= NULL);
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/hardcopy.c b/src/nvim/hardcopy.c
index d7f7b8eb92..6a1bbcb089 100644
--- a/src/nvim/hardcopy.c
+++ b/src/nvim/hardcopy.c
@@ -17,12 +17,13 @@
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
 #include "nvim/hardcopy.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
+#include "nvim/indent.h"
 #include "nvim/mbyte.h"
 #include "nvim/memline.h"
 #include "nvim/memory.h"
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
 #include "nvim/os/os.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/syntax.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
@@ -292,8 +293,8 @@ static char *parse_list_options(char_u *option_str, option_table_T *table, size_
   char *ret = NULL;
   char_u *stringp;
   char_u *colonp;
-  char_u *commap;
-  char_u *p;
+  char *commap;
+  char *p;
   size_t idx = 0;                          // init for GCC
   int len;
 
@@ -315,9 +316,9 @@ static char *parse_list_options(char_u *option_str, option_table_T *table, size_
       ret = N_("E550: Missing colon");
       break;
     }
-    commap = (char_u *)vim_strchr((char *)stringp, ',');
+    commap = vim_strchr((char *)stringp, ',');
     if (commap == NULL) {
-      commap = option_str + STRLEN(option_str);
+      commap = (char *)option_str + STRLEN(option_str);
     }
 
     len = (int)(colonp - stringp);
@@ -333,8 +334,8 @@ static char *parse_list_options(char_u *option_str, option_table_T *table, size_
       break;
     }
 
-    p = colonp + 1;
-    table[idx].present = TRUE;
+    p = (char *)colonp + 1;
+    table[idx].present = true;
 
     if (table[idx].hasnum) {
       if (!ascii_isdigit(*p)) {
@@ -342,15 +343,15 @@ static char *parse_list_options(char_u *option_str, option_table_T *table, size_
         break;
       }
 
-      table[idx].number = getdigits_int((char **)&p, false, 0);
+      table[idx].number = getdigits_int(&p, false, 0);
     }
 
-    table[idx].string = p;
+    table[idx].string = (char_u *)p;
     table[idx].strlen = (int)(commap - p);
 
-    stringp = commap;
+    stringp = (char_u *)commap;
     if (*stringp == ',') {
-      ++stringp;
+      stringp++;
     }
   }
 
@@ -632,8 +633,8 @@ void ex_hardcopy(exarg_T *eap)
   int page_line;
   int jobsplit;
 
-  memset(&settings, 0, sizeof(prt_settings_T));
-  settings.has_color = TRUE;
+  CLEAR_FIELD(settings);
+  settings.has_color = true;
 
   if (*eap->arg == '>') {
     char *errormsg = NULL;
@@ -734,7 +735,7 @@ void ex_hardcopy(exarg_T *eap)
     prt_pos_T page_prtpos;              // print position at page start
     int side;
 
-    memset(&page_prtpos, 0, sizeof(prt_pos_T));
+    CLEAR_FIELD(page_prtpos);
     page_prtpos.file_line = eap->line1;
     prtpos = page_prtpos;
 
@@ -837,7 +838,7 @@ void ex_hardcopy(exarg_T *eap)
         }
       }
       if (settings.duplex && prtpos.file_line <= eap->line2) {
-        ++page_count;
+        page_count++;
       }
 
       // Remember the position where the next page starts.
@@ -900,7 +901,7 @@ static colnr_T hardcopy_line(prt_settings_T *psettings, int page_line, prt_pos_T
     }
     // syntax highlighting stuff.
     if (psettings->do_syntax) {
-      id = syn_get_id(curwin, ppos->file_line, col, 1, NULL, FALSE);
+      id = syn_get_id(curwin, ppos->file_line, col, 1, NULL, false);
       if (id > 0) {
         id = syn_get_final_id(id);
       } else {
@@ -1718,7 +1719,7 @@ static bool prt_open_resource(struct prt_ps_resource_S *resource)
     semsg(_("E624: Can't open file \"%s\""), resource->filename);
     return false;
   }
-  memset(prt_resfile.buffer, NUL, PRT_FILE_BUFFER_LEN);
+  CLEAR_FIELD(prt_resfile.buffer);
 
   // Parse first line to ensure valid resource file
   prt_resfile.len = (int)fread((char *)prt_resfile.buffer, sizeof(char_u),
diff --git a/src/nvim/hashtab.c b/src/nvim/hashtab.c
index 95ae7a152c..951e72ea52 100644
--- a/src/nvim/hashtab.c
+++ b/src/nvim/hashtab.c
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ char hash_removed;
 void hash_init(hashtab_T *ht)
 {
   // This zeroes all "ht_" entries and all the "hi_key" in "ht_smallarray".
-  memset(ht, 0, sizeof(hashtab_T));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(ht);
   ht->ht_array = ht->ht_smallarray;
   ht->ht_mask = HT_INIT_SIZE - 1;
 }
@@ -342,11 +342,13 @@ static void hash_may_resize(hashtab_T *ht, size_t minitems)
   hashitem_T *oldarray = keep_smallarray
     ? memcpy(temparray, ht->ht_smallarray, sizeof(temparray))
     : ht->ht_array;
+
+  if (newarray_is_small) {
+    CLEAR_FIELD(ht->ht_smallarray);
+  }
   hashitem_T *newarray = newarray_is_small
     ? ht->ht_smallarray
-    : xmalloc(sizeof(hashitem_T) * newsize);
-
-  memset(newarray, 0, sizeof(hashitem_T) * newsize);
+    : xcalloc(newsize, sizeof(hashitem_T));
 
   // Move all the items from the old array to the new one, placing them in
   // the right spot. The new array won't have any removed items, thus this
diff --git a/src/nvim/help.c b/src/nvim/help.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..172d389e74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/help.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1178 @@
+// This is an open source non-commercial project. Dear PVS-Studio, please check
+// it. PVS-Studio Static Code Analyzer for C, C++ and C#: http://www.viva64.com
+
+// help.c: functions for Vim help
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "nvim/buffer.h"
+#include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
+#include "nvim/fileio.h"
+#include "nvim/garray.h"
+#include "nvim/globals.h"
+#include "nvim/help.h"
+#include "nvim/memory.h"
+#include "nvim/option.h"
+#include "nvim/os/input.h"
+#include "nvim/path.h"
+#include "nvim/strings.h"
+#include "nvim/syntax.h"
+#include "nvim/tag.h"
+#include "nvim/vim.h"
+#include "nvim/window.h"
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "help.c.generated.h"
+#endif
+
+/// ":help": open a read-only window on a help file
+void ex_help(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  char *arg;
+  char *tag;
+  FILE *helpfd;          // file descriptor of help file
+  int n;
+  int i;
+  win_T *wp;
+  int num_matches;
+  char **matches;
+  char *p;
+  int empty_fnum = 0;
+  int alt_fnum = 0;
+  buf_T *buf;
+  int len;
+  char *lang;
+  const bool old_KeyTyped = KeyTyped;
+
+  if (eap != NULL) {
+    // A ":help" command ends at the first LF, or at a '|' that is
+    // followed by some text.  Set nextcmd to the following command.
+    for (arg = eap->arg; *arg; arg++) {
+      if (*arg == '\n' || *arg == '\r'
+          || (*arg == '|' && arg[1] != NUL && arg[1] != '|')) {
+        *arg++ = NUL;
+        eap->nextcmd = arg;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    arg = eap->arg;
+
+    if (eap->forceit && *arg == NUL && !curbuf->b_help) {
+      emsg(_("E478: Don't panic!"));
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (eap->skip) {        // not executing commands
+      return;
+    }
+  } else {
+    arg = "";
+  }
+
+  // remove trailing blanks
+  p = arg + STRLEN(arg) - 1;
+  while (p > arg && ascii_iswhite(*p) && p[-1] != '\\') {
+    *p-- = NUL;
+  }
+
+  // Check for a specified language
+  lang = check_help_lang(arg);
+
+  // When no argument given go to the index.
+  if (*arg == NUL) {
+    arg = "help.txt";
+  }
+
+  // Check if there is a match for the argument.
+  n = find_help_tags(arg, &num_matches, &matches, eap != NULL && eap->forceit);
+
+  i = 0;
+  if (n != FAIL && lang != NULL) {
+    // Find first item with the requested language.
+    for (i = 0; i < num_matches; i++) {
+      len = (int)STRLEN(matches[i]);
+      if (len > 3 && matches[i][len - 3] == '@'
+          && STRICMP(matches[i] + len - 2, lang) == 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (i >= num_matches || n == FAIL) {
+    if (lang != NULL) {
+      semsg(_("E661: Sorry, no '%s' help for %s"), lang, arg);
+    } else {
+      semsg(_("E149: Sorry, no help for %s"), arg);
+    }
+    if (n != FAIL) {
+      FreeWild(num_matches, matches);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // The first match (in the requested language) is the best match.
+  tag = xstrdup(matches[i]);
+  FreeWild(num_matches, matches);
+
+  // Re-use an existing help window or open a new one.
+  // Always open a new one for ":tab help".
+  if (!bt_help(curwin->w_buffer) || cmdmod.cmod_tab != 0) {
+    if (cmdmod.cmod_tab != 0) {
+      wp = NULL;
+    } else {
+      wp = NULL;
+      FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp2, curtab) {
+        if (bt_help(wp2->w_buffer)) {
+          wp = wp2;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (wp != NULL && wp->w_buffer->b_nwindows > 0) {
+      win_enter(wp, true);
+    } else {
+      // There is no help window yet.
+      // Try to open the file specified by the "helpfile" option.
+      if ((helpfd = os_fopen((char *)p_hf, READBIN)) == NULL) {
+        smsg(_("Sorry, help file \"%s\" not found"), p_hf);
+        goto erret;
+      }
+      fclose(helpfd);
+
+      // Split off help window; put it at far top if no position
+      // specified, the current window is vertically split and
+      // narrow.
+      n = WSP_HELP;
+      if (cmdmod.cmod_split == 0 && curwin->w_width != Columns
+          && curwin->w_width < 80) {
+        n |= WSP_TOP;
+      }
+      if (win_split(0, n) == FAIL) {
+        goto erret;
+      }
+
+      if (curwin->w_height < p_hh) {
+        win_setheight((int)p_hh);
+      }
+
+      // Open help file (do_ecmd() will set b_help flag, readfile() will
+      // set b_p_ro flag).
+      // Set the alternate file to the previously edited file.
+      alt_fnum = curbuf->b_fnum;
+      (void)do_ecmd(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, ECMD_LASTL,
+                    ECMD_HIDE + ECMD_SET_HELP,
+                    NULL);  // buffer is still open, don't store info
+
+      if ((cmdmod.cmod_flags & CMOD_KEEPALT) == 0) {
+        curwin->w_alt_fnum = alt_fnum;
+      }
+      empty_fnum = curbuf->b_fnum;
+    }
+  }
+
+  restart_edit = 0;               // don't want insert mode in help file
+
+  // Restore KeyTyped, setting 'filetype=help' may reset it.
+  // It is needed for do_tag top open folds under the cursor.
+  KeyTyped = old_KeyTyped;
+
+  do_tag((char_u *)tag, DT_HELP, 1, false, true);
+
+  // Delete the empty buffer if we're not using it.  Careful: autocommands
+  // may have jumped to another window, check that the buffer is not in a
+  // window.
+  if (empty_fnum != 0 && curbuf->b_fnum != empty_fnum) {
+    buf = buflist_findnr(empty_fnum);
+    if (buf != NULL && buf->b_nwindows == 0) {
+      wipe_buffer(buf, true);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // keep the previous alternate file
+  if (alt_fnum != 0 && curwin->w_alt_fnum == empty_fnum
+      && (cmdmod.cmod_flags & CMOD_KEEPALT) == 0) {
+    curwin->w_alt_fnum = alt_fnum;
+  }
+
+erret:
+  xfree(tag);
+}
+
+/// ":helpclose": Close one help window
+void ex_helpclose(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(win, curtab) {
+    if (bt_help(win->w_buffer)) {
+      win_close(win, false, eap->forceit);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// In an argument search for a language specifiers in the form "@xx".
+/// Changes the "@" to NUL if found, and returns a pointer to "xx".
+///
+/// @return  NULL if not found.
+char *check_help_lang(char *arg)
+{
+  int len = (int)STRLEN(arg);
+
+  if (len >= 3 && arg[len - 3] == '@' && ASCII_ISALPHA(arg[len - 2])
+      && ASCII_ISALPHA(arg[len - 1])) {
+    arg[len - 3] = NUL;                 // remove the '@'
+    return arg + len - 2;
+  }
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+/// Return a heuristic indicating how well the given string matches.  The
+/// smaller the number, the better the match.  This is the order of priorities,
+/// from best match to worst match:
+///      - Match with least alphanumeric characters is better.
+///      - Match with least total characters is better.
+///      - Match towards the start is better.
+///      - Match starting with "+" is worse (feature instead of command)
+/// Assumption is made that the matched_string passed has already been found to
+/// match some string for which help is requested.  webb.
+///
+/// @param offset      offset for match
+/// @param wrong_case  no matching case
+///
+/// @return  a heuristic indicating how well the given string matches.
+int help_heuristic(char *matched_string, int offset, int wrong_case)
+  FUNC_ATTR_PURE
+{
+  int num_letters;
+  char *p;
+
+  num_letters = 0;
+  for (p = matched_string; *p; p++) {
+    if (ASCII_ISALNUM(*p)) {
+      num_letters++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Multiply the number of letters by 100 to give it a much bigger
+  // weighting than the number of characters.
+  // If there only is a match while ignoring case, add 5000.
+  // If the match starts in the middle of a word, add 10000 to put it
+  // somewhere in the last half.
+  // If the match is more than 2 chars from the start, multiply by 200 to
+  // put it after matches at the start.
+  if (offset > 0
+      && ASCII_ISALNUM(matched_string[offset])
+      && ASCII_ISALNUM(matched_string[offset - 1])) {
+    offset += 10000;
+  } else if (offset > 2) {
+    offset *= 200;
+  }
+  if (wrong_case) {
+    offset += 5000;
+  }
+  // Features are less interesting than the subjects themselves, but "+"
+  // alone is not a feature.
+  if (matched_string[0] == '+' && matched_string[1] != NUL) {
+    offset += 100;
+  }
+  return 100 * num_letters + (int)STRLEN(matched_string) + offset;
+}
+
+/// Compare functions for qsort() below, that checks the help heuristics number
+/// that has been put after the tagname by find_tags().
+static int help_compare(const void *s1, const void *s2)
+{
+  char *p1;
+  char *p2;
+
+  p1 = *(char **)s1 + strlen(*(char **)s1) + 1;
+  p2 = *(char **)s2 + strlen(*(char **)s2) + 1;
+
+  // Compare by help heuristic number first.
+  int cmp = strcmp(p1, p2);
+  if (cmp != 0) {
+    return cmp;
+  }
+
+  // Compare by strings as tie-breaker when same heuristic number.
+  return strcmp(*(char **)s1, *(char **)s2);
+}
+
+/// Find all help tags matching "arg", sort them and return in matches[], with
+/// the number of matches in num_matches.
+/// The matches will be sorted with a "best" match algorithm.
+/// When "keep_lang" is true try keeping the language of the current buffer.
+int find_help_tags(const char *arg, int *num_matches, char ***matches, bool keep_lang)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  // Specific tags that either have a specific replacement or won't go
+  // through the generic rules.
+  static char *(except_tbl[][2]) = {
+    { "*",           "star" },
+    { "g*",          "gstar" },
+    { "[*",          "[star" },
+    { "]*",          "]star" },
+    { ":*",          ":star" },
+    { "/*",          "/star" },  // NOLINT
+    { "/\\*",        "/\\\\star" },
+    { "\"*",         "quotestar" },
+    { "**",          "starstar" },
+    { "cpo-*",       "cpo-star" },
+    { "/\\(\\)",     "/\\\\(\\\\)" },
+    { "/\\%(\\)",    "/\\\\%(\\\\)" },
+    { "?",           "?" },
+    { "??",          "??" },
+    { ":?",          ":?" },
+    { "?<CR>",       "?<CR>" },
+    { "g?",          "g?" },
+    { "g?g?",        "g?g?" },
+    { "g??",         "g??" },
+    { "-?",          "-?" },
+    { "q?",          "q?" },
+    { "v_g?",        "v_g?" },
+    { "/\\?",        "/\\\\?" },
+    { "/\\z(\\)",    "/\\\\z(\\\\)" },
+    { "\\=",         "\\\\=" },
+    { ":s\\=",       ":s\\\\=" },
+    { "[count]",     "\\[count]" },
+    { "[quotex]",    "\\[quotex]" },
+    { "[range]",     "\\[range]" },
+    { ":[range]",    ":\\[range]" },
+    { "[pattern]",   "\\[pattern]" },
+    { "\\|",         "\\\\bar" },
+    { "\\%$",        "/\\\\%\\$" },
+    { "s/\\~",       "s/\\\\\\~" },
+    { "s/\\U",       "s/\\\\U" },
+    { "s/\\L",       "s/\\\\L" },
+    { "s/\\1",       "s/\\\\1" },
+    { "s/\\2",       "s/\\\\2" },
+    { "s/\\3",       "s/\\\\3" },
+    { "s/\\9",       "s/\\\\9" },
+    { NULL, NULL }
+  };
+
+  static const char *(expr_table[]) = {
+    "!=?", "!~?", "<=?", "<?", "==?", "=~?",
+    ">=?", ">?", "is?", "isnot?"
+  };
+  char *d = (char *)IObuff;       // assume IObuff is long enough!
+  d[0] = NUL;
+
+  if (STRNICMP(arg, "expr-", 5) == 0) {
+    // When the string starting with "expr-" and containing '?' and matches
+    // the table, it is taken literally (but ~ is escaped).  Otherwise '?'
+    // is recognized as a wildcard.
+    for (i = (int)ARRAY_SIZE(expr_table); --i >= 0;) {
+      if (STRCMP(arg + 5, expr_table[i]) == 0) {
+        for (int si = 0, di = 0;; si++) {
+          if (arg[si] == '~') {
+            d[di++] = '\\';
+          }
+          d[di++] = arg[si];
+          if (arg[si] == NUL) {
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Recognize a few exceptions to the rule.  Some strings that contain
+    // '*'are changed to "star", otherwise '*' is recognized as a wildcard.
+    for (i = 0; except_tbl[i][0] != NULL; i++) {
+      if (STRCMP(arg, except_tbl[i][0]) == 0) {
+        STRCPY(d, except_tbl[i][1]);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (d[0] == NUL) {  // no match in table
+    // Replace "\S" with "/\\S", etc.  Otherwise every tag is matched.
+    // Also replace "\%^" and "\%(", they match every tag too.
+    // Also "\zs", "\z1", etc.
+    // Also "\@<", "\@=", "\@<=", etc.
+    // And also "\_$" and "\_^".
+    if (arg[0] == '\\'
+        && ((arg[1] != NUL && arg[2] == NUL)
+            || (vim_strchr("%_z@", arg[1]) != NULL
+                && arg[2] != NUL))) {
+      vim_snprintf(d, IOSIZE, "/\\\\%s", arg + 1);
+      // Check for "/\\_$", should be "/\\_\$"
+      if (d[3] == '_' && d[4] == '$') {
+        STRCPY(d + 4, "\\$");
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Replace:
+      // "[:...:]" with "\[:...:]"
+      // "[++...]" with "\[++...]"
+      // "\{" with "\\{"               -- matching "} \}"
+      if ((arg[0] == '[' && (arg[1] == ':'
+                             || (arg[1] == '+' && arg[2] == '+')))
+          || (arg[0] == '\\' && arg[1] == '{')) {
+        *d++ = '\\';
+      }
+
+      // If tag starts with "('", skip the "(". Fixes CTRL-] on ('option'.
+      if (*arg == '(' && arg[1] == '\'') {
+        arg++;
+      }
+      for (const char *s = arg; *s; s++) {
+        // Replace "|" with "bar" and '"' with "quote" to match the name of
+        // the tags for these commands.
+        // Replace "*" with ".*" and "?" with "." to match command line
+        // completion.
+        // Insert a backslash before '~', '$' and '.' to avoid their
+        // special meaning.
+        if ((char_u *)d - IObuff > IOSIZE - 10) {           // getting too long!?
+          break;
+        }
+        switch (*s) {
+        case '|':
+          STRCPY(d, "bar");
+          d += 3;
+          continue;
+        case '"':
+          STRCPY(d, "quote");
+          d += 5;
+          continue;
+        case '*':
+          *d++ = '.';
+          break;
+        case '?':
+          *d++ = '.';
+          continue;
+        case '$':
+        case '.':
+        case '~':
+          *d++ = '\\';
+          break;
+        }
+
+        // Replace "^x" by "CTRL-X". Don't do this for "^_" to make
+        // ":help i_^_CTRL-D" work.
+        // Insert '-' before and after "CTRL-X" when applicable.
+        if (*s < ' '
+            || (*s == '^' && s[1]
+                && (ASCII_ISALPHA(s[1]) || vim_strchr("?@[\\]^", s[1]) != NULL))) {
+          if ((char_u *)d > IObuff && d[-1] != '_' && d[-1] != '\\') {
+            *d++ = '_';                 // prepend a '_' to make x_CTRL-x
+          }
+          STRCPY(d, "CTRL-");
+          d += 5;
+          if (*s < ' ') {
+            *d++ = (char)(*s + '@');
+            if (d[-1] == '\\') {
+              *d++ = '\\';              // double a backslash
+            }
+          } else {
+            *d++ = *++s;
+          }
+          if (s[1] != NUL && s[1] != '_') {
+            *d++ = '_';                 // append a '_'
+          }
+          continue;
+        } else if (*s == '^') {         // "^" or "CTRL-^" or "^_"
+          *d++ = '\\';
+        } else if (s[0] == '\\' && s[1] != '\\' && *arg == '/' && s == arg + 1) {
+          // Insert a backslash before a backslash after a slash, for search
+          // pattern tags: "/\|" --> "/\\|".
+          *d++ = '\\';
+        }
+
+        // "CTRL-\_" -> "CTRL-\\_" to avoid the special meaning of "\_" in
+        // "CTRL-\_CTRL-N"
+        if (STRNICMP(s, "CTRL-\\_", 7) == 0) {
+          STRCPY(d, "CTRL-\\\\");
+          d += 7;
+          s += 6;
+        }
+
+        *d++ = *s;
+
+        // If tag contains "({" or "([", tag terminates at the "(".
+        // This is for help on functions, e.g.: abs({expr}).
+        if (*s == '(' && (s[1] == '{' || s[1] == '[')) {
+          break;
+        }
+
+        // If tag starts with ', toss everything after a second '. Fixes
+        // CTRL-] on 'option'. (would include the trailing '.').
+        if (*s == '\'' && s > arg && *arg == '\'') {
+          break;
+        }
+        // Also '{' and '}'. Fixes CTRL-] on '{address}'.
+        if (*s == '}' && s > arg && *arg == '{') {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      *d = NUL;
+
+      if (*IObuff == '`') {
+        if ((char_u *)d > IObuff + 2 && d[-1] == '`') {
+          // remove the backticks from `command`
+          memmove(IObuff, IObuff + 1, STRLEN(IObuff));
+          d[-2] = NUL;
+        } else if ((char_u *)d > IObuff + 3 && d[-2] == '`' && d[-1] == ',') {
+          // remove the backticks and comma from `command`,
+          memmove(IObuff, IObuff + 1, STRLEN(IObuff));
+          d[-3] = NUL;
+        } else if ((char_u *)d > IObuff + 4 && d[-3] == '`'
+                   && d[-2] == '\\' && d[-1] == '.') {
+          // remove the backticks and dot from `command`\.
+          memmove(IObuff, IObuff + 1, STRLEN(IObuff));
+          d[-4] = NUL;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  *matches = NULL;
+  *num_matches = 0;
+  int flags = TAG_HELP | TAG_REGEXP | TAG_NAMES | TAG_VERBOSE | TAG_NO_TAGFUNC;
+  if (keep_lang) {
+    flags |= TAG_KEEP_LANG;
+  }
+  if (find_tags(IObuff, num_matches, matches, flags, MAXCOL, NULL) == OK
+      && *num_matches > 0) {
+    // Sort the matches found on the heuristic number that is after the
+    // tag name.
+    qsort((void *)(*matches), (size_t)(*num_matches),
+          sizeof(char_u *), help_compare);
+    // Delete more than TAG_MANY to reduce the size of the listing.
+    while (*num_matches > TAG_MANY) {
+      xfree((*matches)[--*num_matches]);
+    }
+  }
+  return OK;
+}
+
+/// Cleanup matches for help tags:
+/// Remove "@ab" if the top of 'helplang' is "ab" and the language of the first
+/// tag matches it.  Otherwise remove "@en" if "en" is the only language.
+void cleanup_help_tags(int num_file, char **file)
+{
+  char_u buf[4];
+  char_u *p = buf;
+
+  if (p_hlg[0] != NUL && (p_hlg[0] != 'e' || p_hlg[1] != 'n')) {
+    *p++ = '@';
+    *p++ = p_hlg[0];
+    *p++ = p_hlg[1];
+  }
+  *p = NUL;
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < num_file; i++) {
+    int len = (int)STRLEN(file[i]) - 3;
+    if (len <= 0) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (STRCMP(file[i] + len, "@en") == 0) {
+      // Sorting on priority means the same item in another language may
+      // be anywhere.  Search all items for a match up to the "@en".
+      int j;
+      for (j = 0; j < num_file; j++) {
+        if (j != i
+            && (int)STRLEN(file[j]) == len + 3
+            && STRNCMP(file[i], file[j], len + 1) == 0) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if (j == num_file) {
+        // item only exists with @en, remove it
+        file[i][len] = NUL;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (*buf != NUL) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_file; i++) {
+      int len = (int)STRLEN(file[i]) - 3;
+      if (len <= 0) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (STRCMP(file[i] + len, buf) == 0) {
+        // remove the default language
+        file[i][len] = NUL;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Called when starting to edit a buffer for a help file.
+void prepare_help_buffer(void)
+{
+  curbuf->b_help = true;
+  set_string_option_direct("buftype", -1, "help", OPT_FREE|OPT_LOCAL, 0);
+
+  // Always set these options after jumping to a help tag, because the
+  // user may have an autocommand that gets in the way.
+  // Accept all ASCII chars for keywords, except ' ', '*', '"', '|', and
+  // latin1 word characters (for translated help files).
+  // Only set it when needed, buf_init_chartab() is some work.
+  char *p = "!-~,^*,^|,^\",192-255";
+  if (STRCMP(curbuf->b_p_isk, p) != 0) {
+    set_string_option_direct("isk", -1, p, OPT_FREE|OPT_LOCAL, 0);
+    check_buf_options(curbuf);
+    (void)buf_init_chartab(curbuf, false);
+  }
+
+  // Don't use the global foldmethod.
+  set_string_option_direct("fdm", -1, "manual", OPT_FREE|OPT_LOCAL, 0);
+
+  curbuf->b_p_ts = 8;         // 'tabstop' is 8.
+  curwin->w_p_list = false;   // No list mode.
+
+  curbuf->b_p_ma = false;     // Not modifiable.
+  curbuf->b_p_bin = false;    // Reset 'bin' before reading file.
+  curwin->w_p_nu = 0;         // No line numbers.
+  curwin->w_p_rnu = 0;        // No relative line numbers.
+  RESET_BINDING(curwin);      // No scroll or cursor binding.
+  curwin->w_p_arab = false;   // No arabic mode.
+  curwin->w_p_rl = false;     // Help window is left-to-right.
+  curwin->w_p_fen = false;    // No folding in the help window.
+  curwin->w_p_diff = false;   // No 'diff'.
+  curwin->w_p_spell = false;  // No spell checking.
+
+  set_buflisted(false);
+}
+
+/// After reading a help file: May cleanup a help buffer when syntax
+/// highlighting is not used.
+void fix_help_buffer(void)
+{
+  linenr_T lnum;
+  char *line;
+  bool in_example = false;
+
+  // Set filetype to "help".
+  if (STRCMP(curbuf->b_p_ft, "help") != 0) {
+    curbuf->b_ro_locked++;
+    set_option_value("ft", 0L, "help", OPT_LOCAL);
+    curbuf->b_ro_locked--;
+  }
+
+  if (!syntax_present(curwin)) {
+    for (lnum = 1; lnum <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count; lnum++) {
+      line = (char *)ml_get_buf(curbuf, lnum, false);
+      const size_t len = STRLEN(line);
+      if (in_example && len > 0 && !ascii_iswhite(line[0])) {
+        // End of example: non-white or '<' in first column.
+        if (line[0] == '<') {
+          // blank-out a '<' in the first column
+          line = (char *)ml_get_buf(curbuf, lnum, true);
+          line[0] = ' ';
+        }
+        in_example = false;
+      }
+      if (!in_example && len > 0) {
+        if (line[len - 1] == '>' && (len == 1 || line[len - 2] == ' ')) {
+          // blank-out a '>' in the last column (start of example)
+          line = (char *)ml_get_buf(curbuf, lnum, true);
+          line[len - 1] = ' ';
+          in_example = true;
+        } else if (line[len - 1] == '~') {
+          // blank-out a '~' at the end of line (header marker)
+          line = (char *)ml_get_buf(curbuf, lnum, true);
+          line[len - 1] = ' ';
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // In the "help.txt" and "help.abx" file, add the locally added help
+  // files.  This uses the very first line in the help file.
+  char *const fname = path_tail(curbuf->b_fname);
+  if (FNAMECMP(fname, "help.txt") == 0
+      || (FNAMENCMP(fname, "help.", 5) == 0
+          && ASCII_ISALPHA(fname[5])
+          && ASCII_ISALPHA(fname[6])
+          && TOLOWER_ASC(fname[7]) == 'x'
+          && fname[8] == NUL)) {
+    for (lnum = 1; lnum < curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count; lnum++) {
+      line = (char *)ml_get_buf(curbuf, lnum, false);
+      if (strstr(line, "*local-additions*") == NULL) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      // Go through all directories in 'runtimepath', skipping
+      // $VIMRUNTIME.
+      char *p = (char *)p_rtp;
+      while (*p != NUL) {
+        copy_option_part(&p, (char *)NameBuff, MAXPATHL, ",");
+        char *const rt = vim_getenv("VIMRUNTIME");
+        if (rt != NULL
+            && path_full_compare(rt, (char *)NameBuff, false, true) != kEqualFiles) {
+          int fcount;
+          char **fnames;
+          char *s;
+          vimconv_T vc;
+          char *cp;
+
+          // Find all "doc/ *.txt" files in this directory.
+          if (!add_pathsep((char *)NameBuff)
+              || STRLCAT(NameBuff, "doc/*.??[tx]",  // NOLINT
+                         sizeof(NameBuff)) >= MAXPATHL) {
+            emsg(_(e_fnametoolong));
+            continue;
+          }
+
+          // Note: We cannot just do `&NameBuff` because it is a statically sized array
+          //       so `NameBuff == &NameBuff` according to C semantics.
+          char *buff_list[1] = { (char *)NameBuff };
+          if (gen_expand_wildcards(1, buff_list, &fcount,
+                                   &fnames, EW_FILE|EW_SILENT) == OK
+              && fcount > 0) {
+            // If foo.abx is found use it instead of foo.txt in
+            // the same directory.
+            for (int i1 = 0; i1 < fcount; i1++) {
+              for (int i2 = 0; i2 < fcount; i2++) {
+                if (i1 == i2) {
+                  continue;
+                }
+                if (fnames[i1] == NULL || fnames[i2] == NULL) {
+                  continue;
+                }
+                const char *const f1 = fnames[i1];
+                const char *const f2 = fnames[i2];
+                const char *const t1 = path_tail(f1);
+                const char *const t2 = path_tail(f2);
+                const char *const e1 = (char *)STRRCHR(t1, '.');
+                const char *const e2 = (char *)STRRCHR(t2, '.');
+                if (e1 == NULL || e2 == NULL) {
+                  continue;
+                }
+                if (FNAMECMP(e1, ".txt") != 0
+                    && FNAMECMP(e1, fname + 4) != 0) {
+                  // Not .txt and not .abx, remove it.
+                  XFREE_CLEAR(fnames[i1]);
+                  continue;
+                }
+                if (e1 - f1 != e2 - f2
+                    || FNAMENCMP(f1, f2, e1 - f1) != 0) {
+                  continue;
+                }
+                if (FNAMECMP(e1, ".txt") == 0
+                    && FNAMECMP(e2, fname + 4) == 0) {
+                  // use .abx instead of .txt
+                  XFREE_CLEAR(fnames[i1]);
+                }
+              }
+            }
+            for (int fi = 0; fi < fcount; fi++) {
+              if (fnames[fi] == NULL) {
+                continue;
+              }
+
+              FILE *const fd = os_fopen(fnames[fi], "r");
+              if (fd == NULL) {
+                continue;
+              }
+              vim_fgets(IObuff, IOSIZE, fd);
+              if (IObuff[0] == '*'
+                  && (s = vim_strchr((char *)IObuff + 1, '*'))
+                  != NULL) {
+                TriState this_utf = kNone;
+                // Change tag definition to a
+                // reference and remove <CR>/<NL>.
+                IObuff[0] = '|';
+                *s = '|';
+                while (*s != NUL) {
+                  if (*s == '\r' || *s == '\n') {
+                    *s = NUL;
+                  }
+                  // The text is utf-8 when a byte
+                  // above 127 is found and no
+                  // illegal byte sequence is found.
+                  if ((char_u)(*s) >= 0x80 && this_utf != kFalse) {
+                    this_utf = kTrue;
+                    const int l = utf_ptr2len(s);
+                    if (l == 1) {
+                      this_utf = kFalse;
+                    }
+                    s += l - 1;
+                  }
+                  s++;
+                }
+                // The help file is latin1 or utf-8;
+                // conversion to the current
+                // 'encoding' may be required.
+                vc.vc_type = CONV_NONE;
+                convert_setup(&vc,
+                              (char_u *)(this_utf == kTrue ? "utf-8" : "latin1"),
+                              p_enc);
+                if (vc.vc_type == CONV_NONE) {
+                  // No conversion needed.
+                  cp = (char *)IObuff;
+                } else {
+                  // Do the conversion.  If it fails
+                  // use the unconverted text.
+                  cp = (char *)string_convert(&vc, IObuff, NULL);
+                  if (cp == NULL) {
+                    cp = (char *)IObuff;
+                  }
+                }
+                convert_setup(&vc, NULL, NULL);
+
+                ml_append(lnum, cp, (colnr_T)0, false);
+                if ((char_u *)cp != IObuff) {
+                  xfree(cp);
+                }
+                lnum++;
+              }
+              fclose(fd);
+            }
+            FreeWild(fcount, fnames);
+          }
+        }
+        xfree(rt);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// ":exusage"
+void ex_exusage(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  do_cmdline_cmd("help ex-cmd-index");
+}
+
+/// ":viusage"
+void ex_viusage(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  do_cmdline_cmd("help normal-index");
+}
+
+/// Generate tags in one help directory
+///
+/// @param dir  Path to the doc directory
+/// @param ext  Suffix of the help files (".txt", ".itx", ".frx", etc.)
+/// @param tagname  Name of the tags file ("tags" for English, "tags-fr" for
+///                 French)
+/// @param add_help_tags  Whether to add the "help-tags" tag
+/// @param ignore_writeerr  ignore write error
+static void helptags_one(char *dir, const char *ext, const char *tagfname, bool add_help_tags,
+                         bool ignore_writeerr)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  garray_T ga;
+  int filecount;
+  char **files;
+  char *p1, *p2;
+  char *s;
+  TriState utf8 = kNone;
+  bool mix = false;             // detected mixed encodings
+
+  // Find all *.txt files.
+  size_t dirlen = STRLCPY(NameBuff, dir, sizeof(NameBuff));
+  if (dirlen >= MAXPATHL
+      || STRLCAT(NameBuff, "/**/*", sizeof(NameBuff)) >= MAXPATHL  // NOLINT
+      || STRLCAT(NameBuff, ext, sizeof(NameBuff)) >= MAXPATHL) {
+    emsg(_(e_fnametoolong));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Note: We cannot just do `&NameBuff` because it is a statically sized array
+  //       so `NameBuff == &NameBuff` according to C semantics.
+  char *buff_list[1] = { (char *)NameBuff };
+  const int res = gen_expand_wildcards(1, buff_list, &filecount, &files,
+                                       EW_FILE|EW_SILENT);
+  if (res == FAIL || filecount == 0) {
+    if (!got_int) {
+      semsg(_("E151: No match: %s"), NameBuff);
+    }
+    if (res != FAIL) {
+      FreeWild(filecount, files);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Open the tags file for writing.
+  // Do this before scanning through all the files.
+  memcpy(NameBuff, dir, dirlen + 1);
+  if (!add_pathsep((char *)NameBuff)
+      || STRLCAT(NameBuff, tagfname, sizeof(NameBuff)) >= MAXPATHL) {
+    emsg(_(e_fnametoolong));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  FILE *const fd_tags = os_fopen((char *)NameBuff, "w");
+  if (fd_tags == NULL) {
+    if (!ignore_writeerr) {
+      semsg(_("E152: Cannot open %s for writing"), NameBuff);
+    }
+    FreeWild(filecount, files);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // If using the "++t" argument or generating tags for "$VIMRUNTIME/doc"
+  // add the "help-tags" tag.
+  ga_init(&ga, (int)sizeof(char_u *), 100);
+  if (add_help_tags
+      || path_full_compare("$VIMRUNTIME/doc", dir, false, true) == kEqualFiles) {
+    size_t s_len = 18 + STRLEN(tagfname);
+    s = xmalloc(s_len);
+    snprintf(s, s_len, "help-tags\t%s\t1\n", tagfname);
+    GA_APPEND(char *, &ga, s);
+  }
+
+  // Go over all the files and extract the tags.
+  for (int fi = 0; fi < filecount && !got_int; fi++) {
+    FILE *const fd = os_fopen(files[fi], "r");
+    if (fd == NULL) {
+      semsg(_("E153: Unable to open %s for reading"), files[fi]);
+      continue;
+    }
+    const char *const fname = files[fi] + dirlen + 1;
+
+    bool firstline = true;
+    while (!vim_fgets(IObuff, IOSIZE, fd) && !got_int) {
+      if (firstline) {
+        // Detect utf-8 file by a non-ASCII char in the first line.
+        TriState this_utf8 = kNone;
+        for (s = (char *)IObuff; *s != NUL; s++) {
+          if ((char_u)(*s) >= 0x80) {
+            this_utf8 = kTrue;
+            const int l = utf_ptr2len(s);
+            if (l == 1) {
+              // Illegal UTF-8 byte sequence.
+              this_utf8 = kFalse;
+              break;
+            }
+            s += l - 1;
+          }
+        }
+        if (this_utf8 == kNone) {           // only ASCII characters found
+          this_utf8 = kFalse;
+        }
+        if (utf8 == kNone) {                // first file
+          utf8 = this_utf8;
+        } else if (utf8 != this_utf8) {
+          semsg(_("E670: Mix of help file encodings within a language: %s"),
+                files[fi]);
+          mix = !got_int;
+          got_int = true;
+        }
+        firstline = false;
+      }
+      p1 = vim_strchr((char *)IObuff, '*');       // find first '*'
+      while (p1 != NULL) {
+        p2 = strchr((const char *)p1 + 1, '*');  // Find second '*'.
+        if (p2 != NULL && p2 > p1 + 1) {         // Skip "*" and "**".
+          for (s = p1 + 1; s < p2; s++) {
+            if (*s == ' ' || *s == '\t' || *s == '|') {
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Only accept a *tag* when it consists of valid
+          // characters, there is white space before it and is
+          // followed by a white character or end-of-line.
+          if (s == p2
+              && ((char_u *)p1 == IObuff || p1[-1] == ' ' || p1[-1] == '\t')
+              && (vim_strchr(" \t\n\r", s[1]) != NULL
+                  || s[1] == '\0')) {
+            *p2 = '\0';
+            p1++;
+            size_t s_len= (size_t)(p2 - p1) + STRLEN(fname) + 2;
+            s = xmalloc(s_len);
+            GA_APPEND(char *, &ga, s);
+            snprintf(s, s_len, "%s\t%s", p1, fname);
+
+            // find next '*'
+            p2 = vim_strchr(p2 + 1, '*');
+          }
+        }
+        p1 = p2;
+      }
+      line_breakcheck();
+    }
+
+    fclose(fd);
+  }
+
+  FreeWild(filecount, files);
+
+  if (!got_int && ga.ga_data != NULL) {
+    // Sort the tags.
+    sort_strings(ga.ga_data, ga.ga_len);
+
+    // Check for duplicates.
+    for (int i = 1; i < ga.ga_len; i++) {
+      p1 = ((char **)ga.ga_data)[i - 1];
+      p2 = ((char **)ga.ga_data)[i];
+      while (*p1 == *p2) {
+        if (*p2 == '\t') {
+          *p2 = NUL;
+          vim_snprintf((char *)NameBuff, MAXPATHL,
+                       _("E154: Duplicate tag \"%s\" in file %s/%s"),
+                       ((char_u **)ga.ga_data)[i], dir, p2 + 1);
+          emsg((char *)NameBuff);
+          *p2 = '\t';
+          break;
+        }
+        p1++;
+        p2++;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (utf8 == kTrue) {
+      fprintf(fd_tags, "!_TAG_FILE_ENCODING\tutf-8\t//\n");
+    }
+
+    // Write the tags into the file.
+    for (int i = 0; i < ga.ga_len; i++) {
+      s = ((char **)ga.ga_data)[i];
+      if (STRNCMP(s, "help-tags\t", 10) == 0) {
+        // help-tags entry was added in formatted form
+        fputs(s, fd_tags);
+      } else {
+        fprintf(fd_tags, "%s\t/" "*", s);
+        for (p1 = s; *p1 != '\t'; p1++) {
+          // insert backslash before '\\' and '/'
+          if (*p1 == '\\' || *p1 == '/') {
+            putc('\\', fd_tags);
+          }
+          putc(*p1, fd_tags);
+        }
+        fprintf(fd_tags, "*\n");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (mix) {
+    got_int = false;        // continue with other languages
+  }
+
+  GA_DEEP_CLEAR_PTR(&ga);
+  fclose(fd_tags);          // there is no check for an error...
+}
+
+/// Generate tags in one help directory, taking care of translations.
+static void do_helptags(char *dirname, bool add_help_tags, bool ignore_writeerr)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  int len;
+  garray_T ga;
+  char lang[2];
+  char ext[5];
+  char fname[8];
+  int filecount;
+  char **files;
+
+  // Get a list of all files in the help directory and in subdirectories.
+  STRLCPY(NameBuff, dirname, sizeof(NameBuff));
+  if (!add_pathsep((char *)NameBuff)
+      || STRLCAT(NameBuff, "**", sizeof(NameBuff)) >= MAXPATHL) {
+    emsg(_(e_fnametoolong));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Note: We cannot just do `&NameBuff` because it is a statically sized array
+  //       so `NameBuff == &NameBuff` according to C semantics.
+  char *buff_list[1] = { (char *)NameBuff };
+  if (gen_expand_wildcards(1, buff_list, &filecount, &files,
+                           EW_FILE|EW_SILENT) == FAIL
+      || filecount == 0) {
+    semsg(_("E151: No match: %s"), NameBuff);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Go over all files in the directory to find out what languages are
+  // present.
+  int j;
+  ga_init(&ga, 1, 10);
+  for (int i = 0; i < filecount; i++) {
+    len = (int)STRLEN(files[i]);
+    if (len <= 4) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (STRICMP(files[i] + len - 4, ".txt") == 0) {
+      // ".txt" -> language "en"
+      lang[0] = 'e';
+      lang[1] = 'n';
+    } else if (files[i][len - 4] == '.'
+               && ASCII_ISALPHA(files[i][len - 3])
+               && ASCII_ISALPHA(files[i][len - 2])
+               && TOLOWER_ASC(files[i][len - 1]) == 'x') {
+      // ".abx" -> language "ab"
+      lang[0] = (char)TOLOWER_ASC(files[i][len - 3]);
+      lang[1] = (char)TOLOWER_ASC(files[i][len - 2]);
+    } else {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // Did we find this language already?
+    for (j = 0; j < ga.ga_len; j += 2) {
+      if (STRNCMP(lang, ((char_u *)ga.ga_data) + j, 2) == 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (j == ga.ga_len) {
+      // New language, add it.
+      ga_grow(&ga, 2);
+      ((char *)ga.ga_data)[ga.ga_len++] = lang[0];
+      ((char *)ga.ga_data)[ga.ga_len++] = lang[1];
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Loop over the found languages to generate a tags file for each one.
+  for (j = 0; j < ga.ga_len; j += 2) {
+    STRCPY(fname, "tags-xx");
+    fname[5] = ((char *)ga.ga_data)[j];
+    fname[6] = ((char *)ga.ga_data)[j + 1];
+    if (fname[5] == 'e' && fname[6] == 'n') {
+      // English is an exception: use ".txt" and "tags".
+      fname[4] = NUL;
+      STRCPY(ext, ".txt");
+    } else {
+      // Language "ab" uses ".abx" and "tags-ab".
+      STRCPY(ext, ".xxx");
+      ext[1] = fname[5];
+      ext[2] = fname[6];
+    }
+    helptags_one(dirname, (char *)ext, (char *)fname, add_help_tags, ignore_writeerr);
+  }
+
+  ga_clear(&ga);
+  FreeWild(filecount, files);
+}
+
+static void helptags_cb(char *fname, void *cookie)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  do_helptags(fname, *(bool *)cookie, true);
+}
+
+/// ":helptags"
+void ex_helptags(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  expand_T xpc;
+  char *dirname;
+  bool add_help_tags = false;
+
+  // Check for ":helptags ++t {dir}".
+  if (STRNCMP(eap->arg, "++t", 3) == 0 && ascii_iswhite(eap->arg[3])) {
+    add_help_tags = true;
+    eap->arg = skipwhite(eap->arg + 3);
+  }
+
+  if (STRCMP(eap->arg, "ALL") == 0) {
+    do_in_path(p_rtp, "doc", DIP_ALL + DIP_DIR, helptags_cb, &add_help_tags);
+  } else {
+    ExpandInit(&xpc);
+    xpc.xp_context = EXPAND_DIRECTORIES;
+    dirname = (char *)ExpandOne(&xpc, (char_u *)eap->arg, NULL,
+                                WILD_LIST_NOTFOUND|WILD_SILENT, WILD_EXPAND_FREE);
+    if (dirname == NULL || !os_isdir((char_u *)dirname)) {
+      semsg(_("E150: Not a directory: %s"), eap->arg);
+    } else {
+      do_helptags(dirname, add_help_tags, false);
+    }
+    xfree(dirname);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/nvim/help.h b/src/nvim/help.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..21e11392ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/help.h
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#ifndef NVIM_HELP_H
+#define NVIM_HELP_H
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "nvim/ex_cmds_defs.h"
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "help.h.generated.h"
+#endif
+#endif  // NVIM_HELP_H
diff --git a/src/nvim/highlight.c b/src/nvim/highlight.c
index 71c7194479..c26b00df79 100644
--- a/src/nvim/highlight.c
+++ b/src/nvim/highlight.c
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "nvim/api/private/defs.h"
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
 #include "nvim/decoration_provider.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
@@ -13,8 +14,7 @@
 #include "nvim/map.h"
 #include "nvim/message.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
 
@@ -32,7 +32,9 @@ static Map(int, int) blend_attr_entries = MAP_INIT;
 static Map(int, int) blendthrough_attr_entries = MAP_INIT;
 
 /// highlight entries private to a namespace
-static Map(ColorKey, ColorItem) ns_hl;
+static Map(ColorKey, ColorItem) ns_hls;
+typedef int NSHlAttr[HLF_COUNT + 1];
+static PMap(handle_T) ns_hl_attr;
 
 void highlight_init(void)
 {
@@ -147,42 +149,46 @@ int hl_get_syn_attr(int ns_id, int idx, HlAttrs at_en)
 
 void ns_hl_def(NS ns_id, int hl_id, HlAttrs attrs, int link_id, Dict(highlight) *dict)
 {
-  if ((attrs.rgb_ae_attr & HL_DEFAULT)
-      && map_has(ColorKey, ColorItem)(&ns_hl, ColorKey(ns_id, hl_id))) {
-    return;
-  }
   if (ns_id == 0) {
     assert(dict);
     // set in global (':highlight') namespace
     set_hl_group(hl_id, attrs, dict, link_id);
     return;
   }
+  if ((attrs.rgb_ae_attr & HL_DEFAULT)
+      && map_has(ColorKey, ColorItem)(&ns_hls, ColorKey(ns_id, hl_id))) {
+    return;
+  }
   DecorProvider *p = get_decor_provider(ns_id, true);
   int attr_id = link_id > 0 ? -1 : hl_get_syn_attr(ns_id, hl_id, attrs);
   ColorItem it = { .attr_id = attr_id,
                    .link_id = link_id,
                    .version = p->hl_valid,
-                   .is_default = (attrs.rgb_ae_attr & HL_DEFAULT) };
-  map_put(ColorKey, ColorItem)(&ns_hl, ColorKey(ns_id, hl_id), it);
+                   .is_default = (attrs.rgb_ae_attr & HL_DEFAULT),
+                   .link_global = (attrs.rgb_ae_attr & HL_GLOBAL) };
+  map_put(ColorKey, ColorItem)(&ns_hls, ColorKey(ns_id, hl_id), it);
+  p->hl_cached = false;
 }
 
-int ns_get_hl(NS ns_id, int hl_id, bool link, bool nodefault)
+int ns_get_hl(NS *ns_hl, int hl_id, bool link, bool nodefault)
 {
   static int recursive = 0;
 
-  if (ns_id < 0) {
+  if (*ns_hl < 0) {
     if (ns_hl_active <= 0) {
       return -1;
     }
-    ns_id = ns_hl_active;
+    *ns_hl = ns_hl_active;
   }
 
+  int ns_id = *ns_hl;
+
   DecorProvider *p = get_decor_provider(ns_id, true);
-  ColorItem it = map_get(ColorKey, ColorItem)(&ns_hl, ColorKey(ns_id, hl_id));
+  ColorItem it = map_get(ColorKey, ColorItem)(&ns_hls, ColorKey(ns_id, hl_id));
   // TODO(bfredl): map_ref true even this?
-  bool valid_cache = it.version >= p->hl_valid;
+  bool valid_item = it.version >= p->hl_valid;
 
-  if (!valid_cache && p->hl_def != LUA_NOREF && !recursive) {
+  if (!valid_item && p->hl_def != LUA_NOREF && !recursive) {
     MAXSIZE_TEMP_ARRAY(args, 3);
     ADD_C(args, INTEGER_OBJ((Integer)ns_id));
     ADD_C(args, STRING_OBJ(cstr_to_string((char *)syn_id2name(hl_id))));
@@ -215,44 +221,76 @@ int ns_get_hl(NS ns_id, int hl_id, bool link, bool nodefault)
     it.attr_id = fallback ? -1 : hl_get_syn_attr((int)ns_id, hl_id, attrs);
     it.version = p->hl_valid - tmp;
     it.is_default = attrs.rgb_ae_attr & HL_DEFAULT;
-    map_put(ColorKey, ColorItem)(&ns_hl, ColorKey(ns_id, hl_id), it);
+    it.link_global = attrs.rgb_ae_attr & HL_GLOBAL;
+    map_put(ColorKey, ColorItem)(&ns_hls, ColorKey(ns_id, hl_id), it);
+    valid_item = true;
   }
 
-  if (it.is_default && nodefault) {
+  if ((it.is_default && nodefault) || !valid_item) {
     return -1;
   }
 
   if (link) {
-    return it.attr_id >= 0 ? 0 : it.link_id;
+    if (it.attr_id >= 0) {
+      return 0;
+    } else {
+      if (it.link_global) {
+        *ns_hl = 0;
+      }
+      return it.link_id;
+    }
   } else {
     return it.attr_id;
   }
 }
 
-bool win_check_ns_hl(win_T *wp)
+bool hl_check_ns(void)
 {
-  if (ns_hl_changed) {
-    highlight_changed();
-    if (wp) {
-      update_window_hl(wp, true);
+  int ns = 0;
+  if (ns_hl_fast > 0) {
+    ns = ns_hl_fast;
+  } else if (ns_hl_win >= 0) {
+    ns = ns_hl_win;
+  } else {
+    ns = ns_hl_global;
+  }
+  if (ns_hl_active == ns) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  ns_hl_active = ns;
+  hl_attr_active = highlight_attr;
+  if (ns > 0) {
+    update_ns_hl(ns);
+    NSHlAttr *hl_def = (NSHlAttr *)pmap_get(handle_T)(&ns_hl_attr, ns);
+    if (hl_def) {
+      hl_attr_active = *hl_def;
     }
-    ns_hl_changed = false;
-    return true;
   }
-  return false;
+  need_highlight_changed = true;
+  return true;
+}
+
+/// prepare for drawing window `wp` or global elements if NULL
+///
+/// Note: pum should be drawn in the context of the current window!
+bool win_check_ns_hl(win_T *wp)
+{
+  ns_hl_win = wp ? wp->w_ns_hl : -1;
+  return hl_check_ns();
 }
 
 /// Get attribute code for a builtin highlight group.
 ///
 /// The final syntax group could be modified by hi-link or 'winhighlight'.
-int hl_get_ui_attr(int idx, int final_id, bool optional)
+int hl_get_ui_attr(int ns_id, int idx, int final_id, bool optional)
 {
   HlAttrs attrs = HLATTRS_INIT;
   bool available = false;
 
   if (final_id > 0) {
-    int syn_attr = syn_id2attr(final_id);
-    if (syn_attr != 0) {
+    int syn_attr = syn_ns_id2attr(ns_id, final_id, optional);
+    if (syn_attr > 0) {
       attrs = syn_attr2entry(syn_attr);
       available = true;
     }
@@ -265,8 +303,6 @@ int hl_get_ui_attr(int idx, int final_id, bool optional)
     if (pum_drawn()) {
       must_redraw_pum = true;
     }
-  } else if (idx == HLF_MSG) {
-    msg_grid.blending = attrs.hl_blend > -1;
   }
 
   if (optional && !available) {
@@ -278,6 +314,21 @@ int hl_get_ui_attr(int idx, int final_id, bool optional)
 
 void update_window_hl(win_T *wp, bool invalid)
 {
+  int ns_id = wp->w_ns_hl;
+
+  update_ns_hl(ns_id);
+  if (ns_id != wp->w_ns_hl_active || wp->w_ns_hl_attr == NULL) {
+    wp->w_ns_hl_active = ns_id;
+
+    wp->w_ns_hl_attr = *(NSHlAttr *)pmap_get(handle_T)(&ns_hl_attr, ns_id);
+    if (!wp->w_ns_hl_attr) {
+      // No specific highlights, use the defaults.
+      wp->w_ns_hl_attr = highlight_attr;
+    }
+  }
+
+  int *hl_def = wp->w_ns_hl_attr;
+
   if (!wp->w_hl_needs_update && !invalid) {
     return;
   }
@@ -285,34 +336,17 @@ void update_window_hl(win_T *wp, bool invalid)
 
   // If a floating window is blending it always have a named
   // wp->w_hl_attr_normal group. HL_ATTR(HLF_NFLOAT) is always named.
-  bool has_blend = wp->w_floating && wp->w_p_winbl != 0;
 
   // determine window specific background set in 'winhighlight'
   bool float_win = wp->w_floating && !wp->w_float_config.external;
-  if (wp != curwin && wp->w_hl_ids[HLF_INACTIVE] != 0) {
-    wp->w_hl_attr_normal = hl_get_ui_attr(HLF_INACTIVE,
-                                          wp->w_hl_ids[HLF_INACTIVE],
-                                          !has_blend);
-  } else if (float_win && wp->w_hl_ids[HLF_NFLOAT] != 0) {
-    wp->w_hl_attr_normal = hl_get_ui_attr(HLF_NFLOAT,
-                                          wp->w_hl_ids[HLF_NFLOAT], !has_blend);
-  } else if (wp->w_hl_id_normal != 0) {
-    wp->w_hl_attr_normal = hl_get_ui_attr(-1, wp->w_hl_id_normal, !has_blend);
+  if (float_win && hl_def[HLF_NFLOAT] != 0) {
+    wp->w_hl_attr_normal = hl_def[HLF_NFLOAT];
+  } else if (hl_def[HLF_COUNT] > 0) {
+    wp->w_hl_attr_normal = hl_def[HLF_COUNT];
   } else {
     wp->w_hl_attr_normal = float_win ? HL_ATTR(HLF_NFLOAT) : 0;
   }
 
-  // NOOOO! You cannot just pretend that "Normal" is just like any other
-  // syntax group! It needs at least 10 layers of special casing! Noooooo!
-  //
-  // haha, theme engine go brrr
-  int normality = syn_check_group(S_LEN("Normal"));
-  int ns_attr = ns_get_hl(-1, normality, false, false);
-  if (ns_attr > 0) {
-    // TODO(bfredl): hantera NormalNC and so on
-    wp->w_hl_attr_normal = ns_attr;
-  }
-
   // if blend= attribute is not set, 'winblend' value overrides it.
   if (wp->w_floating && wp->w_p_winbl > 0) {
     HlEntry entry = kv_A(attr_entries, wp->w_hl_attr_normal);
@@ -322,28 +356,13 @@ void update_window_hl(win_T *wp, bool invalid)
     }
   }
 
-  if (wp != curwin && wp->w_hl_ids[HLF_INACTIVE] == 0) {
-    wp->w_hl_attr_normal = hl_combine_attr(HL_ATTR(HLF_INACTIVE),
-                                           wp->w_hl_attr_normal);
-  }
-
-  for (int hlf = 0; hlf < HLF_COUNT; hlf++) {
-    int attr;
-    if (wp->w_hl_ids[hlf] != 0) {
-      attr = hl_get_ui_attr(hlf, wp->w_hl_ids[hlf], false);
-    } else {
-      attr = HL_ATTR(hlf);
-    }
-    wp->w_hl_attrs[hlf] = attr;
-  }
-
   wp->w_float_config.shadow = false;
   if (wp->w_floating && wp->w_float_config.border) {
     for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
-      int attr = wp->w_hl_attrs[HLF_BORDER];
+      int attr = hl_def[HLF_BORDER];
       if (wp->w_float_config.border_hl_ids[i]) {
-        attr = hl_get_ui_attr(HLF_BORDER, wp->w_float_config.border_hl_ids[i],
-                              false);
+        attr = hl_get_ui_attr(ns_id, HLF_BORDER,
+                              wp->w_float_config.border_hl_ids[i], false);
         HlAttrs a = syn_attr2entry(attr);
         if (a.hl_blend) {
           wp->w_float_config.shadow = true;
@@ -355,6 +374,65 @@ void update_window_hl(win_T *wp, bool invalid)
 
   // shadow might cause blending
   check_blending(wp);
+
+  // TODO(bfredl): this a bit ad-hoc. move it from highlight ns logic to 'winhl'
+  // implementation?
+  if (hl_def[HLF_INACTIVE] == 0) {
+    wp->w_hl_attr_normalnc = hl_combine_attr(HL_ATTR(HLF_INACTIVE),
+                                             wp->w_hl_attr_normal);
+  } else {
+    wp->w_hl_attr_normalnc = hl_def[HLF_INACTIVE];
+  }
+}
+
+void update_ns_hl(int ns_id)
+{
+  if (ns_id <= 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+  DecorProvider *p = get_decor_provider(ns_id, true);
+  if (p->hl_cached) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  NSHlAttr **alloc = (NSHlAttr **)pmap_ref(handle_T)(&ns_hl_attr, ns_id, true);
+  if (*alloc == NULL) {
+    *alloc = xmalloc(sizeof(**alloc));
+  }
+  int *hl_attrs = **alloc;
+
+  for (int hlf = 0; hlf < (int)HLF_COUNT; hlf++) {
+    int id = syn_check_group(hlf_names[hlf], STRLEN(hlf_names[hlf]));
+    bool optional = (hlf == HLF_INACTIVE || hlf == HLF_NFLOAT);
+    hl_attrs[hlf] = hl_get_ui_attr(ns_id, hlf, id, optional);
+  }
+
+  // NOOOO! You cannot just pretend that "Normal" is just like any other
+  // syntax group! It needs at least 10 layers of special casing! Noooooo!
+  //
+  // haha, tema engine go brrr
+  int normality = syn_check_group(S_LEN("Normal"));
+  hl_attrs[HLF_COUNT] = hl_get_ui_attr(ns_id, -1, normality, true);
+
+  // hl_get_ui_attr might have invalidated the decor provider
+  p = get_decor_provider(ns_id, true);
+  p->hl_cached = true;
+}
+
+int win_bg_attr(win_T *wp)
+{
+  if (ns_hl_fast < 0) {
+    int local = (wp == curwin) ? wp->w_hl_attr_normal : wp->w_hl_attr_normalnc;
+    if (local) {
+      return local;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (wp == curwin || hl_attr_active[HLF_INACTIVE] == 0) {
+    return hl_attr_active[HLF_COUNT];
+  } else {
+    return hl_attr_active[HLF_INACTIVE];
+  }
 }
 
 /// Gets HL_UNDERLINE highlight.
@@ -403,7 +481,7 @@ void clear_hl_tables(bool reinit)
     map_destroy(int, int)(&combine_attr_entries);
     map_destroy(int, int)(&blend_attr_entries);
     map_destroy(int, int)(&blendthrough_attr_entries);
-    map_destroy(ColorKey, ColorItem)(&ns_hl);
+    map_destroy(ColorKey, ColorItem)(&ns_hls);
   }
 }
 
@@ -437,52 +515,52 @@ int hl_combine_attr(int char_attr, int prim_attr)
   }
 
   HlAttrs char_aep = syn_attr2entry(char_attr);
-  HlAttrs spell_aep = syn_attr2entry(prim_attr);
+  HlAttrs prim_aep = syn_attr2entry(prim_attr);
 
   // start with low-priority attribute, and override colors if present below.
   HlAttrs new_en = char_aep;
 
-  if (spell_aep.cterm_ae_attr & HL_NOCOMBINE) {
-    new_en.cterm_ae_attr = spell_aep.cterm_ae_attr;
+  if (prim_aep.cterm_ae_attr & HL_NOCOMBINE) {
+    new_en.cterm_ae_attr = prim_aep.cterm_ae_attr;
   } else {
-    new_en.cterm_ae_attr |= spell_aep.cterm_ae_attr;
+    new_en.cterm_ae_attr |= prim_aep.cterm_ae_attr;
   }
-  if (spell_aep.rgb_ae_attr & HL_NOCOMBINE) {
-    new_en.rgb_ae_attr = spell_aep.rgb_ae_attr;
+  if (prim_aep.rgb_ae_attr & HL_NOCOMBINE) {
+    new_en.rgb_ae_attr = prim_aep.rgb_ae_attr;
   } else {
-    new_en.rgb_ae_attr |= spell_aep.rgb_ae_attr;
+    new_en.rgb_ae_attr |= prim_aep.rgb_ae_attr;
   }
 
-  if (spell_aep.cterm_fg_color > 0) {
-    new_en.cterm_fg_color = spell_aep.cterm_fg_color;
+  if (prim_aep.cterm_fg_color > 0) {
+    new_en.cterm_fg_color = prim_aep.cterm_fg_color;
     new_en.rgb_ae_attr &= ((~HL_FG_INDEXED)
-                           | (spell_aep.rgb_ae_attr & HL_FG_INDEXED));
+                           | (prim_aep.rgb_ae_attr & HL_FG_INDEXED));
   }
 
-  if (spell_aep.cterm_bg_color > 0) {
-    new_en.cterm_bg_color = spell_aep.cterm_bg_color;
+  if (prim_aep.cterm_bg_color > 0) {
+    new_en.cterm_bg_color = prim_aep.cterm_bg_color;
     new_en.rgb_ae_attr &= ((~HL_BG_INDEXED)
-                           | (spell_aep.rgb_ae_attr & HL_BG_INDEXED));
+                           | (prim_aep.rgb_ae_attr & HL_BG_INDEXED));
   }
 
-  if (spell_aep.rgb_fg_color >= 0) {
-    new_en.rgb_fg_color = spell_aep.rgb_fg_color;
+  if (prim_aep.rgb_fg_color >= 0) {
+    new_en.rgb_fg_color = prim_aep.rgb_fg_color;
     new_en.rgb_ae_attr &= ((~HL_FG_INDEXED)
-                           | (spell_aep.rgb_ae_attr & HL_FG_INDEXED));
+                           | (prim_aep.rgb_ae_attr & HL_FG_INDEXED));
   }
 
-  if (spell_aep.rgb_bg_color >= 0) {
-    new_en.rgb_bg_color = spell_aep.rgb_bg_color;
+  if (prim_aep.rgb_bg_color >= 0) {
+    new_en.rgb_bg_color = prim_aep.rgb_bg_color;
     new_en.rgb_ae_attr &= ((~HL_BG_INDEXED)
-                           | (spell_aep.rgb_ae_attr & HL_BG_INDEXED));
+                           | (prim_aep.rgb_ae_attr & HL_BG_INDEXED));
   }
 
-  if (spell_aep.rgb_sp_color >= 0) {
-    new_en.rgb_sp_color = spell_aep.rgb_sp_color;
+  if (prim_aep.rgb_sp_color >= 0) {
+    new_en.rgb_sp_color = prim_aep.rgb_sp_color;
   }
 
-  if (spell_aep.hl_blend >= 0) {
-    new_en.hl_blend = spell_aep.hl_blend;
+  if (prim_aep.hl_blend >= 0) {
+    new_en.hl_blend = prim_aep.hl_blend;
   }
 
   id = get_attr_entry((HlEntry){ .attr = new_en, .kind = kHlCombine,
@@ -852,7 +930,6 @@ HlAttrs dict2hlattrs(Dict(highlight) *dict, bool use_rgb, int *link_id, Error *e
   CHECK_FLAG(dict, mask, strikethrough, , HL_STRIKETHROUGH);
   CHECK_FLAG(dict, mask, nocombine, , HL_NOCOMBINE);
   CHECK_FLAG(dict, mask, default, _, HL_DEFAULT);
-  CHECK_FLAG(dict, mask, global, , HL_GLOBAL);
 
   if (HAS_KEY(dict->fg)) {
     fg = object_to_color(dict->fg, "fg", true, err);
@@ -895,14 +972,21 @@ HlAttrs dict2hlattrs(Dict(highlight) *dict, bool use_rgb, int *link_id, Error *e
     return hlattrs;
   }
 
-  if (HAS_KEY(dict->link)) {
+  if (HAS_KEY(dict->link) || HAS_KEY(dict->global_link)) {
     if (link_id) {
-      *link_id = object_to_hl_id(dict->link, "link", err);
+      if (HAS_KEY(dict->global_link)) {
+        *link_id = object_to_hl_id(dict->global_link, "link", err);
+        mask |= HL_GLOBAL;
+      } else {
+        *link_id = object_to_hl_id(dict->link, "link", err);
+      }
+
       if (ERROR_SET(err)) {
         return hlattrs;
       }
     } else {
-      api_set_error(err, kErrorTypeValidation, "Invalid Key: 'link'");
+      api_set_error(err, kErrorTypeValidation, "Invalid Key: '%s'",
+                    HAS_KEY(dict->global_link) ? "global_link" : "link");
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/highlight.h b/src/nvim/highlight.h
index ae63f83d65..50299bb91c 100644
--- a/src/nvim/highlight.h
+++ b/src/nvim/highlight.h
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
 #include "nvim/api/private/defs.h"
+#include "nvim/buffer_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
 
@@ -11,6 +12,13 @@
 # include "highlight.h.generated.h"
 #endif
 
+static inline int win_hl_attr(win_T *wp, int hlf)
+{
+  // wp->w_ns_hl_attr might be null if we check highlights
+  // prior to entering redraw
+  return ((wp->w_ns_hl_attr && ns_hl_fast < 0) ? wp->w_ns_hl_attr : hl_attr_active)[hlf];
+}
+
 #define HL_SET_DEFAULT_COLORS(rgb_fg, rgb_bg, rgb_sp) \
   do { \
     bool dark_ = (*p_bg == 'd'); \
diff --git a/src/nvim/highlight_defs.h b/src/nvim/highlight_defs.h
index f41f980054..ffcb0f3f22 100644
--- a/src/nvim/highlight_defs.h
+++ b/src/nvim/highlight_defs.h
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ EXTERN const char *hlf_names[] INIT(= {
   [HLF_CU] = "Cursor",
 });
 
-EXTERN int highlight_attr[HLF_COUNT];       // Highl. attr for each context.
+EXTERN int highlight_attr[HLF_COUNT + 1];     // Highl. attr for each context.
 EXTERN int highlight_attr_last[HLF_COUNT];  // copy for detecting changed groups
 EXTERN int highlight_user[9];                   // User[1-9] attributes
 EXTERN int highlight_stlnc[9];                  // On top of user
@@ -190,6 +190,13 @@ EXTERN RgbValue normal_fg INIT(= -1);
 EXTERN RgbValue normal_bg INIT(= -1);
 EXTERN RgbValue normal_sp INIT(= -1);
 
+EXTERN NS ns_hl_global INIT(= 0);  // global highlight namespace
+EXTERN NS ns_hl_win INIT(= -1);    // highlight namespace for the current window
+EXTERN NS ns_hl_fast INIT(= -1);   // highlight namespace specified in a fast callback
+EXTERN NS ns_hl_active INIT(= 0);  // currently active/cached namespace
+
+EXTERN int *hl_attr_active INIT(= highlight_attr);
+
 typedef enum {
   kHlUnknown,
   kHlUI,
@@ -219,8 +226,15 @@ typedef struct {
   int link_id;
   int version;
   bool is_default;
+  bool link_global;
 } ColorItem;
-#define COLOR_ITEM_INITIALIZER { .attr_id = -1, .link_id = -1, \
-                                 .version = -1, .is_default = false }
+#define COLOR_ITEM_INITIALIZER { .attr_id = -1, .link_id = -1, .version = -1, \
+                                 .is_default = false, .link_global = false }
+
+/// highlight attributes with associated priorities
+typedef struct {
+  int attr_id;
+  int priority;
+} HlPriAttr;
 
 #endif  // NVIM_HIGHLIGHT_DEFS_H
diff --git a/src/nvim/highlight_group.c b/src/nvim/highlight_group.c
index f6ec03fb14..77424de3b8 100644
--- a/src/nvim/highlight_group.c
+++ b/src/nvim/highlight_group.c
@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@
 #include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor_shape.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
+#include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/vars.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
@@ -17,7 +20,6 @@
 #include "nvim/match.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
 #include "nvim/runtime.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 
 /// \addtogroup SG_SET
 /// @{
@@ -689,14 +691,14 @@ void set_hl_group(int id, HlAttrs attrs, Dict(highlight) *dict, int link_id)
     g->sg_cleared = false;
     g->sg_link = link_id;
     g->sg_script_ctx = current_sctx;
-    g->sg_script_ctx.sc_lnum += sourcing_lnum;
+    g->sg_script_ctx.sc_lnum += SOURCING_LNUM;
     g->sg_set |= SG_LINK;
     if (is_default) {
       g->sg_deflink = link_id;
       g->sg_deflink_sctx = current_sctx;
-      g->sg_deflink_sctx.sc_lnum += sourcing_lnum;
+      g->sg_deflink_sctx.sc_lnum += SOURCING_LNUM;
     }
-    return;
+    goto update;
   }
 
   g->sg_cleared = false;
@@ -733,7 +735,7 @@ void set_hl_group(int id, HlAttrs attrs, Dict(highlight) *dict, int link_id)
   g->sg_blend = attrs.hl_blend;
 
   g->sg_script_ctx = current_sctx;
-  g->sg_script_ctx.sc_lnum += sourcing_lnum;
+  g->sg_script_ctx.sc_lnum += SOURCING_LNUM;
 
   g->sg_attr = hl_get_syn_attr(0, id, attrs);
 
@@ -751,6 +753,12 @@ void set_hl_group(int id, HlAttrs attrs, Dict(highlight) *dict, int link_id)
       ui_mode_info_set();
     }
   }
+
+update:
+  if (!updating_screen) {
+    redraw_all_later(NOT_VALID);
+  }
+  need_highlight_changed = true;
 }
 
 /// Handle ":highlight" command
@@ -861,7 +869,7 @@ void do_highlight(const char *line, const bool forceit, const bool init)
       if (dodefault && (forceit || hlgroup->sg_deflink == 0)) {
         hlgroup->sg_deflink = to_id;
         hlgroup->sg_deflink_sctx = current_sctx;
-        hlgroup->sg_deflink_sctx.sc_lnum += sourcing_lnum;
+        hlgroup->sg_deflink_sctx.sc_lnum += SOURCING_LNUM;
         nlua_set_sctx(&hlgroup->sg_deflink_sctx);
       }
     }
@@ -871,7 +879,7 @@ void do_highlight(const char *line, const bool forceit, const bool init)
       // for the group, unless '!' is used
       if (to_id > 0 && !forceit && !init
           && hl_has_settings(from_id - 1, dodefault)) {
-        if (sourcing_name == NULL && !dodefault) {
+        if (SOURCING_NAME == NULL && !dodefault) {
           emsg(_("E414: group has settings, highlight link ignored"));
         }
       } else if (hlgroup->sg_link != to_id
@@ -882,7 +890,7 @@ void do_highlight(const char *line, const bool forceit, const bool init)
         }
         hlgroup->sg_link = to_id;
         hlgroup->sg_script_ctx = current_sctx;
-        hlgroup->sg_script_ctx.sc_lnum += sourcing_lnum;
+        hlgroup->sg_script_ctx.sc_lnum += SOURCING_LNUM;
         nlua_set_sctx(&hlgroup->sg_script_ctx);
         hlgroup->sg_cleared = false;
         redraw_all_later(SOME_VALID);
@@ -1272,7 +1280,7 @@ void do_highlight(const char *line, const bool forceit, const bool init)
     set_hl_attr(idx);
   }
   hl_table[idx].sg_script_ctx = current_sctx;
-  hl_table[idx].sg_script_ctx.sc_lnum += sourcing_lnum;
+  hl_table[idx].sg_script_ctx.sc_lnum += SOURCING_LNUM;
   nlua_set_sctx(&hl_table[idx].sg_script_ctx);
 
   // Only call highlight_changed() once, after a sequence of highlight
@@ -1765,7 +1773,7 @@ static int syn_add_group(const char *name, size_t len)
 
   // Append another syntax_highlight entry.
   HlGroup *hlgp = GA_APPEND_VIA_PTR(HlGroup, &highlight_ga);
-  memset(hlgp, 0, sizeof(*hlgp));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(hlgp);
   hlgp->sg_name = (char_u *)arena_memdupz(&highlight_arena, name, len);
   hlgp->sg_rgb_bg = -1;
   hlgp->sg_rgb_fg = -1;
@@ -1788,11 +1796,18 @@ static int syn_add_group(const char *name, size_t len)
 /// @see syn_attr2entry
 int syn_id2attr(int hl_id)
 {
-  hl_id = syn_get_final_id(hl_id);
+  return syn_ns_id2attr(-1, hl_id, false);
+}
+
+int syn_ns_id2attr(int ns_id, int hl_id, bool optional)
+{
+  hl_id = syn_ns_get_final_id(&ns_id, hl_id);
   HlGroup *sgp = &hl_table[hl_id - 1];  // index is ID minus one
 
-  int attr = ns_get_hl(-1, hl_id, false, sgp->sg_set);
-  if (attr >= 0) {
+  int attr = ns_get_hl(&ns_id, hl_id, false, sgp->sg_set);
+
+  // if a highlight group is optional, don't use the global value
+  if (attr >= 0 || (optional && ns_id > 0)) {
     return attr;
   }
   return sgp->sg_attr;
@@ -1801,10 +1816,16 @@ int syn_id2attr(int hl_id)
 /// Translate a group ID to the final group ID (following links).
 int syn_get_final_id(int hl_id)
 {
+  int id = curwin->w_ns_hl_active;
+  return syn_ns_get_final_id(&id, hl_id);
+}
+
+int syn_ns_get_final_id(int *ns_id, int hl_id)
+{
   int count;
 
   if (hl_id > highlight_ga.ga_len || hl_id < 1) {
-    return 0;                           // Can be called from eval!!
+    return 0;  // Can be called from eval!!
   }
 
   // Follow links until there is no more.
@@ -1812,10 +1833,10 @@ int syn_get_final_id(int hl_id)
   for (count = 100; --count >= 0;) {
     HlGroup *sgp = &hl_table[hl_id - 1];  // index is ID minus one
 
-    // ACHTUNG: when using "tmp" attribute (no link) the function might be
+    // TODO(bfredl): when using "tmp" attribute (no link) the function might be
     // called twice. it needs be smart enough to remember attr only to
     // syn_id2attr time
-    int check = ns_get_hl(-1, hl_id, true, sgp->sg_set);
+    int check = ns_get_hl(ns_id, hl_id, true, sgp->sg_set);
     if (check == 0) {
       return hl_id;  // how dare! it broke the link!
     } else if (check > 0) {
@@ -1863,7 +1884,7 @@ static void combine_stl_hlt(int id, int id_S, int id_alt, int hlcnt, int i, int
   HlGroup *const hlt = hl_table;
 
   if (id_alt == 0) {
-    memset(&hlt[hlcnt + i], 0, sizeof(HlGroup));
+    CLEAR_POINTER(&hlt[hlcnt + i]);
     hlt[hlcnt + i].sg_cterm = highlight_attr[hlf];
     hlt[hlcnt + i].sg_gui = highlight_attr[hlf];
   } else {
@@ -1913,19 +1934,22 @@ void highlight_changed(void)
     if (id == 0) {
       abort();
     }
-    int final_id = syn_get_final_id(id);
+    int ns_id = -1;
+    int final_id = syn_ns_get_final_id(&ns_id, id);
     if (hlf == HLF_SNC) {
       id_SNC = final_id;
     } else if (hlf == HLF_S) {
       id_S = final_id;
     }
 
-    highlight_attr[hlf] = hl_get_ui_attr(hlf, final_id,
+    highlight_attr[hlf] = hl_get_ui_attr(ns_id, hlf, final_id,
                                          (hlf == HLF_INACTIVE || hlf == HLF_LC));
 
     if (highlight_attr[hlf] != highlight_attr_last[hlf]) {
       if (hlf == HLF_MSG) {
         clear_cmdline = true;
+        HlAttrs attrs = syn_attr2entry(highlight_attr[hlf]);
+        msg_grid.blending = attrs.hl_blend > -1;
       }
       ui_call_hl_group_set(cstr_as_string((char *)hlf_names[hlf]),
                            highlight_attr[hlf]);
@@ -1933,6 +1957,9 @@ void highlight_changed(void)
     }
   }
 
+  // sentinel value. used when no hightlight namespace is active
+  highlight_attr[HLF_COUNT] = 0;
+
   //
   // Setup the user highlights
   //
@@ -1945,7 +1972,7 @@ void highlight_changed(void)
   hlcnt = highlight_ga.ga_len;
   if (id_S == -1) {
     // Make sure id_S is always valid to simplify code below. Use the last entry
-    memset(&hl_table[hlcnt + 9], 0, sizeof(HlGroup));
+    CLEAR_POINTER(&hl_table[hlcnt + 9]);
     id_S = hlcnt + 10;
   }
   for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/highlight_group.h b/src/nvim/highlight_group.h
index 1474588889..bf6bad1a86 100644
--- a/src/nvim/highlight_group.h
+++ b/src/nvim/highlight_group.h
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 #ifndef NVIM_HIGHLIGHT_GROUP_H
 #define NVIM_HIGHLIGHT_GROUP_H
 
-#include "nvim/eval.h"
+#include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
+#include "nvim/highlight_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/types.h"
 
 #define MAX_HL_ID 20000   // maximum value for a highlight ID.
diff --git a/src/nvim/if_cscope.c b/src/nvim/if_cscope.c
index 8d08c2fc19..689d1fce0d 100644
--- a/src/nvim/if_cscope.c
+++ b/src/nvim/if_cscope.c
@@ -18,9 +18,12 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/event/stream.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/if_cscope.h"
 #include "nvim/memory.h"
@@ -415,16 +418,15 @@ static int cs_add_common(char *arg1, char *arg2, char *flags)
   char *fname2 = NULL;
   char *ppath = NULL;
   size_t usedlen = 0;
-  char_u *fbuf = NULL;
+  char *fbuf = NULL;
 
   // get the filename (arg1), expand it, and try to stat it
   fname = xmalloc(MAXPATHL + 1);
 
   expand_env((char_u *)arg1, (char_u *)fname, MAXPATHL);
   size_t len = STRLEN(fname);
-  fbuf = (char_u *)fname;
-  (void)modify_fname(":p", false, &usedlen,
-                     &fname, (char **)&fbuf, &len);
+  fbuf = fname;
+  (void)modify_fname(":p", false, &usedlen, &fname, &fbuf, &len);
   if (fname == NULL) {
     goto add_err;
   }
@@ -661,7 +663,7 @@ static char *cs_create_cmd(char *csoption, char *pattern)
   pat = pattern;
   if (search != 4 && search != 6) {
     while (ascii_iswhite(*pat)) {
-      ++pat;
+      pat++;
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/indent.c b/src/nvim/indent.c
index 271498d41a..f18a6d7b32 100644
--- a/src/nvim/indent.c
+++ b/src/nvim/indent.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/extmark.h"
 #include "nvim/indent.h"
@@ -30,6 +31,313 @@
 # include "indent.c.generated.h"
 #endif
 
+/// Set the integer values corresponding to the string setting of 'vartabstop'.
+/// "array" will be set, caller must free it if needed.
+/// Return false for an error.
+bool tabstop_set(char_u *var, long **array)
+{
+  long valcount = 1;
+  int t;
+  char_u *cp;
+
+  if (var[0] == NUL || (var[0] == '0' && var[1] == NUL)) {
+    *array = NULL;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  for (cp = var; *cp != NUL; cp++) {
+    if (cp == var || cp[-1] == ',') {
+      char *end;
+
+      if (strtol((char *)cp, &end, 10) <= 0) {
+        if (cp != (char_u *)end) {
+          emsg(_(e_positive));
+        } else {
+          semsg(_(e_invarg2), cp);
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (ascii_isdigit(*cp)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (cp[0] == ',' && cp > var && cp[-1] != ',' && cp[1] != NUL) {
+      valcount++;
+      continue;
+    }
+    semsg(_(e_invarg2), var);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  *array = (long *)xmalloc((unsigned)(valcount + 1) * sizeof(long));
+  (*array)[0] = valcount;
+
+  t = 1;
+  for (cp = var; *cp != NUL;) {
+    int n = atoi((char *)cp);
+
+    // Catch negative values, overflow and ridiculous big values.
+    if (n <= 0 || n > TABSTOP_MAX) {
+      semsg(_(e_invarg2), cp);
+      XFREE_CLEAR(*array);
+      return false;
+    }
+    (*array)[t++] = n;
+    while (*cp != NUL && *cp != ',') {
+      cp++;
+    }
+    if (*cp != NUL) {
+      cp++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+/// Calculate the number of screen spaces a tab will occupy.
+/// If "vts" is set then the tab widths are taken from that array,
+/// otherwise the value of ts is used.
+int tabstop_padding(colnr_T col, long ts_arg, long *vts)
+{
+  long ts = ts_arg == 0 ? 8 : ts_arg;
+  colnr_T tabcol = 0;
+  int t;
+  long padding = 0;
+
+  if (vts == NULL || vts[0] == 0) {
+    return (int)(ts - (col % ts));
+  }
+
+  const long tabcount = vts[0];
+
+  for (t = 1; t <= tabcount; t++) {
+    tabcol += (colnr_T)vts[t];
+    if (tabcol > col) {
+      padding = tabcol - col;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (t > tabcount) {
+    padding = vts[tabcount] - ((col - tabcol) % vts[tabcount]);
+  }
+
+  return (int)padding;
+}
+
+/// Find the size of the tab that covers a particular column.
+int tabstop_at(colnr_T col, long ts, long *vts)
+{
+  colnr_T tabcol = 0;
+  int t;
+  long tab_size = 0;
+
+  if (vts == NULL || vts[0] == 0) {
+    return (int)ts;
+  }
+
+  const long tabcount = vts[0];
+  for (t = 1; t <= tabcount; t++) {
+    tabcol += (colnr_T)vts[t];
+    if (tabcol > col) {
+      tab_size = vts[t];
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (t > tabcount) {
+    tab_size = vts[tabcount];
+  }
+
+  return (int)tab_size;
+}
+
+/// Find the column on which a tab starts.
+colnr_T tabstop_start(colnr_T col, long ts, long *vts)
+{
+  colnr_T tabcol = 0;
+  int t;
+
+  if (vts == NULL || vts[0] == 0) {
+    return (int)((col / ts) * ts);
+  }
+
+  const long tabcount = vts[0];
+  for (t = 1; t <= tabcount; t++) {
+    tabcol += (colnr_T)vts[t];
+    if (tabcol > col) {
+      return (int)(tabcol - vts[t]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  const int excess = (int)(tabcol % vts[tabcount]);
+  return (int)(excess + ((col - excess) / vts[tabcount]) * vts[tabcount]);
+}
+
+/// Find the number of tabs and spaces necessary to get from one column
+/// to another.
+void tabstop_fromto(colnr_T start_col, colnr_T end_col, long ts_arg, long *vts, int *ntabs,
+                    int *nspcs)
+{
+  int spaces = end_col - start_col;
+  colnr_T tabcol = 0;
+  long padding = 0;
+  int t;
+  long ts = ts_arg == 0 ? curbuf->b_p_ts : ts_arg;
+
+  if (vts == NULL || vts[0] == 0) {
+    int tabs = 0;
+
+    const int initspc = (int)(ts - (start_col % ts));
+    if (spaces >= initspc) {
+      spaces -= initspc;
+      tabs++;
+    }
+    tabs += (int)(spaces / ts);
+    spaces -= (int)((spaces / ts) * ts);
+
+    *ntabs = tabs;
+    *nspcs = spaces;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Find the padding needed to reach the next tabstop.
+  const long tabcount = vts[0];
+  for (t = 1; t <= tabcount; t++) {
+    tabcol += (colnr_T)vts[t];
+    if (tabcol > start_col) {
+      padding = tabcol - start_col;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (t > tabcount) {
+    padding = vts[tabcount] - ((start_col - tabcol) % vts[tabcount]);
+  }
+
+  // If the space needed is less than the padding no tabs can be used.
+  if (spaces < padding) {
+    *ntabs = 0;
+    *nspcs = spaces;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  *ntabs = 1;
+  spaces -= (int)padding;
+
+  // At least one tab has been used. See if any more will fit.
+  while (spaces != 0 && ++t <= tabcount) {
+    padding = vts[t];
+    if (spaces < padding) {
+      *nspcs = spaces;
+      return;
+    }
+    *ntabs += 1;
+    spaces -= (int)padding;
+  }
+
+  *ntabs += spaces / (int)vts[tabcount];
+  *nspcs = spaces % (int)vts[tabcount];
+}
+
+/// See if two tabstop arrays contain the same values.
+bool tabstop_eq(long *ts1, long *ts2)
+{
+  int t;
+
+  if ((ts1 == 0 && ts2) || (ts1 && ts2 == 0)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (ts1 == ts2) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (ts1[0] != ts2[0]) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  for (t = 1; t <= ts1[0]; t++) {
+    if (ts1[t] != ts2[t]) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+/// Copy a tabstop array, allocating space for the new array.
+int *tabstop_copy(long *oldts)
+{
+  long *newts;
+  int t;
+
+  if (oldts == 0) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  newts = xmalloc((unsigned)(oldts[0] + 1) * sizeof(long));
+  for (t = 0; t <= oldts[0]; t++) {
+    newts[t] = oldts[t];
+  }
+
+  return (int *)newts;
+}
+
+/// Return a count of the number of tabstops.
+int tabstop_count(long *ts)
+{
+  return ts != NULL ? (int)ts[0] : 0;
+}
+
+/// Return the first tabstop, or 8 if there are no tabstops defined.
+int tabstop_first(long *ts)
+{
+  return ts != NULL ? (int)ts[1] : 8;
+}
+
+/// Return the effective shiftwidth value for current buffer, using the
+/// 'tabstop' value when 'shiftwidth' is zero.
+int get_sw_value(buf_T *buf)
+{
+  long result = get_sw_value_col(buf, 0);
+  assert(result >= 0 && result <= INT_MAX);
+  return (int)result;
+}
+
+/// Idem, using "pos".
+long get_sw_value_pos(buf_T *buf, pos_T *pos)
+{
+  pos_T save_cursor = curwin->w_cursor;
+  long sw_value;
+
+  curwin->w_cursor = *pos;
+  sw_value = get_sw_value_col(buf, get_nolist_virtcol());
+  curwin->w_cursor = save_cursor;
+  return sw_value;
+}
+
+/// Idem, using the first non-black in the current line.
+long get_sw_value_indent(buf_T *buf)
+{
+  pos_T pos = curwin->w_cursor;
+
+  pos.col = (colnr_T)getwhitecols_curline();
+  return get_sw_value_pos(buf, &pos);
+}
+
+/// Idem, using virtual column "col".
+long get_sw_value_col(buf_T *buf, colnr_T col)
+{
+  return buf->b_p_sw ? buf->b_p_sw
+                     : tabstop_at(col, buf->b_p_ts, buf->b_p_vts_array);
+}
+
+/// Return the effective softtabstop value for the current buffer,
+/// using the shiftwidth  value when 'softtabstop' is negative.
+int get_sts_value(void)
+{
+  long result = curbuf->b_p_sts < 0 ? get_sw_value(curbuf) : curbuf->b_p_sts;
+  assert(result >= 0 && result <= INT_MAX);
+  return (int)result;
+}
+
 // Count the size (in window cells) of the indent in the current line.
 int get_indent(void)
 {
@@ -769,10 +1077,10 @@ static int lisp_match(char_u *p)
 {
   char_u buf[LSIZE];
   int len;
-  char_u *word = *curbuf->b_p_lw != NUL ? curbuf->b_p_lw : p_lispwords;
+  char *word = (char *)(*curbuf->b_p_lw != NUL ? curbuf->b_p_lw : p_lispwords);
 
   while (*word != NUL) {
-    (void)copy_option_part((char **)&word, (char *)buf, LSIZE, ",");
+    (void)copy_option_part(&word, (char *)buf, LSIZE, ",");
     len = (int)STRLEN(buf);
 
     if ((STRNCMP(buf, p, len) == 0) && (p[len] == ' ')) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/indent_c.c b/src/nvim/indent_c.c
index c5e030ce25..34a3de4f78 100644
--- a/src/nvim/indent_c.c
+++ b/src/nvim/indent_c.c
@@ -223,8 +223,8 @@ bool cin_is_cinword(const char_u *line)
   char_u *cinw_buf = xmalloc(cinw_len);
   line = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)line);
 
-  for (char_u *cinw = curbuf->b_p_cinw; *cinw;) {
-    size_t len = copy_option_part((char **)&cinw, (char *)cinw_buf, cinw_len, ",");
+  for (char *cinw = (char *)curbuf->b_p_cinw; *cinw;) {
+    size_t len = copy_option_part(&cinw, (char *)cinw_buf, cinw_len, ",");
     if (STRNCMP(line, cinw_buf, len) == 0
         && (!vim_iswordc(line[len]) || !vim_iswordc(line[len - 1]))) {
       retval = true;
@@ -317,17 +317,17 @@ static bool cin_has_js_key(const char_u *text)
   if (*s == '\'' || *s == '"') {
     // can be 'key': or "key":
     quote = *s;
-    ++s;
+    s++;
   }
   if (!vim_isIDc(*s)) {     // need at least one ID character
     return false;
   }
 
   while (vim_isIDc(*s)) {
-    ++s;
+    s++;
   }
   if (*s && *s == quote) {
-    ++s;
+    s++;
   }
 
   s = cin_skipcomment(s);
@@ -519,8 +519,8 @@ bool cin_isscopedecl(const char_u *p)
 
   bool found = false;
 
-  for (char_u *cinsd = curbuf->b_p_cinsd; *cinsd;) {
-    const size_t len = copy_option_part((char **)&cinsd, (char *)cinsd_buf, cinsd_len, ",");
+  for (char *cinsd = (char *)curbuf->b_p_cinsd; *cinsd;) {
+    const size_t len = copy_option_part(&cinsd, (char *)cinsd_buf, cinsd_len, ",");
     if (STRNCMP(s, cinsd_buf, len) == 0) {
       const char_u *skip = cin_skipcomment(s + len);
       if (*skip == ':' && skip[1] != ':') {
@@ -1601,8 +1601,8 @@ static int find_last_paren(const char_u *l, int start, int end)
  */
 void parse_cino(buf_T *buf)
 {
-  char_u *p;
-  char_u *l;
+  char *p;
+  char *l;
   int divider;
   int fraction = 0;
   int sw = get_sw_value(buf);
@@ -1740,16 +1740,16 @@ void parse_cino(buf_T *buf)
   // Handle C #pragma directives
   buf->b_ind_pragma = 0;
 
-  for (p = buf->b_p_cino; *p;) {
+  for (p = (char *)buf->b_p_cino; *p;) {
     l = p++;
     if (*p == '-') {
       p++;
     }
-    char_u *digits_start = p;   // remember where the digits start
-    int n = getdigits_int((char **)&p, true, 0);
+    char *digits_start = p;   // remember where the digits start
+    int n = getdigits_int(&p, true, 0);
     divider = 0;
     if (*p == '.') {        // ".5s" means a fraction.
-      fraction = atoi((char *)++p);
+      fraction = atoi(++p);
       while (ascii_isdigit(*p)) {
         p++;
         if (divider) {
@@ -1768,7 +1768,7 @@ void parse_cino(buf_T *buf)
           n += (sw * fraction + divider / 2) / divider;
         }
       }
-      ++p;
+      p++;
     }
     if (l[1] == '-') {
       n = -n;
@@ -2052,7 +2052,7 @@ int get_c_indent(void)
     char lead_start[COM_MAX_LEN];             // start-comment string
     char lead_middle[COM_MAX_LEN];            // middle-comment string
     char lead_end[COM_MAX_LEN];               // end-comment string
-    char_u *p;
+    char *p;
     int start_align = 0;
     int start_off = 0;
     int done = FALSE;
@@ -2063,7 +2063,7 @@ int get_c_indent(void)
     *lead_start = NUL;
     *lead_middle = NUL;
 
-    p = curbuf->b_p_com;
+    p = (char *)curbuf->b_p_com;
     while (*p != NUL) {
       int align = 0;
       int off = 0;
@@ -2071,11 +2071,11 @@ int get_c_indent(void)
 
       while (*p != NUL && *p != ':') {
         if (*p == COM_START || *p == COM_END || *p == COM_MIDDLE) {
-          what = *p++;
+          what = (unsigned char)(*p++);
         } else if (*p == COM_LEFT || *p == COM_RIGHT) {
-          align = *p++;
+          align = (unsigned char)(*p++);
         } else if (ascii_isdigit(*p) || *p == '-') {
-          off = getdigits_int((char **)&p, true, 0);
+          off = getdigits_int(&p, true, 0);
         } else {
           p++;
         }
@@ -2084,7 +2084,7 @@ int get_c_indent(void)
       if (*p == ':') {
         p++;
       }
-      (void)copy_option_part((char **)&p, lead_end, COM_MAX_LEN, ",");
+      (void)copy_option_part(&p, lead_end, COM_MAX_LEN, ",");
       if (what == COM_START) {
         STRCPY(lead_start, lead_end);
         lead_start_len = (int)STRLEN(lead_start);
@@ -3334,7 +3334,7 @@ int get_c_indent(void)
                 amount += curbuf->b_ind_open_extra;
               }
             }
-            ++whilelevel;
+            whilelevel++;
           }
           /*
            * We are after a "normal" statement.
@@ -3848,7 +3848,7 @@ static int find_match(int lookfor, linenr_T ourscope)
      * another "do", so increment whilelevel.  XXX
      */
     if (cin_iswhileofdo(look, curwin->w_cursor.lnum)) {
-      ++whilelevel;
+      whilelevel++;
       continue;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/insexpand.c b/src/nvim/insexpand.c
index a64d8e8f00..c525a49bc3 100644
--- a/src/nvim/insexpand.c
+++ b/src/nvim/insexpand.c
@@ -13,10 +13,12 @@
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
@@ -33,9 +35,8 @@
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
 #include "nvim/os/time.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
+#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/spell.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
@@ -2139,7 +2140,7 @@ static int ins_compl_add_tv(typval_T *const tv, const Direction dir, bool fast)
     }
   } else {
     word = tv_get_string_chk(tv);
-    memset(cptext, 0, sizeof(cptext));
+    CLEAR_FIELD(cptext);
   }
   if (word == NULL || (!empty && *word == NUL)) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < CPT_COUNT; i++) {
@@ -2473,7 +2474,7 @@ static int ins_compl_get_exp(pos_T *ini)
 {
   static pos_T first_match_pos;
   static pos_T last_match_pos;
-  static char_u *e_cpt = (char_u *)"";   // curr. entry in 'complete'
+  static char *e_cpt = "";               // curr. entry in 'complete'
   static bool found_all = false;         // Found all matches of a
                                          // certain type.
   static buf_T *ins_buf = NULL;          // buffer being scanned
@@ -2502,8 +2503,7 @@ static int ins_compl_get_exp(pos_T *ini)
     }
     found_all = false;
     ins_buf = curbuf;
-    e_cpt = (compl_cont_status & CONT_LOCAL)
-            ? (char_u *)"." : curbuf->b_p_cpt;
+    e_cpt = (compl_cont_status & CONT_LOCAL) ? "." : (char *)curbuf->b_p_cpt;
     last_match_pos = first_match_pos = *ini;
   } else if (ins_buf != curbuf && !buf_valid(ins_buf)) {
     ins_buf = curbuf;  // In case the buffer was wiped out.
@@ -2583,7 +2583,7 @@ static int ins_compl_get_exp(pos_T *ini)
             type = CTRL_X_THESAURUS;
           }
           if (*++e_cpt != ',' && *e_cpt != NUL) {
-            dict = e_cpt;
+            dict = (char_u *)e_cpt;
             dict_f = DICT_FIRST;
           }
         } else if (*e_cpt == 'i') {
@@ -2600,7 +2600,7 @@ static int ins_compl_get_exp(pos_T *ini)
         }
 
         // in any case e_cpt is advanced to the next entry
-        (void)copy_option_part((char **)&e_cpt, (char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, ",");
+        (void)copy_option_part(&e_cpt, (char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, ",");
 
         found_all = true;
         if (type == -1) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/lua/converter.c b/src/nvim/lua/converter.c
index 4d6e6090b8..49d49f76b9 100644
--- a/src/nvim/lua/converter.c
+++ b/src/nvim/lua/converter.c
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ static LuaTableProps nlua_traverse_table(lua_State *const lstate)
   size_t other_keys_num = 0;  // Number of keys that are not string, integral
                               // or type keys.
   LuaTableProps ret;
-  memset(&ret, 0, sizeof(ret));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(ret);
   if (!lua_checkstack(lstate, lua_gettop(lstate) + 3)) {
     semsg(_("E1502: Lua failed to grow stack to %i"), lua_gettop(lstate) + 2);
     ret.type = kObjectTypeNil;
diff --git a/src/nvim/lua/converter.h b/src/nvim/lua/converter.h
index 1c9e60e4b2..f6a85900ba 100644
--- a/src/nvim/lua/converter.h
+++ b/src/nvim/lua/converter.h
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 #include "nvim/api/private/defs.h"
-#include "nvim/eval.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/func_attr.h"
 
 typedef struct {
diff --git a/src/nvim/lua/executor.c b/src/nvim/lua/executor.c
index 661dbfc4c2..5d97f90bb1 100644
--- a/src/nvim/lua/executor.c
+++ b/src/nvim/lua/executor.c
@@ -15,12 +15,13 @@
 #include "nvim/buffer_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
+#include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/funcs.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
 #include "nvim/event/loop.h"
 #include "nvim/event/time.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/extmark.h"
 #include "nvim/func_attr.h"
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@
 #include "nvim/msgpack_rpc/channel.h"
 #include "nvim/os/os.h"
 #include "nvim/profile.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/undo.h"
 #include "nvim/usercmd.h"
 #include "nvim/version.h"
@@ -447,7 +448,7 @@ static nlua_ref_state_t *nlua_new_ref_state(lua_State *lstate, bool is_thread)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
   nlua_ref_state_t *ref_state = lua_newuserdata(lstate, sizeof(*ref_state));
-  memset(ref_state, 0, sizeof(*ref_state));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(ref_state);
   ref_state->nil_ref = LUA_NOREF;
   ref_state->empty_dict_ref = LUA_NOREF;
   if (!is_thread) {
@@ -1313,12 +1314,11 @@ static void nlua_typval_exec(const char *lcmd, size_t lcmd_len, const char *name
 
 int nlua_source_using_linegetter(LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, char *name)
 {
-  const linenr_T save_sourcing_lnum = sourcing_lnum;
   const sctx_T save_current_sctx = current_sctx;
   current_sctx.sc_sid = SID_STR;
   current_sctx.sc_seq = 0;
   current_sctx.sc_lnum = 0;
-  sourcing_lnum = 0;
+  estack_push(ETYPE_SCRIPT, name, 0);
 
   garray_T ga;
   char_u *line = NULL;
@@ -1331,7 +1331,7 @@ int nlua_source_using_linegetter(LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie, char *name)
   size_t len = strlen(code);
   nlua_typval_exec(code, len, name, NULL, 0, false, NULL);
 
-  sourcing_lnum = save_sourcing_lnum;
+  estack_pop();
   current_sctx = save_current_sctx;
   ga_clear_strings(&ga);
   xfree(code);
@@ -1906,7 +1906,7 @@ void nlua_set_sctx(sctx_T *current)
     break;
   }
   char *source_path = fix_fname(info->source + 1);
-  get_current_script_id((char_u *)source_path, current);
+  get_current_script_id(&source_path, current);
   xfree(source_path);
   current->sc_lnum = info->currentline;
   current->sc_seq = -1;
diff --git a/src/nvim/lua/executor.h b/src/nvim/lua/executor.h
index 2afbbebfe7..78346fd81f 100644
--- a/src/nvim/lua/executor.h
+++ b/src/nvim/lua/executor.h
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ typedef struct {
 #endif
 } nlua_ref_state_t;
 
+#define NLUA_EXEC_STATIC(cstr, arg, err) nlua_exec(STATIC_CSTR_AS_STRING(cstr), arg, err)
+
 #define NLUA_CLEAR_REF(x) \
   do { \
     /* Take the address to avoid double evaluation. #1375 */ \
diff --git a/src/nvim/lua/stdlib.c b/src/nvim/lua/stdlib.c
index 6ba0056f48..5a82ae30b5 100644
--- a/src/nvim/lua/stdlib.c
+++ b/src/nvim/lua/stdlib.c
@@ -16,10 +16,11 @@
 #include "nvim/buffer_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
 #include "nvim/event/loop.h"
 #include "nvim/event/time.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/extmark.h"
 #include "nvim/func_attr.h"
diff --git a/src/nvim/lua/xdiff.c b/src/nvim/lua/xdiff.c
index 71f85385b6..b2b5dfedee 100644
--- a/src/nvim/lua/xdiff.c
+++ b/src/nvim/lua/xdiff.c
@@ -269,9 +269,9 @@ int nlua_xdl_diff(lua_State *lstate)
   xpparam_t params;
   xdemitcb_t ecb;
 
-  memset(&cfg, 0, sizeof(cfg));
-  memset(&params, 0, sizeof(params));
-  memset(&ecb, 0, sizeof(ecb));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(cfg);
+  CLEAR_FIELD(params);
+  CLEAR_FIELD(ecb);
 
   NluaXdiffMode mode = kNluaXdiffModeUnified;
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/main.c b/src/nvim/main.c
index 494ff0b4af..fd31ba6c66 100644
--- a/src/nvim/main.c
+++ b/src/nvim/main.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+#include "nvim/arglist.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "nvim/decoration.h"
 #include "nvim/decoration_provider.h"
 #include "nvim/diff.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
@@ -57,10 +59,10 @@
 #include "nvim/os/time.h"
 #include "nvim/os_unix.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
+#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
 #include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/quickfix.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/shada.h"
 #include "nvim/sign.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
@@ -159,6 +161,7 @@ bool event_teardown(void)
 void early_init(mparm_T *paramp)
 {
   env_init();
+  estack_init();
   cmdline_init();
   eval_init();          // init global variables
   init_path(argv0 ? argv0 : "nvim");
@@ -1242,8 +1245,8 @@ static void command_line_scan(mparm_T *parmp)
             } else if (argv[0][0] == '-') {
               // "-S" followed by another option: use default session file.
               a = SESSION_FILE;
-              ++argc;
-              --argv;
+              argc++;
+              argv--;
             } else {
               a = argv[0];
             }
@@ -1418,7 +1421,7 @@ scripterror:
  * copied, so that they can be changed. */
 static void init_params(mparm_T *paramp, int argc, char **argv)
 {
-  memset(paramp, 0, sizeof(*paramp));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(paramp);
   paramp->argc = argc;
   paramp->argv = argv;
   paramp->use_debug_break_level = -1;
@@ -1613,9 +1616,9 @@ static void create_windows(mparm_T *parmp)
     // Watch out for autocommands that delete a window.
     //
     // Don't execute Win/Buf Enter/Leave autocommands here
-    ++autocmd_no_enter;
-    ++autocmd_no_leave;
-    dorewind = TRUE;
+    autocmd_no_enter++;
+    autocmd_no_leave++;
+    dorewind = true;
     while (done++ < 1000) {
       if (dorewind) {
         if (parmp->window_layout == WIN_TABS) {
@@ -1677,8 +1680,8 @@ static void create_windows(mparm_T *parmp)
       curwin = firstwin;
     }
     curbuf = curwin->w_buffer;
-    --autocmd_no_enter;
-    --autocmd_no_leave;
+    autocmd_no_enter--;
+    autocmd_no_leave--;
   }
 }
 
@@ -1695,8 +1698,8 @@ static void edit_buffers(mparm_T *parmp, char_u *cwd)
   /*
    * Don't execute Win/Buf Enter/Leave autocommands here
    */
-  ++autocmd_no_enter;
-  ++autocmd_no_leave;
+  autocmd_no_enter++;
+  autocmd_no_leave++;
 
   // When w_arg_idx is -1 remove the window (see create_windows()).
   if (curwin->w_arg_idx == -1) {
@@ -1782,7 +1785,7 @@ static void edit_buffers(mparm_T *parmp, char_u *cwd)
   if (parmp->window_layout == WIN_TABS) {
     goto_tabpage(1);
   }
-  --autocmd_no_enter;
+  autocmd_no_enter--;
 
   // make the first window the current window
   win = firstwin;
@@ -1796,7 +1799,7 @@ static void edit_buffers(mparm_T *parmp, char_u *cwd)
   }
   win_enter(win, false);
 
-  --autocmd_no_leave;
+  autocmd_no_leave--;
   TIME_MSG("editing files in windows");
   if (parmp->window_count > 1 && parmp->window_layout != WIN_TABS) {
     win_equal(curwin, false, 'b');      // adjust heights
@@ -1814,12 +1817,12 @@ static void exe_pre_commands(mparm_T *parmp)
 
   if (cnt > 0) {
     curwin->w_cursor.lnum = 0;     // just in case..
-    sourcing_name = _("pre-vimrc command line");
+    estack_push(ETYPE_ARGS, _("pre-vimrc command line"), 0);
     current_sctx.sc_sid = SID_CMDARG;
     for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
       do_cmdline_cmd(cmds[i]);
     }
-    sourcing_name = NULL;
+    estack_pop();
     current_sctx.sc_sid = 0;
     TIME_MSG("--cmd commands");
   }
@@ -1841,7 +1844,7 @@ static void exe_commands(mparm_T *parmp)
   if (parmp->tagname == NULL && curwin->w_cursor.lnum <= 1) {
     curwin->w_cursor.lnum = 0;
   }
-  sourcing_name = "command line";
+  estack_push(ETYPE_ARGS, "command line", 0);
   current_sctx.sc_sid = SID_CARG;
   current_sctx.sc_seq = 0;
   for (i = 0; i < parmp->n_commands; i++) {
@@ -1850,7 +1853,7 @@ static void exe_commands(mparm_T *parmp)
       xfree(parmp->commands[i]);
     }
   }
-  sourcing_name = NULL;
+  estack_pop();
   current_sctx.sc_sid = 0;
   if (curwin->w_cursor.lnum == 0) {
     curwin->w_cursor.lnum = 1;
@@ -2059,17 +2062,14 @@ static int execute_env(char *env)
 {
   const char *initstr = os_getenv(env);
   if (initstr != NULL) {
-    char_u *save_sourcing_name = (char_u *)sourcing_name;
-    linenr_T save_sourcing_lnum = sourcing_lnum;
-    sourcing_name = env;
-    sourcing_lnum = 0;
+    estack_push(ETYPE_ENV, env, 0);
     const sctx_T save_current_sctx = current_sctx;
     current_sctx.sc_sid = SID_ENV;
     current_sctx.sc_seq = 0;
     current_sctx.sc_lnum = 0;
     do_cmdline_cmd((char *)initstr);
-    sourcing_name = (char *)save_sourcing_name;
-    sourcing_lnum = save_sourcing_lnum;
+
+    estack_pop();
     current_sctx = save_current_sctx;
     return OK;
   }
diff --git a/src/nvim/main.h b/src/nvim/main.h
index d5384ecc95..0c497a7c0e 100644
--- a/src/nvim/main.h
+++ b/src/nvim/main.h
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #define NVIM_MAIN_H
 
 #include "nvim/event/loop.h"
-#include "nvim/normal.h"
 
 // Maximum number of commands from + or -c arguments.
 #define MAX_ARG_CMDS 10
diff --git a/src/nvim/mapping.c b/src/nvim/mapping.c
index 342b1b0d47..64a798a27b 100644
--- a/src/nvim/mapping.c
+++ b/src/nvim/mapping.c
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include "nvim/message.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
 
@@ -333,7 +334,7 @@ static int str_to_mapargs(const char_u *strargs, bool is_unmap, MapArguments *ma
 {
   const char_u *to_parse = strargs;
   to_parse = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)to_parse);
-  memset(mapargs, 0, sizeof(*mapargs));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(mapargs);
 
   // Accept <buffer>, <nowait>, <silent>, <expr>, <script>, and <unique> in
   // any order.
@@ -469,7 +470,7 @@ static void map_add(buf_T *buf, mapblock_T **map_table, mapblock_T **abbr_table,
     mp->m_script_ctx.sc_lnum = lnum;
   } else {
     mp->m_script_ctx = current_sctx;
-    mp->m_script_ctx.sc_lnum += sourcing_lnum;
+    mp->m_script_ctx.sc_lnum += SOURCING_LNUM;
     nlua_set_sctx(&mp->m_script_ctx);
   }
   mp->m_desc = NULL;
@@ -776,7 +777,7 @@ static int buf_do_map(int maptype, MapArguments *args, int mode, bool is_abbrev,
                   mp->m_expr = args->expr;
                   mp->m_replace_keycodes = args->replace_keycodes;
                   mp->m_script_ctx = current_sctx;
-                  mp->m_script_ctx.sc_lnum += sourcing_lnum;
+                  mp->m_script_ctx.sc_lnum += SOURCING_LNUM;
                   nlua_set_sctx(&mp->m_script_ctx);
                   if (args->desc != NULL) {
                     mp->m_desc = xstrdup(args->desc);
@@ -964,7 +965,7 @@ static int get_map_mode(char **cmdp, bool forceit)
 /// Clear all mappings (":mapclear") or abbreviations (":abclear").
 /// "abbr" should be false for mappings, true for abbreviations.
 /// This function used to be called map_clear().
-static void do_mapclear(char_u *cmdp, char_u *arg, int forceit, int abbr)
+static void do_mapclear(char *cmdp, char_u *arg, int forceit, int abbr)
 {
   int mode;
   int local;
@@ -975,7 +976,7 @@ static void do_mapclear(char_u *cmdp, char_u *arg, int forceit, int abbr)
     return;
   }
 
-  mode = get_map_mode((char **)&cmdp, forceit);
+  mode = get_map_mode(&cmdp, forceit);
   map_clear_mode(curbuf, mode, local, abbr);
 }
 
@@ -1051,9 +1052,9 @@ bool map_to_exists(const char *const str, const char *const modechars, const boo
   int mode = 0;
   int retval;
 
-  char_u *buf = NULL;
+  char *buf = NULL;
   const char_u *const rhs = (char_u *)replace_termcodes(str, strlen(str),
-                                                        (char **)&buf, REPTERM_DO_LT,
+                                                        &buf, REPTERM_DO_LT,
                                                         NULL, CPO_TO_CPO_FLAGS);
 
 #define MAPMODE(mode, modechars, chr, modeflags) \
@@ -1194,14 +1195,14 @@ static char_u *translate_mapping(char_u *str, int cpo_flags)
 /// @param forceit  true if '!' given
 /// @param isabbrev  true if abbreviation
 /// @param isunmap  true if unmap/unabbrev command
-char_u *set_context_in_map_cmd(expand_T *xp, char_u *cmd, char_u *arg, bool forceit, bool isabbrev,
+char_u *set_context_in_map_cmd(expand_T *xp, char *cmd, char_u *arg, bool forceit, bool isabbrev,
                                bool isunmap, cmdidx_T cmdidx)
 {
   if (forceit && cmdidx != CMD_map && cmdidx != CMD_unmap) {
     xp->xp_context = EXPAND_NOTHING;
   } else {
     if (isunmap) {
-      expand_mapmodes = get_map_mode((char **)&cmd, forceit || isabbrev);
+      expand_mapmodes = get_map_mode(&cmd, forceit || isabbrev);
     } else {
       expand_mapmodes = MODE_INSERT | MODE_CMDLINE;
       if (!isabbrev) {
@@ -2079,7 +2080,7 @@ static void get_maparg(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int exact)
   }
 
   char *keys_buf = NULL;
-  char_u *alt_keys_buf = NULL;
+  char *alt_keys_buf = NULL;
   bool did_simplify = false;
   const int flags = REPTERM_FROM_PART | REPTERM_DO_LT;
   const int mode = get_map_mode((char **)&which, 0);
@@ -2096,9 +2097,9 @@ static void get_maparg(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int exact)
     // preferred for printing, like in do_map().
     (void)replace_termcodes(keys,
                             STRLEN(keys),
-                            (char **)&alt_keys_buf, flags | REPTERM_NO_SIMPLIFY, NULL,
+                            &alt_keys_buf, flags | REPTERM_NO_SIMPLIFY, NULL,
                             CPO_TO_CPO_FLAGS);
-    rhs = check_map(alt_keys_buf, mode, exact, false, abbr, &mp, &buffer_local, &rhs_lua);
+    rhs = check_map((char_u *)alt_keys_buf, mode, exact, false, abbr, &mp, &buffer_local, &rhs_lua);
   }
 
   if (!get_dict) {
@@ -2439,13 +2440,13 @@ void ex_unmap(exarg_T *eap)
 /// ":mapclear" and friends.
 void ex_mapclear(exarg_T *eap)
 {
-  do_mapclear((char_u *)eap->cmd, (char_u *)eap->arg, eap->forceit, false);
+  do_mapclear(eap->cmd, (char_u *)eap->arg, eap->forceit, false);
 }
 
 /// ":abclear" and friends.
 void ex_abclear(exarg_T *eap)
 {
-  do_mapclear((char_u *)eap->cmd, (char_u *)eap->arg, true, true);
+  do_mapclear(eap->cmd, (char_u *)eap->arg, true, true);
 }
 
 /// Set, tweak, or remove a mapping in a mode. Acts as the implementation for
diff --git a/src/nvim/mark.c b/src/nvim/mark.c
index 1fe3327b29..593275d489 100644
--- a/src/nvim/mark.c
+++ b/src/nvim/mark.c
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
 #include "nvim/extmark.h"
-#include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
 #include "nvim/mark.h"
 #include "nvim/mbyte.h"
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ void clear_fmark(fmark_T *fm)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
   free_fmark(*fm);
-  memset(fm, 0, sizeof(*fm));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(fm);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1741,7 +1740,7 @@ void free_all_marks(void)
       free_xfmark(namedfm[i]);
     }
   }
-  memset(&namedfm[0], 0, sizeof(namedfm));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(namedfm);
 }
 #endif
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/match.c b/src/nvim/match.c
index ba587c4141..1c34c9f004 100644
--- a/src/nvim/match.c
+++ b/src/nvim/match.c
@@ -7,14 +7,19 @@
 
 #include "nvim/buffer_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
+#include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/funcs.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
+#include "nvim/highlight.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
 #include "nvim/match.h"
 #include "nvim/memline.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
 #include "nvim/runtime.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/vim.h"
 
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "match.c.generated.h"
@@ -692,7 +697,7 @@ int update_search_hl(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum, colnr_T col, char_u **line, match
         }
         // Highlight the match were the cursor is using the CurSearch
         // group.
-        if (shl == search_hl && shl->has_cursor && (HL_ATTR(HLF_LC) || wp->w_hl_ids[HLF_LC])) {
+        if (shl == search_hl && shl->has_cursor && (HL_ATTR(HLF_LC) || win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_LC))) {
           shl->attr_cur = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_LC) ? win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_LC) : HL_ATTR(HLF_LC);
         } else {
           shl->attr_cur = shl->attr;
diff --git a/src/nvim/mbyte.c b/src/nvim/mbyte.c
index 223b4d6845..af9e214d92 100644
--- a/src/nvim/mbyte.c
+++ b/src/nvim/mbyte.c
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 #include "nvim/arabic.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/func_attr.h"
@@ -49,7 +50,6 @@
 #include "nvim/memline.h"
 #include "nvim/memory.h"
 #include "nvim/message.h"
-#include "nvim/option.h"
 #include "nvim/os/os.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
 #include "nvim/screen.h"
@@ -74,6 +74,19 @@ struct interval {
 # include "unicode_tables.generated.h"
 #endif
 
+static char e_list_item_nr_is_not_list[]
+  = N_("E1109: List item %d is not a List");
+static char e_list_item_nr_does_not_contain_3_numbers[]
+  = N_("E1110: List item %d does not contain 3 numbers");
+static char e_list_item_nr_range_invalid[]
+  = N_("E1111: List item %d range invalid");
+static char e_list_item_nr_cell_width_invalid[]
+  = N_("E1112: List item %d cell width invalid");
+static char e_overlapping_ranges_for_nr[]
+  = N_("E1113: Overlapping ranges for 0x%lx");
+static char e_only_values_of_0x100_and_higher_supported[]
+  = N_("E1114: Only values of 0x100 and higher supported");
+
 // To speed up BYTELEN(); keep a lookup table to quickly get the length in
 // bytes of a UTF-8 character from the first byte of a UTF-8 string.  Bytes
 // which are illegal when used as the first byte have a 1.  The NUL byte has
@@ -472,13 +485,18 @@ static bool intable(const struct interval *table, size_t n_items, int c)
 int utf_char2cells(int c)
 {
   if (c >= 0x100) {
+    int n = cw_value(c);
+    if (n != 0) {
+      return n;
+    }
+
     if (!utf_printable(c)) {
       return 6;                 // unprintable, displays <xxxx>
     }
     if (intable(doublewidth, ARRAY_SIZE(doublewidth), c)) {
       return 2;
     }
-    if (p_emoji && intable(emoji_width, ARRAY_SIZE(emoji_width), c)) {
+    if (p_emoji && intable(emoji_wide, ARRAY_SIZE(emoji_wide), c)) {
       return 2;
     }
   } else if (c >= 0x80 && !vim_isprintc(c)) {
@@ -872,9 +890,9 @@ int utf_ptr2len_len(const char_u *p, int size)
   return len;
 }
 
-/// Return the number of bytes occupied by a UTF-8 character in a string
-///
+/// Return the number of bytes occupied by a UTF-8 character in a string.
 /// This includes following composing characters.
+/// Returns zero for NUL.
 int utfc_ptr2len(const char *const p_in)
   FUNC_ATTR_PURE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
@@ -988,8 +1006,9 @@ int utf_char2len(const int c)
 
 /// Convert Unicode character to UTF-8 string
 ///
-/// @param c character to convert to \p buf
-/// @param[out] buf UTF-8 string generated from \p c, does not add \0
+/// @param c         character to convert to UTF-8 string in \p buf
+/// @param[out] buf  UTF-8 string generated from \p c, does not add \0
+///                  must have room for at least 6 bytes
 /// @return Number of bytes (1-6).
 int utf_char2bytes(const int c, char *const buf)
 {
@@ -1164,6 +1183,11 @@ int utf_class_tab(const int c, const uint64_t *const chartab)
     return 1;               // punctuation
   }
 
+  // emoji
+  if (intable(emoji_all, ARRAY_SIZE(emoji_all), c)) {
+    return 3;
+  }
+
   // binary search in table
   while (top >= bot) {
     mid = (bot + top) / 2;
@@ -1176,11 +1200,6 @@ int utf_class_tab(const int c, const uint64_t *const chartab)
     }
   }
 
-  // emoji
-  if (intable(emoji_all, ARRAY_SIZE(emoji_all), c)) {
-    return 3;
-  }
-
   // most other characters are "word" characters
   return 2;
 }
@@ -1587,7 +1606,7 @@ void show_utf8(void)
     }
     sprintf((char *)IObuff + rlen, "%02x ",
             (line[i] == NL) ? NUL : line[i]);          // NUL is stored as NL
-    --clen;
+    clen--;
     rlen += (int)STRLEN(IObuff + rlen);
     if (rlen > IOSIZE - 20) {
       break;
@@ -1620,7 +1639,7 @@ int utf_head_off(const char_u *base, const char_u *p)
 
     // Move q to the first byte of this char.
     while (q > base && (*q & 0xc0) == 0x80) {
-      --q;
+      q--;
     }
     // Check for illegal sequence. Do allow an illegal byte after where we
     // started.
@@ -1641,10 +1660,10 @@ int utf_head_off(const char_u *base, const char_u *p)
     if (arabic_maycombine(c)) {
       // Advance to get a sneak-peak at the next char
       const char_u *j = q;
-      --j;
+      j--;
       // Move j to the first byte of this char.
       while (j > base && (*j & 0xc0) == 0x80) {
-        --j;
+        j--;
       }
       if (arabic_combine(utf_ptr2char((char *)j), c)) {
         continue;
@@ -1800,9 +1819,9 @@ bool utf_allow_break(int cc, int ncc)
 ///
 /// @param[in,out]  fp  Source of the character to copy.
 /// @param[in,out]  tp  Destination to copy to.
-void mb_copy_char(const char_u **const fp, char_u **const tp)
+void mb_copy_char(const char **const fp, char **const tp)
 {
-  const size_t l = (size_t)utfc_ptr2len((char *)(*fp));
+  const size_t l = (size_t)utfc_ptr2len(*fp);
 
   memmove(*tp, *fp, l);
   *tp += l;
@@ -2678,3 +2697,174 @@ char_u *string_convert_ext(const vimconv_T *const vcp, char_u *ptr, size_t *lenp
 
   return retval;
 }
+
+/// Table set by setcellwidths().
+typedef struct {
+  long first;
+  long last;
+  char width;
+} cw_interval_T;
+
+static cw_interval_T *cw_table = NULL;
+static size_t cw_table_size = 0;
+
+/// Return the value of the cellwidth table for the character `c`.
+///
+/// @param c The source character.
+/// @return 1 or 2 when `c` is in the cellwidth table, 0 if not.
+static int cw_value(int c)
+{
+  if (cw_table == NULL) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // first quick check for Latin1 etc. characters
+  if (c < cw_table[0].first) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // binary search in table
+  int bot = 0;
+  int top = (int)cw_table_size - 1;
+  while (top >= bot) {
+    int mid = (bot + top) / 2;
+    if (cw_table[mid].last < c) {
+      bot = mid + 1;
+    } else if (cw_table[mid].first > c) {
+      top = mid - 1;
+    } else {
+      return cw_table[mid].width;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int tv_nr_compare(const void *a1, const void *a2)
+{
+  const listitem_T *const li1 = tv_list_first(*(const list_T **)a1);
+  const listitem_T *const li2 = tv_list_first(*(const list_T **)a2);
+
+  return (int)(TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li1)->vval.v_number - TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li2)->vval.v_number);
+}
+
+/// "setcellwidths()" function
+void f_setcellwidths(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  if (argvars[0].v_type != VAR_LIST || argvars[0].vval.v_list == NULL) {
+    emsg(_(e_listreq));
+    return;
+  }
+  const list_T *const l = argvars[0].vval.v_list;
+  if (tv_list_len(l) == 0) {
+    // Clearing the table.
+    xfree(cw_table);
+    cw_table = NULL;
+    cw_table_size = 0;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Note: use list_T instead of listitem_T so that TV_LIST_ITEM_NEXT can be used properly below.
+  const list_T **ptrs = xmalloc(sizeof(const list_T *) * (size_t)tv_list_len(l));
+
+  // Check that all entries are a list with three numbers, the range is
+  // valid and the cell width is valid.
+  int item = 0;
+  TV_LIST_ITER_CONST(l, li, {
+    const typval_T *const li_tv = TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li);
+
+    if (li_tv->v_type != VAR_LIST || li_tv->vval.v_list == NULL) {
+      semsg(_(e_list_item_nr_is_not_list), item);
+      xfree(ptrs);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const list_T *const li_l = li_tv->vval.v_list;
+    ptrs[item] = li_l;
+    const listitem_T *lili = tv_list_first(li_l);
+    int i;
+    varnumber_T n1;
+    for (i = 0; lili != NULL; lili = TV_LIST_ITEM_NEXT(li_l, lili), i++) {
+      const typval_T *const lili_tv = TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(lili);
+      if (lili_tv->v_type != VAR_NUMBER) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (i == 0) {
+        n1 = lili_tv->vval.v_number;
+        if (n1 < 0x100) {
+          emsg(_(e_only_values_of_0x100_and_higher_supported));
+          xfree(ptrs);
+          return;
+        }
+      } else if (i == 1 && lili_tv->vval.v_number < n1) {
+        semsg(_(e_list_item_nr_range_invalid), item);
+        xfree(ptrs);
+        return;
+      } else if (i == 2 && (lili_tv->vval.v_number < 1 || lili_tv->vval.v_number > 2)) {
+        semsg(_(e_list_item_nr_cell_width_invalid), item);
+        xfree(ptrs);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (i != 3) {
+      semsg(_(e_list_item_nr_does_not_contain_3_numbers), item);
+      xfree(ptrs);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    item++;
+  });
+
+  // Sort the list on the first number.
+  qsort((void *)ptrs, (size_t)tv_list_len(l), sizeof(const list_T *), tv_nr_compare);
+
+  cw_interval_T *table = xmalloc(sizeof(cw_interval_T) * (size_t)tv_list_len(l));
+
+  // Store the items in the new table.
+  for (item = 0; item < tv_list_len(l); item++) {
+    const list_T *const li_l = ptrs[item];
+    const listitem_T *lili = tv_list_first(li_l);
+    const varnumber_T n1 = TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(lili)->vval.v_number;
+    if (item > 0 && n1 <= table[item - 1].last) {
+      semsg(_(e_overlapping_ranges_for_nr), (long)n1);
+      xfree(ptrs);
+      xfree(table);
+      return;
+    }
+    table[item].first = n1;
+    lili = TV_LIST_ITEM_NEXT(li_l, lili);
+    table[item].last = TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(lili)->vval.v_number;
+    lili = TV_LIST_ITEM_NEXT(li_l, lili);
+    table[item].width = (char)TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(lili)->vval.v_number;
+  }
+
+  xfree(ptrs);
+
+  cw_interval_T *const cw_table_save = cw_table;
+  const size_t cw_table_size_save = cw_table_size;
+  cw_table = table;
+  cw_table_size = (size_t)tv_list_len(l);
+
+  // Check that the new value does not conflict with 'listchars' or
+  // 'fillchars'.
+  const char *const error = check_chars_options();
+  if (error != NULL) {
+    emsg(_(error));
+    cw_table = cw_table_save;
+    cw_table_size = cw_table_size_save;
+    xfree(table);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  xfree(cw_table_save);
+  redraw_all_later(NOT_VALID);
+}
+
+void f_charclass(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  if (tv_check_for_string(&argvars[0]) == FAIL
+      || argvars[0].vval.v_string == NULL) {
+    return;
+  }
+  rettv->vval.v_number = mb_get_class((const char_u *)argvars[0].vval.v_string);
+}
diff --git a/src/nvim/mbyte.h b/src/nvim/mbyte.h
index 1e5e332ad9..2a9afcbd03 100644
--- a/src/nvim/mbyte.h
+++ b/src/nvim/mbyte.h
@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/func_attr.h"
-#include "nvim/iconv.h"
+#include "nvim/mbyte_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/os/os_defs.h"  // For indirect
 #include "nvim/types.h"  // for char_u
 
@@ -19,52 +20,6 @@
 #define MB_BYTE2LEN(b)         utf8len_tab[b]
 #define MB_BYTE2LEN_CHECK(b)   (((b) < 0 || (b) > 255) ? 1 : utf8len_tab[b])
 
-// max length of an unicode char
-#define MB_MAXCHAR     6
-
-// properties used in enc_canon_table[] (first three mutually exclusive)
-#define ENC_8BIT       0x01
-#define ENC_DBCS       0x02
-#define ENC_UNICODE    0x04
-
-#define ENC_ENDIAN_B   0x10        // Unicode: Big endian
-#define ENC_ENDIAN_L   0x20        // Unicode: Little endian
-
-#define ENC_2BYTE      0x40        // Unicode: UCS-2
-#define ENC_4BYTE      0x80        // Unicode: UCS-4
-#define ENC_2WORD      0x100       // Unicode: UTF-16
-
-#define ENC_LATIN1     0x200       // Latin1
-#define ENC_LATIN9     0x400       // Latin9
-#define ENC_MACROMAN   0x800       // Mac Roman (not Macro Man! :-)
-
-/// Flags for vimconv_T
-typedef enum {
-  CONV_NONE      = 0,
-  CONV_TO_UTF8   = 1,
-  CONV_9_TO_UTF8 = 2,
-  CONV_TO_LATIN1 = 3,
-  CONV_TO_LATIN9 = 4,
-  CONV_ICONV     = 5,
-} ConvFlags;
-
-#define MBYTE_NONE_CONV { \
-  .vc_type = CONV_NONE, \
-  .vc_factor = 1, \
-  .vc_fail = false, \
-}
-
-/// Structure used for string conversions
-typedef struct {
-  int vc_type;  ///< Zero or more ConvFlags.
-  int vc_factor;  ///< Maximal expansion factor.
-#ifdef HAVE_ICONV
-  iconv_t vc_fd;  ///< Value for CONV_ICONV.
-#endif
-  bool vc_fail;  ///< What to do with invalid characters: if true, fail,
-                 ///< otherwise use '?'.
-} vimconv_T;
-
 extern const uint8_t utf8len_tab_zero[256];
 
 extern const uint8_t utf8len_tab[256];
diff --git a/src/nvim/mbyte_defs.h b/src/nvim/mbyte_defs.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53b01a211f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/mbyte_defs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+#ifndef NVIM_MBYTE_DEFS_H
+#define NVIM_MBYTE_DEFS_H
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "nvim/iconv.h"
+
+/// max length of an unicode char
+enum { MB_MAXCHAR = 6, };
+
+/// properties used in enc_canon_table[] (first three mutually exclusive)
+enum {
+  ENC_8BIT     = 0x01,
+  ENC_DBCS     = 0x02,
+  ENC_UNICODE  = 0x04,
+
+  ENC_ENDIAN_B = 0x10,       ///< Unicode: Big endian
+  ENC_ENDIAN_L = 0x20,       ///< Unicode: Little endian
+
+  ENC_2BYTE    = 0x40,       ///< Unicode: UCS-2
+  ENC_4BYTE    = 0x80,       ///< Unicode: UCS-4
+  ENC_2WORD    = 0x100,      ///< Unicode: UTF-16
+
+  ENC_LATIN1   = 0x200,      ///< Latin1
+  ENC_LATIN9   = 0x400,      ///< Latin9
+  ENC_MACROMAN = 0x800,      ///< Mac Roman (not Macro Man! :-)
+};
+
+/// Flags for vimconv_T
+typedef enum {
+  CONV_NONE      = 0,
+  CONV_TO_UTF8   = 1,
+  CONV_9_TO_UTF8 = 2,
+  CONV_TO_LATIN1 = 3,
+  CONV_TO_LATIN9 = 4,
+  CONV_ICONV     = 5,
+} ConvFlags;
+
+#define MBYTE_NONE_CONV { \
+  .vc_type = CONV_NONE, \
+  .vc_factor = 1, \
+  .vc_fail = false, \
+}
+
+/// Structure used for string conversions
+typedef struct {
+  int vc_type;    ///< Zero or more ConvFlags.
+  int vc_factor;  ///< Maximal expansion factor.
+#ifdef HAVE_ICONV
+  iconv_t vc_fd;  ///< Value for CONV_ICONV.
+#endif
+  bool vc_fail;   ///< What to do with invalid characters: if true, fail,
+                  ///< otherwise use '?'.
+} vimconv_T;
+
+#endif  // NVIM_MBYTE_DEFS_H
diff --git a/src/nvim/memfile.c b/src/nvim/memfile.c
index c828334eaf..216ee26620 100644
--- a/src/nvim/memfile.c
+++ b/src/nvim/memfile.c
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ static bool mf_do_open(memfile_T *mfp, char_u *fname, int flags)
 /// Initialize an empty hash table.
 static void mf_hash_init(mf_hashtab_T *mht)
 {
-  memset(mht, 0, sizeof(mf_hashtab_T));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(mht);
   mht->mht_buckets = mht->mht_small_buckets;
   mht->mht_mask = MHT_INIT_SIZE - 1;
 }
@@ -924,7 +924,7 @@ static void mf_hash_grow(mf_hashtab_T *mht)
     /// a power of two.
 
     mf_hashitem_T *tails[MHT_GROWTH_FACTOR];
-    memset(tails, 0, sizeof(tails));
+    CLEAR_FIELD(tails);
 
     for (mf_hashitem_T *mhi = mht->mht_buckets[i];
          mhi != NULL; mhi = mhi->mhi_next) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/memline.c b/src/nvim/memline.c
index fa3a400a68..23bc5d59c8 100644
--- a/src/nvim/memline.c
+++ b/src/nvim/memline.c
@@ -44,9 +44,11 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/func_attr.h"
@@ -65,7 +67,6 @@
 #include "nvim/os/process.h"
 #include "nvim/os_unix.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/sha256.h"
 #include "nvim/spell.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
@@ -383,7 +384,7 @@ void ml_setname(buf_T *buf)
   bool success = false;
   memfile_T *mfp;
   char_u *fname;
-  char_u *dirp;
+  char *dirp;
 
   mfp = buf->b_ml.ml_mfp;
   if (mfp->mf_fd < 0) {             // there is no swap file yet
@@ -397,17 +398,14 @@ void ml_setname(buf_T *buf)
     return;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Try all directories in the 'directory' option.
-   */
-  dirp = p_dir;
+  // Try all directories in the 'directory' option.
+  dirp = (char *)p_dir;
   bool found_existing_dir = false;
   for (;;) {
     if (*dirp == NUL) {             // tried all directories, fail
       break;
     }
-    fname = (char_u *)findswapname(buf, (char **)&dirp, (char *)mfp->mf_fname,
-                                   &found_existing_dir);
+    fname = (char_u *)findswapname(buf, &dirp, (char *)mfp->mf_fname, &found_existing_dir);
     // alloc's fname
     if (dirp == NULL) {             // out of memory
       break;
@@ -472,7 +470,7 @@ void ml_open_file(buf_T *buf)
 {
   memfile_T *mfp;
   char_u *fname;
-  char_u *dirp;
+  char *dirp;
 
   mfp = buf->b_ml.ml_mfp;
   if (mfp == NULL || mfp->mf_fd >= 0 || !buf->b_p_swf
@@ -491,10 +489,8 @@ void ml_open_file(buf_T *buf)
     return;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Try all directories in 'directory' option.
-   */
-  dirp = p_dir;
+  // Try all directories in 'directory' option.
+  dirp = (char *)p_dir;
   bool found_existing_dir = false;
   for (;;) {
     if (*dirp == NUL) {
@@ -503,8 +499,7 @@ void ml_open_file(buf_T *buf)
     // There is a small chance that between choosing the swap file name
     // and creating it, another Vim creates the file.  In that case the
     // creation will fail and we will use another directory.
-    fname = (char_u *)findswapname(buf, (char **)&dirp, NULL,
-                                   &found_existing_dir);
+    fname = (char_u *)findswapname(buf, &dirp, NULL, &found_existing_dir);
     if (dirp == NULL) {
       break;        // out of memory
     }
@@ -1141,7 +1136,7 @@ void ml_recover(bool checkext)
             if (txt_start <= (int)HEADER_SIZE
                 || txt_start >= (int)dp->db_txt_end) {
               p = (char_u *)"???";
-              ++error;
+              error++;
             } else {
               p = (char_u *)dp + txt_start;
             }
@@ -1210,10 +1205,10 @@ void ml_recover(bool checkext)
   if (got_int) {
     emsg(_("E311: Recovery Interrupted"));
   } else if (error) {
-    ++no_wait_return;
+    no_wait_return++;
     msg(">>>>>>>>>>>>>");
     emsg(_("E312: Errors detected while recovering; look for lines starting with ???"));
-    --no_wait_return;
+    no_wait_return--;
     msg(_("See \":help E312\" for more information."));
     msg(">>>>>>>>>>>>>");
   } else {
@@ -1272,7 +1267,7 @@ int recover_names(char_u *fname, int list, int nr, char_u **fname_out)
   int num_files;
   int file_count = 0;
   char **files;
-  char_u *dirp;
+  char *dirp;
   char_u *dir_name;
   char_u *fname_res = NULL;
 #ifdef HAVE_READLINK
@@ -1299,12 +1294,12 @@ int recover_names(char_u *fname, int list, int nr, char_u **fname_out)
   // Do the loop for every directory in 'directory'.
   // First allocate some memory to put the directory name in.
   dir_name = xmalloc(STRLEN(p_dir) + 1);
-  dirp = p_dir;
+  dirp = (char *)p_dir;
   while (*dirp) {
     // Isolate a directory name from *dirp and put it in dir_name (we know
     // it is large enough, so use 31000 for length).
     // Advance dirp to next directory name.
-    (void)copy_option_part((char **)&dirp, (char *)dir_name, 31000, ",");
+    (void)copy_option_part(&dirp, (char *)dir_name, 31000, ",");
 
     if (dir_name[0] == '.' && dir_name[1] == NUL) {     // check current dir
       if (fname == NULL) {
@@ -1395,7 +1390,7 @@ int recover_names(char_u *fname, int list, int nr, char_u **fname_out)
       file_count += num_files;
       if (nr <= file_count) {
         *fname_out = vim_strsave((char_u *)files[nr - 1 + num_files - file_count]);
-        dirp = (char_u *)"";                        // stop searching
+        dirp = "";                        // stop searching
       }
     } else if (list) {
       if (dir_name[0] == '.' && dir_name[1] == NUL) {
@@ -1660,12 +1655,12 @@ static int recov_file_names(char **names, char_u *path, int prepend_dot)
       p += i;               // file name has been expanded to full path
     }
     if (STRCMP(p, names[num_names]) != 0) {
-      ++num_names;
+      num_names++;
     } else {
       xfree(names[num_names]);
     }
   } else {
-    ++num_names;
+    num_names++;
   }
 
   return num_names;
@@ -2184,7 +2179,7 @@ static int ml_append_int(buf_T *buf, linenr_T lnum, char_u *line, colnr_T len, b
 
       memmove((char *)dp_right + dp_right->db_txt_start,
               line, (size_t)len);
-      ++line_count_right;
+      line_count_right++;
     }
     /*
      * may move lines from the left/old block to the right/new one.
@@ -2224,7 +2219,7 @@ static int ml_append_int(buf_T *buf, linenr_T lnum, char_u *line, colnr_T len, b
       }
       memmove((char *)dp_left + dp_left->db_txt_start,
               line, (size_t)len);
-      ++line_count_left;
+      line_count_left++;
     }
 
     if (db_idx < 0) {           // left block is new
@@ -2998,9 +2993,9 @@ static bhdr_T *ml_find_line(buf_T *buf, linenr_T lnum, int action)
      * update high for insert/delete
      */
     if (action == ML_INSERT) {
-      ++high;
+      high++;
     } else if (action == ML_DELETE) {
-      --high;
+      high--;
     }
 
     dp = hp->bh_data;
@@ -3304,7 +3299,7 @@ static void attention_message(buf_T *buf, char_u *fname)
 {
   assert(buf->b_fname != NULL);
 
-  ++no_wait_return;
+  no_wait_return++;
   (void)emsg(_("E325: ATTENTION"));
   msg_puts(_("\nFound a swap file by the name \""));
   msg_home_replace(fname);
@@ -3339,7 +3334,7 @@ static void attention_message(buf_T *buf, char_u *fname)
   msg_outtrans((char *)fname);
   msg_puts(_("\"\n    to avoid this message.\n"));
   cmdline_row = msg_row;
-  --no_wait_return;
+  no_wait_return--;
 }
 
 /// Trigger the SwapExists autocommands.
diff --git a/src/nvim/memory.c b/src/nvim/memory.c
index 5ae7f7bbe3..fb36d4ccf4 100644
--- a/src/nvim/memory.c
+++ b/src/nvim/memory.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include "nvim/api/extmark.h"
+#include "nvim/arglist.h"
 #include "nvim/context.h"
 #include "nvim/decoration_provider.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
@@ -617,8 +618,10 @@ char *arena_memdupz(Arena *arena, const char *buf, size_t size)
 
 #if defined(EXITFREE)
 
+# include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 # include "nvim/buffer.h"
 # include "nvim/charset.h"
+# include "nvim/cmdhist.h"
 # include "nvim/diff.h"
 # include "nvim/edit.h"
 # include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
@@ -626,9 +629,9 @@ char *arena_memdupz(Arena *arena, const char *buf, size_t size)
 # include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 # include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 # include "nvim/file_search.h"
-# include "nvim/fileio.h"
 # include "nvim/fold.h"
 # include "nvim/getchar.h"
+# include "nvim/grid.h"
 # include "nvim/mark.h"
 # include "nvim/mbyte.h"
 # include "nvim/memline.h"
@@ -640,7 +643,6 @@ char *arena_memdupz(Arena *arena, const char *buf, size_t size)
 # include "nvim/path.h"
 # include "nvim/quickfix.h"
 # include "nvim/regexp.h"
-# include "nvim/screen.h"
 # include "nvim/search.h"
 # include "nvim/spell.h"
 # include "nvim/syntax.h"
diff --git a/src/nvim/menu.c b/src/nvim/menu.c
index 16802a4e50..c3cf4457fc 100644
--- a/src/nvim/menu.c
+++ b/src/nvim/menu.c
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include "nvim/memory.h"
 #include "nvim/menu.h"
 #include "nvim/message.h"
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
+#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
 #include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
@@ -952,7 +952,7 @@ char *set_context_in_menu_cmd(expand_T *xp, const char *cmd, char *arg, bool for
   }
 
   while (*p != NUL && ascii_iswhite(*p)) {
-    ++p;
+    p++;
   }
 
   arg = after_dot = p;
@@ -1659,26 +1659,19 @@ void ex_emenu(exarg_T *eap)
   if (arg[0] && ascii_iswhite(arg[1])) {
     switch (arg[0]) {
     case 'n':
-      mode_idx = MENU_INDEX_NORMAL;
-      break;
+      mode_idx = MENU_INDEX_NORMAL; break;
     case 'v':
-      mode_idx = MENU_INDEX_VISUAL;
-      break;
+      mode_idx = MENU_INDEX_VISUAL; break;
     case 's':
-      mode_idx = MENU_INDEX_SELECT;
-      break;
+      mode_idx = MENU_INDEX_SELECT; break;
     case 'o':
-      mode_idx = MENU_INDEX_OP_PENDING;
-      break;
+      mode_idx = MENU_INDEX_OP_PENDING; break;
     case 't':
-      mode_idx = MENU_INDEX_TERMINAL;
-      break;
+      mode_idx = MENU_INDEX_TERMINAL; break;
     case 'i':
-      mode_idx = MENU_INDEX_INSERT;
-      break;
+      mode_idx = MENU_INDEX_INSERT; break;
     case 'c':
-      mode_idx = MENU_INDEX_CMDLINE;
-      break;
+      mode_idx = MENU_INDEX_CMDLINE; break;
     default:
       semsg(_(e_invarg2), arg);
       return;
@@ -1814,9 +1807,9 @@ static char *menu_skip_part(char *p)
 {
   while (*p != NUL && *p != '.' && !ascii_iswhite(*p)) {
     if ((*p == '\\' || *p == Ctrl_V) && p[1] != NUL) {
-      ++p;
+      p++;
     }
-    ++p;
+    p++;
   }
   return p;
 }
diff --git a/src/nvim/menu.h b/src/nvim/menu.h
index 9a60ebfb83..be294a1831 100644
--- a/src/nvim/menu.h
+++ b/src/nvim/menu.h
@@ -4,28 +4,9 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>  // for bool
 
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds_defs.h"  // for exarg_T
+#include "nvim/menu_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/types.h"  // for char_u and expand_T
 
-/// @}
-/// note MENU_INDEX_TIP is not a 'real' mode
-
-/// Menu modes
-/// \addtogroup MENU_MODES
-/// @{
-#define MENU_NORMAL_MODE        (1 << MENU_INDEX_NORMAL)
-#define MENU_VISUAL_MODE        (1 << MENU_INDEX_VISUAL)
-#define MENU_SELECT_MODE        (1 << MENU_INDEX_SELECT)
-#define MENU_OP_PENDING_MODE    (1 << MENU_INDEX_OP_PENDING)
-#define MENU_INSERT_MODE        (1 << MENU_INDEX_INSERT)
-#define MENU_CMDLINE_MODE       (1 << MENU_INDEX_CMDLINE)
-#define MENU_TERMINAL_MODE      (1 << MENU_INDEX_TERMINAL)
-#define MENU_TIP_MODE           (1 << MENU_INDEX_TIP)
-#define MENU_ALL_MODES          ((1 << MENU_INDEX_TIP) - 1)
-/// @}
-
-/// Start a menu name with this to not include it on the main menu bar
-#define MNU_HIDDEN_CHAR         ']'
-
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "menu.h.generated.h"
 #endif
diff --git a/src/nvim/menu_defs.h b/src/nvim/menu_defs.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5fdb222bde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/menu_defs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#ifndef NVIM_MENU_DEFS_H
+#define NVIM_MENU_DEFS_H
+
+#include <stdbool.h>  // for bool
+
+/// Indices into vimmenu_T->strings[] and vimmenu_T->noremap[] for each mode
+/// \addtogroup MENU_INDEX
+/// @{
+enum {
+  MENU_INDEX_INVALID    = -1,
+  MENU_INDEX_NORMAL     = 0,
+  MENU_INDEX_VISUAL     = 1,
+  MENU_INDEX_SELECT     = 2,
+  MENU_INDEX_OP_PENDING = 3,
+  MENU_INDEX_INSERT     = 4,
+  MENU_INDEX_CMDLINE    = 5,
+  MENU_INDEX_TERMINAL   = 6,
+  MENU_INDEX_TIP        = 7,
+  MENU_MODES            = 8,
+};
+/// @}
+
+/// Menu modes
+/// \addtogroup MENU_MODES
+/// @{
+enum {
+  MENU_NORMAL_MODE     = 1 << MENU_INDEX_NORMAL,
+  MENU_VISUAL_MODE     = 1 << MENU_INDEX_VISUAL,
+  MENU_SELECT_MODE     = 1 << MENU_INDEX_SELECT,
+  MENU_OP_PENDING_MODE = 1 << MENU_INDEX_OP_PENDING,
+  MENU_INSERT_MODE     = 1 << MENU_INDEX_INSERT,
+  MENU_CMDLINE_MODE    = 1 << MENU_INDEX_CMDLINE,
+  MENU_TERMINAL_MODE   = 1 << MENU_INDEX_TERMINAL,
+  MENU_TIP_MODE        = 1 << MENU_INDEX_TIP,
+  MENU_ALL_MODES       = (1 << MENU_INDEX_TIP) - 1,
+};
+/// @}
+/// note MENU_INDEX_TIP is not a 'real' mode
+
+/// Start a menu name with this to not include it on the main menu bar
+#define MNU_HIDDEN_CHAR         ']'
+
+typedef struct VimMenu vimmenu_T;
+
+struct VimMenu {
+  int modes;                  ///< Which modes is this menu visible for
+  int enabled;                ///< for which modes the menu is enabled
+  char *name;                 ///< Name of menu, possibly translated
+  char *dname;                ///< Displayed Name ("name" without '&')
+  char *en_name;              ///< "name" untranslated, NULL when
+                              ///< was not translated
+  char *en_dname;             ///< NULL when "dname" untranslated
+  int mnemonic;               ///< mnemonic key (after '&')
+  char *actext;               ///< accelerator text (after TAB)
+  long priority;              ///< Menu order priority
+  char *strings[MENU_MODES];  ///< Mapped string for each mode
+  int noremap[MENU_MODES];    ///< A \ref REMAP_VALUES flag for each mode
+  bool silent[MENU_MODES];    ///< A silent flag for each mode
+  vimmenu_T *children;        ///< Children of sub-menu
+  vimmenu_T *parent;          ///< Parent of menu
+  vimmenu_T *next;            ///< Next item in menu
+};
+
+#endif  // NVIM_MENU_DEFS_H
diff --git a/src/nvim/message.c b/src/nvim/message.c
index 7cccd046c9..684cf7207c 100644
--- a/src/nvim/message.c
+++ b/src/nvim/message.c
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/assert.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
@@ -23,7 +24,9 @@
 #include "nvim/func_attr.h"
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight.h"
+#include "nvim/indent.h"
 #include "nvim/input.h"
 #include "nvim/keycodes.h"
 #include "nvim/main.h"
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@
 #include "nvim/os/os.h"
 #include "nvim/os/time.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/syntax.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
@@ -318,7 +321,7 @@ bool msg_attr_keep(const char *s, int attr, bool keep, bool multiline)
   if (entered >= 3) {
     return TRUE;
   }
-  ++entered;
+  entered++;
 
   // Add message to history (unless it's a repeated kept message or a
   // truncated message)
@@ -355,7 +358,7 @@ bool msg_attr_keep(const char *s, int attr, bool keep, bool multiline)
   need_fileinfo = false;
 
   xfree(buf);
-  --entered;
+  entered--;
   return retval;
 }
 
@@ -524,7 +527,7 @@ int smsg_attr_keep(int attr, const char *s, ...)
  * isn't printed each time when it didn't change.
  */
 static int last_sourcing_lnum = 0;
-static char_u *last_sourcing_name = NULL;
+static char *last_sourcing_name = NULL;
 
 /// Reset the last used sourcing name/lnum.  Makes sure it is displayed again
 /// for the next error message;
@@ -534,16 +537,16 @@ void reset_last_sourcing(void)
   last_sourcing_lnum = 0;
 }
 
-/// @return  TRUE if "sourcing_name" differs from "last_sourcing_name".
-static int other_sourcing_name(void)
+/// @return  true if "SOURCING_NAME" differs from "last_sourcing_name".
+static bool other_sourcing_name(void)
 {
-  if (sourcing_name != NULL) {
+  if (SOURCING_NAME != NULL) {
     if (last_sourcing_name != NULL) {
-      return STRCMP(sourcing_name, last_sourcing_name) != 0;
+      return strcmp(SOURCING_NAME, last_sourcing_name) != 0;
     }
-    return TRUE;
+    return true;
   }
-  return FALSE;
+  return false;
 }
 
 /// Get the message about the source, as used for an error message
@@ -553,11 +556,19 @@ static int other_sourcing_name(void)
 static char *get_emsg_source(void)
   FUNC_ATTR_MALLOC FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
 {
-  if (sourcing_name != NULL && other_sourcing_name()) {
+  if (SOURCING_NAME != NULL && other_sourcing_name()) {
+    char *sname = estack_sfile(ESTACK_NONE);
+    char *tofree = sname;
+
+    if (sname == NULL) {
+      sname = SOURCING_NAME;
+    }
+
     const char *const p = _("Error detected while processing %s:");
-    const size_t buf_len = STRLEN(sourcing_name) + strlen(p) + 1;
+    const size_t buf_len = STRLEN(sname) + strlen(p) + 1;
     char *const buf = xmalloc(buf_len);
-    snprintf(buf, buf_len, p, sourcing_name);
+    snprintf(buf, buf_len, p, sname);
+    xfree(tofree);
     return buf;
   }
   return NULL;
@@ -572,13 +583,13 @@ static char *get_emsg_lnum(void)
 {
   // lnum is 0 when executing a command from the command line
   // argument, we don't want a line number then
-  if (sourcing_name != NULL
-      && (other_sourcing_name() || sourcing_lnum != last_sourcing_lnum)
-      && sourcing_lnum != 0) {
+  if (SOURCING_NAME != NULL
+      && (other_sourcing_name() || SOURCING_LNUM != last_sourcing_lnum)
+      && SOURCING_LNUM != 0) {
     const char *const p = _("line %4ld:");
     const size_t buf_len = 20 + strlen(p);
     char *const buf = xmalloc(buf_len);
-    snprintf(buf, buf_len, p, (long)sourcing_lnum);
+    snprintf(buf, buf_len, p, (long)SOURCING_LNUM);
     return buf;
   }
   return NULL;
@@ -589,6 +600,15 @@ static char *get_emsg_lnum(void)
 /// is only displayed if it changed.
 void msg_source(int attr)
 {
+  static bool recursive = false;
+
+  // Bail out if something called here causes an error.
+  if (recursive) {
+    return;
+  }
+  recursive = true;
+
+  msg_scroll = true;  // this will take more than one line
   no_wait_return++;
   char *p = get_emsg_source();
   if (p != NULL) {
@@ -599,19 +619,19 @@ void msg_source(int attr)
   if (p != NULL) {
     msg_attr(p, HL_ATTR(HLF_N));
     xfree(p);
-    last_sourcing_lnum = sourcing_lnum;      // only once for each line
+    last_sourcing_lnum = SOURCING_LNUM;      // only once for each line
   }
 
   // remember the last sourcing name printed, also when it's empty
-  if (sourcing_name == NULL || other_sourcing_name()) {
-    xfree(last_sourcing_name);
-    if (sourcing_name == NULL) {
-      last_sourcing_name = NULL;
-    } else {
-      last_sourcing_name = vim_strsave((char_u *)sourcing_name);
+  if (SOURCING_NAME == NULL || other_sourcing_name()) {
+    XFREE_CLEAR(last_sourcing_name);
+    if (SOURCING_NAME != NULL) {
+      last_sourcing_name = xstrdup(SOURCING_NAME);
     }
   }
-  --no_wait_return;
+  no_wait_return--;
+
+  recursive = false;
 }
 
 /// @return  TRUE if not giving error messages right now:
@@ -686,9 +706,9 @@ static bool emsg_multiline(const char *s, bool multiline)
       }
 
       // Log (silent) errors as debug messages.
-      if (sourcing_name != NULL && sourcing_lnum != 0) {
+      if (SOURCING_NAME != NULL && SOURCING_LNUM != 0) {
         DLOG("(:silent) %s (%s (line %ld))",
-             s, sourcing_name, (long)sourcing_lnum);
+             s, SOURCING_NAME, (long)SOURCING_LNUM);
       } else {
         DLOG("(:silent) %s", s);
       }
@@ -697,8 +717,8 @@ static bool emsg_multiline(const char *s, bool multiline)
     }
 
     // Log editor errors as INFO.
-    if (sourcing_name != NULL && sourcing_lnum != 0) {
-      ILOG("%s (%s (line %ld))", s, sourcing_name, (long)sourcing_lnum);
+    if (SOURCING_NAME != NULL && SOURCING_LNUM != 0) {
+      ILOG("%s (%s (line %ld))", s, SOURCING_NAME, (long)SOURCING_LNUM);
     } else {
       ILOG("%s", s);
     }
@@ -722,7 +742,6 @@ static bool emsg_multiline(const char *s, bool multiline)
   }
 
   emsg_on_display = true;     // remember there is an error message
-  msg_scroll++;               // don't overwrite a previous message
   attr = HL_ATTR(HLF_E);      // set highlight mode for error messages
   if (msg_scrolled != 0) {
     need_wait_return = true;  // needed in case emsg() is called after
@@ -733,9 +752,8 @@ static bool emsg_multiline(const char *s, bool multiline)
     msg_ext_set_kind("emsg");
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Display name and line number for the source of the error.
-   */
+  // Display name and line number for the source of the error.
+  // Sets "msg_scroll".
   msg_source(attr);
 
   // Display the error message itself.
@@ -812,8 +830,15 @@ static bool semsgv(const char *fmt, va_list ap)
 /// detected when fuzzing vim.
 void iemsg(const char *s)
 {
+  if (emsg_not_now()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
   emsg(s);
 #ifdef ABORT_ON_INTERNAL_ERROR
+  set_vim_var_string(VV_ERRMSG, s, -1);
+  msg_putchar('\n');  // avoid overwriting the error message
+  ui_flush();
   abort();
 #endif
 }
@@ -823,11 +848,17 @@ void iemsg(const char *s)
 /// detected when fuzzing vim.
 void siemsg(const char *s, ...)
 {
+  if (emsg_not_now()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
   va_list ap;
   va_start(ap, s);
   (void)semsgv(s, ap);
   va_end(ap);
 #ifdef ABORT_ON_INTERNAL_ERROR
+  msg_putchar('\n');  // avoid overwriting the error message
+  ui_flush();
   abort();
 #endif
 }
@@ -999,7 +1030,7 @@ int delete_first_msg(void)
   xfree(p->msg);
   hl_msg_free(p->multiattr);
   xfree(p);
-  --msg_hist_len;
+  msg_hist_len--;
   return OK;
 }
 
@@ -1964,13 +1995,13 @@ static char_u *screen_puts_mbyte(char_u *s, int l, int attr)
     msg_col -= cw;
     if (msg_col == 0) {
       msg_col = Columns;
-      ++msg_row;
+      msg_row++;
     }
   } else {
     msg_col += cw;
     if (msg_col >= Columns) {
       msg_col = 0;
-      ++msg_row;
+      msg_row++;
     }
   }
   return s + l;
@@ -2123,7 +2154,7 @@ static void msg_puts_display(const char_u *str, int maxlen, int attr, int recurs
   int t_col = 0;  // Screen cells todo, 0 when "t_s" not used.
   int l;
   int cw;
-  const char_u *sb_str = str;
+  const char *sb_str = (char *)str;
   int sb_col = msg_col;
   int wrap;
   int did_last_char;
@@ -2208,7 +2239,7 @@ static void msg_puts_display(const char_u *str, int maxlen, int attr, int recurs
 
       if (p_more) {
         // Store text for scrolling back.
-        store_sb_text((char_u **)&sb_str, (char_u *)s, attr, &sb_col, true);
+        store_sb_text((char **)&sb_str, (char *)s, attr, &sb_col, true);
       }
 
       inc_msg_scrolled();
@@ -2223,7 +2254,7 @@ static void msg_puts_display(const char_u *str, int maxlen, int attr, int recurs
        * for a character.
        */
       if (lines_left > 0) {
-        --lines_left;
+        lines_left--;
       }
       if (p_more && lines_left == 0 && State != MODE_HITRETURN
           && !msg_no_more && !exmode_active) {
@@ -2255,7 +2286,7 @@ static void msg_puts_display(const char_u *str, int maxlen, int attr, int recurs
 
     if (wrap && p_more && !recurse) {
       // Store text for scrolling back.
-      store_sb_text((char_u **)&sb_str, (char_u *)s, attr, &sb_col, true);
+      store_sb_text((char **)&sb_str, (char *)s, attr, &sb_col, true);
     }
 
     if (*s == '\n') {               // go to next line
@@ -2272,7 +2303,7 @@ static void msg_puts_display(const char_u *str, int maxlen, int attr, int recurs
       msg_col = 0;
     } else if (*s == '\b') {      // go to previous char
       if (msg_col) {
-        --msg_col;
+        msg_col--;
       }
     } else if (*s == TAB) {       // translate Tab into spaces
       do {
@@ -2306,7 +2337,7 @@ static void msg_puts_display(const char_u *str, int maxlen, int attr, int recurs
         s += l - 1;
       }
     }
-    ++s;
+    s++;
   }
 
   // Output any postponed text.
@@ -2314,7 +2345,7 @@ static void msg_puts_display(const char_u *str, int maxlen, int attr, int recurs
     t_puts(&t_col, t_s, s, attr);
   }
   if (p_more && !recurse) {
-    store_sb_text((char_u **)&sb_str, (char_u *)s, attr, &sb_col, false);
+    store_sb_text((char **)&sb_str, (char *)s, attr, &sb_col, false);
   }
 
   msg_check();
@@ -2457,7 +2488,7 @@ void msg_reset_scroll(void)
 static void inc_msg_scrolled(void)
 {
   if (*get_vim_var_str(VV_SCROLLSTART) == NUL) {
-    char *p = sourcing_name;
+    char *p = SOURCING_NAME;
     char *tofree = NULL;
 
     // v:scrollstart is empty, set it to the script/function name and line
@@ -2468,7 +2499,7 @@ static void inc_msg_scrolled(void)
       size_t len = strlen(p) + 40;
       tofree = xmalloc(len);
       vim_snprintf(tofree, len, _("%s line %" PRId64),
-                   p, (int64_t)sourcing_lnum);
+                   p, (int64_t)SOURCING_LNUM);
       p = tofree;
     }
     set_vim_var_string(VV_SCROLLSTART, p, -1);
@@ -2497,7 +2528,7 @@ static sb_clear_T do_clear_sb_text = SB_CLEAR_NONE;
 /// @param sb_str  start of string
 /// @param s  just after string
 /// @param finish  line ends
-static void store_sb_text(char_u **sb_str, char_u *s, int attr, int *sb_col, int finish)
+static void store_sb_text(char **sb_str, char *s, int attr, int *sb_col, int finish)
 {
   msgchunk_T *mp;
 
@@ -2654,7 +2685,7 @@ static msgchunk_T *disp_sb_line(int row, msgchunk_T *smp)
     msg_col = mp->sb_msg_col;
     p = mp->sb_text;
     if (*p == '\n') {       // don't display the line break
-      ++p;
+      p++;
     }
     msg_puts_display(p, -1, mp->sb_attr, TRUE);
     if (mp->sb_eol || mp->sb_next == NULL) {
@@ -2683,7 +2714,7 @@ static void t_puts(int *t_col, const char_u *t_s, const char_u *s, int attr)
   }
   if (msg_col >= Columns) {
     msg_col = 0;
-    ++msg_row;
+    msg_row++;
   }
 }
 
@@ -2938,7 +2969,7 @@ static int do_more_prompt(int typed_char)
                       HL_ATTR(HLF_MSG));
             for (i = 0; mp != NULL && i < Rows - 1; i++) {
               mp = disp_sb_line(i, mp);
-              ++msg_scrolled;
+              msg_scrolled++;
             }
             to_redraw = false;
           }
@@ -3037,12 +3068,12 @@ static void msg_screen_putchar(int c, int attr)
   if (cmdmsg_rl) {
     if (--msg_col == 0) {
       msg_col = Columns;
-      ++msg_row;
+      msg_row++;
     }
   } else {
     if (++msg_col >= Columns) {
       msg_col = 0;
-      ++msg_row;
+      msg_row++;
     }
   }
 }
@@ -3339,7 +3370,7 @@ int redirecting(void)
 void verbose_enter(void)
 {
   if (*p_vfile != NUL) {
-    ++msg_silent;
+    msg_silent++;
   }
 }
 
@@ -3358,7 +3389,7 @@ void verbose_leave(void)
 void verbose_enter_scroll(void)
 {
   if (*p_vfile != NUL) {
-    ++msg_silent;
+    msg_silent++;
   } else {
     // always scroll up, don't overwrite
     msg_scroll = TRUE;
@@ -3520,7 +3551,7 @@ int do_dialog(int type, char_u *title, char_u *message, char_u *buttons, int dfl
    * Since we wait for a keypress, don't make the
    * user press RETURN as well afterwards.
    */
-  ++no_wait_return;
+  no_wait_return++;
   hotkeys = msg_show_console_dialog(message, buttons, dfltbutton);
 
   for (;;) {
@@ -3569,7 +3600,7 @@ int do_dialog(int type, char_u *title, char_u *message, char_u *buttons, int dfl
   msg_silent = save_msg_silent;
   State = oldState;
   setmouse();
-  --no_wait_return;
+  no_wait_return--;
   msg_end_prompt();
 
   return retval;
@@ -3723,7 +3754,7 @@ static void copy_hotkeys_and_msg(const char_u *message, char_u *buttons, int def
       }
     } else if (*r == DLG_HOTKEY_CHAR || first_hotkey) {
       if (*r == DLG_HOTKEY_CHAR) {
-        ++r;
+        r++;
       }
 
       first_hotkey = false;
diff --git a/src/nvim/mouse.c b/src/nvim/mouse.c
index a4a521fa80..a8d0b3b584 100644
--- a/src/nvim/mouse.c
+++ b/src/nvim/mouse.c
@@ -8,13 +8,14 @@
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/diff.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
 #include "nvim/memline.h"
 #include "nvim/mouse.h"
 #include "nvim/move.h"
 #include "nvim/os_unix.h"
 #include "nvim/plines.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/syntax.h"
@@ -386,7 +387,7 @@ retnomove:
       count = 0;
       for (first = true; curwin->w_topline < curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count;) {
         if (curwin->w_topfill > 0) {
-          ++count;
+          count++;
         } else {
           count += plines_win(curwin, curwin->w_topline, true);
         }
@@ -514,7 +515,7 @@ bool mouse_comp_pos(win_T *win, int *rowp, int *colp, linenr_T *lnump)
       break;                    // past end of file
     }
     row -= count;
-    ++lnum;
+    lnum++;
   }
 
   if (!retval) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/move.c b/src/nvim/move.c
index 6d4eb8ef49..1ed7acd012 100644
--- a/src/nvim/move.c
+++ b/src/nvim/move.c
@@ -21,16 +21,18 @@
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/diff.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
+#include "nvim/highlight.h"
 #include "nvim/mbyte.h"
 #include "nvim/memline.h"
 #include "nvim/move.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
 #include "nvim/plines.h"
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/window.h"
@@ -114,7 +116,7 @@ static void redraw_for_cursorcolumn(win_T *wp)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
   if ((wp->w_valid & VALID_VIRTCOL) == 0 && !pum_visible()) {
-    if (wp->w_p_cuc || ((HL_ATTR(HLF_LC) || wp->w_hl_ids[HLF_LC]) && using_hlsearch())) {
+    if (wp->w_p_cuc || ((HL_ATTR(HLF_LC) || win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_LC)) && using_hlsearch())) {
       // When 'cursorcolumn' is set or "CurSearch" is in use
       // need to redraw with SOME_VALID.
       redraw_later(wp, SOME_VALID);
@@ -1056,7 +1058,7 @@ bool scrolldown(long line_count, int byfold)
       // A sequence of folded lines only counts for one logical line
       linenr_T first;
       if (hasFolding(curwin->w_topline, &first, NULL)) {
-        ++done;
+        done++;
         if (!byfold) {
           line_count -= curwin->w_topline - first - 1;
         }
@@ -1092,7 +1094,7 @@ bool scrolldown(long line_count, int byfold)
   while (wrow >= curwin->w_height_inner && curwin->w_cursor.lnum > 1) {
     linenr_T first;
     if (hasFolding(curwin->w_cursor.lnum, &first, NULL)) {
-      --wrow;
+      wrow--;
       if (first == 1) {
         curwin->w_cursor.lnum = 1;
       } else {
@@ -1406,8 +1408,8 @@ void scroll_cursor_top(int min_scroll, int always)
   }
 
   if (hasFolding(curwin->w_cursor.lnum, &top, &bot)) {
-    --top;
-    ++bot;
+    top--;
+    bot++;
   } else {
     top = curwin->w_cursor.lnum - 1;
     bot = curwin->w_cursor.lnum + 1;
@@ -1453,8 +1455,8 @@ void scroll_cursor_top(int min_scroll, int always)
 
     extra += i;
     new_topline = top;
-    --top;
-    ++bot;
+    top--;
+    bot++;
   }
 
   /*
@@ -1664,7 +1666,7 @@ void scroll_cursor_bot(int min_scroll, int set_topbot)
     for (i = 0; i < scrolled && boff.lnum < curwin->w_botline;) {
       botline_forw(curwin, &boff);
       i += boff.height;
-      ++line_count;
+      line_count++;
     }
     if (i < scrolled) {         // below curwin->w_botline, don't scroll
       line_count = 9999;
@@ -1726,7 +1728,7 @@ void scroll_cursor_halfway(int atend)
       } else {
         ++below;                    // count a "~" line
         if (atend) {
-          ++used;
+          used++;
         }
       }
     }
@@ -1835,7 +1837,7 @@ void cursor_correct(void)
       if (topline < botline) {
         above += win_get_fill(curwin, topline + 1);
       }
-      ++topline;
+      topline++;
     }
   }
   if (topline == botline || botline == 0) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/normal.c b/src/nvim/normal.c
index 2d752eade7..c87c0cbb6e 100644
--- a/src/nvim/normal.c
+++ b/src/nvim/normal.c
@@ -18,10 +18,13 @@
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/cmdhist.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/diff.h"
 #include "nvim/digraph.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
+#include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
 #include "nvim/event/loop.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
@@ -32,7 +35,8 @@
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
 #include "nvim/globals.h"
-#include "nvim/grid_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
+#include "nvim/help.h"
 #include "nvim/indent.h"
 #include "nvim/keycodes.h"
 #include "nvim/log.h"
@@ -41,6 +45,7 @@
 #include "nvim/mark.h"
 #include "nvim/memline.h"
 #include "nvim/memory.h"
+#include "nvim/menu.h"
 #include "nvim/message.h"
 #include "nvim/mouse.h"
 #include "nvim/move.h"
@@ -50,11 +55,12 @@
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
 #include "nvim/os/time.h"
 #include "nvim/plines.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/quickfix.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/spell.h"
 #include "nvim/spellfile.h"
+#include "nvim/spellsuggest.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/syntax.h"
@@ -465,7 +471,7 @@ void normal_enter(bool cmdwin, bool noexmode)
 
 static void normal_prepare(NormalState *s)
 {
-  memset(&s->ca, 0, sizeof(s->ca));  // also resets ca.retval
+  CLEAR_FIELD(s->ca);  // also resets s->ca.retval
   s->ca.oap = &s->oa;
 
   // Use a count remembered from before entering an operator. After typing "3d"
@@ -1276,10 +1282,10 @@ static void normal_redraw(NormalState *s)
 
   if (VIsual_active) {
     redraw_curbuf_later(INVERTED);  // update inverted part
-    update_screen(INVERTED);
+    update_screen(0);
   } else if (must_redraw) {
     update_screen(0);
-  } else if (redraw_cmdline || clear_cmdline) {
+  } else if (redraw_cmdline || clear_cmdline || redraw_mode) {
     showmode();
   }
 
@@ -1832,7 +1838,8 @@ bool do_mouse(oparg_T *oap, int c, int dir, long count, bool fixindent)
       }
       if (jump_flags) {
         jump_flags = jump_to_mouse(jump_flags, NULL, which_button);
-        update_curbuf(VIsual_active ? INVERTED : VALID);
+        redraw_curbuf_later(VIsual_active ? INVERTED : VALID);
+        update_screen(0);
         setcursor();
         ui_flush();  // Update before showing popup menu
       }
@@ -2383,7 +2390,7 @@ static bool find_is_eval_item(const char_u *const ptr, int *const colp, int *con
 ///
 /// If text is found, a pointer to the text is put in "*text".  This
 /// points into the current buffer line and is not always NUL terminated.
-size_t find_ident_under_cursor(char_u **text, int find_type)
+size_t find_ident_under_cursor(char **text, int find_type)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
 {
   return find_ident_at_pos(curwin, curwin->w_cursor.lnum,
@@ -2394,7 +2401,7 @@ size_t find_ident_under_cursor(char_u **text, int find_type)
 /// However: Uses 'iskeyword' from the current window!.
 ///
 /// @param textcol  column where "text" starts, can be NULL
-size_t find_ident_at_pos(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum, colnr_T startcol, char_u **text, int *textcol,
+size_t find_ident_at_pos(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum, colnr_T startcol, char **text, int *textcol,
                          int find_type)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1, 4)
 {
@@ -2470,7 +2477,7 @@ size_t find_ident_at_pos(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum, colnr_T startcol, char_u **te
     return 0;
   }
   ptr += col;
-  *text = ptr;
+  *text = (char *)ptr;
   if (textcol != NULL) {
     *textcol = col;
   }
@@ -3035,9 +3042,9 @@ static void nv_page(cmdarg_T *cap)
 static void nv_gd(oparg_T *oap, int nchar, int thisblock)
 {
   size_t len;
-  char_u *ptr;
+  char *ptr;
   if ((len = find_ident_under_cursor(&ptr, FIND_IDENT)) == 0
-      || !find_decl(ptr, len, nchar == 'd', thisblock, SEARCH_START)) {
+      || !find_decl((char_u *)ptr, len, nchar == 'd', thisblock, SEARCH_START)) {
     clearopbeep(oap);
   } else {
     if ((fdo_flags & FDO_SEARCH) && KeyTyped && oap->op_type == OP_NOP) {
@@ -3557,7 +3564,7 @@ static int nv_zg_zw(cmdarg_T *cap, int nchar)
   if (checkclearop(cap->oap)) {
     return OK;
   }
-  char_u *ptr = NULL;
+  char *ptr = NULL;
   size_t len;
   if (VIsual_active && !get_visual_text(cap, &ptr, &len)) {
     return FAIL;
@@ -3572,7 +3579,7 @@ static int nv_zg_zw(cmdarg_T *cap, int nchar)
     len = spell_move_to(curwin, FORWARD, true, true, NULL);
     emsg_off--;
     if (len != 0 && curwin->w_cursor.col <= pos.col) {
-      ptr = ml_get_pos(&curwin->w_cursor);
+      ptr = (char *)ml_get_pos(&curwin->w_cursor);
     }
     curwin->w_cursor = pos;
   }
@@ -3581,7 +3588,7 @@ static int nv_zg_zw(cmdarg_T *cap, int nchar)
     return FAIL;
   }
   assert(len <= INT_MAX);
-  spell_add_word(ptr, (int)len,
+  spell_add_word((char_u *)ptr, (int)len,
                  nchar == 'w' || nchar == 'W' ? SPELL_ADD_BAD : SPELL_ADD_GOOD,
                  (nchar == 'G' || nchar == 'W') ? 0 : (int)cap->count1,
                  undo);
@@ -4148,7 +4155,7 @@ void do_nv_ident(int c1, int c2)
   cmdarg_T ca;
 
   clear_oparg(&oa);
-  memset(&ca, 0, sizeof(ca));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(ca);
   ca.oap = &oa;
   ca.cmdchar = c1;
   ca.nchar = c2;
@@ -4157,7 +4164,7 @@ void do_nv_ident(int c1, int c2)
 
 /// 'K' normal-mode command. Get the command to lookup the keyword under the
 /// cursor.
-static size_t nv_K_getcmd(cmdarg_T *cap, char_u *kp, bool kp_help, bool kp_ex, char_u **ptr_arg,
+static size_t nv_K_getcmd(cmdarg_T *cap, char_u *kp, bool kp_help, bool kp_ex, char **ptr_arg,
                           size_t n, char *buf, size_t buf_size)
 {
   if (kp_help) {
@@ -4176,7 +4183,7 @@ static size_t nv_K_getcmd(cmdarg_T *cap, char_u *kp, bool kp_help, bool kp_ex, c
     return n;
   }
 
-  char_u *ptr = *ptr_arg;
+  char *ptr = *ptr_arg;
 
   // An external command will probably use an argument starting
   // with "-" as an option.  To avoid trouble we skip the "-".
@@ -4226,7 +4233,7 @@ static size_t nv_K_getcmd(cmdarg_T *cap, char_u *kp, bool kp_help, bool kp_ex, c
 ///  g  ']'      :tselect for current identifier
 static void nv_ident(cmdarg_T *cap)
 {
-  char_u *ptr = NULL;
+  char *ptr = NULL;
   char_u *p;
   size_t n = 0;                 // init for GCC
   int cmdchar;
@@ -4272,7 +4279,7 @@ static void nv_ident(cmdarg_T *cap)
   assert(*kp != NUL);  // option.c:do_set() should default to ":help" if empty.
   bool kp_ex = (*kp == ':');  // 'keywordprg' is an ex command
   bool kp_help = (STRCMP(kp, ":he") == 0 || STRCMP(kp, ":help") == 0);
-  if (kp_help && *skipwhite((char *)ptr) == NUL) {
+  if (kp_help && *skipwhite(ptr) == NUL) {
     emsg(_(e_noident));   // found white space only
     return;
   }
@@ -4288,9 +4295,9 @@ static void nv_ident(cmdarg_T *cap)
     // Call setpcmark() first, so "*``" puts the cursor back where
     // it was.
     setpcmark();
-    curwin->w_cursor.col = (colnr_T)(ptr - get_cursor_line_ptr());
+    curwin->w_cursor.col = (colnr_T)(ptr - (char *)get_cursor_line_ptr());
 
-    if (!g_cmd && vim_iswordp(ptr)) {
+    if (!g_cmd && vim_iswordp((char_u *)ptr)) {
       STRCPY(buf, "\\<");
     }
     no_smartcase = true;                // don't use 'smartcase' now
@@ -4327,13 +4334,13 @@ static void nv_ident(cmdarg_T *cap)
 
   // Now grab the chars in the identifier
   if (cmdchar == 'K' && !kp_help) {
-    ptr = vim_strnsave(ptr, n);
+    ptr = xstrnsave(ptr, n);
     if (kp_ex) {
       // Escape the argument properly for an Ex command
       p = (char_u *)vim_strsave_fnameescape((const char *)ptr, VSE_NONE);
     } else {
       // Escape the argument properly for a shell command
-      p = vim_strsave_shellescape(ptr, true, true);
+      p = vim_strsave_shellescape((char_u *)ptr, true, true);
     }
     xfree(ptr);
     char *newbuf = xrealloc(buf, STRLEN(buf) + STRLEN(p) + 1);
@@ -4364,11 +4371,11 @@ static void nv_ident(cmdarg_T *cap)
       }
       // When current byte is a part of multibyte character, copy all
       // bytes of that character.
-      const size_t len = (size_t)(utfc_ptr2len((char *)ptr) - 1);
+      const size_t len = (size_t)(utfc_ptr2len(ptr) - 1);
       for (size_t i = 0; i < len && n > 0; i++, n--) {
-        *p++ = *ptr++;
+        *p++ = (char_u)(*ptr++);
       }
-      *p++ = *ptr++;
+      *p++ = (char_u)(*ptr++);
     }
     *p = NUL;
   }
@@ -4376,12 +4383,14 @@ static void nv_ident(cmdarg_T *cap)
   // Execute the command.
   if (cmdchar == '*' || cmdchar == '#') {
     if (!g_cmd
-        && vim_iswordp(mb_prevptr(get_cursor_line_ptr(), ptr))) {
+        && vim_iswordp(mb_prevptr(get_cursor_line_ptr(), (char_u *)ptr))) {
       STRCAT(buf, "\\>");
     }
+
     // put pattern in search history
     init_history();
     add_to_history(HIST_SEARCH, (char_u *)buf, true, NUL);
+
     (void)normal_search(cap, cmdchar == '*' ? '/' : '?', (char_u *)buf, 0,
                         NULL);
   } else {
@@ -4406,7 +4415,7 @@ static void nv_ident(cmdarg_T *cap)
 /// @param lenp  return: length of selected text
 ///
 /// @return      false if more than one line selected.
-bool get_visual_text(cmdarg_T *cap, char_u **pp, size_t *lenp)
+bool get_visual_text(cmdarg_T *cap, char **pp, size_t *lenp)
 {
   if (VIsual_mode != 'V') {
     unadjust_for_sel();
@@ -4418,14 +4427,14 @@ bool get_visual_text(cmdarg_T *cap, char_u **pp, size_t *lenp)
     return false;
   }
   if (VIsual_mode == 'V') {
-    *pp = get_cursor_line_ptr();
+    *pp = (char *)get_cursor_line_ptr();
     *lenp = STRLEN(*pp);
   } else {
     if (lt(curwin->w_cursor, VIsual)) {
-      *pp = ml_get_pos(&curwin->w_cursor);
+      *pp = (char *)ml_get_pos(&curwin->w_cursor);
       *lenp = (size_t)VIsual.col - (size_t)curwin->w_cursor.col + 1;
     } else {
-      *pp = ml_get_pos(&VIsual);
+      *pp = (char *)ml_get_pos(&VIsual);
       *lenp = (size_t)curwin->w_cursor.col - (size_t)VIsual.col + 1;
     }
     if (**pp == NUL) {
@@ -4433,7 +4442,7 @@ bool get_visual_text(cmdarg_T *cap, char_u **pp, size_t *lenp)
     }
     if (*lenp > 0) {
       // Correct the length to include all bytes of the last character.
-      *lenp += (size_t)(utfc_ptr2len((char *)(*pp) + (*lenp - 1)) - 1);
+      *lenp += (size_t)(utfc_ptr2len(*pp + (*lenp - 1)) - 1);
     }
   }
   reset_VIsual_and_resel();
@@ -4842,7 +4851,7 @@ static int normal_search(cmdarg_T *cap, int dir, char_u *pat, int opt, int *wrap
   cap->oap->use_reg_one = true;
   curwin->w_set_curswant = true;
 
-  memset(&sia, 0, sizeof(sia));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(sia);
   i = do_search(cap->oap, dir, dir, pat, cap->count1,
                 opt | SEARCH_OPT | SEARCH_ECHO | SEARCH_MSG, &sia);
   if (wrapped != NULL) {
@@ -5044,15 +5053,15 @@ static void nv_brackets(cmdarg_T *cap)
     //                  fwd   bwd    fwd   bwd     fwd    bwd
     // identifier       "]i"  "[i"   "]I"  "[I"   "]^I"  "[^I"
     // define           "]d"  "[d"   "]D"  "[D"   "]^D"  "[^D"
-    char_u *ptr;
+    char *ptr;
     size_t len;
 
     if ((len = find_ident_under_cursor(&ptr, FIND_IDENT)) == 0) {
       clearop(cap->oap);
     } else {
       // Make a copy, if the line was changed it will be freed.
-      ptr = vim_strnsave(ptr, len);
-      find_pattern_in_path(ptr, 0, len, true,
+      ptr = xstrnsave(ptr, len);
+      find_pattern_in_path((char_u *)ptr, 0, len, true,
                            cap->count0 == 0 ? !isupper(cap->nchar) : false,
                            (((cap->nchar & 0xf) == ('d' & 0xf))
                             ? FIND_DEFINE
@@ -6923,6 +6932,10 @@ static void nv_esc(cmdarg_T *cap)
       }
     }
 
+    if (restart_edit != 0) {
+      redraw_mode = true;  // remove "-- (insert) --"
+    }
+
     restart_edit = 0;
 
     if (cmdwin_type != 0) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/ops.c b/src/nvim/ops.c
index 142a19e6d3..e121118fe9 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ops.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ops.c
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
@@ -25,7 +26,6 @@
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/extmark.h"
-#include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
 #include "nvim/globals.h"
@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@
 #include "nvim/os/time.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
 #include "nvim/plines.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
@@ -1177,14 +1176,14 @@ static int stuff_yank(int regname, char_u *p)
   }
   yankreg_T *reg = get_yank_register(regname, YREG_YANK);
   if (is_append_register(regname) && reg->y_array != NULL) {
-    char_u **pp = (char_u **)&(reg->y_array[reg->y_size - 1]);
+    char **pp = &(reg->y_array[reg->y_size - 1]);
     char_u *lp = xmalloc(STRLEN(*pp) + STRLEN(p) + 1);
     STRCPY(lp, *pp);
     // TODO(philix): use xstpcpy() in stuff_yank()
     STRCAT(lp, p);
     xfree(p);
     xfree(*pp);
-    *pp = lp;
+    *pp = (char *)lp;
   } else {
     free_register(reg);
     set_yreg_additional_data(reg, NULL);
@@ -1459,7 +1458,7 @@ int insert_reg(int regname, bool literally_arg)
     return FAIL;
   }
 
-  char_u *arg;
+  char *arg;
   if (regname == '.') {  // Insert last inserted text.
     retval = stuff_inserted(NUL, 1L, true);
   } else if (get_spec_reg(regname, &arg, &allocated, true)) {
@@ -1524,15 +1523,6 @@ static void stuffescaped(const char *arg, bool literally)
   }
 }
 
-/// If "regname" is a special register, return true and store a pointer to its
-/// value in "argp".
-///
-/// @param allocated  return: true when value was allocated
-/// @param errmsg     give error message when failing
-///
-/// @return  true if "regname" is a special register,
-bool get_spec_reg(int regname, char_u **argp, bool *allocated, bool errmsg);
-
 /// Converts a yankreg to a dict which can be used as an argument to the
 // userregfunc.
 static dict_T* yankreg_to_dict(yankreg_T* yankreg) {
@@ -1606,14 +1596,14 @@ static int eval_yank_userreg(const char_u *ufn, int regname, yankreg_T *reg)
   return ret;
 }
 
-// If "regname" is a special register, return true and store a pointer to its
-// value in "argp".
-bool get_spec_reg(
-    int regname,
-    char_u **argp,
-    bool *allocated,        // return: true when value was allocated
-    bool errmsg             // give error message when failing
-)
+/// If "regname" is a special register, return true and store a pointer to its
+/// value in "argp".
+///
+/// @param allocated  return: true when value was allocated
+/// @param errmsg     give error message when failing
+///
+/// @return  true if "regname" is a special register,
+bool get_spec_reg(int regname, char **argp, bool *allocated, bool errmsg)
 {
   size_t cnt;
 
@@ -1624,15 +1614,15 @@ bool get_spec_reg(
     if (errmsg) {
       check_fname();            // will give emsg if not set
     }
-    *argp = (char_u *)curbuf->b_fname;
+    *argp = curbuf->b_fname;
     return true;
 
   case '#':                       // alternate file name
-    *argp = (char_u *)getaltfname(errmsg);  // may give emsg if not set
+    *argp = getaltfname(errmsg);  // may give emsg if not set
     return true;
 
   case '=':                     // result of expression
-    *argp = get_expr_line();
+    *argp = (char *)get_expr_line();
     *allocated = true;
     return true;
 
@@ -1640,18 +1630,18 @@ bool get_spec_reg(
     if (last_cmdline == NULL && errmsg) {
       emsg(_(e_nolastcmd));
     }
-    *argp = last_cmdline;
+    *argp = (char *)last_cmdline;
     return true;
 
   case '/':                     // last search-pattern
     if (last_search_pat() == NULL && errmsg) {
       emsg(_(e_noprevre));
     }
-    *argp = last_search_pat();
+    *argp = (char *)last_search_pat();
     return true;
 
   case '.':                     // last inserted text
-    *argp = get_last_insert_save();
+    *argp = (char *)get_last_insert_save();
     *allocated = true;
     if (*argp == NULL && errmsg) {
       emsg(_(e_noinstext));
@@ -1663,8 +1653,9 @@ bool get_spec_reg(
     if (!errmsg) {
       return false;
     }
-    *argp = file_name_at_cursor(FNAME_MESS | FNAME_HYP | (regname == Ctrl_P ? FNAME_EXP : 0),
-                                1L, NULL);
+    *argp
+      = (char *)file_name_at_cursor(FNAME_MESS | FNAME_HYP | (regname == Ctrl_P ? FNAME_EXP : 0),
+                                    1L, NULL);
     *allocated = true;
     return true;
 
@@ -1676,7 +1667,7 @@ bool get_spec_reg(
     cnt = find_ident_under_cursor(argp, (regname == Ctrl_W
                                          ? (FIND_IDENT|FIND_STRING)
                                          : FIND_STRING));
-    *argp = cnt ? vim_strnsave(*argp, cnt) : NULL;
+    *argp = cnt ? xstrnsave(*argp, cnt) : NULL;
     *allocated = true;
     return true;
 
@@ -1685,11 +1676,11 @@ bool get_spec_reg(
       return false;
     }
 
-    *argp = ml_get_buf(curwin->w_buffer, curwin->w_cursor.lnum, false);
+    *argp = (char *)ml_get_buf(curwin->w_buffer, curwin->w_cursor.lnum, false);
     return true;
 
   case '_':                     // black hole: always empty
-    *argp = (char_u *)"";
+    *argp = "";
     return true;
 
   default:                     /* User-defined registers. */
@@ -2202,8 +2193,8 @@ static int op_replace(oparg_T *oap, int c)
       // times.
       if (utf_char2cells(c) > 1) {
         if ((numc & 1) && !bd.is_short) {
-          ++bd.endspaces;
-          ++n;
+          bd.endspaces++;
+          n++;
         }
         numc = numc / 2;
       }
@@ -3259,7 +3250,7 @@ void do_put(int regname, yankreg_T *reg, int dir, long count, int flags)
   int delcount;
   int incr = 0;
   struct block_def bd;
-  char_u **y_array = NULL;
+  char **y_array = NULL;
   linenr_T nr_lines = 0;
   pos_T new_cursor;
   int indent;
@@ -3268,7 +3259,7 @@ void do_put(int regname, yankreg_T *reg, int dir, long count, int flags)
   bool first_indent = true;
   int lendiff = 0;
   pos_T old_pos;
-  char_u *insert_string = NULL;
+  char *insert_string = NULL;
   bool allocated = false;
   long cnt;
   const pos_T orig_start = curbuf->b_op_start;
@@ -3391,10 +3382,10 @@ void do_put(int regname, yankreg_T *reg, int dir, long count, int flags)
        * Loop twice: count the number of lines and save them. */
       for (;;) {
         y_size = 0;
-        ptr = insert_string;
+        ptr = (char_u *)insert_string;
         while (ptr != NULL) {
           if (y_array != NULL) {
-            y_array[y_size] = ptr;
+            y_array[y_size] = (char *)ptr;
           }
           y_size++;
           ptr = (char_u *)vim_strchr((char *)ptr, '\n');
@@ -3402,7 +3393,7 @@ void do_put(int regname, yankreg_T *reg, int dir, long count, int flags)
             if (y_array != NULL) {
               *ptr = NUL;
             }
-            ++ptr;
+            ptr++;
             // A trailing '\n' makes the register linewise.
             if (*ptr == NUL) {
               y_type = kMTLineWise;
@@ -3413,7 +3404,7 @@ void do_put(int regname, yankreg_T *reg, int dir, long count, int flags)
         if (y_array != NULL) {
           break;
         }
-        y_array = (char_u **)xmalloc(y_size * sizeof(char_u *));
+        y_array = xmalloc(y_size * sizeof(char_u *));
       }
     } else {
       y_size = 1;               // use fake one-line yank register
@@ -3434,7 +3425,7 @@ void do_put(int regname, yankreg_T *reg, int dir, long count, int flags)
     y_type = reg->y_type;
     y_width = reg->y_width;
     y_size = reg->y_size;
-    y_array = (char_u **)reg->y_array;
+    y_array = reg->y_array;
   }
 
   if (curbuf->terminal) {
@@ -3643,7 +3634,7 @@ void do_put(int regname, yankreg_T *reg, int dir, long count, int flags)
         // block
         spaces = y_width + 1;
         for (int j = 0; j < yanklen; j++) {
-          spaces -= lbr_chartabsize(NULL, &y_array[i][j], 0);
+          spaces -= lbr_chartabsize(NULL, (char_u *)(&y_array[i][j]), 0);
         }
         if (spaces < 0) {
           spaces = 0;
@@ -3744,12 +3735,9 @@ void do_put(int regname, yankreg_T *reg, int dir, long count, int flags)
         }
       }
       curbuf->b_op_start = curwin->w_cursor;
-    }
-    /*
-     * Line mode: BACKWARD is the same as FORWARD on the previous line
-     */
-    else if (dir == BACKWARD) {
-      --lnum;
+    } else if (dir == BACKWARD) {
+      // Line mode: BACKWARD is the same as FORWARD on the previous line
+      lnum--;
     }
     new_cursor = curwin->w_cursor;
 
@@ -3882,13 +3870,13 @@ void do_put(int regname, yankreg_T *reg, int dir, long count, int flags)
 
         for (; i < y_size; i++) {
           if ((y_type != kMTCharWise || i < y_size - 1)) {
-            if (ml_append(lnum, (char *)y_array[i], (colnr_T)0, false) == FAIL) {
+            if (ml_append(lnum, y_array[i], (colnr_T)0, false) == FAIL) {
               goto error;
             }
             new_lnum++;
           }
           lnum++;
-          ++nr_lines;
+          nr_lines++;
           if (flags & PUT_FIXINDENT) {
             old_pos = curwin->w_cursor;
             curwin->w_cursor.lnum = lnum;
@@ -3972,8 +3960,8 @@ error:
       if (col > 1) {
         curbuf->b_op_end.col = col - 1;
         if (len > 0) {
-          curbuf->b_op_end.col -= utf_head_off(y_array[y_size - 1],
-                                               y_array[y_size - 1] + len - 1);
+          curbuf->b_op_end.col -= utf_head_off((char_u *)y_array[y_size - 1],
+                                               (char_u *)y_array[y_size - 1] + len - 1);
         }
       } else {
         curbuf->b_op_end.col = 0;
@@ -4264,9 +4252,9 @@ static void dis_msg(const char_u *p, bool skip_esc)
 ///  comment.
 char_u *skip_comment(char_u *line, bool process, bool include_space, bool *is_comment)
 {
-  char_u *comment_flags = NULL;
+  char *comment_flags = NULL;
   int lead_len;
-  int leader_offset = get_last_leader_offset((char *)line, (char **)&comment_flags);
+  int leader_offset = get_last_leader_offset((char *)line, &comment_flags);
 
   *is_comment = false;
   if (leader_offset != -1) {
@@ -4288,7 +4276,7 @@ char_u *skip_comment(char_u *line, bool process, bool include_space, bool *is_co
     return line;
   }
 
-  lead_len = get_leader_len((char *)line, (char **)&comment_flags, false, include_space);
+  lead_len = get_leader_len((char *)line, &comment_flags, false, include_space);
 
   if (lead_len == 0) {
     return line;
@@ -4303,7 +4291,7 @@ char_u *skip_comment(char_u *line, bool process, bool include_space, bool *is_co
         || *comment_flags == ':') {
       break;
     }
-    ++comment_flags;
+    comment_flags++;
   }
 
   // If we found a colon, it means that we are not processing a line
@@ -4587,7 +4575,7 @@ static int same_leader(linenr_T lnum, int leader1_len, char_u *leader1_flags, in
       }
     } else {
       while (ascii_iswhite(line1[idx1])) {
-        ++idx1;
+        idx1++;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -5000,7 +4988,7 @@ static int fmt_check_par(linenr_T lnum, int *leader_len, char_u **leader_flags,
      */
     flags = *leader_flags;
     while (*flags && *flags != ':' && *flags != COM_END) {
-      ++flags;
+      flags++;
     }
   }
 
@@ -5759,16 +5747,16 @@ void *get_reg_contents(int regname, int flags)
     return NULL;
   }
 
-  char_u *retval;
+  char *retval;
   bool allocated;
   if (get_spec_reg(regname, &retval, &allocated, false)) {
     if (retval == NULL) {
       return NULL;
     }
     if (allocated) {
-      return get_reg_wrap_one_line(retval, flags);
+      return get_reg_wrap_one_line((char_u *)retval, flags);
     }
-    return get_reg_wrap_one_line(vim_strsave(retval), flags);
+    return get_reg_wrap_one_line(vim_strsave((char_u *)retval), flags);
   }
 
   yankreg_T *reg = get_yank_register(regname, YREG_PASTE);
@@ -5863,11 +5851,11 @@ void write_reg_contents(int name, const char_u *str, ssize_t len, int must_appen
   write_reg_contents_ex(name, str, len, must_append, kMTUnknown, 0L);
 }
 
-void write_reg_contents_lst(int name, char_u **strings, bool must_append, MotionType yank_type,
+void write_reg_contents_lst(int name, char **strings, bool must_append, MotionType yank_type,
                             colnr_T block_len)
 {
   if (name == '/' || name == '=') {
-    char_u *s = strings[0];
+    char_u *s = (char_u *)strings[0];
     if (strings[0] == NULL) {
       s = (char_u *)"";
     } else if (strings[1] != NULL) {
@@ -5889,7 +5877,7 @@ void write_reg_contents_lst(int name, char_u **strings, bool must_append, Motion
     return;
   }
 
-  str_to_reg(reg, yank_type, (char_u *)strings, STRLEN((char_u *)strings),
+  str_to_reg(reg, yank_type, (char *)strings, STRLEN((char_u *)strings),
              block_len, true);
   finish_write_reg(name, reg, old_y_previous);
 }
@@ -5977,7 +5965,7 @@ void write_reg_contents_ex(int name, const char_u *str, ssize_t len, bool must_a
   if (!(reg = init_write_reg(name, &old_y_previous, must_append))) {
     return;
   }
-  str_to_reg(reg, yank_type, str, (size_t)len, block_len, false);
+  str_to_reg(reg, yank_type, (char *)str, (size_t)len, block_len, false);
   finish_write_reg(name, reg, old_y_previous);
 }
 
@@ -5991,7 +5979,7 @@ void write_reg_contents_ex(int name, const char_u *str, ssize_t len, bool must_a
 /// @param len length of the string (Ignored when str_list=true.)
 /// @param blocklen width of visual block, or -1 for "I don't know."
 /// @param str_list True if str is `char_u **`.
-static void str_to_reg(yankreg_T *y_ptr, MotionType yank_type, const char_u *str, size_t len,
+static void str_to_reg(yankreg_T *y_ptr, MotionType yank_type, const char *str, size_t len,
                        colnr_T blocklen, bool str_list)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
@@ -6033,9 +6021,8 @@ static void str_to_reg(yankreg_T *y_ptr, MotionType yank_type, const char_u *str
   }
 
   // Grow the register array to hold the pointers to the new lines.
-  char_u **pp = xrealloc(y_ptr->y_array,
-                         (y_ptr->y_size + newlines) * sizeof(char_u *));
-  y_ptr->y_array = (char **)pp;
+  char **pp = xrealloc(y_ptr->y_array, (y_ptr->y_size + newlines) * sizeof(char_u *));
+  y_ptr->y_array = pp;
 
   size_t lnum = y_ptr->y_size;  // The current line number.
 
@@ -6053,7 +6040,7 @@ static void str_to_reg(yankreg_T *y_ptr, MotionType yank_type, const char_u *str
     }
   } else {
     size_t line_len;
-    for (const char_u *start = str, *end = str + len;
+    for (const char_u *start = (char_u *)str, *end = (char_u *)str + len;
          start < end + extraline;
          start += line_len + 1, lnum++) {
       assert(end - start >= 0);
@@ -6076,7 +6063,7 @@ static void str_to_reg(yankreg_T *y_ptr, MotionType yank_type, const char_u *str
         xfree(pp[lnum]);
         append = false;  // only first line is appended
       }
-      pp[lnum] = (char_u *)s;
+      pp[lnum] = s;
 
       // Convert NULs to '\n' to prevent truncation.
       memchrsub(pp[lnum], NUL, '\n', s_len);
@@ -6095,7 +6082,7 @@ static void str_to_reg(yankreg_T *y_ptr, MotionType yank_type, const char_u *str
 
 void clear_oparg(oparg_T *oap)
 {
-  memset(oap, 0, sizeof(oparg_T));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(oap);
 }
 
 ///  Count the number of bytes, characters and "words" in a line.
diff --git a/src/nvim/option.c b/src/nvim/option.c
index ba77d12a3d..9fe007a453 100644
--- a/src/nvim/option.c
+++ b/src/nvim/option.c
@@ -27,13 +27,16 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+#include "nvim/arglist.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor_shape.h"
+#include "nvim/decoration_provider.h"
 #include "nvim/diff.h"
 #include "nvim/digraph.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
@@ -49,6 +52,7 @@
 #include "nvim/hardcopy.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
+#include "nvim/indent.h"
 #include "nvim/indent_c.h"
 #include "nvim/insexpand.h"
 #include "nvim/keycodes.h"
@@ -66,12 +70,13 @@
 #include "nvim/os/os.h"
 #include "nvim/os_unix.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
+#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
 #include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/spell.h"
 #include "nvim/spellfile.h"
+#include "nvim/spellsuggest.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/syntax.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
@@ -82,7 +87,9 @@
 #ifdef WIN32
 # include "nvim/os/pty_conpty_win.h"
 #endif
+#include "nvim/api/extmark.h"
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
+#include "nvim/api/vim.h"
 #include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
 #include "nvim/os/lang.h"
@@ -978,7 +985,7 @@ int do_set(char *arg, int opt_flags)
   varnumber_T value;
   int key;
   uint32_t flags;                   // flags for current option
-  char_u *varp = NULL;         // pointer to variable for current option
+  char *varp = NULL;                // pointer to variable for current option
   int did_show = false;             // already showed one value
   int adding;                       // "opt+=arg"
   int prepending;                   // "opt^=arg"
@@ -1106,7 +1113,7 @@ int do_set(char *arg, int opt_flags)
         }
 
         flags = options[opt_idx].flags;
-        varp = get_varp_scope(&(options[opt_idx]), opt_flags);
+        varp = (char *)get_varp_scope(&(options[opt_idx]), opt_flags);
       } else {
         flags = P_STRING;
       }
@@ -1188,7 +1195,7 @@ int do_set(char *arg, int opt_flags)
           showoneopt(&options[opt_idx], opt_flags);
           if (p_verbose > 0) {
             // Mention where the option was last set.
-            if (varp == options[opt_idx].var) {
+            if (varp == (char *)options[opt_idx].var) {
               option_last_set_msg(options[opt_idx].last_set);
             } else if ((int)options[opt_idx].indir & PV_WIN) {
               option_last_set_msg(curwin->w_p_script_ctx[
@@ -1250,8 +1257,7 @@ int do_set(char *arg, int opt_flags)
             }
           }
 
-          errmsg = set_bool_option(opt_idx, varp, (int)value,
-                                   opt_flags);
+          errmsg = set_bool_option(opt_idx, (char_u *)varp, (int)value, opt_flags);
         } else {  // Numeric or string.
           if (vim_strchr("=:&<", nextchar) == NULL
               || prefix != 1) {
@@ -1310,7 +1316,7 @@ int do_set(char *arg, int opt_flags)
             if (removing) {
               value = *(long *)varp - value;
             }
-            errmsg = set_num_option(opt_idx, varp, (long)value,
+            errmsg = set_num_option(opt_idx, (char_u *)varp, (long)value,
                                     errbuf, sizeof(errbuf),
                                     opt_flags);
           } else if (opt_idx >= 0) {  // String.
@@ -1333,7 +1339,7 @@ int do_set(char *arg, int opt_flags)
             // reset, use the global value here.
             if ((opt_flags & (OPT_LOCAL | OPT_GLOBAL)) == 0
                 && ((int)options[opt_idx].indir & PV_BOTH)) {
-              varp = options[opt_idx].var;
+              varp = (char *)options[opt_idx].var;
             }
 
             // The old value is kept until we are sure that the
@@ -1382,23 +1388,16 @@ int do_set(char *arg, int opt_flags)
             } else {
               arg++;                    // jump to after the '=' or ':'
 
-              /*
-               * Set 'keywordprg' to ":help" if an empty
-               * value was passed to :set by the user.
-               * Misuse errbuf[] for the resulting string.
-               */
-              if (varp == (char_u *)&p_kp
-                  && (*arg == NUL || *arg == ' ')) {
+              // Set 'keywordprg' to ":help" if an empty
+              // value was passed to :set by the user.
+              // Misuse errbuf[] for the resulting string.
+              if (varp == (char *)&p_kp && (*arg == NUL || *arg == ' ')) {
                 STRCPY(errbuf, ":help");
                 save_arg = (char_u *)arg;
                 arg = errbuf;
-              }
-              /*
-               * Convert 'backspace' number to string, for
-               * adding, prepending and removing string.
-               */
-              else if (varp == (char_u *)&p_bs
-                       && ascii_isdigit(**(char_u **)varp)) {
+              } else if (varp == (char *)&p_bs && ascii_isdigit(**(char_u **)varp)) {
+                // Convert 'backspace' number to string, for
+                // adding, prepending and removing string.
                 i = getdigits_int((char **)varp, true, 0);
                 switch (i) {
                 case 0:
@@ -1425,14 +1424,10 @@ int do_set(char *arg, int opt_flags)
                   origval_g = *(char_u **)varp;
                 }
                 oldval = *(char_u **)varp;
-              }
-              /*
-               * Convert 'whichwrap' number to string, for
-               * backwards compatibility with Vim 3.0.
-               * Misuse errbuf[] for the resulting string.
-               */
-              else if (varp == (char_u *)&p_ww
-                       && ascii_isdigit(*arg)) {
+              } else if (varp == (char *)&p_ww && ascii_isdigit(*arg)) {
+                // Convert 'whichwrap' number to string, for
+                // backwards compatibility with Vim 3.0.
+                // Misuse errbuf[] for the resulting string.
                 *errbuf = NUL;
                 i = getdigits_int(&arg, true, 0);
                 if (i & 1) {
@@ -1452,14 +1447,11 @@ int do_set(char *arg, int opt_flags)
                 }
                 save_arg = (char_u *)arg;
                 arg = errbuf;
-              }
-              /*
-               * Remove '>' before 'dir' and 'bdir', for
-               * backwards compatibility with version 3.0
-               */
-              else if (*arg == '>'
-                       && (varp == (char_u *)&p_dir
-                           || varp == (char_u *)&p_bdir)) {
+              } else if (*arg == '>'
+                         && (varp == (char *)&p_dir
+                             || varp == (char *)&p_bdir)) {
+                // Remove '>' before 'dir' and 'bdir', for
+                // backwards compatibility with version 3.0
                 arg++;
               }
 
@@ -1993,7 +1985,7 @@ static void didset_options(void)
   (void)check_cedit();
   // initialize the table for 'breakat'.
   fill_breakat_flags();
-  didset_window_options(curwin);
+  didset_window_options(curwin, true);
 }
 
 // More side effects of setting options.
@@ -2070,6 +2062,7 @@ void check_buf_options(buf_T *buf)
   check_string_option(&buf->b_p_cpt);
   check_string_option(&buf->b_p_cfu);
   check_string_option(&buf->b_p_ofu);
+  check_string_option(&buf->b_p_urf);
   check_string_option(&buf->b_p_keymap);
   check_string_option(&buf->b_p_gp);
   check_string_option(&buf->b_p_mp);
@@ -2324,7 +2317,7 @@ static char *set_string_option(const int opt_idx, const char *const value, const
 
 /// Return true if "val" is a valid name: only consists of alphanumeric ASCII
 /// characters or characters in "allowed".
-static bool valid_name(const char_u *val, const char *allowed)
+bool valid_name(const char_u *val, const char *allowed)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_PURE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
 {
   for (const char_u *s = val; *s != NUL; s++) {
@@ -2344,25 +2337,6 @@ static bool valid_filetype(const char_u *val)
   return valid_name(val, ".-_");
 }
 
-/// Return true if "val" is a valid 'spelllang' value.
-bool valid_spelllang(const char_u *val)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_PURE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-{
-  return valid_name(val, ".-_,@");
-}
-
-/// Return true if "val" is a valid 'spellfile' value.
-static bool valid_spellfile(const char_u *val)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_PURE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-{
-  for (const char_u *s = val; *s != NUL; s++) {
-    if (!vim_isfilec(*s) && *s != ',' && *s != ' ') {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
 /// Handle setting 'mousescroll'.
 /// @return error message, NULL if it's OK.
 static char *check_mousescroll(char *string)
@@ -2441,7 +2415,7 @@ static char *did_set_string_option(int opt_idx, char_u **varp, char_u *oldval, c
                                    size_t errbuflen, int opt_flags, int *value_checked)
 {
   char *errmsg = NULL;
-  char_u *s, *p;
+  char *s, *p;
   int did_chartab = false;
   char_u **gvarp;
   bool free_oldval = (options[opt_idx].flags & P_ALLOCED);
@@ -2530,7 +2504,7 @@ static char *did_set_string_option(int opt_idx, char_u **varp, char_u *oldval, c
     errmsg = check_colorcolumn(curwin);
   } else if (varp == &p_hlg) {  // 'helplang'
     // Check for "", "ab", "ab,cd", etc.
-    for (s = p_hlg; *s != NUL; s += 3) {
+    for (s = (char *)p_hlg; *s != NUL; s += 3) {
       if (s[1] == NUL || ((s[2] != ',' || s[3] == NUL) && s[2] != NUL)) {
         errmsg = e_invarg;
         break;
@@ -2578,18 +2552,7 @@ static char *did_set_string_option(int opt_idx, char_u **varp, char_u *oldval, c
     if (check_opt_strings(p_ambw, p_ambw_values, false) != OK) {
       errmsg = e_invarg;
     } else {
-      FOR_ALL_TAB_WINDOWS(tp, wp) {
-        if (set_chars_option(wp, &wp->w_p_lcs, true) != NULL) {
-          errmsg = _("E834: Conflicts with value of 'listchars'");
-          goto ambw_end;
-        }
-        if (set_chars_option(wp, &wp->w_p_fcs, true) != NULL) {
-          errmsg = _("E835: Conflicts with value of 'fillchars'");
-          goto ambw_end;
-        }
-      }
-ambw_end:
-      {}  // clint prefers {} over ; as an empty statement
+      errmsg = check_chars_options();
     }
   } else if (varp == &p_bg) {  // 'background'
     if (check_opt_strings(p_bg, p_bg_values, false) == OK) {
@@ -2647,9 +2610,9 @@ ambw_end:
 
     if (errmsg == NULL) {
       // canonize the value, so that STRCMP() can be used on it
-      p = enc_canonize(*varp);
+      p = (char *)enc_canonize(*varp);
       xfree(*varp);
-      *varp = p;
+      *varp = (char_u *)p;
       if (varp == &p_enc) {
         // only encoding=utf-8 allowed
         if (STRCMP(p_enc, "utf-8") != 0) {
@@ -2661,9 +2624,9 @@ ambw_end:
     }
   } else if (varp == &p_penc) {
     // Canonize printencoding if VIM standard one
-    p = enc_canonize(p_penc);
+    p = (char *)enc_canonize(p_penc);
     xfree(p_penc);
-    p_penc = p;
+    p_penc = (char_u *)p;
   } else if (varp == &curbuf->b_p_keymap) {
     if (!valid_filetype(*varp)) {
       errmsg = e_invarg;
@@ -2726,17 +2689,17 @@ ambw_end:
       errmsg = e_invarg;
     }
   } else if (gvarp == &p_mps) {  // 'matchpairs'
-    for (p = *varp; *p != NUL; p++) {
+    for (p = (char *)(*varp); *p != NUL; p++) {
       int x2 = -1;
       int x3 = -1;
 
-      p += utfc_ptr2len((char *)p);
+      p += utfc_ptr2len(p);
       if (*p != NUL) {
-        x2 = *p++;
+        x2 = (unsigned char)(*p++);
       }
       if (*p != NUL) {
-        x3 = utf_ptr2char((char *)p);
-        p += utfc_ptr2len((char *)p);
+        x3 = utf_ptr2char(p);
+        p += utfc_ptr2len(p);
       }
       if (x2 != ':' || x3 == -1 || (*p != NUL && *p != ',')) {
         errmsg = e_invarg;
@@ -2747,7 +2710,7 @@ ambw_end:
       }
     }
   } else if (gvarp == &p_com) {  // 'comments'
-    for (s = *varp; *s;) {
+    for (s = (char *)(*varp); *s;) {
       while (*s && *s != ':') {
         if (vim_strchr(COM_ALL, *s) == NULL
             && !ascii_isdigit(*s) && *s != '-') {
@@ -2770,7 +2733,7 @@ ambw_end:
         }
         s++;
       }
-      s = skip_to_option_part(s);
+      s = (char *)skip_to_option_part((char_u *)s);
     }
   } else if (varp == &p_lcs) {  // global 'listchars'
     errmsg = set_chars_option(curwin, varp, false);
@@ -2826,7 +2789,7 @@ ambw_end:
     // there would be a disconnect between the check for P_ALLOCED at the start
     // of the function and the set of P_ALLOCED at the end of the function.
     free_oldval = (options[opt_idx].flags & P_ALLOCED);
-    for (s = p_shada; *s;) {
+    for (s = (char *)p_shada; *s;) {
       // Check it's a valid character
       if (vim_strchr("!\"%'/:<@cfhnrs", *s) == NULL) {
         errmsg = illegal_char(errbuf, errbuflen, *s);
@@ -2871,8 +2834,8 @@ ambw_end:
       errmsg = N_("E528: Must specify a ' value");
     }
   } else if (gvarp == &p_sbr) {  // 'showbreak'
-    for (s = *varp; *s;) {
-      if (ptr2cells((char *)s) != 1) {
+    for (s = (char *)(*varp); *s;) {
+      if (ptr2cells(s) != 1) {
         errmsg = N_("E595: 'showbreak' contains unprintable or wide character");
       }
       MB_PTR_ADV(s);
@@ -2996,13 +2959,13 @@ ambw_end:
     if (varp == &p_ruf) {       // reset ru_wid first
       ru_wid = 0;
     }
-    s = *varp;
+    s = (char *)(*varp);
     if (varp == &p_ruf && *s == '%') {
       // set ru_wid if 'ruf' starts with "%99("
       if (*++s == '-') {        // ignore a '-'
         s++;
       }
-      wid = getdigits_int((char **)&s, true, 0);
+      wid = getdigits_int(&s, true, 0);
       if (wid && *s == '(' && (errmsg = check_stl_option((char *)p_ruf)) == NULL) {
         ru_wid = wid;
       } else {
@@ -3010,7 +2973,7 @@ ambw_end:
       }
     } else if (varp == &p_ruf || s[0] != '%' || s[1] != '!') {
       // check 'statusline', 'winbar' or 'tabline' only if it doesn't start with "%!"
-      errmsg = check_stl_option((char *)s);
+      errmsg = check_stl_option(s);
     }
     if (varp == &p_ruf && errmsg == NULL) {
       comp_col();
@@ -3021,7 +2984,7 @@ ambw_end:
     }
   } else if (gvarp == &p_cpt) {
     // check if it is a valid value for 'complete' -- Acevedo
-    for (s = *varp; *s;) {
+    for (s = (char *)(*varp); *s;) {
       while (*s == ',' || *s == ' ') {
         s++;
       }
@@ -3090,11 +3053,11 @@ ambw_end:
       p = NULL;
       (void)replace_termcodes((char *)p_pt,
                               STRLEN(p_pt),
-                              (char **)&p, REPTERM_FROM_PART | REPTERM_DO_LT, NULL,
+                              &p, REPTERM_FROM_PART | REPTERM_DO_LT, NULL,
                               CPO_TO_CPO_FLAGS);
       if (p != NULL) {
         free_string_option(p_pt);
-        p_pt = p;
+        p_pt = (char_u *)p;
       }
     }
   } else if (varp == &p_bs) {  // 'backspace'
@@ -3113,10 +3076,10 @@ ambw_end:
     unsigned int *flags;
 
     if (opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL) {
-      p = curbuf->b_p_tc;
+      p = (char *)curbuf->b_p_tc;
       flags = &curbuf->b_tc_flags;
     } else {
-      p = p_tc;
+      p = (char *)p_tc;
       flags = &tc_flags;
     }
 
@@ -3124,7 +3087,7 @@ ambw_end:
       // make the local value empty: use the global value
       *flags = 0;
     } else if (*p == NUL
-               || opt_strings_flags(p, p_tc_values, flags, false) != OK) {
+               || opt_strings_flags((char_u *)p, p_tc_values, flags, false) != OK) {
       errmsg = e_invarg;
     }
   } else if (varp == &p_cmp) {  // 'casemap'
@@ -3150,10 +3113,10 @@ ambw_end:
       foldUpdateAll(curwin);
     }
   } else if (gvarp == &curwin->w_allbuf_opt.wo_fmr) {  // 'foldmarker'
-    p = (char_u *)vim_strchr((char *)(*varp), ',');
+    p = vim_strchr((char *)(*varp), ',');
     if (p == NULL) {
       errmsg = N_("E536: comma required");
-    } else if (p == *varp || p[1] == NUL) {
+    } else if ((char_u *)p == *varp || p[1] == NUL) {
       errmsg = e_invarg;
     } else if (foldmethodIsMarker(curwin)) {
       foldUpdateAll(curwin);
@@ -3198,7 +3161,7 @@ ambw_end:
     }
   } else if (varp == &p_csqf) {
     if (p_csqf != NULL) {
-      p = p_csqf;
+      p = (char *)p_csqf;
       while (*p != NUL) {
         if (vim_strchr(CSQF_CMDS, *p) == NULL
             || p[1] == NUL
@@ -3310,22 +3273,22 @@ ambw_end:
     // Options that are a list of flags.
     p = NULL;
     if (varp == &p_ww) {  // 'whichwrap'
-      p = (char_u *)WW_ALL;
+      p = WW_ALL;
     }
     if (varp == &p_shm) {  // 'shortmess'
-      p = (char_u *)SHM_ALL;
+      p = (char *)SHM_ALL;
     } else if (varp == (char_u **)&(p_cpo)) {  // 'cpoptions'
-      p = (char_u *)CPO_VI;
+      p = CPO_VI;
     } else if (varp == &(curbuf->b_p_fo)) {  // 'formatoptions'
-      p = (char_u *)FO_ALL;
+      p = FO_ALL;
     } else if (varp == &curwin->w_p_cocu) {  // 'concealcursor'
-      p = (char_u *)COCU_ALL;
+      p = COCU_ALL;
     } else if (varp == &p_mouse) {  // 'mouse'
-      p = (char_u *)MOUSE_ALL;
+      p = MOUSE_ALL;
     }
     if (p != NULL) {
-      for (s = *varp; *s; s++) {
-        if (vim_strchr((char *)p, *s) == NULL) {
+      for (s = (char *)(*varp); *s; s++) {
+        if (vim_strchr(p, *s) == NULL) {
           errmsg = illegal_char(errbuf, errbuflen, *s);
           break;
         }
@@ -3360,7 +3323,7 @@ ambw_end:
         && ((int)options[opt_idx].indir & PV_BOTH)) {
       /* global option with local value set to use global value; free
        * the local value and make it empty */
-      p = get_varp_scope(&(options[opt_idx]), OPT_LOCAL);
+      p = (char *)get_varp_scope(&(options[opt_idx]), OPT_LOCAL);
       free_string_option(*(char_u **)p);
       *(char_u **)p = empty_option;
     } else if (!(opt_flags & OPT_LOCAL) && opt_flags != OPT_GLOBAL) {
@@ -3423,14 +3386,14 @@ ambw_end:
        * Use the first name in 'spelllang' up to '_region' or
        * '.encoding'.
        */
-      for (p = q; *p != NUL; p++) {
+      for (p = (char *)q; *p != NUL; p++) {
         if (!ASCII_ISALNUM(*p) && *p != '-') {
           break;
         }
       }
-      if (p > q) {
+      if (p > (char *)q) {
         vim_snprintf((char *)fname, sizeof(fname), "spell/%.*s.vim",
-                     (int)(p - q), q);
+                     (int)(p - (char *)q), q);
         source_runtime((char *)fname, DIP_ALL);
       }
     }
@@ -3450,12 +3413,6 @@ ambw_end:
   return errmsg;
 }
 
-/// Simple int comparison function for use with qsort()
-static int int_cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
-{
-  return *(const int *)a - *(const int *)b;
-}
-
 /// Handle setting 'signcolumn' for value 'val'
 ///
 /// @return OK when the value is valid, FAIL otherwise
@@ -3486,356 +3443,12 @@ int check_signcolumn(char_u *val)
   return FAIL;
 }
 
-/// Handle setting 'colorcolumn' or 'textwidth' in window "wp".
-///
-/// @return error message, NULL if it's OK.
-char *check_colorcolumn(win_T *wp)
-{
-  char_u *s;
-  int col;
-  unsigned int count = 0;
-  int color_cols[256];
-  int j = 0;
-
-  if (wp->w_buffer == NULL) {
-    return NULL;      // buffer was closed
-  }
-
-  for (s = wp->w_p_cc; *s != NUL && count < 255;) {
-    if (*s == '-' || *s == '+') {
-      // -N and +N: add to 'textwidth'
-      col = (*s == '-') ? -1 : 1;
-      s++;
-      if (!ascii_isdigit(*s)) {
-        return e_invarg;
-      }
-      col = col * getdigits_int((char **)&s, true, 0);
-      if (wp->w_buffer->b_p_tw == 0) {
-        goto skip;          // 'textwidth' not set, skip this item
-      }
-      assert((col >= 0
-              && wp->w_buffer->b_p_tw <= INT_MAX - col
-              && wp->w_buffer->b_p_tw + col >= INT_MIN)
-             || (col < 0
-                 && wp->w_buffer->b_p_tw >= INT_MIN - col
-                 && wp->w_buffer->b_p_tw + col <= INT_MAX));
-      col += (int)wp->w_buffer->b_p_tw;
-      if (col < 0) {
-        goto skip;
-      }
-    } else if (ascii_isdigit(*s)) {
-      col = getdigits_int((char **)&s, true, 0);
-    } else {
-      return e_invarg;
-    }
-    color_cols[count++] = col - 1;      // 1-based to 0-based
-skip:
-    if (*s == NUL) {
-      break;
-    }
-    if (*s != ',') {
-      return e_invarg;
-    }
-    if (*++s == NUL) {
-      return e_invarg;        // illegal trailing comma as in "set cc=80,"
-    }
-  }
-
-  xfree(wp->w_p_cc_cols);
-  if (count == 0) {
-    wp->w_p_cc_cols = NULL;
-  } else {
-    wp->w_p_cc_cols = xmalloc(sizeof(int) * (count + 1));
-    /* sort the columns for faster usage on screen redraw inside
-     * win_line() */
-    qsort(color_cols, count, sizeof(int), int_cmp);
-
-    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      // skip duplicates
-      if (j == 0 || wp->w_p_cc_cols[j - 1] != color_cols[i]) {
-        wp->w_p_cc_cols[j++] = color_cols[i];
-      }
-    }
-    wp->w_p_cc_cols[j] = -1;        // end marker
-  }
-
-  return NULL;    // no error
-}
-
 void check_blending(win_T *wp)
 {
   wp->w_grid_alloc.blending =
     wp->w_p_winbl > 0 || (wp->w_floating && wp->w_float_config.shadow);
 }
 
-/// Calls mb_cptr2char_adv(p) and returns the character.
-/// If "p" starts with "\x", "\u" or "\U" the hex or unicode value is used.
-/// Returns 0 for invalid hex or invalid UTF-8 byte.
-static int get_encoded_char_adv(char_u **p)
-{
-  char_u *s = *p;
-
-  if (s[0] == '\\' && (s[1] == 'x' || s[1] == 'u' || s[1] == 'U')) {
-    int64_t num = 0;
-    int bytes;
-    int n;
-    for (bytes = s[1] == 'x' ? 1 : s[1] == 'u' ? 2 : 4; bytes > 0; bytes--) {
-      *p += 2;
-      n = hexhex2nr(*p);
-      if (n < 0) {
-        return 0;
-      }
-      num = num * 256 + n;
-    }
-    *p += 2;
-    return (int)num;
-  }
-
-  // TODO(bfredl): use schar_T representation and utfc_ptr2len
-  int clen = utf_ptr2len((char *)s);
-  int c = mb_cptr2char_adv((const char_u **)p);
-  if (clen == 1 && c > 127) {  // Invalid UTF-8 byte
-    return 0;
-  }
-  return c;
-}
-
-/// Handle setting 'listchars' or 'fillchars'.
-/// Assume monocell characters
-///
-/// @param varp either &curwin->w_p_lcs or &curwin->w_p_fcs
-/// @return error message, NULL if it's OK.
-static char *set_chars_option(win_T *wp, char_u **varp, bool set)
-{
-  int round, i, len, len2, entries;
-  char_u *p, *s;
-  int c1;
-  int c2 = 0;
-  int c3 = 0;
-  char_u *last_multispace = NULL;   // Last occurrence of "multispace:"
-  char_u *last_lmultispace = NULL;  // Last occurrence of "leadmultispace:"
-  int multispace_len = 0;           // Length of lcs-multispace string
-  int lead_multispace_len = 0;      // Length of lcs-leadmultispace string
-
-  struct chars_tab {
-    int *cp;    ///< char value
-    char *name;  ///< char id
-    int def;    ///< default value
-  };
-  struct chars_tab *tab;
-
-  struct chars_tab fcs_tab[] = {
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.colorcol,   "colorcol",  NUL  },
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.stl,        "stl",        ' '  },
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.stlnc,      "stlnc",      ' '  },
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.wbr,        "wbr",        ' '  },
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.horiz,      "horiz",      9472 },  // ─
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.horizup,    "horizup",    9524 },  // ┴
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.horizdown,  "horizdown",  9516 },  // ┬
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.vert,       "vert",       9474 },  // │
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.vertleft,   "vertleft",   9508 },  // ┤
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.vertright,  "vertright",  9500 },  // ├
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.verthoriz,  "verthoriz",  9532 },  // ┼
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.fold,       "fold",       183  },  // ·
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.foldopen,   "foldopen",   '-'  },
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.foldclosed, "foldclose",  '+'  },
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.foldsep,    "foldsep",    9474 },  // │
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.diff,       "diff",       '-'  },
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.msgsep,     "msgsep",     ' '  },
-    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.eob,        "eob",        '~'  },
-  };
-  struct chars_tab lcs_tab[] = {
-    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.eol,     "eol",      NUL  },
-    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.ext,     "extends",  NUL  },
-    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.nbsp,    "nbsp",     NUL  },
-    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.prec,    "precedes", NUL  },
-    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.space,   "space",    NUL  },
-    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab2,    "tab",      NUL  },
-    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.lead,    "lead",     NUL  },
-    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.trail,   "trail",    NUL  },
-    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.conceal, "conceal",  NUL  },
-  };
-
-  if (varp == &p_lcs || varp == &wp->w_p_lcs) {
-    tab = lcs_tab;
-    entries = ARRAY_SIZE(lcs_tab);
-    if (varp == &wp->w_p_lcs && wp->w_p_lcs[0] == NUL) {
-      varp = &p_lcs;
-    }
-  } else {
-    tab = fcs_tab;
-    entries = ARRAY_SIZE(fcs_tab);
-    if (varp == &wp->w_p_fcs && wp->w_p_fcs[0] == NUL) {
-      varp = &p_fcs;
-    }
-    if (*p_ambw == 'd') {
-      // XXX: If ambiwidth=double then some characters take 2 columns,
-      // which is forbidden (TUI limitation?). Set old defaults.
-      fcs_tab[3].def  = '-';
-      fcs_tab[4].def  = '-';
-      fcs_tab[5].def  = '-';
-      fcs_tab[6].def  = '|';
-      fcs_tab[7].def  = '|';
-      fcs_tab[8].def  = '|';
-      fcs_tab[9].def  = '+';
-      fcs_tab[10].def  = '-';
-      fcs_tab[13].def = '|';
-    }
-  }
-
-  // first round: check for valid value, second round: assign values
-  for (round = 0; round <= (set ? 1 : 0); round++) {
-    if (round > 0) {
-      // After checking that the value is valid: set defaults
-      for (i = 0; i < entries; i++) {
-        if (tab[i].cp != NULL) {
-          *(tab[i].cp) = tab[i].def;
-        }
-      }
-      if (varp == &p_lcs || varp == &wp->w_p_lcs) {
-        wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab1 = NUL;
-        wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3 = NUL;
-
-        xfree(wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace);
-        if (multispace_len > 0) {
-          wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace = xmalloc(((size_t)multispace_len + 1) * sizeof(int));
-          wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace[multispace_len] = NUL;
-        } else {
-          wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace = NULL;
-        }
-
-        xfree(wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace);
-        if (lead_multispace_len > 0) {
-          wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace
-            = xmalloc(((size_t)lead_multispace_len + 1) * sizeof(int));
-          wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace[lead_multispace_len] = NUL;
-        } else {
-          wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace = NULL;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    p = *varp;
-    while (*p) {
-      for (i = 0; i < entries; i++) {
-        len = (int)STRLEN(tab[i].name);
-        if (STRNCMP(p, tab[i].name, len) == 0
-            && p[len] == ':'
-            && p[len + 1] != NUL) {
-          c2 = c3 = 0;
-          s = p + len + 1;
-          c1 = get_encoded_char_adv(&s);
-          if (c1 == 0 || char2cells(c1) > 1) {
-            return e_invarg;
-          }
-          if (tab[i].cp == &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab2) {
-            if (*s == NUL) {
-              return e_invarg;
-            }
-            c2 = get_encoded_char_adv(&s);
-            if (c2 == 0 || char2cells(c2) > 1) {
-              return e_invarg;
-            }
-            if (!(*s == ',' || *s == NUL)) {
-              c3 = get_encoded_char_adv(&s);
-              if (c3 == 0 || char2cells(c3) > 1) {
-                return e_invarg;
-              }
-            }
-          }
-          if (*s == ',' || *s == NUL) {
-            if (round > 0) {
-              if (tab[i].cp == &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab2) {
-                wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab1 = c1;
-                wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab2 = c2;
-                wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3 = c3;
-              } else if (tab[i].cp != NULL) {
-                *(tab[i].cp) = c1;
-              }
-            }
-            p = s;
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (i == entries) {
-        len = (int)STRLEN("multispace");
-        len2 = (int)STRLEN("leadmultispace");
-        if ((varp == &p_lcs || varp == &wp->w_p_lcs)
-            && STRNCMP(p, "multispace", len) == 0
-            && p[len] == ':'
-            && p[len + 1] != NUL) {
-          s = p + len + 1;
-          if (round == 0) {
-            // Get length of lcs-multispace string in the first round
-            last_multispace = p;
-            multispace_len = 0;
-            while (*s != NUL && *s != ',') {
-              c1 = get_encoded_char_adv(&s);
-              if (c1 == 0 || char2cells(c1) > 1) {
-                return e_invarg;
-              }
-              multispace_len++;
-            }
-            if (multispace_len == 0) {
-              // lcs-multispace cannot be an empty string
-              return e_invarg;
-            }
-            p = s;
-          } else {
-            int multispace_pos = 0;
-            while (*s != NUL && *s != ',') {
-              c1 = get_encoded_char_adv(&s);
-              if (p == last_multispace) {
-                wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace[multispace_pos++] = c1;
-              }
-            }
-            p = s;
-          }
-        } else if ((varp == &p_lcs || varp == &wp->w_p_lcs)
-                   && STRNCMP(p, "leadmultispace", len2) == 0
-                   && p[len2] == ':'
-                   && p[len2 + 1] != NUL) {
-          s = p + len2 + 1;
-          if (round == 0) {
-            // get length of lcs-leadmultispace string in first round
-            last_lmultispace = p;
-            lead_multispace_len = 0;
-            while (*s != NUL && *s != ',') {
-              c1 = get_encoded_char_adv(&s);
-              if (c1 == 0 || char2cells(c1) > 1) {
-                return e_invarg;
-              }
-              lead_multispace_len++;
-            }
-            if (lead_multispace_len == 0) {
-              // lcs-leadmultispace cannot be an empty string
-              return e_invarg;
-            }
-            p = s;
-          } else {
-            int multispace_pos = 0;
-            while (*s != NUL && *s != ',') {
-              c1 = get_encoded_char_adv(&s);
-              if (p == last_lmultispace) {
-                wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace[multispace_pos++] = c1;
-              }
-            }
-            p = s;
-          }
-        } else {
-          return e_invarg;
-        }
-      }
-      if (*p == ',') {
-        p++;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  return NULL;          // no error
-}
-
 /// Check validity of options with the 'statusline' format.
 /// Return an untranslated error message or NULL.
 char *check_stl_option(char *s)
@@ -3906,63 +3519,30 @@ char *check_stl_option(char *s)
   return NULL;
 }
 
-static char *did_set_spell_option(bool is_spellfile)
+/// Handle setting `winhighlight' in window "wp"
+bool parse_winhl_opt(win_T *wp)
 {
-  char *errmsg = NULL;
+  const char *p = (const char *)wp->w_p_winhl;
 
-  if (is_spellfile) {
-    int l = (int)STRLEN(curwin->w_s->b_p_spf);
-    if (l > 0
-        && (l < 4 || STRCMP(curwin->w_s->b_p_spf + l - 4, ".add") != 0)) {
-      errmsg = e_invarg;
+  if (!*p) {
+    if (wp->w_ns_hl_winhl && wp->w_ns_hl == wp->w_ns_hl_winhl) {
+      wp->w_ns_hl = 0;
+      wp->w_hl_needs_update = true;
     }
-  }
 
-  if (errmsg == NULL) {
-    FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-      if (wp->w_buffer == curbuf && wp->w_p_spell) {
-        errmsg = did_set_spelllang(wp);
-        break;
-      }
-    }
+    return true;
   }
 
-  return errmsg;
-}
-
-/// Set curbuf->b_cap_prog to the regexp program for 'spellcapcheck'.
-/// Return error message when failed, NULL when OK.
-static char *compile_cap_prog(synblock_T *synblock)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  regprog_T *rp = synblock->b_cap_prog;
-  char_u *re;
-
-  if (synblock->b_p_spc == NULL || *synblock->b_p_spc == NUL) {
-    synblock->b_cap_prog = NULL;
+  if (wp->w_ns_hl_winhl == 0) {
+    wp->w_ns_hl_winhl = (int)nvim_create_namespace(NULL_STRING);
   } else {
-    // Prepend a ^ so that we only match at one column
-    re = concat_str((char_u *)"^", synblock->b_p_spc);
-    synblock->b_cap_prog = vim_regcomp((char *)re, RE_MAGIC);
-    xfree(re);
-    if (synblock->b_cap_prog == NULL) {
-      synblock->b_cap_prog = rp;         // restore the previous program
-      return e_invarg;
-    }
+    // namespace already exist. invalidate existing items
+    DecorProvider *dp = get_decor_provider(wp->w_ns_hl_winhl, true);
+    dp->hl_valid++;
   }
+  wp->w_ns_hl = wp->w_ns_hl_winhl;
+  int ns_hl = wp->w_ns_hl;
 
-  vim_regfree(rp);
-  return NULL;
-}
-
-/// Handle setting `winhighlight' in window "wp"
-static bool parse_winhl_opt(win_T *wp)
-{
-  int w_hl_id_normal = 0;
-  int w_hl_ids[HLF_COUNT] = { 0 };
-  int hlf;
-
-  const char *p = (const char *)wp->w_p_winhl;
   while (*p) {
     char *colon = strchr(p, ':');
     if (!colon) {
@@ -3973,27 +3553,15 @@ static bool parse_winhl_opt(win_T *wp)
     char *commap = xstrchrnul(hi, ',');
     size_t len = (size_t)(commap - hi);
     int hl_id = len ? syn_check_group(hi, len) : -1;
+    int hl_id_link = nlen ? syn_check_group(p, nlen) : 0;
 
-    if (strncmp("Normal", p, nlen) == 0) {
-      w_hl_id_normal = hl_id;
-    } else {
-      for (hlf = 0; hlf < HLF_COUNT; hlf++) {
-        if (strlen(hlf_names[hlf]) == nlen
-            && strncmp(hlf_names[hlf], p, nlen) == 0) {
-          w_hl_ids[hlf] = hl_id;
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-      if (hlf == HLF_COUNT) {
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
+    HlAttrs attrs = HLATTRS_INIT;
+    attrs.rgb_ae_attr |= HL_GLOBAL;
+    ns_hl_def(ns_hl, hl_id_link, attrs, hl_id, NULL);
 
     p = *commap ? commap + 1 : "";
   }
 
-  wp->w_hl_id_normal = w_hl_id_normal;
-  memcpy(wp->w_hl_ids, w_hl_ids, sizeof(w_hl_ids));
   wp->w_hl_needs_update = true;
   return true;
 }
@@ -4009,7 +3577,7 @@ static void set_option_sctx_idx(int opt_idx, int opt_flags, sctx_T script_ctx)
     .script_ctx = {
       script_ctx.sc_sid,
       script_ctx.sc_seq,
-      script_ctx.sc_lnum + sourcing_lnum
+      script_ctx.sc_lnum + SOURCING_LNUM
     },
     current_channel_id
   };
@@ -5667,7 +5235,7 @@ static int put_setstring(FILE *fd, char *cmd, char *name, char_u **valuep, uint6
   char_u *s;
   char_u *buf = NULL;
   char_u *part = NULL;
-  char_u *p;
+  char *p;
 
   if (fprintf(fd, "%s %s=", cmd, name) < 0) {
     return FAIL;
@@ -5703,14 +5271,14 @@ static int put_setstring(FILE *fd, char *cmd, char *name, char_u **valuep, uint6
         if (put_eol(fd) == FAIL) {
           goto fail;
         }
-        p = buf;
+        p = (char *)buf;
         while (*p != NUL) {
           // for each comma separated option part, append value to
           // the option, :set rtp+=value
           if (fprintf(fd, "%s %s+=", cmd, name) < 0) {
             goto fail;
           }
-          (void)copy_option_part((char **)&p, (char *)part, size, ",");
+          (void)copy_option_part(&p, (char *)part, size, ",");
           if (put_escstr(fd, part, 2) == FAIL || put_eol(fd) == FAIL) {
             goto fail;
           }
@@ -5771,47 +5339,6 @@ static int put_setbool(FILE *fd, char *cmd, char *name, int value)
   return OK;
 }
 
-/// Compute columns for ruler and shown command. 'sc_col' is also used to
-/// decide what the maximum length of a message on the status line can be.
-/// If there is a status line for the last window, 'sc_col' is independent
-/// of 'ru_col'.
-
-#define COL_RULER 17        // columns needed by standard ruler
-
-void comp_col(void)
-{
-  int last_has_status = (p_ls > 1 || (p_ls == 1 && !ONE_WINDOW));
-
-  sc_col = 0;
-  ru_col = 0;
-  if (p_ru) {
-    ru_col = (ru_wid ? ru_wid : COL_RULER) + 1;
-    // no last status line, adjust sc_col
-    if (!last_has_status) {
-      sc_col = ru_col;
-    }
-  }
-  if (p_sc) {
-    sc_col += SHOWCMD_COLS;
-    if (!p_ru || last_has_status) {         // no need for separating space
-      sc_col++;
-    }
-  }
-  assert(sc_col >= 0
-         && INT_MIN + sc_col <= Columns);
-  sc_col = Columns - sc_col;
-  assert(ru_col >= 0
-         && INT_MIN + ru_col <= Columns);
-  ru_col = Columns - ru_col;
-  if (sc_col <= 0) {            // screen too narrow, will become a mess
-    sc_col = 1;
-  }
-  if (ru_col <= 0) {
-    ru_col = 1;
-  }
-  set_vim_var_nr(VV_ECHOSPACE, sc_col - 1);
-}
-
 // Unset local option value, similar to ":set opt<".
 void unset_global_local_option(char *name, void *from)
 {
@@ -6157,6 +5684,7 @@ static char_u *get_varp(vimoption_T *p)
     return (char_u *)&(curwin->w_p_cocu);
   case PV_COLE:
     return (char_u *)&(curwin->w_p_cole);
+
   case PV_AI:
     return (char_u *)&(curbuf->b_p_ai);
   case PV_BIN:
@@ -6317,7 +5845,7 @@ void win_copy_options(win_T *wp_from, win_T *wp_to)
 {
   copy_winopt(&wp_from->w_onebuf_opt, &wp_to->w_onebuf_opt);
   copy_winopt(&wp_from->w_allbuf_opt, &wp_to->w_allbuf_opt);
-  didset_window_options(wp_to);
+  didset_window_options(wp_to, true);
 }
 
 /// Copy the options from one winopt_T to another.
@@ -6442,7 +5970,7 @@ void clear_winopt(winopt_T *wop)
   clear_string_option((char_u **)&wop->wo_wbr);
 }
 
-void didset_window_options(win_T *wp)
+void didset_window_options(win_T *wp, bool valid_cursor)
 {
   check_colorcolumn(wp);
   briopt_check(wp);
@@ -6451,7 +5979,7 @@ void didset_window_options(win_T *wp)
   set_chars_option(wp, &wp->w_p_lcs, true);
   parse_winhl_opt(wp);  // sets w_hl_needs_update also for w_p_winbl
   check_blending(wp);
-  set_winbar_win(wp, false);
+  set_winbar_win(wp, false, valid_cursor);
   wp->w_grid_alloc.blending = wp->w_p_winbl > 0;
 }
 
@@ -6514,7 +6042,7 @@ void buf_copy_options(buf_T *buf, int flags)
     }
 
     if (should_copy || (flags & BCO_ALWAYS)) {
-      memset(buf->b_p_script_ctx, 0, sizeof(buf->b_p_script_ctx));
+      CLEAR_FIELD(buf->b_p_script_ctx);
       init_buf_opt_idx();
       // Don't copy the options specific to a help buffer when
       // BCO_NOHELP is given or the options were initialized already
@@ -7569,313 +7097,6 @@ int check_ff_value(char_u *p)
   return check_opt_strings(p, p_ff_values, false);
 }
 
-// Set the integer values corresponding to the string setting of 'vartabstop'.
-// "array" will be set, caller must free it if needed.
-// Return false for an error.
-bool tabstop_set(char_u *var, long **array)
-{
-  long valcount = 1;
-  int t;
-  char_u *cp;
-
-  if (var[0] == NUL || (var[0] == '0' && var[1] == NUL)) {
-    *array = NULL;
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  for (cp = var; *cp != NUL; cp++) {
-    if (cp == var || cp[-1] == ',') {
-      char_u *end;
-
-      if (strtol((char *)cp, (char **)&end, 10) <= 0) {
-        if (cp != end) {
-          emsg(_(e_positive));
-        } else {
-          semsg(_(e_invarg2), cp);
-        }
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (ascii_isdigit(*cp)) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (cp[0] == ',' && cp > var && cp[-1] != ',' && cp[1] != NUL) {
-      valcount++;
-      continue;
-    }
-    semsg(_(e_invarg2), var);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  *array = (long *)xmalloc((unsigned)(valcount + 1) * sizeof(long));
-  (*array)[0] = valcount;
-
-  t = 1;
-  for (cp = var; *cp != NUL;) {
-    int n = atoi((char *)cp);
-
-    // Catch negative values, overflow and ridiculous big values.
-    if (n <= 0 || n > TABSTOP_MAX) {
-      semsg(_(e_invarg2), cp);
-      XFREE_CLEAR(*array);
-      return false;
-    }
-    (*array)[t++] = n;
-    while (*cp != NUL && *cp != ',') {
-      cp++;
-    }
-    if (*cp != NUL) {
-      cp++;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-// Calculate the number of screen spaces a tab will occupy.
-// If "vts" is set then the tab widths are taken from that array,
-// otherwise the value of ts is used.
-int tabstop_padding(colnr_T col, long ts_arg, long *vts)
-{
-  long ts = ts_arg == 0 ? 8 : ts_arg;
-  colnr_T tabcol = 0;
-  int t;
-  long padding = 0;
-
-  if (vts == NULL || vts[0] == 0) {
-    return (int)(ts - (col % ts));
-  }
-
-  const long tabcount = vts[0];
-
-  for (t = 1; t <= tabcount; t++) {
-    tabcol += (colnr_T)vts[t];
-    if (tabcol > col) {
-      padding = tabcol - col;
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  if (t > tabcount) {
-    padding = vts[tabcount] - ((col - tabcol) % vts[tabcount]);
-  }
-
-  return (int)padding;
-}
-
-// Find the size of the tab that covers a particular column.
-int tabstop_at(colnr_T col, long ts, long *vts)
-{
-  colnr_T tabcol = 0;
-  int t;
-  long tab_size = 0;
-
-  if (vts == NULL || vts[0] == 0) {
-    return (int)ts;
-  }
-
-  const long tabcount = vts[0];
-  for (t = 1; t <= tabcount; t++) {
-    tabcol += (colnr_T)vts[t];
-    if (tabcol > col) {
-      tab_size = vts[t];
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  if (t > tabcount) {
-    tab_size = vts[tabcount];
-  }
-
-  return (int)tab_size;
-}
-
-// Find the column on which a tab starts.
-colnr_T tabstop_start(colnr_T col, long ts, long *vts)
-{
-  colnr_T tabcol = 0;
-  int t;
-
-  if (vts == NULL || vts[0] == 0) {
-    return (int)((col / ts) * ts);
-  }
-
-  const long tabcount = vts[0];
-  for (t = 1; t <= tabcount; t++) {
-    tabcol += (colnr_T)vts[t];
-    if (tabcol > col) {
-      return (int)(tabcol - vts[t]);
-    }
-  }
-
-  const int excess = (int)(tabcol % vts[tabcount]);
-  return (int)(excess + ((col - excess) / vts[tabcount]) * vts[tabcount]);
-}
-
-// Find the number of tabs and spaces necessary to get from one column
-// to another.
-void tabstop_fromto(colnr_T start_col, colnr_T end_col, long ts_arg, long *vts, int *ntabs,
-                    int *nspcs)
-{
-  int spaces = end_col - start_col;
-  colnr_T tabcol = 0;
-  long padding = 0;
-  int t;
-  long ts = ts_arg == 0 ? curbuf->b_p_ts : ts_arg;
-
-  if (vts == NULL || vts[0] == 0) {
-    int tabs = 0;
-
-    const int initspc = (int)(ts - (start_col % ts));
-    if (spaces >= initspc) {
-      spaces -= initspc;
-      tabs++;
-    }
-    tabs += (int)(spaces / ts);
-    spaces -= (int)((spaces / ts) * ts);
-
-    *ntabs = tabs;
-    *nspcs = spaces;
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // Find the padding needed to reach the next tabstop.
-  const long tabcount = vts[0];
-  for (t = 1; t <= tabcount; t++) {
-    tabcol += (colnr_T)vts[t];
-    if (tabcol > start_col) {
-      padding = tabcol - start_col;
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  if (t > tabcount) {
-    padding = vts[tabcount] - ((start_col - tabcol) % vts[tabcount]);
-  }
-
-  // If the space needed is less than the padding no tabs can be used.
-  if (spaces < padding) {
-    *ntabs = 0;
-    *nspcs = spaces;
-    return;
-  }
-
-  *ntabs = 1;
-  spaces -= (int)padding;
-
-  // At least one tab has been used. See if any more will fit.
-  while (spaces != 0 && ++t <= tabcount) {
-    padding = vts[t];
-    if (spaces < padding) {
-      *nspcs = spaces;
-      return;
-    }
-    *ntabs += 1;
-    spaces -= (int)padding;
-  }
-
-  *ntabs += spaces / (int)vts[tabcount];
-  *nspcs = spaces % (int)vts[tabcount];
-}
-
-// See if two tabstop arrays contain the same values.
-bool tabstop_eq(long *ts1, long *ts2)
-{
-  int t;
-
-  if ((ts1 == 0 && ts2) || (ts1 && ts2 == 0)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  if (ts1 == ts2) {
-    return true;
-  }
-  if (ts1[0] != ts2[0]) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  for (t = 1; t <= ts1[0]; t++) {
-    if (ts1[t] != ts2[t]) {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-// Copy a tabstop array, allocating space for the new array.
-int *tabstop_copy(long *oldts)
-{
-  long *newts;
-  int t;
-
-  if (oldts == 0) {
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  newts = xmalloc((unsigned)(oldts[0] + 1) * sizeof(long));
-  for (t = 0; t <= oldts[0]; t++) {
-    newts[t] = oldts[t];
-  }
-
-  return (int *)newts;
-}
-
-// Return a count of the number of tabstops.
-int tabstop_count(long *ts)
-{
-  return ts != NULL ? (int)ts[0] : 0;
-}
-
-// Return the first tabstop, or 8 if there are no tabstops defined.
-int tabstop_first(long *ts)
-{
-  return ts != NULL ? (int)ts[1] : 8;
-}
-
-/// Return the effective shiftwidth value for current buffer, using the
-/// 'tabstop' value when 'shiftwidth' is zero.
-int get_sw_value(buf_T *buf)
-{
-  long result = get_sw_value_col(buf, 0);
-  assert(result >= 0 && result <= INT_MAX);
-  return (int)result;
-}
-
-// Idem, using the first non-black in the current line.
-long get_sw_value_indent(buf_T *buf)
-{
-  pos_T pos = curwin->w_cursor;
-
-  pos.col = (colnr_T)getwhitecols_curline();
-  return get_sw_value_pos(buf, &pos);
-}
-
-// Idem, using "pos".
-long get_sw_value_pos(buf_T *buf, pos_T *pos)
-{
-  pos_T save_cursor = curwin->w_cursor;
-  long sw_value;
-
-  curwin->w_cursor = *pos;
-  sw_value = get_sw_value_col(buf, get_nolist_virtcol());
-  curwin->w_cursor = save_cursor;
-  return sw_value;
-}
-
-// Idem, using virtual column "col".
-long get_sw_value_col(buf_T *buf, colnr_T col)
-{
-  return buf->b_p_sw ? buf->b_p_sw
-                     : tabstop_at(col, buf->b_p_ts, buf->b_p_vts_array);
-}
-
-/// Return the effective softtabstop value for the current buffer,
-/// using the shiftwidth  value when 'softtabstop' is negative.
-int get_sts_value(void)
-{
-  long result = curbuf->b_p_sts < 0 ? get_sw_value(curbuf) : curbuf->b_p_sts;
-  assert(result >= 0 && result <= INT_MAX);
-  return (int)result;
-}
-
 /// This is called when 'breakindentopt' is changed and when a window is
 /// initialized
 static bool briopt_check(win_T *wp)
diff --git a/src/nvim/os/env.c b/src/nvim/os/env.c
index eaa56ffe63..98ef4bd0f6 100644
--- a/src/nvim/os/env.c
+++ b/src/nvim/os/env.c
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
-#include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/macros.h"
 #include "nvim/map.h"
 #include "nvim/memory.h"
@@ -580,18 +579,18 @@ void expand_env_esc(char_u *restrict srcp, char_u *restrict dst, int dstlen, boo
 
   int prefix_len = (prefix == NULL) ? 0 : (int)STRLEN(prefix);
 
-  char_u *src = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)srcp);
+  char *src = skipwhite((char *)srcp);
   dstlen--;  // leave one char space for "\,"
   while (*src && dstlen > 0) {
     // Skip over `=expr`.
     if (src[0] == '`' && src[1] == '=') {
-      var = src;
+      var = (char_u *)src;
       src += 2;
-      (void)skip_expr((char **)&src);
+      (void)skip_expr(&src);
       if (*src == '`') {
         src++;
       }
-      size_t len = (size_t)(src - var);
+      size_t len = (size_t)(src - (char *)var);
       if (len > (size_t)dstlen) {
         len = (size_t)dstlen;
       }
@@ -608,7 +607,7 @@ void expand_env_esc(char_u *restrict srcp, char_u *restrict dst, int dstlen, boo
       // The variable name is copied into dst temporarily, because it may
       // be a string in read-only memory and a NUL needs to be appended.
       if (*src != '~') {  // environment var
-        tail = src + 1;
+        tail = (char_u *)src + 1;
         var = dst;
         int c = dstlen - 1;
 
@@ -646,11 +645,11 @@ void expand_env_esc(char_u *restrict srcp, char_u *restrict dst, int dstlen, boo
                  || vim_ispathsep(src[1])
                  || vim_strchr(" ,\t\n", src[1]) != NULL) {
         var = (char_u *)homedir;
-        tail = src + 1;
+        tail = (char_u *)src + 1;
       } else {  // user directory
 #if defined(UNIX)
         // Copy ~user to dst[], so we can put a NUL after it.
-        tail = src;
+        tail = (char_u *)src;
         var = dst;
         int c = dstlen - 1;
         while (c-- > 0
@@ -723,7 +722,7 @@ void expand_env_esc(char_u *restrict srcp, char_u *restrict dst, int dstlen, boo
           tail++;
         }
         dst += c;
-        src = tail;
+        src = (char *)tail;
         copy_char = false;
       }
       if (mustfree) {
@@ -737,17 +736,17 @@ void expand_env_esc(char_u *restrict srcp, char_u *restrict dst, int dstlen, boo
       // ":edit foo ~ foo".
       at_start = false;
       if (src[0] == '\\' && src[1] != NUL) {
-        *dst++ = *src++;
+        *dst++ = (char_u)(*src++);
         dstlen--;
       } else if ((src[0] == ' ' || src[0] == ',') && !one) {
         at_start = true;
       }
       if (dstlen > 0) {
-        *dst++ = *src++;
+        *dst++ = (char_u)(*src++);
         dstlen--;
 
         if (prefix != NULL
-            && src - prefix_len >= srcp
+            && src - prefix_len >= (char *)srcp
             && STRNCMP(src - prefix_len, prefix, prefix_len) == 0) {
           at_start = true;
         }
@@ -1069,9 +1068,8 @@ size_t home_replace(const buf_T *const buf, const char *src, char *const dst, si
     must_free = true;
     size_t usedlen = 0;
     size_t flen = strlen(homedir_env_mod);
-    char_u *fbuf = NULL;
-    (void)modify_fname(":p", false, &usedlen,
-                       &homedir_env_mod, (char **)&fbuf, &flen);
+    char *fbuf = NULL;
+    (void)modify_fname(":p", false, &usedlen, &homedir_env_mod, &fbuf, &flen);
     flen = strlen(homedir_env_mod);
     assert(homedir_env_mod != homedir_env);
     if (vim_ispathsep(homedir_env_mod[flen - 1])) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/os/fs.c b/src/nvim/os/fs.c
index 901a1bc5a6..0d62a5f5f9 100644
--- a/src/nvim/os/fs.c
+++ b/src/nvim/os/fs.c
@@ -144,25 +144,6 @@ bool os_isdir(const char_u *name)
   return true;
 }
 
-/// Check if the given path is a directory and is executable.
-/// Gives the same results as `os_isdir()` on Windows.
-///
-/// @return `true` if `name` is a directory and executable.
-bool os_isdir_executable(const char *name)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  int32_t mode = os_getperm(name);
-  if (mode < 0) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-#ifdef WIN32
-  return (S_ISDIR(mode));
-#else
-  return (S_ISDIR(mode) && (S_IXUSR & mode));
-#endif
-}
-
 /// Check what `name` is:
 /// @return NODE_NORMAL: file or directory (or doesn't exist)
 ///         NODE_WRITABLE: writable device, socket, fifo, etc.
@@ -339,7 +320,7 @@ static bool is_executable_ext(const char *name, char **abspath)
 
     const char *ext_end = ext;
     size_t ext_len =
-      copy_option_part((char_u **)&ext_end, (char_u *)buf_end,
+      copy_option_part(&ext_end, (char_u *)buf_end,
                        sizeof(os_buf) - (size_t)(buf_end - os_buf), ENV_SEPSTR);
     if (ext_len != 0) {
       bool in_pathext = nameext_len == ext_len
@@ -1051,7 +1032,7 @@ int os_remove(const char *path)
 bool os_fileinfo(const char *path, FileInfo *file_info)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(2)
 {
-  memset(file_info, 0, sizeof(*file_info));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(file_info);
   return os_stat(path, &(file_info->stat)) == kLibuvSuccess;
 }
 
@@ -1063,7 +1044,7 @@ bool os_fileinfo(const char *path, FileInfo *file_info)
 bool os_fileinfo_link(const char *path, FileInfo *file_info)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(2)
 {
-  memset(file_info, 0, sizeof(*file_info));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(file_info);
   if (path == NULL) {
     return false;
   }
@@ -1087,7 +1068,7 @@ bool os_fileinfo_fd(int file_descriptor, FileInfo *file_info)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
   uv_fs_t request;
-  memset(file_info, 0, sizeof(*file_info));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(file_info);
   fs_loop_lock();
   bool ok = uv_fs_fstat(&fs_loop,
                         &request,
diff --git a/src/nvim/os/input.c b/src/nvim/os/input.c
index c47a891c18..bfe6d59dc6 100644
--- a/src/nvim/os/input.c
+++ b/src/nvim/os/input.c
@@ -8,10 +8,9 @@
 
 #include "nvim/api/private/defs.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/event/loop.h"
 #include "nvim/event/rstream.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
-#include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
 #include "nvim/keycodes.h"
 #include "nvim/main.h"
@@ -19,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "nvim/memory.h"
 #include "nvim/msgpack_rpc/channel.h"
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
diff --git a/src/nvim/os/pty_conpty_win.h b/src/nvim/os/pty_conpty_win.h
index c243db4fa5..15e7c3da0c 100644
--- a/src/nvim/os/pty_conpty_win.h
+++ b/src/nvim/os/pty_conpty_win.h
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef NVIM_OS_PTY_CONPTY_WIN_H
 #define NVIM_OS_PTY_CONPTY_WIN_H
 
+#include "nvim/lib/kvec.h"
+#include "nvim/os/input.h"
+
 #ifndef HPCON
 # define HPCON VOID *
 #endif
diff --git a/src/nvim/os/shell.c b/src/nvim/os/shell.c
index 8f2018c1f4..dd44cb1ce7 100644
--- a/src/nvim/os/shell.c
+++ b/src/nvim/os/shell.c
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "nvim/os/shell.h"
 #include "nvim/os/signal.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/tag.h"
diff --git a/src/nvim/os/signal.c b/src/nvim/os/signal.c
index 581f025a0f..e592570966 100644
--- a/src/nvim/os/signal.c
+++ b/src/nvim/os/signal.c
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@
 #endif
 
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/event/loop.h"
 #include "nvim/event/signal.h"
-#include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/globals.h"
 #include "nvim/log.h"
 #include "nvim/main.h"
diff --git a/src/nvim/path.c b/src/nvim/path.c
index a0b09bcec2..caea11debd 100644
--- a/src/nvim/path.c
+++ b/src/nvim/path.c
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ char_u *get_past_head(const char_u *path)
 #endif
 
   while (vim_ispathsep(*retval)) {
-    ++retval;
+    retval++;
   }
 
   return (char_u *)retval;
@@ -666,8 +666,8 @@ static size_t do_path_expand(garray_T *gap, const char_u *path, size_t wildoff,
   for (p = buf + wildoff; p < s; ++p) {
     if (rem_backslash(p)) {
       STRMOVE(p, p + 1);
-      --e;
-      --s;
+      e--;
+      s--;
     }
   }
 
@@ -695,11 +695,11 @@ static size_t do_path_expand(garray_T *gap, const char_u *path, size_t wildoff,
   regmatch.rm_ic = true;  // Always ignore case on Windows.
 #endif
   if (flags & (EW_NOERROR | EW_NOTWILD)) {
-    ++emsg_silent;
+    emsg_silent++;
   }
   regmatch.regprog = vim_regcomp(pat, RE_MAGIC);
   if (flags & (EW_NOERROR | EW_NOTWILD)) {
-    --emsg_silent;
+    emsg_silent--;
   }
   xfree(pat);
 
@@ -742,9 +742,9 @@ static size_t do_path_expand(garray_T *gap, const char_u *path, size_t wildoff,
            * find matches. */
           STRCPY(buf + len, "/**");
           STRCPY(buf + len + 3, path_end);
-          ++stardepth;
+          stardepth++;
           (void)do_path_expand(gap, buf, len + 1, flags, true);
-          --stardepth;
+          stardepth--;
         }
 
         STRCPY(buf + len, path_end);
@@ -1141,7 +1141,7 @@ static int expand_in_path(garray_T *const gap, char_u *const pattern, const int
   if (flags & EW_ADDSLASH) {
     glob_flags |= WILD_ADD_SLASH;
   }
-  globpath(paths, pattern, gap, glob_flags);
+  globpath((char *)paths, pattern, gap, glob_flags);
   xfree(paths);
 
   return gap->ga_len;
@@ -1401,7 +1401,7 @@ static int expand_backtick(garray_T *gap, char_u *pat, int flags)
     cmd = skipwhite(cmd);               // skip over white space
     p = cmd;
     while (*p != NUL && *p != '\r' && *p != '\n') {  // skip over entry
-      ++p;
+      p++;
     }
     // add an entry if it is not empty
     if (p > cmd) {
@@ -1409,11 +1409,11 @@ static int expand_backtick(garray_T *gap, char_u *pat, int flags)
       *p = NUL;
       addfile(gap, (char_u *)cmd, flags);
       *p = i;
-      ++cnt;
+      cnt++;
     }
     cmd = p;
     while (*cmd != NUL && (*cmd == '\r' || *cmd == '\n')) {
-      ++cmd;
+      cmd++;
     }
   }
 
@@ -1656,12 +1656,12 @@ void simplify_filename(char_u *filename)
             *p = NUL;
           } else {
             if (p > start && tail[-1] == '.') {
-              --p;
+              p--;
             }
             STRMOVE(p, tail);                   // strip previous component
           }
 
-          --components;
+          components--;
         }
       } else if (p == start && !relative) {     // leading "/.." or "/../"
         STRMOVE(p, tail);                       // strip ".." or "../"
diff --git a/src/nvim/popupmnu.c b/src/nvim/popupmenu.c
index 4accddfce0..92db2db735 100644
--- a/src/nvim/popupmnu.c
+++ b/src/nvim/popupmenu.c
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 // This is an open source non-commercial project. Dear PVS-Studio, please check
 // it. PVS-Studio Static Code Analyzer for C, C++ and C#: http://www.viva64.com
 
-/// @file popupmnu.c
+/// @file popupmenu.c
 ///
 /// Popup menu (PUM)
 
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
-
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
@@ -15,9 +13,11 @@
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight.h"
 #include "nvim/insexpand.h"
 #include "nvim/memline.h"
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@
 #include "nvim/menu.h"
 #include "nvim/move.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/syntax.h"
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ static bool pum_external = false;
 static bool pum_invalid = false;  // the screen was just cleared
 
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
-#include "popupmnu.c.generated.h"
+# include "popupmenu.c.generated.h"
 #endif
 #define PUM_DEF_HEIGHT 10
 #define PUM_DEF_WIDTH 15
@@ -472,7 +471,7 @@ void pum_redraw(void)
                 / (pum_size - pum_height);
   }
 
-  for (i = 0; i < pum_height; ++i) {
+  for (i = 0; i < pum_height; i++) {
     idx = i + pum_first;
     attr = (idx == pum_selected) ? attr_select : attr_norm;
 
@@ -492,7 +491,7 @@ void pum_redraw(void)
     grid_col = col_off;
     totwidth = 0;
 
-    for (round = 1; round <= 3; ++round) {
+    for (round = 1; round <= 3; round++) {
       width = 0;
       s = NULL;
 
@@ -663,11 +662,11 @@ void pum_redraw(void)
 /// @param n
 /// @param repeat
 ///
-/// @returns TRUE when the window was resized and the location of the popup
+/// @returns true when the window was resized and the location of the popup
 /// menu must be recomputed.
-static int pum_set_selected(int n, int repeat)
+static bool pum_set_selected(int n, int repeat)
 {
-  int resized = FALSE;
+  int resized = false;
   int context = pum_height / 2;
 
   pum_selected = n;
@@ -800,12 +799,12 @@ static int pum_set_selected(int n, int repeat)
 
             if (curwin->w_height < lnum) {
               win_setheight((int)lnum);
-              resized = TRUE;
+              resized = true;
             }
           }
 
           curbuf->b_changed = false;
-          curbuf->b_p_ma = FALSE;
+          curbuf->b_p_ma = false;
           curwin->w_cursor.lnum = 1;
           curwin->w_cursor.col = 0;
 
@@ -819,7 +818,7 @@ static int pum_set_selected(int n, int repeat)
             // window is not resized, skip the preview window's
             // status line redrawing.
             if (ins_compl_active() && !resized) {
-              curwin->w_redr_status = FALSE;
+              curwin->w_redr_status = false;
             }
 
             // Return cursor to where we were
@@ -928,7 +927,7 @@ void pum_recompose(void)
 /// Gets the height of the menu.
 ///
 /// @return the height of the popup menu, the number of entries visible.
-/// Only valid when pum_visible() returns TRUE!
+/// Only valid when pum_visible() returns true!
 int pum_get_height(void)
 {
   if (pum_external) {
@@ -1051,7 +1050,7 @@ static void pum_execute_menu(vimmenu_T *menu, int mode)
 
   for (vimmenu_T *mp = menu->children; mp != NULL; mp = mp->next) {
     if ((mp->modes & mp->enabled & mode) && idx++ == pum_selected) {
-      memset(&ea, 0, sizeof(ea));
+      CLEAR_FIELD(ea);
       execute_menu(&ea, mp, -1);
       break;
     }
diff --git a/src/nvim/popupmnu.h b/src/nvim/popupmenu.h
index 7d3f4c6f51..851ad31486 100644
--- a/src/nvim/popupmnu.h
+++ b/src/nvim/popupmenu.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef NVIM_POPUPMNU_H
-#define NVIM_POPUPMNU_H
+#ifndef NVIM_POPUPMENU_H
+#define NVIM_POPUPMENU_H
 
 #include "nvim/grid_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/macros.h"
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ typedef struct {
 EXTERN ScreenGrid pum_grid INIT(= SCREEN_GRID_INIT);
 
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
-# include "popupmnu.h.generated.h"
+# include "popupmenu.h.generated.h"
 #endif
-#endif  // NVIM_POPUPMNU_H
+#endif  // NVIM_POPUPMENU_H
diff --git a/src/nvim/profile.c b/src/nvim/profile.c
index fe7bd2e912..d4f3756f4d 100644
--- a/src/nvim/profile.c
+++ b/src/nvim/profile.c
@@ -6,16 +6,32 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 
 #include "nvim/assert.h"
+#include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/debugger.h"
+#include "nvim/eval.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
+#include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/func_attr.h"
 #include "nvim/globals.h"  // for the global `time_fd` (startuptime)
-#include "nvim/os/os_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/os/os.h"
 #include "nvim/os/time.h"
 #include "nvim/profile.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
+#include "nvim/vim.h"
 
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "profile.c.generated.h"
 #endif
 
+/// Struct used in sn_prl_ga for every line of a script.
+typedef struct sn_prl_S {
+  int snp_count;                ///< nr of times line was executed
+  proftime_T sn_prl_total;      ///< time spent in a line + children
+  proftime_T sn_prl_self;       ///< time spent in a line itself
+} sn_prl_T;
+
+#define PRL_ITEM(si, idx)     (((sn_prl_T *)(si)->sn_prl_ga.ga_data)[(idx)])
+
 static proftime_T prof_wait_time;
 
 /// Gets the current time.
@@ -195,6 +211,652 @@ int profile_cmp(proftime_T tm1, proftime_T tm2) FUNC_ATTR_CONST
   return profile_signed(tm2 - tm1) < 0 ? -1 : 1;
 }
 
+static char *profile_fname = NULL;
+
+/// Reset all profiling information.
+void profile_reset(void)
+{
+  // Reset sourced files.
+  for (int id = 1; id <= script_items.ga_len; id++) {
+    scriptitem_T *si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(id);
+    if (si->sn_prof_on) {
+      si->sn_prof_on      = false;
+      si->sn_pr_force     = false;
+      si->sn_pr_child     = profile_zero();
+      si->sn_pr_nest      = 0;
+      si->sn_pr_count     = 0;
+      si->sn_pr_total     = profile_zero();
+      si->sn_pr_self      = profile_zero();
+      si->sn_pr_start     = profile_zero();
+      si->sn_pr_children  = profile_zero();
+      ga_clear(&si->sn_prl_ga);
+      si->sn_prl_start    = profile_zero();
+      si->sn_prl_children = profile_zero();
+      si->sn_prl_wait     = profile_zero();
+      si->sn_prl_idx      = -1;
+      si->sn_prl_execed   = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Reset functions.
+  hashtab_T *const functbl = func_tbl_get();
+  size_t todo = functbl->ht_used;
+  hashitem_T *hi = functbl->ht_array;
+
+  for (; todo > (size_t)0; hi++) {
+    if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
+      todo--;
+      ufunc_T *uf = HI2UF(hi);
+      if (uf->uf_prof_initialized) {
+        uf->uf_profiling    = 0;
+        uf->uf_tm_count     = 0;
+        uf->uf_tm_total     = profile_zero();
+        uf->uf_tm_self      = profile_zero();
+        uf->uf_tm_children  = profile_zero();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < uf->uf_lines.ga_len; i++) {
+          uf->uf_tml_count[i] = 0;
+          uf->uf_tml_total[i] = uf->uf_tml_self[i] = 0;
+        }
+
+        uf->uf_tml_start    = profile_zero();
+        uf->uf_tml_children = profile_zero();
+        uf->uf_tml_wait     = profile_zero();
+        uf->uf_tml_idx      = -1;
+        uf->uf_tml_execed   = 0;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  XFREE_CLEAR(profile_fname);
+}
+
+/// ":profile cmd args"
+void ex_profile(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  static proftime_T pause_time;
+
+  char *e;
+  int len;
+
+  e = (char *)skiptowhite((char_u *)eap->arg);
+  len = (int)(e - eap->arg);
+  e = skipwhite(e);
+
+  if (len == 5 && STRNCMP(eap->arg, "start", 5) == 0 && *e != NUL) {
+    xfree(profile_fname);
+    profile_fname = (char *)expand_env_save_opt((char_u *)e, true);
+    do_profiling = PROF_YES;
+    profile_set_wait(profile_zero());
+    set_vim_var_nr(VV_PROFILING, 1L);
+  } else if (do_profiling == PROF_NONE) {
+    emsg(_("E750: First use \":profile start {fname}\""));
+  } else if (STRCMP(eap->arg, "stop") == 0) {
+    profile_dump();
+    do_profiling = PROF_NONE;
+    set_vim_var_nr(VV_PROFILING, 0L);
+    profile_reset();
+  } else if (STRCMP(eap->arg, "pause") == 0) {
+    if (do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
+      pause_time = profile_start();
+    }
+    do_profiling = PROF_PAUSED;
+  } else if (STRCMP(eap->arg, "continue") == 0) {
+    if (do_profiling == PROF_PAUSED) {
+      pause_time = profile_end(pause_time);
+      profile_set_wait(profile_add(profile_get_wait(), pause_time));
+    }
+    do_profiling = PROF_YES;
+  } else if (STRCMP(eap->arg, "dump") == 0) {
+    profile_dump();
+  } else {
+    // The rest is similar to ":breakadd".
+    ex_breakadd(eap);
+  }
+}
+
+/// Command line expansion for :profile.
+static enum {
+  PEXP_SUBCMD,          ///< expand :profile sub-commands
+  PEXP_FUNC,  ///< expand :profile func {funcname}
+} pexpand_what;
+
+static char *pexpand_cmds[] = {
+  "continue",
+  "dump",
+  "file",
+  "func",
+  "pause",
+  "start",
+  "stop",
+  NULL
+};
+
+/// Function given to ExpandGeneric() to obtain the profile command
+/// specific expansion.
+char *get_profile_name(expand_T *xp, int idx)
+  FUNC_ATTR_PURE
+{
+  switch (pexpand_what) {
+  case PEXP_SUBCMD:
+    return pexpand_cmds[idx];
+  // case PEXP_FUNC: TODO
+  default:
+    return NULL;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Handle command line completion for :profile command.
+void set_context_in_profile_cmd(expand_T *xp, const char *arg)
+{
+  // Default: expand subcommands.
+  xp->xp_context = EXPAND_PROFILE;
+  pexpand_what = PEXP_SUBCMD;
+  xp->xp_pattern = (char *)arg;
+
+  char_u *const end_subcmd = skiptowhite((const char_u *)arg);
+  if (*end_subcmd == NUL) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if ((const char *)end_subcmd - arg == 5 && strncmp(arg, "start", 5) == 0) {
+    xp->xp_context = EXPAND_FILES;
+    xp->xp_pattern = skipwhite((char *)end_subcmd);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // TODO(tarruda): expand function names after "func"
+  xp->xp_context = EXPAND_NOTHING;
+}
+
+static proftime_T inchar_time;
+
+/// Called when starting to wait for the user to type a character.
+void prof_inchar_enter(void)
+{
+  inchar_time = profile_start();
+}
+
+/// Called when finished waiting for the user to type a character.
+void prof_inchar_exit(void)
+{
+  inchar_time = profile_end(inchar_time);
+  profile_set_wait(profile_add(profile_get_wait(), inchar_time));
+}
+
+/// @return  true when a function defined in the current script should be
+///          profiled.
+bool prof_def_func(void)
+  FUNC_ATTR_PURE
+{
+  if (current_sctx.sc_sid > 0) {
+    return SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid).sn_pr_force;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+/// Print the count and times for one function or function line.
+///
+/// @param prefer_self  when equal print only self time
+static void prof_func_line(FILE *fd, int count, proftime_T *total, proftime_T *self,
+                           bool prefer_self)
+{
+  if (count > 0) {
+    fprintf(fd, "%5d ", count);
+    if (prefer_self && profile_equal(*total, *self)) {
+      fprintf(fd, "           ");
+    } else {
+      fprintf(fd, "%s ", profile_msg(*total));
+    }
+    if (!prefer_self && profile_equal(*total, *self)) {
+      fprintf(fd, "           ");
+    } else {
+      fprintf(fd, "%s ", profile_msg(*self));
+    }
+  } else {
+    fprintf(fd, "                            ");
+  }
+}
+
+/// @param prefer_self  when equal print only self time
+static void prof_sort_list(FILE *fd, ufunc_T **sorttab, int st_len, char *title, bool prefer_self)
+{
+  int i;
+  ufunc_T *fp;
+
+  fprintf(fd, "FUNCTIONS SORTED ON %s TIME\n", title);
+  fprintf(fd, "count  total (s)   self (s)  function\n");
+  for (i = 0; i < 20 && i < st_len; i++) {
+    fp = sorttab[i];
+    prof_func_line(fd, fp->uf_tm_count, &fp->uf_tm_total, &fp->uf_tm_self,
+                   prefer_self);
+    if (fp->uf_name[0] == K_SPECIAL) {
+      fprintf(fd, " <SNR>%s()\n", fp->uf_name + 3);
+    } else {
+      fprintf(fd, " %s()\n", fp->uf_name);
+    }
+  }
+  fprintf(fd, "\n");
+}
+
+/// Compare function for total time sorting.
+static int prof_total_cmp(const void *s1, const void *s2)
+{
+  ufunc_T *p1 = *(ufunc_T **)s1;
+  ufunc_T *p2 = *(ufunc_T **)s2;
+  return profile_cmp(p1->uf_tm_total, p2->uf_tm_total);
+}
+
+/// Compare function for self time sorting.
+static int prof_self_cmp(const void *s1, const void *s2)
+{
+  ufunc_T *p1 = *(ufunc_T **)s1;
+  ufunc_T *p2 = *(ufunc_T **)s2;
+  return profile_cmp(p1->uf_tm_self, p2->uf_tm_self);
+}
+
+/// Start profiling function "fp".
+void func_do_profile(ufunc_T *fp)
+{
+  int len = fp->uf_lines.ga_len;
+
+  if (!fp->uf_prof_initialized) {
+    if (len == 0) {
+      len = 1;  // avoid getting error for allocating zero bytes
+    }
+    fp->uf_tm_count = 0;
+    fp->uf_tm_self = profile_zero();
+    fp->uf_tm_total = profile_zero();
+
+    if (fp->uf_tml_count == NULL) {
+      fp->uf_tml_count = xcalloc((size_t)len, sizeof(int));
+    }
+
+    if (fp->uf_tml_total == NULL) {
+      fp->uf_tml_total = xcalloc((size_t)len, sizeof(proftime_T));
+    }
+
+    if (fp->uf_tml_self == NULL) {
+      fp->uf_tml_self = xcalloc((size_t)len, sizeof(proftime_T));
+    }
+
+    fp->uf_tml_idx = -1;
+    fp->uf_prof_initialized = true;
+  }
+
+  fp->uf_profiling = true;
+}
+
+/// Prepare profiling for entering a child or something else that is not
+/// counted for the script/function itself.
+/// Should always be called in pair with prof_child_exit().
+///
+/// @param tm  place to store waittime
+void prof_child_enter(proftime_T *tm)
+{
+  funccall_T *fc = get_current_funccal();
+
+  if (fc != NULL && fc->func->uf_profiling) {
+    fc->prof_child = profile_start();
+  }
+
+  script_prof_save(tm);
+}
+
+/// Take care of time spent in a child.
+/// Should always be called after prof_child_enter().
+///
+/// @param tm  where waittime was stored
+void prof_child_exit(proftime_T *tm)
+{
+  funccall_T *fc = get_current_funccal();
+
+  if (fc != NULL && fc->func->uf_profiling) {
+    fc->prof_child = profile_end(fc->prof_child);
+    // don't count waiting time
+    fc->prof_child = profile_sub_wait(*tm, fc->prof_child);
+    fc->func->uf_tm_children =
+      profile_add(fc->func->uf_tm_children, fc->prof_child);
+    fc->func->uf_tml_children =
+      profile_add(fc->func->uf_tml_children, fc->prof_child);
+  }
+  script_prof_restore(tm);
+}
+
+/// Called when starting to read a function line.
+/// "sourcing_lnum" must be correct!
+/// When skipping lines it may not actually be executed, but we won't find out
+/// until later and we need to store the time now.
+void func_line_start(void *cookie)
+{
+  funccall_T *fcp = (funccall_T *)cookie;
+  ufunc_T *fp = fcp->func;
+
+  if (fp->uf_profiling && SOURCING_LNUM >= 1 && SOURCING_LNUM <= fp->uf_lines.ga_len) {
+    fp->uf_tml_idx = SOURCING_LNUM - 1;
+    // Skip continuation lines.
+    while (fp->uf_tml_idx > 0 && FUNCLINE(fp, fp->uf_tml_idx) == NULL) {
+      fp->uf_tml_idx--;
+    }
+    fp->uf_tml_execed = false;
+    fp->uf_tml_start = profile_start();
+    fp->uf_tml_children = profile_zero();
+    fp->uf_tml_wait = profile_get_wait();
+  }
+}
+
+/// Called when actually executing a function line.
+void func_line_exec(void *cookie)
+{
+  funccall_T *fcp = (funccall_T *)cookie;
+  ufunc_T *fp = fcp->func;
+
+  if (fp->uf_profiling && fp->uf_tml_idx >= 0) {
+    fp->uf_tml_execed = true;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Called when done with a function line.
+void func_line_end(void *cookie)
+{
+  funccall_T *fcp = (funccall_T *)cookie;
+  ufunc_T *fp = fcp->func;
+
+  if (fp->uf_profiling && fp->uf_tml_idx >= 0) {
+    if (fp->uf_tml_execed) {
+      fp->uf_tml_count[fp->uf_tml_idx]++;
+      fp->uf_tml_start = profile_end(fp->uf_tml_start);
+      fp->uf_tml_start = profile_sub_wait(fp->uf_tml_wait, fp->uf_tml_start);
+      fp->uf_tml_total[fp->uf_tml_idx] =
+        profile_add(fp->uf_tml_total[fp->uf_tml_idx], fp->uf_tml_start);
+      fp->uf_tml_self[fp->uf_tml_idx] =
+        profile_self(fp->uf_tml_self[fp->uf_tml_idx], fp->uf_tml_start,
+                     fp->uf_tml_children);
+    }
+    fp->uf_tml_idx = -1;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Dump the profiling results for all functions in file "fd".
+static void func_dump_profile(FILE *fd)
+{
+  hashtab_T *const functbl = func_tbl_get();
+  hashitem_T *hi;
+  int todo;
+  ufunc_T *fp;
+  ufunc_T **sorttab;
+  int st_len = 0;
+
+  todo = (int)functbl->ht_used;
+  if (todo == 0) {
+    return;         // nothing to dump
+  }
+
+  sorttab = xmalloc(sizeof(ufunc_T *) * (size_t)todo);
+
+  for (hi = functbl->ht_array; todo > 0; hi++) {
+    if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
+      todo--;
+      fp = HI2UF(hi);
+      if (fp->uf_prof_initialized) {
+        sorttab[st_len++] = fp;
+
+        if (fp->uf_name[0] == K_SPECIAL) {
+          fprintf(fd, "FUNCTION  <SNR>%s()\n", fp->uf_name + 3);
+        } else {
+          fprintf(fd, "FUNCTION  %s()\n", fp->uf_name);
+        }
+        if (fp->uf_script_ctx.sc_sid != 0) {
+          bool should_free;
+          const LastSet last_set = (LastSet){
+            .script_ctx = fp->uf_script_ctx,
+            .channel_id = 0,
+          };
+          char *p = (char *)get_scriptname(last_set, &should_free);
+          fprintf(fd, "    Defined: %s:%" PRIdLINENR "\n",
+                  p, fp->uf_script_ctx.sc_lnum);
+          if (should_free) {
+            xfree(p);
+          }
+        }
+        if (fp->uf_tm_count == 1) {
+          fprintf(fd, "Called 1 time\n");
+        } else {
+          fprintf(fd, "Called %d times\n", fp->uf_tm_count);
+        }
+        fprintf(fd, "Total time: %s\n", profile_msg(fp->uf_tm_total));
+        fprintf(fd, " Self time: %s\n", profile_msg(fp->uf_tm_self));
+        fprintf(fd, "\n");
+        fprintf(fd, "count  total (s)   self (s)\n");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < fp->uf_lines.ga_len; i++) {
+          if (FUNCLINE(fp, i) == NULL) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          prof_func_line(fd, fp->uf_tml_count[i],
+                         &fp->uf_tml_total[i], &fp->uf_tml_self[i], true);
+          fprintf(fd, "%s\n", FUNCLINE(fp, i));
+        }
+        fprintf(fd, "\n");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (st_len > 0) {
+    qsort((void *)sorttab, (size_t)st_len, sizeof(ufunc_T *),
+          prof_total_cmp);
+    prof_sort_list(fd, sorttab, st_len, "TOTAL", false);
+    qsort((void *)sorttab, (size_t)st_len, sizeof(ufunc_T *),
+          prof_self_cmp);
+    prof_sort_list(fd, sorttab, st_len, "SELF", true);
+  }
+
+  xfree(sorttab);
+}
+
+/// Start profiling a script.
+void profile_init(scriptitem_T *si)
+{
+  si->sn_pr_count = 0;
+  si->sn_pr_total = profile_zero();
+  si->sn_pr_self = profile_zero();
+
+  ga_init(&si->sn_prl_ga, sizeof(sn_prl_T), 100);
+  si->sn_prl_idx = -1;
+  si->sn_prof_on = true;
+  si->sn_pr_nest = 0;
+}
+
+/// Save time when starting to invoke another script or function.
+///
+/// @param tm  place to store wait time
+void script_prof_save(proftime_T *tm)
+{
+  scriptitem_T *si;
+
+  if (current_sctx.sc_sid > 0 && current_sctx.sc_sid <= script_items.ga_len) {
+    si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid);
+    if (si->sn_prof_on && si->sn_pr_nest++ == 0) {
+      si->sn_pr_child = profile_start();
+    }
+  }
+  *tm = profile_get_wait();
+}
+
+/// Count time spent in children after invoking another script or function.
+void script_prof_restore(proftime_T *tm)
+{
+  scriptitem_T *si;
+
+  if (current_sctx.sc_sid > 0 && current_sctx.sc_sid <= script_items.ga_len) {
+    si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid);
+    if (si->sn_prof_on && --si->sn_pr_nest == 0) {
+      si->sn_pr_child = profile_end(si->sn_pr_child);
+      // don't count wait time
+      si->sn_pr_child = profile_sub_wait(*tm, si->sn_pr_child);
+      si->sn_pr_children = profile_add(si->sn_pr_children, si->sn_pr_child);
+      si->sn_prl_children = profile_add(si->sn_prl_children, si->sn_pr_child);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Dump the profiling results for all scripts in file "fd".
+static void script_dump_profile(FILE *fd)
+{
+  scriptitem_T *si;
+  FILE *sfd;
+  sn_prl_T *pp;
+
+  for (int id = 1; id <= script_items.ga_len; id++) {
+    si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(id);
+    if (si->sn_prof_on) {
+      fprintf(fd, "SCRIPT  %s\n", si->sn_name);
+      if (si->sn_pr_count == 1) {
+        fprintf(fd, "Sourced 1 time\n");
+      } else {
+        fprintf(fd, "Sourced %d times\n", si->sn_pr_count);
+      }
+      fprintf(fd, "Total time: %s\n", profile_msg(si->sn_pr_total));
+      fprintf(fd, " Self time: %s\n", profile_msg(si->sn_pr_self));
+      fprintf(fd, "\n");
+      fprintf(fd, "count  total (s)   self (s)\n");
+
+      sfd = os_fopen((char *)si->sn_name, "r");
+      if (sfd == NULL) {
+        fprintf(fd, "Cannot open file!\n");
+      } else {
+        // Keep going till the end of file, so that trailing
+        // continuation lines are listed.
+        for (int i = 0;; i++) {
+          if (vim_fgets(IObuff, IOSIZE, sfd)) {
+            break;
+          }
+          // When a line has been truncated, append NL, taking care
+          // of multi-byte characters .
+          if (IObuff[IOSIZE - 2] != NUL && IObuff[IOSIZE - 2] != NL) {
+            int n = IOSIZE - 2;
+
+            // Move to the first byte of this char.
+            // utf_head_off() doesn't work, because it checks
+            // for a truncated character.
+            while (n > 0 && (IObuff[n] & 0xc0) == 0x80) {
+              n--;
+            }
+
+            IObuff[n] = NL;
+            IObuff[n + 1] = NUL;
+          }
+          if (i < si->sn_prl_ga.ga_len
+              && (pp = &PRL_ITEM(si, i))->snp_count > 0) {
+            fprintf(fd, "%5d ", pp->snp_count);
+            if (profile_equal(pp->sn_prl_total, pp->sn_prl_self)) {
+              fprintf(fd, "           ");
+            } else {
+              fprintf(fd, "%s ", profile_msg(pp->sn_prl_total));
+            }
+            fprintf(fd, "%s ", profile_msg(pp->sn_prl_self));
+          } else {
+            fprintf(fd, "                            ");
+          }
+          fprintf(fd, "%s", IObuff);
+        }
+        fclose(sfd);
+      }
+      fprintf(fd, "\n");
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Dump the profiling info.
+void profile_dump(void)
+{
+  FILE *fd;
+
+  if (profile_fname != NULL) {
+    fd = os_fopen(profile_fname, "w");
+    if (fd == NULL) {
+      semsg(_(e_notopen), profile_fname);
+    } else {
+      script_dump_profile(fd);
+      func_dump_profile(fd);
+      fclose(fd);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Called when starting to read a script line.
+/// "sourcing_lnum" must be correct!
+/// When skipping lines it may not actually be executed, but we won't find out
+/// until later and we need to store the time now.
+void script_line_start(void)
+{
+  scriptitem_T *si;
+  sn_prl_T *pp;
+
+  if (current_sctx.sc_sid <= 0 || current_sctx.sc_sid > script_items.ga_len) {
+    return;
+  }
+  si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid);
+  if (si->sn_prof_on && SOURCING_LNUM >= 1) {
+    // Grow the array before starting the timer, so that the time spent
+    // here isn't counted.
+    (void)ga_grow(&si->sn_prl_ga, SOURCING_LNUM - si->sn_prl_ga.ga_len);
+    si->sn_prl_idx = SOURCING_LNUM - 1;
+    while (si->sn_prl_ga.ga_len <= si->sn_prl_idx
+           && si->sn_prl_ga.ga_len < si->sn_prl_ga.ga_maxlen) {
+      // Zero counters for a line that was not used before.
+      pp = &PRL_ITEM(si, si->sn_prl_ga.ga_len);
+      pp->snp_count = 0;
+      pp->sn_prl_total = profile_zero();
+      pp->sn_prl_self = profile_zero();
+      si->sn_prl_ga.ga_len++;
+    }
+    si->sn_prl_execed = false;
+    si->sn_prl_start = profile_start();
+    si->sn_prl_children = profile_zero();
+    si->sn_prl_wait = profile_get_wait();
+  }
+}
+
+/// Called when actually executing a function line.
+void script_line_exec(void)
+{
+  scriptitem_T *si;
+
+  if (current_sctx.sc_sid <= 0 || current_sctx.sc_sid > script_items.ga_len) {
+    return;
+  }
+  si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid);
+  if (si->sn_prof_on && si->sn_prl_idx >= 0) {
+    si->sn_prl_execed = true;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Called when done with a function line.
+void script_line_end(void)
+{
+  scriptitem_T *si;
+  sn_prl_T *pp;
+
+  if (current_sctx.sc_sid <= 0 || current_sctx.sc_sid > script_items.ga_len) {
+    return;
+  }
+  si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid);
+  if (si->sn_prof_on && si->sn_prl_idx >= 0
+      && si->sn_prl_idx < si->sn_prl_ga.ga_len) {
+    if (si->sn_prl_execed) {
+      pp = &PRL_ITEM(si, si->sn_prl_idx);
+      pp->snp_count++;
+      si->sn_prl_start = profile_end(si->sn_prl_start);
+      si->sn_prl_start = profile_sub_wait(si->sn_prl_wait, si->sn_prl_start);
+      pp->sn_prl_total = profile_add(pp->sn_prl_total, si->sn_prl_start);
+      pp->sn_prl_self = profile_self(pp->sn_prl_self, si->sn_prl_start,
+                                     si->sn_prl_children);
+    }
+    si->sn_prl_idx = -1;
+  }
+}
+
 /// globals for use in the startuptime related functionality (time_*).
 static proftime_T g_start_time;
 static proftime_T g_prev_time;
diff --git a/src/nvim/profile.h b/src/nvim/profile.h
index 17c35c5eb7..547d11185f 100644
--- a/src/nvim/profile.h
+++ b/src/nvim/profile.h
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <time.h>
 
-typedef uint64_t proftime_T;
+#include "nvim/ex_cmds_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 
 #define TIME_MSG(s) do { \
   if (time_fd != NULL) time_msg(s, NULL); \
diff --git a/src/nvim/quickfix.c b/src/nvim/quickfix.c
index 99129bd15e..1c416a872b 100644
--- a/src/nvim/quickfix.c
+++ b/src/nvim/quickfix.c
@@ -9,10 +9,12 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
+#include "nvim/arglist.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
@@ -22,6 +24,7 @@
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
+#include "nvim/help.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
 #include "nvim/mark.h"
 #include "nvim/mbyte.h"
@@ -37,7 +40,6 @@
 #include "nvim/path.h"
 #include "nvim/quickfix.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
@@ -1224,7 +1226,7 @@ static void qf_new_list(qf_info_T *qi, const char *qf_title)
     qi->qf_curlist = qi->qf_listcount++;
   }
   qf_list_T *qfl = qf_get_curlist(qi);
-  memset(qfl, 0, sizeof(qf_list_T));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(qfl);
   qf_store_title(qfl, qf_title);
   qfl->qfl_type = qi->qfl_type;
   qfl->qf_id = ++last_qf_id;
@@ -3119,7 +3121,7 @@ void qf_list(exarg_T *eap)
   }
   int idx1 = 1;
   int idx2 = -1;
-  if (!get_list_range((char_u **)&arg, &idx1, &idx2) || *arg != NUL) {
+  if (!get_list_range(&arg, &idx1, &idx2) || *arg != NUL) {
     semsg(_(e_trailing_arg), arg);
     return;
   }
@@ -5299,7 +5301,7 @@ static bool existing_swapfile(const buf_T *buf)
 /// :{count}vimgrep /{pattern}/[g][j] {file} ...
 static int vgr_process_args(exarg_T *eap, vgr_args_T *args)
 {
-  memset(args, 0, sizeof(*args));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(args);
 
   args->regmatch.regprog = NULL;
   args->qf_title = xstrdup(qf_cmdtitle(*eap->cmdlinep));
@@ -5779,7 +5781,7 @@ static int get_qfline_items(qfline_T *qfp, list_T *list)
 /// If qf_idx is -1, use the current list. Otherwise, use the specified list.
 /// If eidx is not 0, then return only the specified entry. Otherwise return
 /// all the entries.
-int get_errorlist(qf_info_T *qi_arg, win_T *wp, int qf_idx, int eidx, list_T *list)
+static int get_errorlist(qf_info_T *qi_arg, win_T *wp, int qf_idx, int eidx, list_T *list)
 {
   qf_info_T *qi = qi_arg;
 
@@ -6149,7 +6151,7 @@ static int qf_getprop_qftf(qf_list_T *qfl, dict_T *retdict)
 /// Return quickfix/location list details (title) as a dictionary.
 /// 'what' contains the details to return. If 'list_idx' is -1,
 /// then current list is used. Otherwise the specified list is used.
-int qf_get_properties(win_T *wp, dict_T *what, dict_T *retdict)
+static int qf_get_properties(win_T *wp, dict_T *what, dict_T *retdict)
 {
   qf_info_T *qi = &ql_info;
   dictitem_T *di = NULL;
@@ -7157,3 +7159,137 @@ void ex_helpgrep(exarg_T *eap)
     }
   }
 }
+
+static void get_qf_loc_list(int is_qf, win_T *wp, typval_T *what_arg, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+  if (what_arg->v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
+    tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv, kListLenMayKnow);
+    if (is_qf || wp != NULL) {
+      (void)get_errorlist(NULL, wp, -1, 0, rettv->vval.v_list);
+    }
+  } else {
+    tv_dict_alloc_ret(rettv);
+    if (is_qf || wp != NULL) {
+      if (what_arg->v_type == VAR_DICT) {
+        dict_T *d = what_arg->vval.v_dict;
+
+        if (d != NULL) {
+          qf_get_properties(wp, d, rettv->vval.v_dict);
+        }
+      } else {
+        emsg(_(e_dictreq));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// "getloclist()" function
+void f_getloclist(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  win_T *wp = find_win_by_nr_or_id(&argvars[0]);
+  get_qf_loc_list(false, wp, &argvars[1], rettv);
+}
+
+/// "getqflist()" functions
+void f_getqflist(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  get_qf_loc_list(true, NULL, &argvars[0], rettv);
+}
+
+/// Create quickfix/location list from VimL values
+///
+/// Used by `setqflist()` and `setloclist()` functions. Accepts invalid
+/// args argument in which case errors out, including VAR_UNKNOWN parameters.
+///
+/// @param[in,out]  wp  Window to create location list for. May be NULL in
+///                     which case quickfix list will be created.
+/// @param[in]  args  [list, action, what]
+/// @param[in]  args[0]  Quickfix list contents.
+/// @param[in]  args[1]  Optional. Action to perform:
+///                      append to an existing list, replace its content,
+///                      or create a new one.
+/// @param[in]  args[2]  Optional. Quickfix list properties or title.
+///                      Defaults to caller function name.
+/// @param[out]  rettv  Return value: 0 in case of success, -1 otherwise.
+static void set_qf_ll_list(win_T *wp, typval_T *args, typval_T *rettv)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(2, 3)
+{
+  static char *e_invact = N_("E927: Invalid action: '%s'");
+  const char *title = NULL;
+  char action = ' ';
+  static int recursive = 0;
+  rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
+  dict_T *what = NULL;
+
+  typval_T *list_arg = &args[0];
+  if (list_arg->v_type != VAR_LIST) {
+    emsg(_(e_listreq));
+    return;
+  } else if (recursive != 0) {
+    emsg(_(e_au_recursive));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  typval_T *action_arg = &args[1];
+  if (action_arg->v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
+    // Option argument was not given.
+    goto skip_args;
+  } else if (action_arg->v_type != VAR_STRING) {
+    emsg(_(e_stringreq));
+    return;
+  }
+  const char *const act = tv_get_string_chk(action_arg);
+  if ((*act == 'a' || *act == 'r' || *act == ' ' || *act == 'f')
+      && act[1] == NUL) {
+    action = *act;
+  } else {
+    semsg(_(e_invact), act);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  typval_T *const what_arg = &args[2];
+  if (what_arg->v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
+    // Option argument was not given.
+    goto skip_args;
+  } else if (what_arg->v_type == VAR_STRING) {
+    title = tv_get_string_chk(what_arg);
+    if (!title) {
+      // Type error. Error already printed by tv_get_string_chk().
+      return;
+    }
+  } else if (what_arg->v_type == VAR_DICT && what_arg->vval.v_dict != NULL) {
+    what = what_arg->vval.v_dict;
+  } else {
+    emsg(_(e_dictreq));
+    return;
+  }
+
+skip_args:
+  if (!title) {
+    title = (wp ? ":setloclist()" : ":setqflist()");
+  }
+
+  recursive++;
+  list_T *const l = list_arg->vval.v_list;
+  if (set_errorlist(wp, l, action, (char *)title, what) == OK) {
+    rettv->vval.v_number = 0;
+  }
+  recursive--;
+}
+
+/// "setloclist()" function
+void f_setloclist(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
+
+  win_T *win = find_win_by_nr_or_id(&argvars[0]);
+  if (win != NULL) {
+    set_qf_ll_list(win, &argvars[1], rettv);
+  }
+}
+
+/// "setqflist()" function
+void f_setqflist(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  set_qf_ll_list(NULL, argvars, rettv);
+}
diff --git a/src/nvim/regexp.c b/src/nvim/regexp.c
index fbbf904f8b..b7ec4bf94e 100644
--- a/src/nvim/regexp.c
+++ b/src/nvim/regexp.c
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
 #include "nvim/mark.h"
 #include "nvim/memline.h"
@@ -28,6 +27,7 @@
 #include "nvim/message.h"
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
 #include "nvim/plines.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
@@ -481,16 +481,14 @@ static char_u *skip_anyof(char *p)
   return (char_u *)p;
 }
 
-/*
- * Skip past regular expression.
- * Stop at end of "startp" or where "dirc" is found ('/', '?', etc).
- * Take care of characters with a backslash in front of it.
- * Skip strings inside [ and ].
- * When "newp" is not NULL and "dirc" is '?', make an allocated copy of the
- * expression and change "\?" to "?".  If "*newp" is not NULL the expression
- * is changed in-place.
- */
-char_u *skip_regexp(char_u *startp, int dirc, int magic, char_u **newp)
+/// Skip past regular expression.
+/// Stop at end of "startp" or where "dirc" is found ('/', '?', etc).
+/// Take care of characters with a backslash in front of it.
+/// Skip strings inside [ and ].
+/// When "newp" is not NULL and "dirc" is '?', make an allocated copy of the
+/// expression and change "\?" to "?".  If "*newp" is not NULL the expression
+/// is changed in-place.
+char_u *skip_regexp(char_u *startp, int dirc, int magic, char **newp)
 {
   int mymagic;
   char_u *p = startp;
@@ -516,8 +514,8 @@ char_u *skip_regexp(char_u *startp, int dirc, int magic, char_u **newp)
       if (dirc == '?' && newp != NULL && p[1] == '?') {
         // change "\?" to "?", make a copy first.
         if (*newp == NULL) {
-          *newp = vim_strsave(startp);
-          p = *newp + (p - startp);
+          *newp = (char *)vim_strsave(startp);
+          p = (char_u *)(*newp) + (p - startp);
         }
         STRMOVE(p, p + 1);
       } else {
@@ -823,7 +821,7 @@ static int64_t gethexchrs(int maxinputlen)
     }
     nr <<= 4;
     nr |= hex2nr(c);
-    ++regparse;
+    regparse++;
   }
 
   if (i == 0) {
@@ -880,7 +878,7 @@ static int64_t getoctchrs(void)
     }
     nr <<= 3;
     nr |= hex2nr(c);
-    ++regparse;
+    regparse++;
   }
 
   if (i == 0) {
@@ -2097,8 +2095,8 @@ static int vim_regsub_both(char_u *source, typval_T *expr, char_u *dest, int des
                 dst++;
               }
 
-              ++s;
-              --len;
+              s++;
+              len--;
             }
           }
         }
diff --git a/src/nvim/regexp_bt.c b/src/nvim/regexp_bt.c
index fff5ae9b7f..769d2ceeef 100644
--- a/src/nvim/regexp_bt.c
+++ b/src/nvim/regexp_bt.c
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ static void regcomp_start(char_u *expr, int re_flags)                        //
 
   num_complex_braces = 0;
   regnpar = 1;
-  memset(had_endbrace, 0, sizeof(had_endbrace));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(had_endbrace);
   regnzpar = 1;
   re_has_z = 0;
   regsize = 0L;
@@ -2189,7 +2189,7 @@ collection:
 
         while (*regparse != NUL && *regparse != ']') {
           if (*regparse == '-') {
-            ++regparse;
+            regparse++;
             // The '-' is not used for a range at the end and
             // after or before a '\n'.
             if (*regparse == ']' || *regparse == NUL
@@ -2619,7 +2619,7 @@ static char_u *regpiece(int *flagp)
       regoptail(ret, regnode(BACK));
       regoptail(ret, ret);
       reginsert_limits(BRACE_LIMITS, minval, maxval, ret);
-      ++num_complex_braces;
+      num_complex_braces++;
     }
     if (minval > 0 && maxval > 0) {
       *flagp = (HASWIDTH | (flags & (HASNL | HASLOOKBH)));
@@ -2792,7 +2792,7 @@ static char_u *reg(int paren, int *flagp)
       EMSG2_RET_NULL(_("E51: Too many %s("), reg_magic == MAGIC_ALL);
     }
     parno = regnpar;
-    ++regnpar;
+    regnpar++;
     ret = regnode(MOPEN + parno);
   } else if (paren == REG_NPAREN) {
     // Make a NOPEN node.
@@ -3181,7 +3181,7 @@ static int regrepeat(char_u *p, long maxcount)
       } else {
         break;
       }
-      ++count;
+      count++;
     }
     break;
 
@@ -3299,7 +3299,7 @@ do_class:
       } else {
         break;
       }
-      ++count;
+      count++;
     }
     break;
 
@@ -3415,7 +3415,7 @@ do_class:
           break;
         }
         scan += len;
-        ++count;
+        count++;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -3453,7 +3453,7 @@ do_class:
         }
         scan++;
       }
-      ++count;
+      count++;
     }
     break;
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/regexp_defs.h b/src/nvim/regexp_defs.h
index 09f244c2f6..b313dfe877 100644
--- a/src/nvim/regexp_defs.h
+++ b/src/nvim/regexp_defs.h
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
 #include "nvim/pos.h"
-#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/types.h"
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/nvim/regexp_nfa.c b/src/nvim/regexp_nfa.c
index 1a5c250664..554def5b8a 100644
--- a/src/nvim/regexp_nfa.c
+++ b/src/nvim/regexp_nfa.c
@@ -5055,7 +5055,7 @@ skip_add:
 
     // avoid compiler warnings
     save_ptr = NULL;
-    memset(&save_multipos, 0, sizeof(save_multipos));
+    CLEAR_FIELD(save_multipos);
 
     // Set the position (with "off" added) in the subexpression.  Save
     // and restore it when it was in use.  Otherwise fill any gap.
@@ -5180,7 +5180,7 @@ skip_add:
       save_ptr = sub->list.line[subidx].end;
       sub->list.line[subidx].end = rex.input + off;
       // avoid compiler warnings
-      memset(&save_multipos, 0, sizeof(save_multipos));
+      CLEAR_FIELD(save_multipos);
     }
 
     subs = addstate(l, state->out, subs, pim, off_arg);
@@ -5488,7 +5488,7 @@ static void nfa_save_listids(nfa_regprog_T *prog, int *list)
   for (i = prog->nstate; --i >= 0;) {
     list[i] = p->lastlist[1];
     p->lastlist[1] = 0;
-    ++p;
+    p++;
   }
 }
 
@@ -5503,7 +5503,7 @@ static void nfa_restore_listids(nfa_regprog_T *prog, int *list)
   p = &prog->state[0];
   for (i = prog->nstate; --i >= 0;) {
     p->lastlist[1] = list[i];
-    ++p;
+    p++;
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/runtime.c b/src/nvim/runtime.c
index 5d28d624fe..edcaa27e2b 100644
--- a/src/nvim/runtime.c
+++ b/src/nvim/runtime.c
@@ -7,20 +7,155 @@
 
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/debugger.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/userfunc.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_eval.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
+#include "nvim/memline.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
+#include "nvim/os/input.h"
 #include "nvim/os/os.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
 
+/// Structure used to store info for each sourced file.
+/// It is shared between do_source() and getsourceline().
+/// This is required, because it needs to be handed to do_cmdline() and
+/// sourcing can be done recursively.
+struct source_cookie {
+  FILE *fp;                     ///< opened file for sourcing
+  char *nextline;               ///< if not NULL: line that was read ahead
+  linenr_T sourcing_lnum;       ///< line number of the source file
+  int finished;                 ///< ":finish" used
+#if defined(USE_CRNL)
+  int fileformat;               ///< EOL_UNKNOWN, EOL_UNIX or EOL_DOS
+  bool error;                   ///< true if LF found after CR-LF
+#endif
+  linenr_T breakpoint;          ///< next line with breakpoint or zero
+  char *fname;                  ///< name of sourced file
+  int dbg_tick;                 ///< debug_tick when breakpoint was set
+  int level;                    ///< top nesting level of sourced file
+  vimconv_T conv;               ///< type of conversion
+};
+
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "runtime.c.generated.h"
 #endif
 
+garray_T exestack = { 0, 0, sizeof(estack_T), 50, NULL };
+garray_T script_items = { 0, 0, sizeof(scriptitem_T), 4, NULL };
+
+/// Initialize the execution stack.
+void estack_init(void)
+{
+  ga_grow(&exestack, 10);
+  estack_T *entry = ((estack_T *)exestack.ga_data) + exestack.ga_len;
+  entry->es_type = ETYPE_TOP;
+  entry->es_name = NULL;
+  entry->es_lnum = 0;
+  entry->es_info.ufunc = NULL;
+  exestack.ga_len++;
+}
+
+/// Add an item to the execution stack.
+/// @return  the new entry
+estack_T *estack_push(etype_T type, char *name, linenr_T lnum)
+{
+  ga_grow(&exestack, 1);
+  estack_T *entry = ((estack_T *)exestack.ga_data) + exestack.ga_len;
+  entry->es_type = type;
+  entry->es_name = name;
+  entry->es_lnum = lnum;
+  entry->es_info.ufunc = NULL;
+  exestack.ga_len++;
+  return entry;
+}
+
+/// Add a user function to the execution stack.
+void estack_push_ufunc(ufunc_T *ufunc, linenr_T lnum)
+{
+  estack_T *entry = estack_push(ETYPE_UFUNC,
+                                (char *)(ufunc->uf_name_exp != NULL
+                                         ? ufunc->uf_name_exp : ufunc->uf_name),
+                                lnum);
+  if (entry != NULL) {
+    entry->es_info.ufunc = ufunc;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Take an item off of the execution stack.
+void estack_pop(void)
+{
+  if (exestack.ga_len > 1) {
+    exestack.ga_len--;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Get the current value for <sfile> in allocated memory.
+/// @param which  ESTACK_SFILE for <sfile> and ESTACK_STACK for <stack>.
+char *estack_sfile(estack_arg_T which)
+{
+  estack_T *entry = ((estack_T *)exestack.ga_data) + exestack.ga_len - 1;
+  if (which == ESTACK_SFILE && entry->es_type != ETYPE_UFUNC) {
+    if (entry->es_name == NULL) {
+      return NULL;
+    }
+    return xstrdup(entry->es_name);
+  }
+
+  // Give information about each stack entry up to the root.
+  // For a function we compose the call stack, as it was done in the past:
+  //   "function One[123]..Two[456]..Three"
+  garray_T ga;
+  ga_init(&ga, sizeof(char), 100);
+  etype_T last_type = ETYPE_SCRIPT;
+  for (int idx = 0; idx < exestack.ga_len; idx++) {
+    entry = ((estack_T *)exestack.ga_data) + idx;
+    if (entry->es_name != NULL) {
+      size_t len = strlen(entry->es_name) + 15;
+      char *type_name = "";
+      if (entry->es_type != last_type) {
+        switch (entry->es_type) {
+        case ETYPE_SCRIPT:
+          type_name = "script "; break;
+        case ETYPE_UFUNC:
+          type_name = "function "; break;
+        default:
+          type_name = ""; break;
+        }
+        last_type = entry->es_type;
+      }
+      len += strlen(type_name);
+      ga_grow(&ga, (int)len);
+      linenr_T lnum = idx == exestack.ga_len - 1
+        ? which == ESTACK_STACK ? SOURCING_LNUM : 0
+        : entry->es_lnum;
+      char *dots = idx == exestack.ga_len - 1 ? "" : "..";
+      if (lnum == 0) {
+        // For the bottom entry of <sfile>: do not add the line number,
+        // it is used in <slnum>.  Also leave it out when the number is
+        // not set.
+        vim_snprintf((char *)ga.ga_data + ga.ga_len, len, "%s%s%s",
+                     type_name, entry->es_name, dots);
+      } else {
+        vim_snprintf((char *)ga.ga_data + ga.ga_len, len, "%s%s[%" PRIdLINENR "]%s",
+                     type_name, entry->es_name, lnum, dots);
+      }
+      ga.ga_len += (int)strlen((char *)ga.ga_data + ga.ga_len);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (char *)ga.ga_data;
+}
+
 static bool runtime_search_path_valid = false;
 static int *runtime_search_path_ref = NULL;
 static RuntimeSearchPath runtime_search_path;
@@ -90,10 +225,10 @@ int do_in_path(char_u *path, char *name, int flags, DoInRuntimepathCB callback,
     }
 
     // Loop over all entries in 'runtimepath'.
-    char_u *rtp = rtp_copy;
+    char *rtp = (char *)rtp_copy;
     while (*rtp != NUL && ((flags & DIP_ALL) || !did_one)) {
       // Copy the path from 'runtimepath' to buf[].
-      copy_option_part((char **)&rtp, buf, MAXPATHL, ",");
+      copy_option_part(&rtp, buf, MAXPATHL, ",");
       size_t buflen = STRLEN(buf);
 
       // Skip after or non-after directories.
@@ -114,12 +249,11 @@ int do_in_path(char_u *path, char *name, int flags, DoInRuntimepathCB callback,
         tail = (char_u *)buf + STRLEN(buf);
 
         // Loop over all patterns in "name"
-        char_u *np = (char_u *)name;
+        char *np = name;
         while (*np != NUL && ((flags & DIP_ALL) || !did_one)) {
           // Append the pattern from "name" to buf[].
           assert(MAXPATHL >= (tail - (char_u *)buf));
-          copy_option_part((char **)&np, (char *)tail, (size_t)(MAXPATHL - (tail - (char_u *)buf)),
-                           "\t ");
+          copy_option_part(&np, (char *)tail, (size_t)(MAXPATHL - (tail - (char_u *)buf)), "\t ");
 
           if (p_verbose > 10) {
             verbose_enter();
@@ -248,11 +382,11 @@ int do_in_cached_path(char_u *name, int flags, DoInRuntimepathCB callback, void
       tail = buf + STRLEN(buf);
 
       // Loop over all patterns in "name"
-      char_u *np = name;
+      char *np = (char *)name;
       while (*np != NUL && ((flags & DIP_ALL) || !did_one)) {
         // Append the pattern from "name" to buf[].
         assert(MAXPATHL >= (tail - buf));
-        copy_option_part((char **)&np, (char *)tail, (size_t)(MAXPATHL - (tail - buf)), "\t ");
+        copy_option_part(&np, (char *)tail, (size_t)(MAXPATHL - (tail - buf)), "\t ");
 
         if (p_verbose > 10) {
           verbose_enter();
@@ -991,6 +1125,160 @@ void ex_packadd(exarg_T *eap)
   }
 }
 
+/// Expand color scheme, compiler or filetype names.
+/// Search from 'runtimepath':
+///   'runtimepath'/{dirnames}/{pat}.vim
+/// When "flags" has DIP_START: search also from 'start' of 'packpath':
+///   'packpath'/pack/ * /start/ * /{dirnames}/{pat}.vim
+/// When "flags" has DIP_OPT: search also from 'opt' of 'packpath':
+///   'packpath'/pack/ * /opt/ * /{dirnames}/{pat}.vim
+/// When "flags" has DIP_LUA: search also performed for .lua files
+/// "dirnames" is an array with one or more directory names.
+int ExpandRTDir(char_u *pat, int flags, int *num_file, char ***file, char *dirnames[])
+{
+  *num_file = 0;
+  *file = NULL;
+  size_t pat_len = STRLEN(pat);
+
+  garray_T ga;
+  ga_init(&ga, (int)sizeof(char *), 10);
+
+  // TODO(bfredl): this is bullshit, exandpath should not reinvent path logic.
+  for (int i = 0; dirnames[i] != NULL; i++) {
+    size_t size = STRLEN(dirnames[i]) + pat_len + 7;
+    char_u *s = xmalloc(size);
+    snprintf((char *)s, size, "%s/%s*.vim", dirnames[i], pat);
+    globpath((char *)p_rtp, s, &ga, 0);
+    if (flags & DIP_LUA) {
+      snprintf((char *)s, size, "%s/%s*.lua", dirnames[i], pat);
+      globpath((char *)p_rtp, s, &ga, 0);
+    }
+    xfree(s);
+  }
+
+  if (flags & DIP_START) {
+    for (int i = 0; dirnames[i] != NULL; i++) {
+      size_t size = STRLEN(dirnames[i]) + pat_len + 22;
+      char_u *s = xmalloc(size);
+      snprintf((char *)s, size, "pack/*/start/*/%s/%s*.vim", dirnames[i], pat);  // NOLINT
+      globpath((char *)p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
+      if (flags & DIP_LUA) {
+        snprintf((char *)s, size, "pack/*/start/*/%s/%s*.lua", dirnames[i], pat);  // NOLINT
+        globpath((char *)p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
+      }
+      xfree(s);
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; dirnames[i] != NULL; i++) {
+      size_t size = STRLEN(dirnames[i]) + pat_len + 22;
+      char_u *s = xmalloc(size);
+      snprintf((char *)s, size, "start/*/%s/%s*.vim", dirnames[i], pat);  // NOLINT
+      globpath((char *)p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
+      if (flags & DIP_LUA) {
+        snprintf((char *)s, size, "start/*/%s/%s*.lua", dirnames[i], pat);  // NOLINT
+        globpath((char *)p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
+      }
+      xfree(s);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (flags & DIP_OPT) {
+    for (int i = 0; dirnames[i] != NULL; i++) {
+      size_t size = STRLEN(dirnames[i]) + pat_len + 20;
+      char_u *s = xmalloc(size);
+      snprintf((char *)s, size, "pack/*/opt/*/%s/%s*.vim", dirnames[i], pat);  // NOLINT
+      globpath((char *)p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
+      if (flags & DIP_LUA) {
+        snprintf((char *)s, size, "pack/*/opt/*/%s/%s*.lua", dirnames[i], pat);  // NOLINT
+        globpath((char *)p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
+      }
+      xfree(s);
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; dirnames[i] != NULL; i++) {
+      size_t size = STRLEN(dirnames[i]) + pat_len + 20;
+      char_u *s = xmalloc(size);
+      snprintf((char *)s, size, "opt/*/%s/%s*.vim", dirnames[i], pat);  // NOLINT
+      globpath((char *)p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
+      if (flags & DIP_LUA) {
+        snprintf((char *)s, size, "opt/*/%s/%s*.lua", dirnames[i], pat);  // NOLINT
+        globpath((char *)p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
+      }
+      xfree(s);
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < ga.ga_len; i++) {
+    char_u *match = ((char_u **)ga.ga_data)[i];
+    char_u *s = match;
+    char_u *e = s + STRLEN(s);
+    if (e - s > 4 && (STRNICMP(e - 4, ".vim", 4) == 0
+                      || ((flags & DIP_LUA)
+                          && STRNICMP(e - 4, ".lua", 4) == 0))) {
+      e -= 4;
+      for (s = e; s > match; MB_PTR_BACK(match, s)) {
+        if (vim_ispathsep(*s)) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      s++;
+      *e = NUL;
+      assert((e - s) + 1 >= 0);
+      memmove(match, s, (size_t)(e - s) + 1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (GA_EMPTY(&ga)) {
+    return FAIL;
+  }
+
+  // Sort and remove duplicates which can happen when specifying multiple
+  // directories in dirnames.
+  ga_remove_duplicate_strings(&ga);
+
+  *file = ga.ga_data;
+  *num_file = ga.ga_len;
+  return OK;
+}
+
+/// Expand loadplugin names:
+/// 'packpath'/pack/ * /opt/{pat}
+int ExpandPackAddDir(char_u *pat, int *num_file, char ***file)
+{
+  garray_T ga;
+
+  *num_file = 0;
+  *file = NULL;
+  size_t pat_len = STRLEN(pat);
+  ga_init(&ga, (int)sizeof(char *), 10);
+
+  size_t buflen = pat_len + 26;
+  char_u *s = xmalloc(buflen);
+  snprintf((char *)s, buflen, "pack/*/opt/%s*", pat);  // NOLINT
+  globpath((char *)p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
+  snprintf((char *)s, buflen, "opt/%s*", pat);  // NOLINT
+  globpath((char *)p_pp, s, &ga, 0);
+  xfree(s);
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < ga.ga_len; i++) {
+    char_u *match = ((char_u **)ga.ga_data)[i];
+    s = (char_u *)path_tail((char *)match);
+    memmove(match, s, STRLEN(s) + 1);
+  }
+
+  if (GA_EMPTY(&ga)) {
+    return FAIL;
+  }
+
+  // Sort and remove duplicates which can happen when specifying multiple
+  // directories in dirnames.
+  ga_remove_duplicate_strings(&ga);
+
+  *file = ga.ga_data;
+  *num_file = ga.ga_len;
+  return OK;
+}
+
 /// Append string with escaped commas
 static char *strcpy_comma_escaped(char *dest, const char *src, const size_t len)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
@@ -1282,3 +1570,901 @@ freeall:
   return rtp;
 }
 #undef NVIM_SIZE
+
+static void cmd_source(char *fname, exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  if (eap != NULL && *fname == NUL) {
+    cmd_source_buffer(eap);
+  } else if (eap != NULL && eap->forceit) {
+    // ":source!": read Normal mode commands
+    // Need to execute the commands directly.  This is required at least
+    // for:
+    // - ":g" command busy
+    // - after ":argdo", ":windo" or ":bufdo"
+    // - another command follows
+    // - inside a loop
+    openscript((char_u *)fname, global_busy || listcmd_busy || eap->nextcmd != NULL
+               || eap->cstack->cs_idx >= 0);
+
+    // ":source" read ex commands
+  } else if (do_source(fname, false, DOSO_NONE) == FAIL) {
+    semsg(_(e_notopen), fname);
+  }
+}
+
+/// ":source [{fname}]"
+void ex_source(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  cmd_source(eap->arg, eap);
+}
+
+/// ":options"
+void ex_options(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  char buf[500];
+  bool multi_mods = 0;
+
+  buf[0] = NUL;
+  (void)add_win_cmd_modifers(buf, &cmdmod, &multi_mods);
+
+  os_setenv("OPTWIN_CMD", buf, 1);
+  cmd_source(SYS_OPTWIN_FILE, NULL);
+}
+
+/// ":source" and associated commands.
+///
+/// @return address holding the next breakpoint line for a source cookie
+linenr_T *source_breakpoint(void *cookie)
+{
+  return &((struct source_cookie *)cookie)->breakpoint;
+}
+
+/// @return  the address holding the debug tick for a source cookie.
+int *source_dbg_tick(void *cookie)
+{
+  return &((struct source_cookie *)cookie)->dbg_tick;
+}
+
+/// @return  the nesting level for a source cookie.
+int source_level(void *cookie)
+  FUNC_ATTR_PURE
+{
+  return ((struct source_cookie *)cookie)->level;
+}
+
+/// Special function to open a file without handle inheritance.
+/// If possible the handle is closed on exec().
+static FILE *fopen_noinh_readbin(char *filename)
+{
+#ifdef WIN32
+  int fd_tmp = os_open(filename, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY | O_NOINHERIT, 0);
+#else
+  int fd_tmp = os_open(filename, O_RDONLY, 0);
+#endif
+
+  if (fd_tmp < 0) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  (void)os_set_cloexec(fd_tmp);
+
+  return fdopen(fd_tmp, READBIN);
+}
+
+/// Concatenate VimL line if it starts with a line continuation into a growarray
+/// (excluding the continuation chars and leading whitespace)
+///
+/// @note Growsize of the growarray may be changed to speed up concatenations!
+///
+/// @param ga  the growarray to append to
+/// @param init_growsize  the starting growsize value of the growarray
+/// @param p  pointer to the beginning of the line to consider
+/// @param len  the length of this line
+///
+/// @return true if this line did begin with a continuation (the next line
+///         should also be considered, if it exists); false otherwise
+static bool concat_continued_line(garray_T *const ga, const int init_growsize,
+                                  const char_u *const p, size_t len)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  const char *const line = (char *)skipwhite_len(p, len);
+  len -= (size_t)((char_u *)line - p);
+  // Skip lines starting with '\" ', concat lines starting with '\'
+  if (len >= 3 && STRNCMP(line, "\"\\ ", 3) == 0) {
+    return true;
+  } else if (len == 0 || line[0] != '\\') {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (ga->ga_len > init_growsize) {
+    ga_set_growsize(ga, MIN(ga->ga_len, 8000));
+  }
+  ga_concat_len(ga, line + 1, len - 1);
+  return true;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+  linenr_T curr_lnum;
+  const linenr_T final_lnum;
+} GetBufferLineCookie;
+
+typedef struct {
+  char *buf;
+  size_t offset;
+} GetStrLineCookie;
+
+/// Get one full line from a sourced string (in-memory, no file).
+/// Called by do_cmdline() when it's called from do_source_str().
+///
+/// @return pointer to allocated line, or NULL for end-of-file or
+///         some error.
+static char *get_str_line(int c, void *cookie, int indent, bool do_concat)
+{
+  GetStrLineCookie *p = cookie;
+  if (STRLEN(p->buf) <= p->offset) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  const char *line = p->buf + p->offset;
+  const char *eol = (char *)skip_to_newline((char_u *)line);
+  garray_T ga;
+  ga_init(&ga, sizeof(char_u), 400);
+  ga_concat_len(&ga, line, (size_t)(eol - line));
+  if (do_concat && vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_CONCAT) == NULL) {
+    while (eol[0] != NUL) {
+      line = eol + 1;
+      const char_u *const next_eol = skip_to_newline((char_u *)line);
+      if (!concat_continued_line(&ga, 400, (char_u *)line, (size_t)(next_eol - (char_u *)line))) {
+        break;
+      }
+      eol = (char *)next_eol;
+    }
+  }
+  ga_append(&ga, NUL);
+  p->offset = (size_t)(eol - p->buf) + 1;
+  return ga.ga_data;
+}
+
+/// Create a new script item and allocate script-local vars. @see new_script_vars
+///
+/// @param  name  File name of the script. NULL for anonymous :source.
+/// @param[out]  sid_out  SID of the new item.
+///
+/// @return  pointer to the created script item.
+scriptitem_T *new_script_item(char *const name, scid_T *const sid_out)
+{
+  static scid_T last_current_SID = 0;
+  const scid_T sid = ++last_current_SID;
+  if (sid_out != NULL) {
+    *sid_out = sid;
+  }
+  ga_grow(&script_items, sid - script_items.ga_len);
+  while (script_items.ga_len < sid) {
+    script_items.ga_len++;
+    SCRIPT_ITEM(script_items.ga_len).sn_name = NULL;
+    SCRIPT_ITEM(script_items.ga_len).sn_prof_on = false;
+  }
+  SCRIPT_ITEM(sid).sn_name = (char_u *)name;
+  new_script_vars(sid);  // Allocate the local script variables to use for this script.
+  return &SCRIPT_ITEM(sid);
+}
+
+static int source_using_linegetter(void *cookie, LineGetter fgetline, const char *traceback_name)
+{
+  char *save_sourcing_name = SOURCING_NAME;
+  linenr_T save_sourcing_lnum = SOURCING_LNUM;
+  char sourcing_name_buf[256];
+  char *sname;
+  if (save_sourcing_name == NULL) {
+    sname = (char *)traceback_name;
+  } else {
+    snprintf((char *)sourcing_name_buf, sizeof(sourcing_name_buf),
+             "%s called at %s:%" PRIdLINENR, traceback_name, save_sourcing_name,
+             save_sourcing_lnum);
+    sname = sourcing_name_buf;
+  }
+  estack_push(ETYPE_SCRIPT, sname, 0);
+
+  const sctx_T save_current_sctx = current_sctx;
+  if (current_sctx.sc_sid != SID_LUA) {
+    current_sctx.sc_sid = SID_STR;
+  }
+  current_sctx.sc_seq = 0;
+  current_sctx.sc_lnum = save_sourcing_lnum;
+  funccal_entry_T entry;
+  save_funccal(&entry);
+  int retval = do_cmdline(NULL, fgetline, cookie,
+                          DOCMD_VERBOSE | DOCMD_NOWAIT | DOCMD_REPEAT);
+  estack_pop();
+  current_sctx = save_current_sctx;
+  restore_funccal();
+  return retval;
+}
+
+static void cmd_source_buffer(const exarg_T *const eap)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  if (curbuf == NULL) {
+    return;
+  }
+  garray_T ga;
+  ga_init(&ga, sizeof(char_u), 400);
+  const linenr_T final_lnum = eap->line2;
+  // Copy the contents to be executed.
+  for (linenr_T curr_lnum = eap->line1; curr_lnum <= final_lnum; curr_lnum++) {
+    // Adjust growsize to current length to speed up concatenating many lines.
+    if (ga.ga_len > 400) {
+      ga_set_growsize(&ga, MIN(ga.ga_len, 8000));
+    }
+    ga_concat(&ga, (char *)ml_get(curr_lnum));
+    ga_append(&ga, NL);
+  }
+  ((char_u *)ga.ga_data)[ga.ga_len - 1] = NUL;
+  const GetStrLineCookie cookie = {
+    .buf = ga.ga_data,
+    .offset = 0,
+  };
+  if (curbuf->b_fname
+      && path_with_extension((const char *)curbuf->b_fname, "lua")) {
+    nlua_source_using_linegetter(get_str_line, (void *)&cookie,
+                                 ":source (no file)");
+  } else {
+    source_using_linegetter((void *)&cookie, get_str_line,
+                            ":source (no file)");
+  }
+  ga_clear(&ga);
+}
+
+/// Executes lines in `src` as Ex commands.
+///
+/// @see do_source()
+int do_source_str(const char *cmd, const char *traceback_name)
+{
+  GetStrLineCookie cookie = {
+    .buf = (char *)cmd,
+    .offset = 0,
+  };
+  return source_using_linegetter((void *)&cookie, get_str_line, traceback_name);
+}
+
+/// When fname is a 'lua' file nlua_exec_file() is invoked to source it.
+/// Otherwise reads the file `fname` and executes its lines as Ex commands.
+///
+/// This function may be called recursively!
+///
+/// @see do_source_str
+///
+/// @param fname
+/// @param check_other  check for .vimrc and _vimrc
+/// @param is_vimrc     DOSO_ value
+///
+/// @return  FAIL if file could not be opened, OK otherwise
+int do_source(char *fname, int check_other, int is_vimrc)
+{
+  struct source_cookie cookie;
+  char *p;
+  char *fname_exp;
+  uint8_t *firstline = NULL;
+  int retval = FAIL;
+  int save_debug_break_level = debug_break_level;
+  scriptitem_T *si = NULL;
+  proftime_T wait_start;
+  bool trigger_source_post = false;
+
+  p = expand_env_save(fname);
+  if (p == NULL) {
+    return retval;
+  }
+  fname_exp = fix_fname(p);
+  xfree(p);
+  if (fname_exp == NULL) {
+    return retval;
+  }
+  if (os_isdir((char_u *)fname_exp)) {
+    smsg(_("Cannot source a directory: \"%s\""), fname);
+    goto theend;
+  }
+
+  // Apply SourceCmd autocommands, they should get the file and source it.
+  if (has_autocmd(EVENT_SOURCECMD, fname_exp, NULL)
+      && apply_autocmds(EVENT_SOURCECMD, fname_exp, fname_exp,
+                        false, curbuf)) {
+    retval = aborting() ? FAIL : OK;
+    if (retval == OK) {
+      // Apply SourcePost autocommands.
+      apply_autocmds(EVENT_SOURCEPOST, fname_exp, fname_exp, false, curbuf);
+    }
+    goto theend;
+  }
+
+  // Apply SourcePre autocommands, they may get the file.
+  apply_autocmds(EVENT_SOURCEPRE, fname_exp, fname_exp, false, curbuf);
+
+  cookie.fp = fopen_noinh_readbin(fname_exp);
+  if (cookie.fp == NULL && check_other) {
+    // Try again, replacing file name ".vimrc" by "_vimrc" or vice versa,
+    // and ".exrc" by "_exrc" or vice versa.
+    p = path_tail(fname_exp);
+    if ((*p == '.' || *p == '_')
+        && (STRICMP(p + 1, "nvimrc") == 0 || STRICMP(p + 1, "exrc") == 0)) {
+      *p = (*p == '_') ? '.' : '_';
+      cookie.fp = fopen_noinh_readbin(fname_exp);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (cookie.fp == NULL) {
+    if (p_verbose > 1) {
+      verbose_enter();
+      if (SOURCING_NAME == NULL) {
+        smsg(_("could not source \"%s\""), fname);
+      } else {
+        smsg(_("line %" PRId64 ": could not source \"%s\""),
+             (int64_t)SOURCING_LNUM, fname);
+      }
+      verbose_leave();
+    }
+    goto theend;
+  }
+
+  // The file exists.
+  // - In verbose mode, give a message.
+  // - For a vimrc file, may want to call vimrc_found().
+  if (p_verbose > 1) {
+    verbose_enter();
+    if (SOURCING_NAME == NULL) {
+      smsg(_("sourcing \"%s\""), fname);
+    } else {
+      smsg(_("line %" PRId64 ": sourcing \"%s\""), (int64_t)SOURCING_LNUM, fname);
+    }
+    verbose_leave();
+  }
+  if (is_vimrc == DOSO_VIMRC) {
+    vimrc_found(fname_exp, "MYVIMRC");
+  }
+
+#ifdef USE_CRNL
+  // If no automatic file format: Set default to CR-NL.
+  if (*p_ffs == NUL) {
+    cookie.fileformat = EOL_DOS;
+  } else {
+    cookie.fileformat = EOL_UNKNOWN;
+  }
+  cookie.error = false;
+#endif
+
+  cookie.nextline = NULL;
+  cookie.sourcing_lnum = 0;
+  cookie.finished = false;
+
+  // Check if this script has a breakpoint.
+  cookie.breakpoint = dbg_find_breakpoint(true, (char_u *)fname_exp, (linenr_T)0);
+  cookie.fname = fname_exp;
+  cookie.dbg_tick = debug_tick;
+
+  cookie.level = ex_nesting_level;
+
+  // start measuring script load time if --startuptime was passed and
+  // time_fd was successfully opened afterwards.
+  proftime_T rel_time;
+  proftime_T start_time;
+  FILE * const l_time_fd = time_fd;
+  if (l_time_fd != NULL) {
+    time_push(&rel_time, &start_time);
+  }
+
+  const int l_do_profiling = do_profiling;
+  if (l_do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
+    prof_child_enter(&wait_start);    // entering a child now
+  }
+
+  // Don't use local function variables, if called from a function.
+  // Also starts profiling timer for nested script.
+  funccal_entry_T funccalp_entry;
+  save_funccal(&funccalp_entry);
+
+  const sctx_T save_current_sctx = current_sctx;
+  si = get_current_script_id(&fname_exp, &current_sctx);
+
+  // Keep the sourcing name/lnum, for recursive calls.
+  estack_push(ETYPE_SCRIPT, (char *)si->sn_name, 0);
+
+  if (l_do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
+    bool forceit = false;
+
+    // Check if we do profiling for this script.
+    if (!si->sn_prof_on && has_profiling(true, si->sn_name, &forceit)) {
+      profile_init(si);
+      si->sn_pr_force = forceit;
+    }
+    if (si->sn_prof_on) {
+      si->sn_pr_count++;
+      si->sn_pr_start = profile_start();
+      si->sn_pr_children = profile_zero();
+    }
+  }
+
+  cookie.conv.vc_type = CONV_NONE;              // no conversion
+
+  if (path_with_extension((const char *)fname_exp, "lua")) {
+    const sctx_T current_sctx_backup = current_sctx;
+    current_sctx.sc_sid = SID_LUA;
+    current_sctx.sc_lnum = 0;
+    // Source the file as lua
+    nlua_exec_file((const char *)fname_exp);
+    current_sctx = current_sctx_backup;
+  } else {
+    // Read the first line so we can check for a UTF-8 BOM.
+    firstline = (uint8_t *)getsourceline(0, (void *)&cookie, 0, true);
+    if (firstline != NULL && STRLEN(firstline) >= 3 && firstline[0] == 0xef
+        && firstline[1] == 0xbb && firstline[2] == 0xbf) {
+      // Found BOM; setup conversion, skip over BOM and recode the line.
+      convert_setup(&cookie.conv, (char_u *)"utf-8", p_enc);
+      p = (char *)string_convert(&cookie.conv, (char_u *)firstline + 3, NULL);
+      if (p == NULL) {
+        p = xstrdup((char *)firstline + 3);
+      }
+      xfree(firstline);
+      firstline = (uint8_t *)p;
+    }
+    // Call do_cmdline, which will call getsourceline() to get the lines.
+    do_cmdline((char *)firstline, getsourceline, (void *)&cookie,
+               DOCMD_VERBOSE|DOCMD_NOWAIT|DOCMD_REPEAT);
+  }
+  retval = OK;
+
+  if (l_do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
+    // Get "si" again, "script_items" may have been reallocated.
+    si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid);
+    if (si->sn_prof_on) {
+      si->sn_pr_start = profile_end(si->sn_pr_start);
+      si->sn_pr_start = profile_sub_wait(wait_start, si->sn_pr_start);
+      si->sn_pr_total = profile_add(si->sn_pr_total, si->sn_pr_start);
+      si->sn_pr_self = profile_self(si->sn_pr_self, si->sn_pr_start,
+                                    si->sn_pr_children);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (got_int) {
+    emsg(_(e_interr));
+  }
+  estack_pop();
+  if (p_verbose > 1) {
+    verbose_enter();
+    smsg(_("finished sourcing %s"), fname);
+    if (SOURCING_NAME != NULL) {
+      smsg(_("continuing in %s"), SOURCING_NAME);
+    }
+    verbose_leave();
+  }
+
+  if (l_time_fd != NULL) {
+    vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, "sourcing %s", fname);
+    time_msg((char *)IObuff, &start_time);
+    time_pop(rel_time);
+  }
+
+  if (!got_int) {
+    trigger_source_post = true;
+  }
+
+  // After a "finish" in debug mode, need to break at first command of next
+  // sourced file.
+  if (save_debug_break_level > ex_nesting_level
+      && debug_break_level == ex_nesting_level) {
+    debug_break_level++;
+  }
+
+  current_sctx = save_current_sctx;
+  restore_funccal();
+  if (l_do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
+    prof_child_exit(&wait_start);    // leaving a child now
+  }
+  fclose(cookie.fp);
+  xfree(cookie.nextline);
+  xfree(firstline);
+  convert_setup(&cookie.conv, NULL, NULL);
+
+  if (trigger_source_post) {
+    apply_autocmds(EVENT_SOURCEPOST, fname_exp, fname_exp, false, curbuf);
+  }
+
+theend:
+  xfree(fname_exp);
+  return retval;
+}
+
+/// Check if fname was sourced before to finds its SID.
+/// If it's new, generate a new SID.
+///
+/// @param[in,out] fnamep  pointer to file path of script
+/// @param[out] ret_sctx   sctx of this script
+scriptitem_T *get_current_script_id(char **fnamep, sctx_T *ret_sctx)
+{
+  static int last_current_SID_seq = 0;
+
+  sctx_T script_sctx = { .sc_seq = ++last_current_SID_seq,
+                         .sc_lnum = 0,
+                         .sc_sid = 0 };
+  scriptitem_T *si = NULL;
+
+  assert(script_items.ga_len >= 0);
+  for (script_sctx.sc_sid = script_items.ga_len; script_sctx.sc_sid > 0; script_sctx.sc_sid--) {
+    // We used to check inode here, but that doesn't work:
+    // - If a script is edited and written, it may get a different
+    //   inode number, even though to the user it is the same script.
+    // - If a script is deleted and another script is written, with a
+    //   different name, the inode may be re-used.
+    si = &SCRIPT_ITEM(script_sctx.sc_sid);
+    if (si->sn_name != NULL && FNAMECMP(si->sn_name, *fnamep) == 0) {
+      // Found it!
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (script_sctx.sc_sid == 0) {
+    si = new_script_item(*fnamep, &script_sctx.sc_sid);
+    *fnamep = xstrdup((char *)si->sn_name);
+  }
+  if (ret_sctx != NULL) {
+    *ret_sctx = script_sctx;
+  }
+
+  return si;
+}
+
+/// ":scriptnames"
+void ex_scriptnames(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  if (eap->addr_count > 0) {
+    // :script {scriptId}: edit the script
+    if (eap->line2 < 1 || eap->line2 > script_items.ga_len) {
+      emsg(_(e_invarg));
+    } else {
+      eap->arg = (char *)SCRIPT_ITEM(eap->line2).sn_name;
+      do_exedit(eap, NULL);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (int i = 1; i <= script_items.ga_len && !got_int; i++) {
+    if (SCRIPT_ITEM(i).sn_name != NULL) {
+      home_replace(NULL, (char *)SCRIPT_ITEM(i).sn_name, (char *)NameBuff, MAXPATHL, true);
+      vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, "%3d: %s", i, NameBuff);
+      if (!message_filtered(IObuff)) {
+        msg_putchar('\n');
+        msg_outtrans((char *)IObuff);
+        line_breakcheck();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#if defined(BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME)
+/// Fix slashes in the list of script names for 'shellslash'.
+void scriptnames_slash_adjust(void)
+{
+  for (int i = 1; i <= script_items.ga_len; i++) {
+    if (SCRIPT_ITEM(i).sn_name != NULL) {
+      slash_adjust(SCRIPT_ITEM(i).sn_name);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/// Get a pointer to a script name.  Used for ":verbose set".
+/// Message appended to "Last set from "
+char_u *get_scriptname(LastSet last_set, bool *should_free)
+{
+  *should_free = false;
+
+  switch (last_set.script_ctx.sc_sid) {
+  case SID_MODELINE:
+    return (char_u *)_("modeline");
+  case SID_CMDARG:
+    return (char_u *)_("--cmd argument");
+  case SID_CARG:
+    return (char_u *)_("-c argument");
+  case SID_ENV:
+    return (char_u *)_("environment variable");
+  case SID_ERROR:
+    return (char_u *)_("error handler");
+  case SID_WINLAYOUT:
+    return (char_u *)_("changed window size");
+  case SID_LUA:
+    return (char_u *)_("Lua");
+  case SID_API_CLIENT:
+    snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, _("API client (channel id %" PRIu64 ")"), last_set.channel_id);
+    return IObuff;
+  case SID_STR:
+    return (char_u *)_("anonymous :source");
+  default: {
+    char *const sname = (char *)SCRIPT_ITEM(last_set.script_ctx.sc_sid).sn_name;
+    if (sname == NULL) {
+      snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, _("anonymous :source (script id %d)"),
+               last_set.script_ctx.sc_sid);
+      return IObuff;
+    }
+
+    *should_free = true;
+    return (char_u *)home_replace_save(NULL, sname);
+  }
+  }
+}
+
+#if defined(EXITFREE)
+void free_scriptnames(void)
+{
+  profile_reset();
+
+# define FREE_SCRIPTNAME(item) xfree((item)->sn_name)
+  GA_DEEP_CLEAR(&script_items, scriptitem_T, FREE_SCRIPTNAME);
+}
+#endif
+
+linenr_T get_sourced_lnum(LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie)
+  FUNC_ATTR_PURE
+{
+  return fgetline == getsourceline
+        ? ((struct source_cookie *)cookie)->sourcing_lnum
+        : SOURCING_LNUM;
+}
+
+/// Get one full line from a sourced file.
+/// Called by do_cmdline() when it's called from do_source().
+///
+/// @return pointer to the line in allocated memory, or NULL for end-of-file or
+///         some error.
+char *getsourceline(int c, void *cookie, int indent, bool do_concat)
+{
+  struct source_cookie *sp = (struct source_cookie *)cookie;
+  char *line;
+  char *p;
+
+  // If breakpoints have been added/deleted need to check for it.
+  if (sp->dbg_tick < debug_tick) {
+    sp->breakpoint = dbg_find_breakpoint(true, (char_u *)sp->fname, SOURCING_LNUM);
+    sp->dbg_tick = debug_tick;
+  }
+  if (do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
+    script_line_end();
+  }
+  // Set the current sourcing line number.
+  SOURCING_LNUM = sp->sourcing_lnum + 1;
+  // Get current line.  If there is a read-ahead line, use it, otherwise get
+  // one now.
+  if (sp->finished) {
+    line = NULL;
+  } else if (sp->nextline == NULL) {
+    line = get_one_sourceline(sp);
+  } else {
+    line = sp->nextline;
+    sp->nextline = NULL;
+    sp->sourcing_lnum++;
+  }
+  if (line != NULL && do_profiling == PROF_YES) {
+    script_line_start();
+  }
+
+  // Only concatenate lines starting with a \ when 'cpoptions' doesn't
+  // contain the 'C' flag.
+  if (line != NULL && do_concat && (vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_CONCAT) == NULL)) {
+    // compensate for the one line read-ahead
+    sp->sourcing_lnum--;
+
+    // Get the next line and concatenate it when it starts with a
+    // backslash. We always need to read the next line, keep it in
+    // sp->nextline.
+    // Also check for a comment in between continuation lines: "\ .
+    sp->nextline = get_one_sourceline(sp);
+    if (sp->nextline != NULL
+        && (*(p = skipwhite(sp->nextline)) == '\\'
+            || (p[0] == '"' && p[1] == '\\' && p[2] == ' '))) {
+      garray_T ga;
+
+      ga_init(&ga, (int)sizeof(char_u), 400);
+      ga_concat(&ga, line);
+      while (sp->nextline != NULL
+             && concat_continued_line(&ga, 400, (char_u *)sp->nextline,
+                                      STRLEN(sp->nextline))) {
+        xfree(sp->nextline);
+        sp->nextline = get_one_sourceline(sp);
+      }
+      ga_append(&ga, NUL);
+      xfree(line);
+      line = ga.ga_data;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (line != NULL && sp->conv.vc_type != CONV_NONE) {
+    char *s;
+
+    // Convert the encoding of the script line.
+    s = (char *)string_convert(&sp->conv, (char_u *)line, NULL);
+    if (s != NULL) {
+      xfree(line);
+      line = s;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Did we encounter a breakpoint?
+  if (sp->breakpoint != 0 && sp->breakpoint <= SOURCING_LNUM) {
+    dbg_breakpoint((char_u *)sp->fname, SOURCING_LNUM);
+    // Find next breakpoint.
+    sp->breakpoint = dbg_find_breakpoint(true, (char_u *)sp->fname, SOURCING_LNUM);
+    sp->dbg_tick = debug_tick;
+  }
+
+  return line;
+}
+
+static char *get_one_sourceline(struct source_cookie *sp)
+{
+  garray_T ga;
+  int len;
+  int c;
+  char *buf;
+#ifdef USE_CRNL
+  int has_cr;                           // CR-LF found
+#endif
+  bool have_read = false;
+
+  // use a growarray to store the sourced line
+  ga_init(&ga, 1, 250);
+
+  // Loop until there is a finished line (or end-of-file).
+  sp->sourcing_lnum++;
+  for (;;) {
+    // make room to read at least 120 (more) characters
+    ga_grow(&ga, 120);
+    buf = ga.ga_data;
+
+retry:
+    errno = 0;
+    if (fgets(buf + ga.ga_len, ga.ga_maxlen - ga.ga_len,
+              sp->fp) == NULL) {
+      if (errno == EINTR) {
+        goto retry;
+      }
+
+      break;
+    }
+    len = ga.ga_len + (int)STRLEN(buf + ga.ga_len);
+#ifdef USE_CRNL
+    // Ignore a trailing CTRL-Z, when in Dos mode. Only recognize the
+    // CTRL-Z by its own, or after a NL.
+    if ((len == 1 || (len >= 2 && buf[len - 2] == '\n'))
+        && sp->fileformat == EOL_DOS
+        && buf[len - 1] == Ctrl_Z) {
+      buf[len - 1] = NUL;
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    have_read = true;
+    ga.ga_len = len;
+
+    // If the line was longer than the buffer, read more.
+    if (ga.ga_maxlen - ga.ga_len == 1 && buf[len - 1] != '\n') {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (len >= 1 && buf[len - 1] == '\n') {     // remove trailing NL
+#ifdef USE_CRNL
+      has_cr = (len >= 2 && buf[len - 2] == '\r');
+      if (sp->fileformat == EOL_UNKNOWN) {
+        if (has_cr) {
+          sp->fileformat = EOL_DOS;
+        } else {
+          sp->fileformat = EOL_UNIX;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (sp->fileformat == EOL_DOS) {
+        if (has_cr) {               // replace trailing CR
+          buf[len - 2] = '\n';
+          len--;
+          ga.ga_len--;
+        } else {          // lines like ":map xx yy^M" will have failed
+          if (!sp->error) {
+            msg_source(HL_ATTR(HLF_W));
+            emsg(_("W15: Warning: Wrong line separator, ^M may be missing"));
+          }
+          sp->error = true;
+          sp->fileformat = EOL_UNIX;
+        }
+      }
+#endif
+      // The '\n' is escaped if there is an odd number of ^V's just
+      // before it, first set "c" just before the 'V's and then check
+      // len&c parities (is faster than ((len-c)%2 == 0)) -- Acevedo
+      for (c = len - 2; c >= 0 && buf[c] == Ctrl_V; c--) {}
+      if ((len & 1) != (c & 1)) {       // escaped NL, read more
+        sp->sourcing_lnum++;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      buf[len - 1] = NUL;               // remove the NL
+    }
+
+    // Check for ^C here now and then, so recursive :so can be broken.
+    line_breakcheck();
+    break;
+  }
+
+  if (have_read) {
+    return ga.ga_data;
+  }
+
+  xfree(ga.ga_data);
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+/// ":scriptencoding": Set encoding conversion for a sourced script.
+/// Without the multi-byte feature it's simply ignored.
+void ex_scriptencoding(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  struct source_cookie *sp;
+  char *name;
+
+  if (!getline_equal(eap->getline, eap->cookie, getsourceline)) {
+    emsg(_("E167: :scriptencoding used outside of a sourced file"));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (*eap->arg != NUL) {
+    name = (char *)enc_canonize((char_u *)eap->arg);
+  } else {
+    name = eap->arg;
+  }
+
+  // Setup for conversion from the specified encoding to 'encoding'.
+  sp = (struct source_cookie *)getline_cookie(eap->getline, eap->cookie);
+  convert_setup(&sp->conv, (char_u *)name, p_enc);
+
+  if (name != eap->arg) {
+    xfree(name);
+  }
+}
+
+/// ":finish": Mark a sourced file as finished.
+void ex_finish(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  if (getline_equal(eap->getline, eap->cookie, getsourceline)) {
+    do_finish(eap, false);
+  } else {
+    emsg(_("E168: :finish used outside of a sourced file"));
+  }
+}
+
+/// Mark a sourced file as finished.  Possibly makes the ":finish" pending.
+/// Also called for a pending finish at the ":endtry" or after returning from
+/// an extra do_cmdline().  "reanimate" is used in the latter case.
+void do_finish(exarg_T *eap, int reanimate)
+{
+  int idx;
+
+  if (reanimate) {
+    ((struct source_cookie *)getline_cookie(eap->getline,
+                                            eap->cookie))->finished = false;
+  }
+
+  // Cleanup (and deactivate) conditionals, but stop when a try conditional
+  // not in its finally clause (which then is to be executed next) is found.
+  // In this case, make the ":finish" pending for execution at the ":endtry".
+  // Otherwise, finish normally.
+  idx = cleanup_conditionals(eap->cstack, 0, true);
+  if (idx >= 0) {
+    eap->cstack->cs_pending[idx] = CSTP_FINISH;
+    report_make_pending(CSTP_FINISH, NULL);
+  } else {
+    ((struct source_cookie *)getline_cookie(eap->getline,
+                                            eap->cookie))->finished = true;
+  }
+}
+
+/// @return  true when a sourced file had the ":finish" command: Don't give error
+///          message for missing ":endif".
+///          false when not sourcing a file.
+bool source_finished(LineGetter fgetline, void *cookie)
+{
+  return getline_equal(fgetline, cookie, getsourceline)
+         && ((struct source_cookie *)getline_cookie(fgetline, cookie))->finished;
+}
diff --git a/src/nvim/runtime.h b/src/nvim/runtime.h
index d83ec00185..a255c6c096 100644
--- a/src/nvim/runtime.h
+++ b/src/nvim/runtime.h
@@ -3,7 +3,76 @@
 
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
-#include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
+#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_cmds_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_eval_defs.h"
+
+typedef enum {
+  ETYPE_TOP,       ///< toplevel
+  ETYPE_SCRIPT,    ///< sourcing script, use es_info.sctx
+  ETYPE_UFUNC,     ///< user function, use es_info.ufunc
+  ETYPE_AUCMD,     ///< autocomand, use es_info.aucmd
+  ETYPE_MODELINE,  ///< modeline, use es_info.sctx
+  ETYPE_EXCEPT,    ///< exception, use es_info.exception
+  ETYPE_ARGS,      ///< command line argument
+  ETYPE_ENV,       ///< environment variable
+  ETYPE_INTERNAL,  ///< internal operation
+  ETYPE_SPELL,     ///< loading spell file
+} etype_T;
+
+/// Entry in the execution stack "exestack".
+typedef struct {
+  linenr_T es_lnum;     ///< replaces "sourcing_lnum"
+  char *es_name;        ///< replaces "sourcing_name"
+  etype_T es_type;
+  union {
+    sctx_T *sctx;       ///< script and modeline info
+    ufunc_T *ufunc;     ///< function info
+    AutoPatCmd *aucmd;  ///< autocommand info
+    except_T *except;   ///< exception info
+  } es_info;
+} estack_T;
+
+/// Stack of execution contexts.  Each entry is an estack_T.
+/// Current context is at ga_len - 1.
+extern garray_T exestack;
+/// name of error message source
+#define SOURCING_NAME (((estack_T *)exestack.ga_data)[exestack.ga_len - 1].es_name)
+/// line number in the message source or zero
+#define SOURCING_LNUM (((estack_T *)exestack.ga_data)[exestack.ga_len - 1].es_lnum)
+
+/// Argument for estack_sfile().
+typedef enum {
+  ESTACK_NONE,
+  ESTACK_SFILE,
+  ESTACK_STACK,
+} estack_arg_T;
+
+typedef struct scriptitem_S {
+  char_u *sn_name;
+  bool sn_prof_on;              ///< true when script is/was profiled
+  bool sn_pr_force;             ///< forceit: profile functions in this script
+  proftime_T sn_pr_child;       ///< time set when going into first child
+  int sn_pr_nest;               ///< nesting for sn_pr_child
+  // profiling the script as a whole
+  int sn_pr_count;              ///< nr of times sourced
+  proftime_T sn_pr_total;       ///< time spent in script + children
+  proftime_T sn_pr_self;        ///< time spent in script itself
+  proftime_T sn_pr_start;       ///< time at script start
+  proftime_T sn_pr_children;    ///< time in children after script start
+  // profiling the script per line
+  garray_T sn_prl_ga;           ///< things stored for every line
+  proftime_T sn_prl_start;      ///< start time for current line
+  proftime_T sn_prl_children;   ///< time spent in children for this line
+  proftime_T sn_prl_wait;       ///< wait start time for current line
+  linenr_T sn_prl_idx;          ///< index of line being timed; -1 if none
+  int sn_prl_execed;            ///< line being timed was executed
+} scriptitem_T;
+
+/// Growarray to store info about already sourced scripts.
+extern garray_T script_items;
+#define SCRIPT_ITEM(id) (((scriptitem_T *)script_items.ga_data)[(id) - 1])
 
 typedef void (*DoInRuntimepathCB)(char *, void *);
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/screen.c b/src/nvim/screen.c
index 6f4400e531..b343b167f8 100644
--- a/src/nvim/screen.c
+++ b/src/nvim/screen.c
@@ -1,629 +1,52 @@
 // This is an open source non-commercial project. Dear PVS-Studio, please check
 // it. PVS-Studio Static Code Analyzer for C, C++ and C#: http://www.viva64.com
 
-// screen.c: code for displaying on the screen
-//
+// screen.c: Lower level code for displaying on the screen.
+//           grid.c contains some other lower-level code.
+
 // Output to the screen (console, terminal emulator or GUI window) is minimized
 // by remembering what is already on the screen, and only updating the parts
 // that changed.
-//
-// The grid_*() functions write to the screen and handle updating grid->lines[].
-//
-// update_screen() is the function that updates all windows and status lines.
-// It is called from the main loop when must_redraw is non-zero.  It may be
-// called from other places when an immediate screen update is needed.
-//
-// The part of the buffer that is displayed in a window is set with:
-// - w_topline (first buffer line in window)
-// - w_topfill (filler lines above the first line)
-// - w_leftcol (leftmost window cell in window),
-// - w_skipcol (skipped window cells of first line)
-//
-// Commands that only move the cursor around in a window, do not need to take
-// action to update the display.  The main loop will check if w_topline is
-// valid and update it (scroll the window) when needed.
-//
-// Commands that scroll a window change w_topline and must call
-// check_cursor() to move the cursor into the visible part of the window, and
-// call redraw_later(wp, VALID) to have the window displayed by update_screen()
-// later.
-//
-// Commands that change text in the buffer must call changed_bytes() or
-// changed_lines() to mark the area that changed and will require updating
-// later.  The main loop will call update_screen(), which will update each
-// window that shows the changed buffer.  This assumes text above the change
-// can remain displayed as it is.  Text after the change may need updating for
-// scrolling, folding and syntax highlighting.
-//
-// Commands that change how a window is displayed (e.g., setting 'list') or
-// invalidate the contents of a window in another way (e.g., change fold
-// settings), must call redraw_later(wp, NOT_VALID) to have the whole window
-// redisplayed by update_screen() later.
-//
-// Commands that change how a buffer is displayed (e.g., setting 'tabstop')
-// must call redraw_curbuf_later(NOT_VALID) to have all the windows for the
-// buffer redisplayed by update_screen() later.
-//
-// Commands that change highlighting and possibly cause a scroll too must call
-// redraw_later(wp, SOME_VALID) to update the whole window but still use
-// scrolling to avoid redrawing everything.  But the length of displayed lines
-// must not change, use NOT_VALID then.
-//
-// Commands that move the window position must call redraw_later(wp, NOT_VALID).
-// TODO(neovim): should minimize redrawing by scrolling when possible.
-//
-// Commands that change everything (e.g., resizing the screen) must call
-// redraw_all_later(NOT_VALID) or redraw_all_later(CLEAR).
-//
-// Things that are handled indirectly:
-// - When messages scroll the screen up, msg_scrolled will be set and
-//   update_screen() called to redraw.
-///
 
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
-#include "nvim/api/extmark.h"
-#include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
-#include "nvim/api/ui.h"
-#include "nvim/api/vim.h"
-#include "nvim/arabic.h"
-#include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
-#include "nvim/cursor_shape.h"
-#include "nvim/decoration.h"
-#include "nvim/decoration_provider.h"
-#include "nvim/diff.h"
-#include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/extmark.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
-#include "nvim/grid_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
-#include "nvim/indent.h"
-#include "nvim/insexpand.h"
-#include "nvim/lib/kvec.h"
-#include "nvim/log.h"
-#include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
-#include "nvim/main.h"
-#include "nvim/mark.h"
-#include "nvim/match.h"
-#include "nvim/mbyte.h"
-#include "nvim/memline.h"
-#include "nvim/memory.h"
 #include "nvim/menu.h"
-#include "nvim/message.h"
 #include "nvim/move.h"
-#include "nvim/normal.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
-#include "nvim/os/time.h"
-#include "nvim/os_unix.h"
-#include "nvim/path.h"
-#include "nvim/plines.h"
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
-#include "nvim/quickfix.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
 #include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
-#include "nvim/sign.h"
-#include "nvim/spell.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
-#include "nvim/strings.h"
-#include "nvim/syntax.h"
-#include "nvim/terminal.h"
-#include "nvim/ui.h"
 #include "nvim/ui_compositor.h"
 #include "nvim/undo.h"
-#include "nvim/version.h"
-#include "nvim/vim.h"
 #include "nvim/window.h"
 
-#define MB_FILLER_CHAR '<'  /* character used when a double-width character
-                             * doesn't fit. */
-
-static match_T search_hl;       // used for 'hlsearch' highlight matching
-
-// for line_putchar. Contains the state that needs to be remembered from
-// putting one character to the next.
-typedef struct {
-  const char *p;
-  int prev_c;  // previous Arabic character
-  int prev_c1;  // first composing char for prev_c
-} LineState;
-#define LINE_STATE(p) { p, 0, 0 }
-
-/// Whether to call "ui_call_grid_resize" in win_grid_alloc
-static bool send_grid_resize = false;
-
-static bool conceal_cursor_used = false;
-
-static bool redraw_popupmenu = false;
-static bool msg_grid_invalid = false;
-
-static bool resizing = false;
-
-typedef struct {
-  NS ns_id;
-  uint64_t mark_id;
-  int win_row;
-  int win_col;
-} WinExtmark;
-static kvec_t(WinExtmark) win_extmark_arr INIT(= KV_INITIAL_VALUE);
-
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "screen.c.generated.h"
 #endif
 
-static char *provider_err = NULL;
-
-/// Redraw a window later, with update_screen(type).
-///
-/// Set must_redraw only if not already set to a higher value.
-/// e.g. if must_redraw is CLEAR, type NOT_VALID will do nothing.
-void redraw_later(win_T *wp, int type)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  if (!exiting && wp->w_redr_type < type) {
-    wp->w_redr_type = type;
-    if (type >= NOT_VALID) {
-      wp->w_lines_valid = 0;
-    }
-    if (must_redraw < type) {   // must_redraw is the maximum of all windows
-      must_redraw = type;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/*
- * Mark all windows to be redrawn later.
- */
-void redraw_all_later(int type)
-{
-  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    redraw_later(wp, type);
-  }
-  // This may be needed when switching tabs.
-  if (must_redraw < type) {
-    must_redraw = type;
-  }
-}
-
-void screen_invalidate_highlights(void)
-{
-  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    redraw_later(wp, NOT_VALID);
-    wp->w_grid_alloc.valid = false;
-  }
-}
-
-/*
- * Mark all windows that are editing the current buffer to be updated later.
- */
-void redraw_curbuf_later(int type)
-{
-  redraw_buf_later(curbuf, type);
-}
-
-void redraw_buf_later(buf_T *buf, int type)
-{
-  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    if (wp->w_buffer == buf) {
-      redraw_later(wp, type);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-void redraw_buf_line_later(buf_T *buf,  linenr_T line)
-{
-  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    if (wp->w_buffer == buf
-        && line >= wp->w_topline && line < wp->w_botline) {
-      redrawWinline(wp, line);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-void redraw_buf_range_later(buf_T *buf,  linenr_T firstline, linenr_T lastline)
-{
-  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    if (wp->w_buffer == buf
-        && lastline >= wp->w_topline && firstline < wp->w_botline) {
-      if (wp->w_redraw_top == 0 || wp->w_redraw_top > firstline) {
-        wp->w_redraw_top = firstline;
-      }
-      if (wp->w_redraw_bot == 0 || wp->w_redraw_bot < lastline) {
-        wp->w_redraw_bot = lastline;
-      }
-      redraw_later(wp, VALID);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/*
- * Changed something in the current window, at buffer line "lnum", that
- * requires that line and possibly other lines to be redrawn.
- * Used when entering/leaving Insert mode with the cursor on a folded line.
- * Used to remove the "$" from a change command.
- * Note that when also inserting/deleting lines w_redraw_top and w_redraw_bot
- * may become invalid and the whole window will have to be redrawn.
- */
-void redrawWinline(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  if (lnum >= wp->w_topline
-      && lnum < wp->w_botline) {
-    if (wp->w_redraw_top == 0 || wp->w_redraw_top > lnum) {
-      wp->w_redraw_top = lnum;
-    }
-    if (wp->w_redraw_bot == 0 || wp->w_redraw_bot < lnum) {
-      wp->w_redraw_bot = lnum;
-    }
-    redraw_later(wp, VALID);
-  }
-}
-
-/// called when the status bars for the buffer 'buf' need to be updated
-void redraw_buf_status_later(buf_T *buf)
-{
-  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    if (wp->w_buffer == buf && (wp->w_status_height || (wp == curwin && global_stl_height())
-                                || wp->w_winbar_height)) {
-      wp->w_redr_status = true;
-      if (must_redraw < VALID) {
-        must_redraw = VALID;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-void redraw_win_signcol(win_T *wp)
-{
-  // If we can compute a change in the automatic sizing of the sign column
-  // under 'signcolumn=auto:X' and signs currently placed in the buffer, better
-  // figuring it out here so we can redraw the entire screen for it.
-  int scwidth = wp->w_scwidth;
-  wp->w_scwidth = win_signcol_count(wp);
-  if (wp->w_scwidth != scwidth) {
-    changed_line_abv_curs_win(wp);
-  }
-}
-
-/// Update all windows that are editing the current buffer.
-void update_curbuf(int type)
-{
-  redraw_curbuf_later(type);
-  update_screen(type);
-}
-
-/// Redraw the parts of the screen that is marked for redraw.
-///
-/// Most code shouldn't call this directly, rather use redraw_later() and
-/// and redraw_all_later() to mark parts of the screen as needing a redraw.
-///
-/// @param type set to a NOT_VALID to force redraw of entire screen
-int update_screen(int type)
-{
-  static bool did_intro = false;
-  bool is_stl_global = global_stl_height() > 0;
-
-  // Don't do anything if the screen structures are (not yet) valid.
-  // A VimResized autocmd can invoke redrawing in the middle of a resize,
-  // which would bypass the checks in screen_resize for popupmenu etc.
-  if (!default_grid.chars || resizing) {
-    return FAIL;
-  }
-
-  // May have postponed updating diffs.
-  if (need_diff_redraw) {
-    diff_redraw(true);
-  }
-
-  if (must_redraw) {
-    if (type < must_redraw) {       // use maximal type
-      type = must_redraw;
-    }
-
-    // must_redraw is reset here, so that when we run into some weird
-    // reason to redraw while busy redrawing (e.g., asynchronous
-    // scrolling), or update_topline() in win_update() will cause a
-    // scroll, or a decoration provider requires a redraw, the screen
-    // will be redrawn later or in win_update().
-    must_redraw = 0;
-  }
-
-  // Need to update w_lines[].
-  if (curwin->w_lines_valid == 0 && type < NOT_VALID) {
-    type = NOT_VALID;
-  }
-
-  /* Postpone the redrawing when it's not needed and when being called
-   * recursively. */
-  if (!redrawing() || updating_screen) {
-    must_redraw = type;
-    if (type > INVERTED_ALL) {
-      curwin->w_lines_valid = 0;  // don't use w_lines[].wl_size now
-    }
-    return FAIL;
-  }
-  updating_screen = 1;
-
-  display_tick++;           // let syntax code know we're in a next round of
-                            // display updating
-
-  // Tricky: vim code can reset msg_scrolled behind our back, so need
-  // separate bookkeeping for now.
-  if (msg_did_scroll) {
-    msg_did_scroll = false;
-    msg_scrolled_at_flush = 0;
-  }
-
-  if (type >= CLEAR || !default_grid.valid) {
-    ui_comp_set_screen_valid(false);
-  }
-
-  // if the screen was scrolled up when displaying a message, scroll it down
-  if (msg_scrolled || msg_grid_invalid) {
-    clear_cmdline = true;
-    int valid = MAX(Rows - msg_scrollsize(), 0);
-    if (msg_grid.chars) {
-      // non-displayed part of msg_grid is considered invalid.
-      for (int i = 0; i < MIN(msg_scrollsize(), msg_grid.rows); i++) {
-        grid_clear_line(&msg_grid, msg_grid.line_offset[i],
-                        msg_grid.cols, false);
-      }
-    }
-    if (msg_use_msgsep()) {
-      msg_grid.throttled = false;
-      // CLEAR is already handled
-      if (type == NOT_VALID && !ui_has(kUIMultigrid) && msg_scrolled) {
-        ui_comp_set_screen_valid(false);
-        for (int i = valid; i < Rows - p_ch; i++) {
-          grid_clear_line(&default_grid, default_grid.line_offset[i],
-                          Columns, false);
-        }
-        FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-          if (wp->w_floating) {
-            continue;
-          }
-          if (W_ENDROW(wp) > valid) {
-            wp->w_redr_type = MAX(wp->w_redr_type, NOT_VALID);
-          }
-          if (!is_stl_global && W_ENDROW(wp) + wp->w_status_height > valid) {
-            wp->w_redr_status = true;
-          }
-        }
-        if (is_stl_global && Rows - p_ch - 1 > valid) {
-          curwin->w_redr_status = true;
-        }
-      }
-      msg_grid_set_pos(Rows - (int)p_ch, false);
-      msg_grid_invalid = false;
-    } else if (msg_scrolled > Rows - 5) {  // clearing is faster
-      type = CLEAR;
-    } else if (type != CLEAR) {
-      check_for_delay(false);
-      grid_ins_lines(&default_grid, 0, msg_scrolled, Rows, 0, Columns);
-      FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-        if (wp->w_floating) {
-          continue;
-        }
-        if (wp->w_winrow < msg_scrolled) {
-          if (W_ENDROW(wp) > msg_scrolled
-              && wp->w_redr_type < REDRAW_TOP
-              && wp->w_lines_valid > 0
-              && wp->w_topline == wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum) {
-            wp->w_upd_rows = msg_scrolled - wp->w_winrow;
-            wp->w_redr_type = REDRAW_TOP;
-          } else {
-            wp->w_redr_type = NOT_VALID;
-            if (wp->w_winrow + wp->w_winbar_height <= msg_scrolled) {
-              wp->w_redr_status = true;
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      if (is_stl_global && Rows - p_ch - 1 <= msg_scrolled) {
-        curwin->w_redr_status = true;
-      }
-      redraw_cmdline = true;
-      redraw_tabline = true;
-    }
-    msg_scrolled = 0;
-    msg_scrolled_at_flush = 0;
-    need_wait_return = false;
-  }
-
-  win_ui_flush();
-  msg_ext_check_clear();
-
-  // reset cmdline_row now (may have been changed temporarily)
-  compute_cmdrow();
-
-  bool hl_changed = false;
-  // Check for changed highlighting
-  if (need_highlight_changed) {
-    highlight_changed();
-    hl_changed = true;
-  }
-
-  if (type == CLEAR) {          // first clear screen
-    screenclear();              // will reset clear_cmdline
-    cmdline_screen_cleared();   // clear external cmdline state
-    type = NOT_VALID;
-    // must_redraw may be set indirectly, avoid another redraw later
-    must_redraw = 0;
-  } else if (!default_grid.valid) {
-    grid_invalidate(&default_grid);
-    default_grid.valid = true;
-  }
-
-  // After disabling msgsep the grid might not have been deallocated yet,
-  // hence we also need to check msg_grid.chars
-  if (type == NOT_VALID && (msg_use_grid() || msg_grid.chars)) {
-    grid_fill(&default_grid, Rows - (int)p_ch, Rows, 0, Columns, ' ', ' ', 0);
-  }
-
-  ui_comp_set_screen_valid(true);
-
-  DecorProviders providers;
-  decor_providers_start(&providers, type, &provider_err);
-
-  // "start" callback could have changed highlights for global elements
-  if (win_check_ns_hl(NULL)) {
-    redraw_cmdline = true;
-    redraw_tabline = true;
-  }
-
-  if (clear_cmdline) {          // going to clear cmdline (done below)
-    check_for_delay(false);
-  }
-
-  /* Force redraw when width of 'number' or 'relativenumber' column
-   * changes. */
-  if (curwin->w_redr_type < NOT_VALID
-      && curwin->w_nrwidth != ((curwin->w_p_nu || curwin->w_p_rnu)
-                               ? number_width(curwin) : 0)) {
-    curwin->w_redr_type = NOT_VALID;
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * Only start redrawing if there is really something to do.
-   */
-  if (type == INVERTED) {
-    update_curswant();
-  }
-  if (curwin->w_redr_type < type
-      && !((type == VALID
-            && curwin->w_lines[0].wl_valid
-            && curwin->w_topfill == curwin->w_old_topfill
-            && curwin->w_botfill == curwin->w_old_botfill
-            && curwin->w_topline == curwin->w_lines[0].wl_lnum)
-           || (type == INVERTED
-               && VIsual_active
-               && curwin->w_old_cursor_lnum == curwin->w_cursor.lnum
-               && curwin->w_old_visual_mode == VIsual_mode
-               && (curwin->w_valid & VALID_VIRTCOL)
-               && curwin->w_old_curswant == curwin->w_curswant)
-           )) {
-    curwin->w_redr_type = type;
-  }
-
-  // Redraw the tab pages line if needed.
-  if (redraw_tabline || type >= NOT_VALID) {
-    update_window_hl(curwin, type >= NOT_VALID);
-    FOR_ALL_TABS(tp) {
-      if (tp != curtab) {
-        update_window_hl(tp->tp_curwin, type >= NOT_VALID);
-      }
-    }
-    draw_tabline();
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * Correct stored syntax highlighting info for changes in each displayed
-   * buffer.  Each buffer must only be done once.
-   */
-  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    update_window_hl(wp, type >= NOT_VALID || hl_changed);
-
-    buf_T *buf = wp->w_buffer;
-    if (buf->b_mod_set) {
-      if (buf->b_mod_tick_syn < display_tick
-          && syntax_present(wp)) {
-        syn_stack_apply_changes(buf);
-        buf->b_mod_tick_syn = display_tick;
-      }
-
-      if (buf->b_mod_tick_decor < display_tick) {
-        decor_providers_invoke_buf(buf, &providers, &provider_err);
-        buf->b_mod_tick_decor = display_tick;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * Go from top to bottom through the windows, redrawing the ones that need
-   * it.
-   */
-  bool did_one = false;
-  search_hl.rm.regprog = NULL;
-
-  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    if (wp->w_redr_type == CLEAR && wp->w_floating && wp->w_grid_alloc.chars) {
-      grid_invalidate(&wp->w_grid_alloc);
-      wp->w_redr_type = NOT_VALID;
-    }
-
-    // reallocate grid if needed.
-    win_grid_alloc(wp);
-
-    if (wp->w_redr_border || wp->w_redr_type >= NOT_VALID) {
-      win_redr_border(wp);
-    }
+static char e_conflicts_with_value_of_listchars[] = N_("E834: Conflicts with value of 'listchars'");
+static char e_conflicts_with_value_of_fillchars[] = N_("E835: Conflicts with value of 'fillchars'");
 
-    if (wp->w_redr_type != 0) {
-      if (!did_one) {
-        did_one = true;
-        start_search_hl();
-      }
-      win_update(wp, &providers);
-    }
-
-    // redraw status line and window bar after the window to minimize cursor movement
-    if (wp->w_redr_status) {
-      win_redr_winbar(wp);
-      win_redr_status(wp);
-    }
-  }
-
-  end_search_hl();
-
-  // May need to redraw the popup menu.
-  if (pum_drawn() && must_redraw_pum) {
-    pum_redraw();
-  }
-
-  /* Reset b_mod_set flags.  Going through all windows is probably faster
-   * than going through all buffers (there could be many buffers). */
-  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    wp->w_buffer->b_mod_set = false;
-  }
-
-  updating_screen = 0;
-
-  /* Clear or redraw the command line.  Done last, because scrolling may
-   * mess up the command line. */
-  if (clear_cmdline || redraw_cmdline) {
-    showmode();
-  }
-
-  // May put up an introductory message when not editing a file
-  if (!did_intro) {
-    maybe_intro_message();
-  }
-  did_intro = true;
-
-  decor_providers_invoke_end(&providers, &provider_err);
-  kvi_destroy(providers);
-
-  // either cmdline is cleared, not drawn or mode is last drawn
-  cmdline_was_last_drawn = false;
-  return OK;
-}
-
-// Return true if the cursor line in window "wp" may be concealed, according
-// to the 'concealcursor' option.
+/// Return true if the cursor line in window "wp" may be concealed, according
+/// to the 'concealcursor' option.
 bool conceal_cursor_line(const win_T *wp)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
@@ -646,20 +69,6 @@ bool conceal_cursor_line(const win_T *wp)
   return vim_strchr((char *)wp->w_p_cocu, c) != NULL;
 }
 
-// Check if the cursor line needs to be redrawn because of 'concealcursor'.
-//
-// When cursor is moved at the same time, both lines will be redrawn regardless.
-void conceal_check_cursor_line(void)
-{
-  bool should_conceal = conceal_cursor_line(curwin);
-  if (curwin->w_p_cole > 0 && (conceal_cursor_used != should_conceal)) {
-    redrawWinline(curwin, curwin->w_cursor.lnum);
-    // Need to recompute cursor column, e.g., when starting Visual mode
-    // without concealing.
-    curs_columns(curwin, true);
-  }
-}
-
 /// Whether cursorline is drawn in a special way
 ///
 /// If true, both old and new cursorline will need to be redrawn when moving cursor within windows.
@@ -669,1081 +78,6 @@ bool win_cursorline_standout(const win_T *wp)
   return wp->w_p_cul || (wp->w_p_cole > 0 && !conceal_cursor_line(wp));
 }
 
-/*
- * Update a single window.
- *
- * This may cause the windows below it also to be redrawn (when clearing the
- * screen or scrolling lines).
- *
- * How the window is redrawn depends on wp->w_redr_type.  Each type also
- * implies the one below it.
- * NOT_VALID    redraw the whole window
- * SOME_VALID   redraw the whole window but do scroll when possible
- * REDRAW_TOP   redraw the top w_upd_rows window lines, otherwise like VALID
- * INVERTED     redraw the changed part of the Visual area
- * INVERTED_ALL redraw the whole Visual area
- * VALID        1. scroll up/down to adjust for a changed w_topline
- *              2. update lines at the top when scrolled down
- *              3. redraw changed text:
- *                 - if wp->w_buffer->b_mod_set set, update lines between
- *                   b_mod_top and b_mod_bot.
- *                 - if wp->w_redraw_top non-zero, redraw lines between
- *                   wp->w_redraw_top and wp->w_redr_bot.
- *                 - continue redrawing when syntax status is invalid.
- *              4. if scrolled up, update lines at the bottom.
- * This results in three areas that may need updating:
- * top: from first row to top_end (when scrolled down)
- * mid: from mid_start to mid_end (update inversion or changed text)
- * bot: from bot_start to last row (when scrolled up)
- */
-static void win_update(win_T *wp, DecorProviders *providers)
-{
-  bool called_decor_providers = false;
-win_update_start:
-  ;
-  buf_T *buf = wp->w_buffer;
-  int type;
-  int top_end = 0;              /* Below last row of the top area that needs
-                                   updating.  0 when no top area updating. */
-  int mid_start = 999;          /* first row of the mid area that needs
-                                   updating.  999 when no mid area updating. */
-  int mid_end = 0;              /* Below last row of the mid area that needs
-                                   updating.  0 when no mid area updating. */
-  int bot_start = 999;          /* first row of the bot area that needs
-                                   updating.  999 when no bot area updating */
-  bool scrolled_down = false;   // true when scrolled down when w_topline got smaller a bit
-  bool top_to_mod = false;      // redraw above mod_top
-
-  int row;                      // current window row to display
-  linenr_T lnum;                // current buffer lnum to display
-  int idx;                      // current index in w_lines[]
-  int srow;                     // starting row of the current line
-
-  bool eof = false;             // if true, we hit the end of the file
-  bool didline = false;         // if true, we finished the last line
-  int i;
-  long j;
-  static bool recursive = false;  // being called recursively
-  const linenr_T old_botline = wp->w_botline;
-  // Remember what happened to the previous line.
-#define DID_NONE 1      // didn't update a line
-#define DID_LINE 2      // updated a normal line
-#define DID_FOLD 3      // updated a folded line
-  int did_update = DID_NONE;
-  linenr_T syntax_last_parsed = 0;              // last parsed text line
-  linenr_T mod_top = 0;
-  linenr_T mod_bot = 0;
-  int save_got_int;
-
-  type = wp->w_redr_type;
-
-  if (type >= NOT_VALID) {
-    wp->w_redr_status = true;
-    wp->w_lines_valid = 0;
-  }
-
-  // Window is zero-height: Only need to draw the separator
-  if (wp->w_grid.rows == 0) {
-    // draw the horizontal separator below this window
-    draw_hsep_win(wp);
-    draw_sep_connectors_win(wp);
-    wp->w_redr_type = 0;
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // Window is zero-width: Only need to draw the separator.
-  if (wp->w_grid.cols == 0) {
-    // draw the vertical separator right of this window
-    draw_vsep_win(wp);
-    draw_sep_connectors_win(wp);
-    wp->w_redr_type = 0;
-    return;
-  }
-
-  redraw_win_signcol(wp);
-
-  init_search_hl(wp, &search_hl);
-
-  /* Force redraw when width of 'number' or 'relativenumber' column
-   * changes. */
-  i = (wp->w_p_nu || wp->w_p_rnu) ? number_width(wp) : 0;
-  if (wp->w_nrwidth != i) {
-    type = NOT_VALID;
-    wp->w_nrwidth = i;
-
-    if (buf->terminal) {
-      terminal_check_size(buf->terminal);
-    }
-  } else if (buf->b_mod_set
-             && buf->b_mod_xlines != 0
-             && wp->w_redraw_top != 0) {
-    // When there are both inserted/deleted lines and specific lines to be
-    // redrawn, w_redraw_top and w_redraw_bot may be invalid, just redraw
-    // everything (only happens when redrawing is off for while).
-    type = NOT_VALID;
-  } else {
-    /*
-     * Set mod_top to the first line that needs displaying because of
-     * changes.  Set mod_bot to the first line after the changes.
-     */
-    mod_top = wp->w_redraw_top;
-    if (wp->w_redraw_bot != 0) {
-      mod_bot = wp->w_redraw_bot + 1;
-    } else {
-      mod_bot = 0;
-    }
-    if (buf->b_mod_set) {
-      if (mod_top == 0 || mod_top > buf->b_mod_top) {
-        mod_top = buf->b_mod_top;
-        /* Need to redraw lines above the change that may be included
-         * in a pattern match. */
-        if (syntax_present(wp)) {
-          mod_top -= buf->b_s.b_syn_sync_linebreaks;
-          if (mod_top < 1) {
-            mod_top = 1;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      if (mod_bot == 0 || mod_bot < buf->b_mod_bot) {
-        mod_bot = buf->b_mod_bot;
-      }
-
-      // When 'hlsearch' is on and using a multi-line search pattern, a
-      // change in one line may make the Search highlighting in a
-      // previous line invalid.  Simple solution: redraw all visible
-      // lines above the change.
-      // Same for a match pattern.
-      if (search_hl.rm.regprog != NULL
-          && re_multiline(search_hl.rm.regprog)) {
-        top_to_mod = true;
-      } else {
-        const matchitem_T *cur = wp->w_match_head;
-        while (cur != NULL) {
-          if (cur->match.regprog != NULL
-              && re_multiline(cur->match.regprog)) {
-            top_to_mod = true;
-            break;
-          }
-          cur = cur->next;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (mod_top != 0 && hasAnyFolding(wp)) {
-      linenr_T lnumt, lnumb;
-
-      /*
-       * A change in a line can cause lines above it to become folded or
-       * unfolded.  Find the top most buffer line that may be affected.
-       * If the line was previously folded and displayed, get the first
-       * line of that fold.  If the line is folded now, get the first
-       * folded line.  Use the minimum of these two.
-       */
-
-      /* Find last valid w_lines[] entry above mod_top.  Set lnumt to
-       * the line below it.  If there is no valid entry, use w_topline.
-       * Find the first valid w_lines[] entry below mod_bot.  Set lnumb
-       * to this line.  If there is no valid entry, use MAXLNUM. */
-      lnumt = wp->w_topline;
-      lnumb = MAXLNUM;
-      for (i = 0; i < wp->w_lines_valid; ++i) {
-        if (wp->w_lines[i].wl_valid) {
-          if (wp->w_lines[i].wl_lastlnum < mod_top) {
-            lnumt = wp->w_lines[i].wl_lastlnum + 1;
-          }
-          if (lnumb == MAXLNUM && wp->w_lines[i].wl_lnum >= mod_bot) {
-            lnumb = wp->w_lines[i].wl_lnum;
-            // When there is a fold column it might need updating
-            // in the next line ("J" just above an open fold).
-            if (compute_foldcolumn(wp, 0) > 0) {
-              lnumb++;
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      (void)hasFoldingWin(wp, mod_top, &mod_top, NULL, true, NULL);
-      if (mod_top > lnumt) {
-        mod_top = lnumt;
-      }
-
-      // Now do the same for the bottom line (one above mod_bot).
-      mod_bot--;
-      (void)hasFoldingWin(wp, mod_bot, NULL, &mod_bot, true, NULL);
-      mod_bot++;
-      if (mod_bot < lnumb) {
-        mod_bot = lnumb;
-      }
-    }
-
-    /* When a change starts above w_topline and the end is below
-     * w_topline, start redrawing at w_topline.
-     * If the end of the change is above w_topline: do like no change was
-     * made, but redraw the first line to find changes in syntax. */
-    if (mod_top != 0 && mod_top < wp->w_topline) {
-      if (mod_bot > wp->w_topline) {
-        mod_top = wp->w_topline;
-      } else if (syntax_present(wp)) {
-        top_end = 1;
-      }
-    }
-
-    /* When line numbers are displayed need to redraw all lines below
-     * inserted/deleted lines. */
-    if (mod_top != 0 && buf->b_mod_xlines != 0 && wp->w_p_nu) {
-      mod_bot = MAXLNUM;
-    }
-  }
-  wp->w_redraw_top = 0;  // reset for next time
-  wp->w_redraw_bot = 0;
-
-  /*
-   * When only displaying the lines at the top, set top_end.  Used when
-   * window has scrolled down for msg_scrolled.
-   */
-  if (type == REDRAW_TOP) {
-    j = 0;
-    for (i = 0; i < wp->w_lines_valid; ++i) {
-      j += wp->w_lines[i].wl_size;
-      if (j >= wp->w_upd_rows) {
-        top_end = (int)j;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    if (top_end == 0) {
-      // not found (cannot happen?): redraw everything
-      type = NOT_VALID;
-    } else {
-      // top area defined, the rest is VALID
-      type = VALID;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * If there are no changes on the screen that require a complete redraw,
-   * handle three cases:
-   * 1: we are off the top of the screen by a few lines: scroll down
-   * 2: wp->w_topline is below wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum: may scroll up
-   * 3: wp->w_topline is wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum: find first entry in
-   *    w_lines[] that needs updating.
-   */
-  if ((type == VALID || type == SOME_VALID
-       || type == INVERTED || type == INVERTED_ALL)
-      && !wp->w_botfill && !wp->w_old_botfill) {
-    if (mod_top != 0
-        && wp->w_topline == mod_top
-        && (!wp->w_lines[0].wl_valid
-            || wp->w_topline == wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum)) {
-      // w_topline is the first changed line and window is not scrolled,
-      // the scrolling from changed lines will be done further down.
-    } else if (wp->w_lines[0].wl_valid
-               && (wp->w_topline < wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum
-                   || (wp->w_topline == wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum
-                       && wp->w_topfill > wp->w_old_topfill)
-                   )) {
-      /*
-       * New topline is above old topline: May scroll down.
-       */
-      if (hasAnyFolding(wp)) {
-        linenr_T ln;
-
-        /* count the number of lines we are off, counting a sequence
-         * of folded lines as one */
-        j = 0;
-        for (ln = wp->w_topline; ln < wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum; ln++) {
-          j++;
-          if (j >= wp->w_grid.rows - 2) {
-            break;
-          }
-          (void)hasFoldingWin(wp, ln, NULL, &ln, true, NULL);
-        }
-      } else {
-        j = wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum - wp->w_topline;
-      }
-      if (j < wp->w_grid.rows - 2) {               // not too far off
-        i = plines_m_win(wp, wp->w_topline, wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum - 1);
-        // insert extra lines for previously invisible filler lines
-        if (wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum != wp->w_topline) {
-          i += win_get_fill(wp, wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum) - wp->w_old_topfill;
-        }
-        if (i != 0 && i < wp->w_grid.rows - 2) {  // less than a screen off
-          // Try to insert the correct number of lines.
-          // If not the last window, delete the lines at the bottom.
-          // win_ins_lines may fail when the terminal can't do it.
-          win_scroll_lines(wp, 0, i);
-          if (wp->w_lines_valid != 0) {
-            // Need to update rows that are new, stop at the
-            // first one that scrolled down.
-            top_end = i;
-            scrolled_down = true;
-
-            // Move the entries that were scrolled, disable
-            // the entries for the lines to be redrawn.
-            if ((wp->w_lines_valid += (linenr_T)j) > wp->w_grid.rows) {
-              wp->w_lines_valid = wp->w_grid.rows;
-            }
-            for (idx = wp->w_lines_valid; idx - j >= 0; idx--) {
-              wp->w_lines[idx] = wp->w_lines[idx - j];
-            }
-            while (idx >= 0) {
-              wp->w_lines[idx--].wl_valid = false;
-            }
-          }
-        } else {
-          mid_start = 0;  // redraw all lines
-        }
-      } else {
-        mid_start = 0;  // redraw all lines
-      }
-    } else {
-      /*
-       * New topline is at or below old topline: May scroll up.
-       * When topline didn't change, find first entry in w_lines[] that
-       * needs updating.
-       */
-
-      // try to find wp->w_topline in wp->w_lines[].wl_lnum
-      j = -1;
-      row = 0;
-      for (i = 0; i < wp->w_lines_valid; i++) {
-        if (wp->w_lines[i].wl_valid
-            && wp->w_lines[i].wl_lnum == wp->w_topline) {
-          j = i;
-          break;
-        }
-        row += wp->w_lines[i].wl_size;
-      }
-      if (j == -1) {
-        /* if wp->w_topline is not in wp->w_lines[].wl_lnum redraw all
-         * lines */
-        mid_start = 0;
-      } else {
-        /*
-         * Try to delete the correct number of lines.
-         * wp->w_topline is at wp->w_lines[i].wl_lnum.
-         */
-        /* If the topline didn't change, delete old filler lines,
-         * otherwise delete filler lines of the new topline... */
-        if (wp->w_lines[0].wl_lnum == wp->w_topline) {
-          row += wp->w_old_topfill;
-        } else {
-          row += win_get_fill(wp, wp->w_topline);
-        }
-        // ... but don't delete new filler lines.
-        row -= wp->w_topfill;
-        if (row > 0) {
-          win_scroll_lines(wp, 0, -row);
-          bot_start = wp->w_grid.rows - row;
-        }
-        if ((row == 0 || bot_start < 999) && wp->w_lines_valid != 0) {
-          /*
-           * Skip the lines (below the deleted lines) that are still
-           * valid and don't need redrawing.    Copy their info
-           * upwards, to compensate for the deleted lines.  Set
-           * bot_start to the first row that needs redrawing.
-           */
-          bot_start = 0;
-          idx = 0;
-          for (;;) {
-            wp->w_lines[idx] = wp->w_lines[j];
-            /* stop at line that didn't fit, unless it is still
-             * valid (no lines deleted) */
-            if (row > 0 && bot_start + row
-                + (int)wp->w_lines[j].wl_size > wp->w_grid.rows) {
-              wp->w_lines_valid = idx + 1;
-              break;
-            }
-            bot_start += wp->w_lines[idx++].wl_size;
-
-            // stop at the last valid entry in w_lines[].wl_size
-            if (++j >= wp->w_lines_valid) {
-              wp->w_lines_valid = idx;
-              break;
-            }
-          }
-
-          // Correct the first entry for filler lines at the top
-          // when it won't get updated below.
-          if (win_may_fill(wp) && bot_start > 0) {
-            wp->w_lines[0].wl_size = (uint16_t)(plines_win_nofill(wp, wp->w_topline, true)
-                                                + wp->w_topfill);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // When starting redraw in the first line, redraw all lines.
-    if (mid_start == 0) {
-      mid_end = wp->w_grid.rows;
-    }
-  } else {
-    // Not VALID or INVERTED: redraw all lines.
-    mid_start = 0;
-    mid_end = wp->w_grid.rows;
-  }
-
-  if (type == SOME_VALID) {
-    // SOME_VALID: redraw all lines.
-    mid_start = 0;
-    mid_end = wp->w_grid.rows;
-    type = NOT_VALID;
-  }
-
-  // check if we are updating or removing the inverted part
-  if ((VIsual_active && buf == curwin->w_buffer)
-      || (wp->w_old_cursor_lnum != 0 && type != NOT_VALID)) {
-    linenr_T from, to;
-
-    if (VIsual_active) {
-      if (VIsual_mode != wp->w_old_visual_mode || type == INVERTED_ALL) {
-        // If the type of Visual selection changed, redraw the whole
-        // selection.  Also when the ownership of the X selection is
-        // gained or lost.
-        if (curwin->w_cursor.lnum < VIsual.lnum) {
-          from = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
-          to = VIsual.lnum;
-        } else {
-          from = VIsual.lnum;
-          to = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
-        }
-        // redraw more when the cursor moved as well
-        if (wp->w_old_cursor_lnum < from) {
-          from = wp->w_old_cursor_lnum;
-        }
-        if (wp->w_old_cursor_lnum > to) {
-          to = wp->w_old_cursor_lnum;
-        }
-        if (wp->w_old_visual_lnum < from) {
-          from = wp->w_old_visual_lnum;
-        }
-        if (wp->w_old_visual_lnum > to) {
-          to = wp->w_old_visual_lnum;
-        }
-      } else {
-        /*
-         * Find the line numbers that need to be updated: The lines
-         * between the old cursor position and the current cursor
-         * position.  Also check if the Visual position changed.
-         */
-        if (curwin->w_cursor.lnum < wp->w_old_cursor_lnum) {
-          from = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
-          to = wp->w_old_cursor_lnum;
-        } else {
-          from = wp->w_old_cursor_lnum;
-          to = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
-          if (from == 0) {              // Visual mode just started
-            from = to;
-          }
-        }
-
-        if (VIsual.lnum != wp->w_old_visual_lnum
-            || VIsual.col != wp->w_old_visual_col) {
-          if (wp->w_old_visual_lnum < from
-              && wp->w_old_visual_lnum != 0) {
-            from = wp->w_old_visual_lnum;
-          }
-          if (wp->w_old_visual_lnum > to) {
-            to = wp->w_old_visual_lnum;
-          }
-          if (VIsual.lnum < from) {
-            from = VIsual.lnum;
-          }
-          if (VIsual.lnum > to) {
-            to = VIsual.lnum;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      /*
-       * If in block mode and changed column or curwin->w_curswant:
-       * update all lines.
-       * First compute the actual start and end column.
-       */
-      if (VIsual_mode == Ctrl_V) {
-        colnr_T fromc, toc;
-        unsigned int save_ve_flags = curwin->w_ve_flags;
-
-        if (curwin->w_p_lbr) {
-          curwin->w_ve_flags = VE_ALL;
-        }
-
-        getvcols(wp, &VIsual, &curwin->w_cursor, &fromc, &toc);
-        toc++;
-        curwin->w_ve_flags = save_ve_flags;
-        // Highlight to the end of the line, unless 'virtualedit' has
-        // "block".
-        if (curwin->w_curswant == MAXCOL) {
-          if (get_ve_flags() & VE_BLOCK) {
-            pos_T pos;
-            int cursor_above = curwin->w_cursor.lnum < VIsual.lnum;
-
-            // Need to find the longest line.
-            toc = 0;
-            pos.coladd = 0;
-            for (pos.lnum = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
-                 cursor_above ? pos.lnum <= VIsual.lnum : pos.lnum >= VIsual.lnum;
-                 pos.lnum += cursor_above ? 1 : -1) {
-              colnr_T t;
-
-              pos.col = (colnr_T)STRLEN(ml_get_buf(wp->w_buffer, pos.lnum, false));
-              getvvcol(wp, &pos, NULL, NULL, &t);
-              if (toc < t) {
-                toc = t;
-              }
-            }
-            toc++;
-          } else {
-            toc = MAXCOL;
-          }
-        }
-
-        if (fromc != wp->w_old_cursor_fcol
-            || toc != wp->w_old_cursor_lcol) {
-          if (from > VIsual.lnum) {
-            from = VIsual.lnum;
-          }
-          if (to < VIsual.lnum) {
-            to = VIsual.lnum;
-          }
-        }
-        wp->w_old_cursor_fcol = fromc;
-        wp->w_old_cursor_lcol = toc;
-      }
-    } else {
-      // Use the line numbers of the old Visual area.
-      if (wp->w_old_cursor_lnum < wp->w_old_visual_lnum) {
-        from = wp->w_old_cursor_lnum;
-        to = wp->w_old_visual_lnum;
-      } else {
-        from = wp->w_old_visual_lnum;
-        to = wp->w_old_cursor_lnum;
-      }
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * There is no need to update lines above the top of the window.
-     */
-    if (from < wp->w_topline) {
-      from = wp->w_topline;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * If we know the value of w_botline, use it to restrict the update to
-     * the lines that are visible in the window.
-     */
-    if (wp->w_valid & VALID_BOTLINE) {
-      if (from >= wp->w_botline) {
-        from = wp->w_botline - 1;
-      }
-      if (to >= wp->w_botline) {
-        to = wp->w_botline - 1;
-      }
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Find the minimal part to be updated.
-     * Watch out for scrolling that made entries in w_lines[] invalid.
-     * E.g., CTRL-U makes the first half of w_lines[] invalid and sets
-     * top_end; need to redraw from top_end to the "to" line.
-     * A middle mouse click with a Visual selection may change the text
-     * above the Visual area and reset wl_valid, do count these for
-     * mid_end (in srow).
-     */
-    if (mid_start > 0) {
-      lnum = wp->w_topline;
-      idx = 0;
-      srow = 0;
-      if (scrolled_down) {
-        mid_start = top_end;
-      } else {
-        mid_start = 0;
-      }
-      while (lnum < from && idx < wp->w_lines_valid) {          // find start
-        if (wp->w_lines[idx].wl_valid) {
-          mid_start += wp->w_lines[idx].wl_size;
-        } else if (!scrolled_down) {
-          srow += wp->w_lines[idx].wl_size;
-        }
-        ++idx;
-        if (idx < wp->w_lines_valid && wp->w_lines[idx].wl_valid) {
-          lnum = wp->w_lines[idx].wl_lnum;
-        } else {
-          ++lnum;
-        }
-      }
-      srow += mid_start;
-      mid_end = wp->w_grid.rows;
-      for (; idx < wp->w_lines_valid; idx++) {                  // find end
-        if (wp->w_lines[idx].wl_valid
-            && wp->w_lines[idx].wl_lnum >= to + 1) {
-          // Only update until first row of this line
-          mid_end = srow;
-          break;
-        }
-        srow += wp->w_lines[idx].wl_size;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (VIsual_active && buf == curwin->w_buffer) {
-    wp->w_old_visual_mode = (char)VIsual_mode;
-    wp->w_old_cursor_lnum = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
-    wp->w_old_visual_lnum = VIsual.lnum;
-    wp->w_old_visual_col = VIsual.col;
-    wp->w_old_curswant = curwin->w_curswant;
-  } else {
-    wp->w_old_visual_mode = 0;
-    wp->w_old_cursor_lnum = 0;
-    wp->w_old_visual_lnum = 0;
-    wp->w_old_visual_col = 0;
-  }
-
-  // reset got_int, otherwise regexp won't work
-  save_got_int = got_int;
-  got_int = 0;
-  // Set the time limit to 'redrawtime'.
-  proftime_T syntax_tm = profile_setlimit(p_rdt);
-  syn_set_timeout(&syntax_tm);
-
-  /*
-   * Update all the window rows.
-   */
-  idx = 0;              // first entry in w_lines[].wl_size
-  row = 0;
-  srow = 0;
-  lnum = wp->w_topline;  // first line shown in window
-
-  win_extmark_arr.size = 0;
-
-  decor_redraw_reset(buf, &decor_state);
-
-  DecorProviders line_providers;
-  decor_providers_invoke_win(wp, providers, &line_providers, &provider_err);
-  (void)win_signcol_count(wp);  // check if provider changed signcol width
-  if (must_redraw != 0) {
-    must_redraw = 0;
-    if (!called_decor_providers) {
-      called_decor_providers = true;
-      goto win_update_start;
-    }
-  }
-
-  bool cursorline_standout = win_cursorline_standout(wp);
-
-  for (;;) {
-    /* stop updating when reached the end of the window (check for _past_
-     * the end of the window is at the end of the loop) */
-    if (row == wp->w_grid.rows) {
-      didline = true;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    // stop updating when hit the end of the file
-    if (lnum > buf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
-      eof = true;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    /* Remember the starting row of the line that is going to be dealt
-     * with.  It is used further down when the line doesn't fit. */
-    srow = row;
-
-    // Update a line when it is in an area that needs updating, when it
-    // has changes or w_lines[idx] is invalid.
-    // "bot_start" may be halfway a wrapped line after using
-    // win_scroll_lines(), check if the current line includes it.
-    // When syntax folding is being used, the saved syntax states will
-    // already have been updated, we can't see where the syntax state is
-    // the same again, just update until the end of the window.
-    if (row < top_end
-        || (row >= mid_start && row < mid_end)
-        || top_to_mod
-        || idx >= wp->w_lines_valid
-        || (row + wp->w_lines[idx].wl_size > bot_start)
-        || (mod_top != 0
-            && (lnum == mod_top
-                || (lnum >= mod_top
-                    && (lnum < mod_bot
-                        || did_update == DID_FOLD
-                        || (did_update == DID_LINE
-                            && syntax_present(wp)
-                            && ((foldmethodIsSyntax(wp)
-                                 && hasAnyFolding(wp))
-                                || syntax_check_changed(lnum)))
-                        // match in fixed position might need redraw
-                        // if lines were inserted or deleted
-                        || (wp->w_match_head != NULL
-                            && buf->b_mod_xlines != 0)))))
-        || (cursorline_standout && lnum == wp->w_cursor.lnum)
-        || lnum == wp->w_last_cursorline) {
-      if (lnum == mod_top) {
-        top_to_mod = false;
-      }
-
-      /*
-       * When at start of changed lines: May scroll following lines
-       * up or down to minimize redrawing.
-       * Don't do this when the change continues until the end.
-       * Don't scroll when dollar_vcol >= 0, keep the "$".
-       * Don't scroll when redrawing the top, scrolled already above.
-       */
-      if (lnum == mod_top
-          && mod_bot != MAXLNUM
-          && !(dollar_vcol >= 0 && mod_bot == mod_top + 1)
-          && row >= top_end) {
-        int old_rows = 0;
-        int new_rows = 0;
-        int xtra_rows;
-        linenr_T l;
-
-        /* Count the old number of window rows, using w_lines[], which
-         * should still contain the sizes for the lines as they are
-         * currently displayed. */
-        for (i = idx; i < wp->w_lines_valid; ++i) {
-          /* Only valid lines have a meaningful wl_lnum.  Invalid
-           * lines are part of the changed area. */
-          if (wp->w_lines[i].wl_valid
-              && wp->w_lines[i].wl_lnum == mod_bot) {
-            break;
-          }
-          old_rows += wp->w_lines[i].wl_size;
-          if (wp->w_lines[i].wl_valid
-              && wp->w_lines[i].wl_lastlnum + 1 == mod_bot) {
-            /* Must have found the last valid entry above mod_bot.
-             * Add following invalid entries. */
-            ++i;
-            while (i < wp->w_lines_valid
-                   && !wp->w_lines[i].wl_valid) {
-              old_rows += wp->w_lines[i++].wl_size;
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-
-        if (i >= wp->w_lines_valid) {
-          /* We can't find a valid line below the changed lines,
-           * need to redraw until the end of the window.
-           * Inserting/deleting lines has no use. */
-          bot_start = 0;
-        } else {
-          /* Able to count old number of rows: Count new window
-           * rows, and may insert/delete lines */
-          j = idx;
-          for (l = lnum; l < mod_bot; l++) {
-            if (hasFoldingWin(wp, l, NULL, &l, true, NULL)) {
-              new_rows++;
-            } else if (l == wp->w_topline) {
-              new_rows += plines_win_nofill(wp, l, true) + wp->w_topfill;
-            } else {
-              new_rows += plines_win(wp, l, true);
-            }
-            j++;
-            if (new_rows > wp->w_grid.rows - row - 2) {
-              // it's getting too much, must redraw the rest
-              new_rows = 9999;
-              break;
-            }
-          }
-          xtra_rows = new_rows - old_rows;
-          if (xtra_rows < 0) {
-            /* May scroll text up.  If there is not enough
-             * remaining text or scrolling fails, must redraw the
-             * rest.  If scrolling works, must redraw the text
-             * below the scrolled text. */
-            if (row - xtra_rows >= wp->w_grid.rows - 2) {
-              mod_bot = MAXLNUM;
-            } else {
-              win_scroll_lines(wp, row, xtra_rows);
-              bot_start = wp->w_grid.rows + xtra_rows;
-            }
-          } else if (xtra_rows > 0) {
-            /* May scroll text down.  If there is not enough
-             * remaining text of scrolling fails, must redraw the
-             * rest. */
-            if (row + xtra_rows >= wp->w_grid.rows - 2) {
-              mod_bot = MAXLNUM;
-            } else {
-              win_scroll_lines(wp, row + old_rows, xtra_rows);
-              if (top_end > row + old_rows) {
-                // Scrolled the part at the top that requires
-                // updating down.
-                top_end += xtra_rows;
-              }
-            }
-          }
-
-          /* When not updating the rest, may need to move w_lines[]
-           * entries. */
-          if (mod_bot != MAXLNUM && i != j) {
-            if (j < i) {
-              int x = row + new_rows;
-
-              // move entries in w_lines[] upwards
-              for (;;) {
-                // stop at last valid entry in w_lines[]
-                if (i >= wp->w_lines_valid) {
-                  wp->w_lines_valid = (int)j;
-                  break;
-                }
-                wp->w_lines[j] = wp->w_lines[i];
-                // stop at a line that won't fit
-                if (x + (int)wp->w_lines[j].wl_size
-                    > wp->w_grid.rows) {
-                  wp->w_lines_valid = (int)j + 1;
-                  break;
-                }
-                x += wp->w_lines[j++].wl_size;
-                ++i;
-              }
-              if (bot_start > x) {
-                bot_start = x;
-              }
-            } else {       // j > i
-                           // move entries in w_lines[] downwards
-              j -= i;
-              wp->w_lines_valid += (linenr_T)j;
-              if (wp->w_lines_valid > wp->w_grid.rows) {
-                wp->w_lines_valid = wp->w_grid.rows;
-              }
-              for (i = wp->w_lines_valid; i - j >= idx; i--) {
-                wp->w_lines[i] = wp->w_lines[i - j];
-              }
-
-              /* The w_lines[] entries for inserted lines are
-               * now invalid, but wl_size may be used above.
-               * Reset to zero. */
-              while (i >= idx) {
-                wp->w_lines[i].wl_size = 0;
-                wp->w_lines[i--].wl_valid = FALSE;
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      /*
-       * When lines are folded, display one line for all of them.
-       * Otherwise, display normally (can be several display lines when
-       * 'wrap' is on).
-       */
-      foldinfo_T foldinfo = fold_info(wp, lnum);
-
-      if (foldinfo.fi_lines == 0
-          && idx < wp->w_lines_valid
-          && wp->w_lines[idx].wl_valid
-          && wp->w_lines[idx].wl_lnum == lnum
-          && lnum > wp->w_topline
-          && !(dy_flags & (DY_LASTLINE | DY_TRUNCATE))
-          && srow + wp->w_lines[idx].wl_size > wp->w_grid.rows
-          && win_get_fill(wp, lnum) == 0) {
-        // This line is not going to fit.  Don't draw anything here,
-        // will draw "@  " lines below.
-        row = wp->w_grid.rows + 1;
-      } else {
-        prepare_search_hl(wp, &search_hl, lnum);
-        // Let the syntax stuff know we skipped a few lines.
-        if (syntax_last_parsed != 0 && syntax_last_parsed + 1 < lnum
-            && syntax_present(wp)) {
-          syntax_end_parsing(syntax_last_parsed + 1);
-        }
-
-        // Display one line
-        row = win_line(wp, lnum, srow,
-                       foldinfo.fi_lines ? srow : wp->w_grid.rows,
-                       mod_top == 0, false, foldinfo, &line_providers);
-
-        if (foldinfo.fi_lines == 0) {
-          wp->w_lines[idx].wl_folded = false;
-          wp->w_lines[idx].wl_lastlnum = lnum;
-          did_update = DID_LINE;
-          syntax_last_parsed = lnum;
-        } else {
-          foldinfo.fi_lines--;
-          wp->w_lines[idx].wl_folded = true;
-          wp->w_lines[idx].wl_lastlnum = lnum + foldinfo.fi_lines;
-          did_update = DID_FOLD;
-        }
-      }
-
-      wp->w_lines[idx].wl_lnum = lnum;
-      wp->w_lines[idx].wl_valid = true;
-
-      if (row > wp->w_grid.rows) {         // past end of grid
-        // we may need the size of that too long line later on
-        if (dollar_vcol == -1) {
-          wp->w_lines[idx].wl_size = (uint16_t)plines_win(wp, lnum, true);
-        }
-        idx++;
-        break;
-      }
-      if (dollar_vcol == -1) {
-        wp->w_lines[idx].wl_size = (uint16_t)(row - srow);
-      }
-      idx++;
-      lnum += foldinfo.fi_lines + 1;
-    } else {
-      if (wp->w_p_rnu && wp->w_last_cursor_lnum_rnu != wp->w_cursor.lnum) {
-        // 'relativenumber' set and cursor moved vertically: The
-        // text doesn't need to be drawn, but the number column does.
-        foldinfo_T info = fold_info(wp, lnum);
-        (void)win_line(wp, lnum, srow, wp->w_grid.rows, true, true,
-                       info, &line_providers);
-      }
-
-      // This line does not need to be drawn, advance to the next one.
-      row += wp->w_lines[idx++].wl_size;
-      if (row > wp->w_grid.rows) {  // past end of screen
-        break;
-      }
-      lnum = wp->w_lines[idx - 1].wl_lastlnum + 1;
-      did_update = DID_NONE;
-    }
-
-    if (lnum > buf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
-      eof = true;
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  /*
-   * End of loop over all window lines.
-   */
-
-  // Now that the window has been redrawn with the old and new cursor line,
-  // update w_last_cursorline.
-  wp->w_last_cursorline = cursorline_standout ? wp->w_cursor.lnum : 0;
-
-  wp->w_last_cursor_lnum_rnu = wp->w_p_rnu ? wp->w_cursor.lnum : 0;
-
-  if (idx > wp->w_lines_valid) {
-    wp->w_lines_valid = idx;
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * Let the syntax stuff know we stop parsing here.
-   */
-  if (syntax_last_parsed != 0 && syntax_present(wp)) {
-    syntax_end_parsing(syntax_last_parsed + 1);
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * If we didn't hit the end of the file, and we didn't finish the last
-   * line we were working on, then the line didn't fit.
-   */
-  wp->w_empty_rows = 0;
-  wp->w_filler_rows = 0;
-  if (!eof && !didline) {
-    int at_attr = hl_combine_attr(wp->w_hl_attr_normal,
-                                  win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT));
-    if (lnum == wp->w_topline) {
-      /*
-       * Single line that does not fit!
-       * Don't overwrite it, it can be edited.
-       */
-      wp->w_botline = lnum + 1;
-    } else if (win_get_fill(wp, lnum) >= wp->w_grid.rows - srow) {
-      // Window ends in filler lines.
-      wp->w_botline = lnum;
-      wp->w_filler_rows = wp->w_grid.rows - srow;
-    } else if (dy_flags & DY_TRUNCATE) {      // 'display' has "truncate"
-      int scr_row = wp->w_grid.rows - 1;
-
-      // Last line isn't finished: Display "@@@" in the last screen line.
-      grid_puts_len(&wp->w_grid, (char_u *)"@@", MIN(wp->w_grid.cols, 2), scr_row, 0, at_attr);
-
-      grid_fill(&wp->w_grid, scr_row, scr_row + 1, 2, wp->w_grid.cols,
-                '@', ' ', at_attr);
-      set_empty_rows(wp, srow);
-      wp->w_botline = lnum;
-    } else if (dy_flags & DY_LASTLINE) {      // 'display' has "lastline"
-      int start_col = wp->w_grid.cols - 3;
-
-      // Last line isn't finished: Display "@@@" at the end.
-      grid_fill(&wp->w_grid, wp->w_grid.rows - 1, wp->w_grid.rows,
-                MAX(start_col, 0), wp->w_grid.cols, '@', '@', at_attr);
-      set_empty_rows(wp, srow);
-      wp->w_botline = lnum;
-    } else {
-      win_draw_end(wp, '@', ' ', true, srow, wp->w_grid.rows, HLF_AT);
-      wp->w_botline = lnum;
-    }
-  } else {
-    if (eof) {  // we hit the end of the file
-      wp->w_botline = buf->b_ml.ml_line_count + 1;
-      j = win_get_fill(wp, wp->w_botline);
-      if (j > 0 && !wp->w_botfill && row < wp->w_grid.rows) {
-        // Display filler text below last line. win_line() will check
-        // for ml_line_count+1 and only draw filler lines
-        foldinfo_T info = FOLDINFO_INIT;
-        row = win_line(wp, wp->w_botline, row, wp->w_grid.rows,
-                       false, false, info, &line_providers);
-      }
-    } else if (dollar_vcol == -1) {
-      wp->w_botline = lnum;
-    }
-
-    // make sure the rest of the screen is blank
-    // write the 'eob' character to rows that aren't part of the file.
-    win_draw_end(wp, wp->w_p_fcs_chars.eob, ' ', false, row, wp->w_grid.rows,
-                 HLF_EOB);
-  }
-
-  kvi_destroy(line_providers);
-
-  if (wp->w_redr_type >= REDRAW_TOP) {
-    draw_vsep_win(wp);
-    draw_hsep_win(wp);
-    draw_sep_connectors_win(wp);
-  }
-  syn_set_timeout(NULL);
-
-  // Reset the type of redrawing required, the window has been updated.
-  wp->w_redr_type = 0;
-  wp->w_old_topfill = wp->w_topfill;
-  wp->w_old_botfill = wp->w_botfill;
-
-  // Send win_extmarks if needed
-  for (size_t n = 0; n < kv_size(win_extmark_arr); n++) {
-    ui_call_win_extmark(wp->w_grid_alloc.handle, wp->handle,
-                        kv_A(win_extmark_arr, n).ns_id, (Integer)kv_A(win_extmark_arr, n).mark_id,
-                        kv_A(win_extmark_arr, n).win_row, kv_A(win_extmark_arr, n).win_col);
-  }
-
-  if (dollar_vcol == -1) {
-    /*
-     * There is a trick with w_botline.  If we invalidate it on each
-     * change that might modify it, this will cause a lot of expensive
-     * calls to plines_win() in update_topline() each time.  Therefore the
-     * value of w_botline is often approximated, and this value is used to
-     * compute the value of w_topline.  If the value of w_botline was
-     * wrong, check that the value of w_topline is correct (cursor is on
-     * the visible part of the text).  If it's not, we need to redraw
-     * again.  Mostly this just means scrolling up a few lines, so it
-     * doesn't look too bad.  Only do this for the current window (where
-     * changes are relevant).
-     */
-    wp->w_valid |= VALID_BOTLINE;
-    wp->w_viewport_invalid = true;
-    if (wp == curwin && wp->w_botline != old_botline && !recursive) {
-      recursive = true;
-      curwin->w_valid &= ~VALID_TOPLINE;
-      update_topline(curwin);  // may invalidate w_botline again
-      if (must_redraw != 0) {
-        // Don't update for changes in buffer again.
-        i = curbuf->b_mod_set;
-        curbuf->b_mod_set = false;
-        win_update(curwin, providers);
-        must_redraw = 0;
-        curbuf->b_mod_set = i;
-      }
-      recursive = false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // restore got_int, unless CTRL-C was hit while redrawing
-  if (!got_int) {
-    got_int = save_got_int;
-  }
-}
-
 /// Returns width of the signcolumn that should be used for the whole window
 ///
 /// @param wp window we want signcolumn width from
@@ -1783,7 +117,7 @@ static int win_fill_end(win_T *wp, int c1, int c2, int off, int width, int row,
 /// Clear lines near the end of the window and mark the unused lines with "c1".
 /// Use "c2" as filler character.
 /// When "draw_margin" is true, then draw the sign/fold/number columns.
-static void win_draw_end(win_T *wp, int c1, int c2, bool draw_margin, int row, int endrow, hlf_T hl)
+void win_draw_end(win_T *wp, int c1, int c2, bool draw_margin, int row, int endrow, hlf_T hl)
 {
   assert(hl >= 0 && hl < HLF_COUNT);
   int n = 0;
@@ -1808,7 +142,7 @@ static void win_draw_end(win_T *wp, int c1, int c2, bool draw_margin, int row, i
     }
   }
 
-  int attr = hl_combine_attr(wp->w_hl_attr_normal, win_hl_attr(wp, (int)hl));
+  int attr = hl_combine_attr(win_bg_attr(wp), win_hl_attr(wp, (int)hl));
 
   if (wp->w_p_rl) {
     grid_fill(&wp->w_grid, row, endrow, wp->w_wincol, W_ENDCOL(wp) - 1 - n,
@@ -1822,20 +156,9 @@ static void win_draw_end(win_T *wp, int c1, int c2, bool draw_margin, int row, i
   set_empty_rows(wp, row);
 }
 
-/// Advance **color_cols
-///
-/// @return  true when there are columns to draw.
-static bool advance_color_col(int vcol, int **color_cols)
-{
-  while (**color_cols >= 0 && vcol > **color_cols) {
-    ++*color_cols;
-  }
-  return **color_cols >= 0;
-}
-
-// Compute the width of the foldcolumn.  Based on 'foldcolumn' and how much
-// space is available for window "wp", minus "col".
-static int compute_foldcolumn(win_T *wp, int col)
+/// Compute the width of the foldcolumn.  Based on 'foldcolumn' and how much
+/// space is available for window "wp", minus "col".
+int compute_foldcolumn(win_T *wp, int col)
 {
   int fdc = win_fdccol_count(wp);
   int wmw = wp == curwin && p_wmw == 0 ? 1 : (int)p_wmw;
@@ -1847,63 +170,6 @@ static int compute_foldcolumn(win_T *wp, int col)
   return fdc;
 }
 
-/// Put a single char from an UTF-8 buffer into a line buffer.
-///
-/// Handles composing chars and arabic shaping state.
-static int line_putchar(buf_T *buf, LineState *s, schar_T *dest, int maxcells, bool rl, int vcol)
-{
-  const char_u *p = (char_u *)s->p;
-  int cells = utf_ptr2cells((char *)p);
-  int c_len = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p);
-  int u8c, u8cc[MAX_MCO];
-  if (cells > maxcells) {
-    return -1;
-  }
-  u8c = utfc_ptr2char(p, u8cc);
-  if (*p == TAB) {
-    cells = MIN(tabstop_padding(vcol, buf->b_p_ts, buf->b_p_vts_array), maxcells);
-    for (int c = 0; c < cells; c++) {
-      schar_from_ascii(dest[c], ' ');
-    }
-    goto done;
-  } else if (*p < 0x80 && u8cc[0] == 0) {
-    schar_from_ascii(dest[0], (char)(*p));
-    s->prev_c = u8c;
-  } else {
-    if (p_arshape && !p_tbidi && ARABIC_CHAR(u8c)) {
-      // Do Arabic shaping.
-      int pc, pc1, nc;
-      int pcc[MAX_MCO];
-      int firstbyte = *p;
-
-      // The idea of what is the previous and next
-      // character depends on 'rightleft'.
-      if (rl) {
-        pc = s->prev_c;
-        pc1 = s->prev_c1;
-        nc = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + c_len);
-        s->prev_c1 = u8cc[0];
-      } else {
-        pc = utfc_ptr2char(p + c_len, pcc);
-        nc = s->prev_c;
-        pc1 = pcc[0];
-      }
-      s->prev_c = u8c;
-
-      u8c = arabic_shape(u8c, &firstbyte, &u8cc[0], pc, pc1, nc);
-    } else {
-      s->prev_c = u8c;
-    }
-    schar_from_cc(dest[0], u8c, u8cc);
-  }
-  if (cells > 1) {
-    dest[1][0] = 0;
-  }
-done:
-  s->p += c_len;
-  return cells;
-}
-
 /// Fills the foldcolumn at "p" for window "wp".
 /// Only to be called when 'foldcolumn' > 0.
 ///
@@ -1913,7 +179,7 @@ done:
 ///
 /// Assume monocell characters
 /// @return number of chars added to \param p
-static size_t fill_foldcolumn(char_u *p, win_T *wp, foldinfo_T foldinfo, linenr_T lnum)
+size_t fill_foldcolumn(char_u *p, win_T *wp, foldinfo_T foldinfo, linenr_T lnum)
 {
   int i = 0;
   int level;
@@ -1968,2634 +234,43 @@ static size_t fill_foldcolumn(char_u *p, win_T *wp, foldinfo_T foldinfo, linenr_
   return MAX(char_counter + (size_t)(fdc - i), (size_t)fdc);
 }
 
-static inline void provider_err_virt_text(linenr_T lnum, char *err)
-{
-  Decoration err_decor = DECORATION_INIT;
-  int hl_err = syn_check_group(S_LEN("ErrorMsg"));
-  kv_push(err_decor.virt_text,
-          ((VirtTextChunk){ .text = provider_err,
-                            .hl_id = hl_err }));
-  err_decor.virt_text_width = (int)mb_string2cells(err);
-  decor_add_ephemeral(lnum - 1, 0, lnum - 1, 0, &err_decor, 0, 0);
-}
-
-static inline void get_line_number_str(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum, char_u *buf, size_t buf_len)
-{
-  long num;
-  char *fmt = "%*ld ";
-
-  if (wp->w_p_nu && !wp->w_p_rnu) {
-    // 'number' + 'norelativenumber'
-    num = (long)lnum;
-  } else {
-    // 'relativenumber', don't use negative numbers
-    num = labs((long)get_cursor_rel_lnum(wp, lnum));
-    if (num == 0 && wp->w_p_nu && wp->w_p_rnu) {
-      // 'number' + 'relativenumber'
-      num = lnum;
-      fmt = "%-*ld ";
-    }
-  }
-
-  snprintf((char *)buf, buf_len, fmt, number_width(wp), num);
-}
-
-/// Display line "lnum" of window 'wp' on the screen.
-/// wp->w_virtcol needs to be valid.
-///
-/// @param lnum         line to display
-/// @param startrow     first row relative to window grid
-/// @param endrow       last grid row to be redrawn
-/// @param nochange     not updating for changed text
-/// @param number_only  only update the number column
-/// @param foldinfo     fold info for this line
-/// @param[in, out] providers  decoration providers active this line
-///                            items will be disables if they cause errors
-///                            or explicitly return `false`.
-///
-/// @return             the number of last row the line occupies.
-static int win_line(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum, int startrow, int endrow, bool nochange,
-                    bool number_only, foldinfo_T foldinfo, DecorProviders *providers)
-{
-  int c = 0;                          // init for GCC
-  long vcol = 0;                      // virtual column (for tabs)
-  long vcol_sbr = -1;                 // virtual column after showbreak
-  long vcol_prev = -1;                // "vcol" of previous character
-  char_u *line;                  // current line
-  char_u *ptr;                   // current position in "line"
-  int row;                            // row in the window, excl w_winrow
-  ScreenGrid *grid = &wp->w_grid;     // grid specific to the window
-
-  char_u extra[57];                   // sign, line number and 'fdc' must
-                                      // fit in here
-  int n_extra = 0;                    // number of extra chars
-  char_u *p_extra = NULL;        // string of extra chars, plus NUL
-  char_u *p_extra_free = NULL;   // p_extra needs to be freed
-  int c_extra = NUL;                  // extra chars, all the same
-  int c_final = NUL;                  // final char, mandatory if set
-  int extra_attr = 0;                 // attributes when n_extra != 0
-  static char_u *at_end_str = (char_u *)"";  // used for p_extra when displaying
-                                             // curwin->w_p_lcs_chars.eol at
-                                             // end-of-line
-  int lcs_eol_one = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.eol;     // 'eol'  until it's been used
-  int lcs_prec_todo = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.prec;  // 'prec' until it's been used
-  bool has_fold = foldinfo.fi_level != 0 && foldinfo.fi_lines > 0;
-
-  // saved "extra" items for when draw_state becomes WL_LINE (again)
-  int saved_n_extra = 0;
-  char_u *saved_p_extra = NULL;
-  int saved_c_extra = 0;
-  int saved_c_final = 0;
-  int saved_char_attr = 0;
-
-  int n_attr = 0;                       // chars with special attr
-  int saved_attr2 = 0;                  // char_attr saved for n_attr
-  int n_attr3 = 0;                      // chars with overruling special attr
-  int saved_attr3 = 0;                  // char_attr saved for n_attr3
-
-  int n_skip = 0;                       // nr of chars to skip for 'nowrap'
-
-  int fromcol = -10;                    // start of inverting
-  int tocol = MAXCOL;                   // end of inverting
-  int fromcol_prev = -2;                // start of inverting after cursor
-  bool noinvcur = false;                // don't invert the cursor
-  bool lnum_in_visual_area = false;
-  pos_T pos;
-  long v;
-
-  int char_attr = 0;                    // attributes for next character
-  bool attr_pri = false;                // char_attr has priority
-  bool area_highlighting = false;       // Visual or incsearch highlighting in this line
-  int attr = 0;                         // attributes for area highlighting
-  int area_attr = 0;                    // attributes desired by highlighting
-  int search_attr = 0;                  // attributes desired by 'hlsearch'
-  int vcol_save_attr = 0;               // saved attr for 'cursorcolumn'
-  int syntax_attr = 0;                  // attributes desired by syntax
-  int has_syntax = FALSE;               // this buffer has syntax highl.
-  int save_did_emsg;
-  int eol_hl_off = 0;                   // 1 if highlighted char after EOL
-  bool draw_color_col = false;          // highlight colorcolumn
-  int *color_cols = NULL;               // pointer to according columns array
-  bool has_spell = false;               // this buffer has spell checking
-#define SPWORDLEN 150
-  char_u nextline[SPWORDLEN * 2];       // text with start of the next line
-  int nextlinecol = 0;                  // column where nextline[] starts
-  int nextline_idx = 0;                 /* index in nextline[] where next line
-                                           starts */
-  int spell_attr = 0;                   // attributes desired by spelling
-  int word_end = 0;                     // last byte with same spell_attr
-  static linenr_T checked_lnum = 0;     // line number for "checked_col"
-  static int checked_col = 0;           /* column in "checked_lnum" up to which
-                                         * there are no spell errors */
-  static int cap_col = -1;              // column to check for Cap word
-  static linenr_T capcol_lnum = 0;      // line number where "cap_col"
-  int cur_checked_col = 0;              // checked column for current line
-  int extra_check = 0;                  // has syntax or linebreak
-  int multi_attr = 0;                   // attributes desired by multibyte
-  int mb_l = 1;                         // multi-byte byte length
-  int mb_c = 0;                         // decoded multi-byte character
-  bool mb_utf8 = false;                 // screen char is UTF-8 char
-  int u8cc[MAX_MCO];                    // composing UTF-8 chars
-  int filler_lines;                     // nr of filler lines to be drawn
-  int filler_todo;                      // nr of filler lines still to do + 1
-  hlf_T diff_hlf = (hlf_T)0;            // type of diff highlighting
-  int change_start = MAXCOL;            // first col of changed area
-  int change_end = -1;                  // last col of changed area
-  colnr_T trailcol = MAXCOL;            // start of trailing spaces
-  colnr_T leadcol = 0;                  // start of leading spaces
-  bool in_multispace = false;           // in multiple consecutive spaces
-  int multispace_pos = 0;               // position in lcs-multispace string
-  bool need_showbreak = false;          // overlong line, skip first x chars
-  sign_attrs_T sattrs[SIGN_SHOW_MAX];   // attributes for signs
-  int num_signs;                        // number of signs for line
-  int line_attr = 0;                    // attribute for the whole line
-  int line_attr_save;
-  int line_attr_lowprio = 0;            // low-priority attribute for the line
-  int line_attr_lowprio_save;
-  int prev_c = 0;                       // previous Arabic character
-  int prev_c1 = 0;                      // first composing char for prev_c
-
-  bool search_attr_from_match = false;  // if search_attr is from :match
-  bool has_decor = false;               // this buffer has decoration
-  int win_col_offset = 0;               // offset for window columns
-
-  char_u buf_fold[FOLD_TEXT_LEN];       // Hold value returned by get_foldtext
-
-  bool area_active = false;
-
-  int cul_attr = 0;                     // set when 'cursorline' active
-  // 'cursorlineopt' has "screenline" and cursor is in this line
-  bool cul_screenline = false;
-  // margin columns for the screen line, needed for when 'cursorlineopt'
-  // contains "screenline"
-  int left_curline_col = 0;
-  int right_curline_col = 0;
-
-  // draw_state: items that are drawn in sequence:
-#define WL_START        0               // nothing done yet
-#define WL_CMDLINE      (WL_START + 1)    // cmdline window column
-#define WL_FOLD         (WL_CMDLINE + 1)  // 'foldcolumn'
-#define WL_SIGN         (WL_FOLD + 1)     // column for signs
-#define WL_NR           (WL_SIGN + 1)     // line number
-#define WL_BRI          (WL_NR + 1)       // 'breakindent'
-#define WL_SBR          (WL_BRI + 1)      // 'showbreak' or 'diff'
-#define WL_LINE         (WL_SBR + 1)      // text in the line
-  int draw_state = WL_START;            // what to draw next
-
-  int syntax_flags    = 0;
-  int syntax_seqnr    = 0;
-  int prev_syntax_id  = 0;
-  int conceal_attr    = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_CONCEAL);
-  bool is_concealing  = false;
-  int boguscols       = 0;              ///< nonexistent columns added to
-                                        ///< force wrapping
-  int vcol_off        = 0;              ///< offset for concealed characters
-  int did_wcol        = false;
-  int match_conc      = 0;              ///< cchar for match functions
-  int old_boguscols = 0;
-#define VCOL_HLC (vcol - vcol_off)
-#define FIX_FOR_BOGUSCOLS \
-  { \
-    n_extra += vcol_off; \
-    vcol -= vcol_off; \
-    vcol_off = 0; \
-    col -= boguscols; \
-    old_boguscols = boguscols; \
-    boguscols = 0; \
-  }
-
-  if (startrow > endrow) {              // past the end already!
-    return startrow;
-  }
-
-  row = startrow;
-
-  buf_T *buf = wp->w_buffer;
-  bool end_fill = (lnum == buf->b_ml.ml_line_count + 1);
-
-  if (!number_only) {
-    // To speed up the loop below, set extra_check when there is linebreak,
-    // trailing white space and/or syntax processing to be done.
-    extra_check = wp->w_p_lbr;
-    if (syntax_present(wp) && !wp->w_s->b_syn_error && !wp->w_s->b_syn_slow
-        && !has_fold && !end_fill) {
-      // Prepare for syntax highlighting in this line.  When there is an
-      // error, stop syntax highlighting.
-      save_did_emsg = did_emsg;
-      did_emsg = false;
-      syntax_start(wp, lnum);
-      if (did_emsg) {
-        wp->w_s->b_syn_error = true;
-      } else {
-        did_emsg = save_did_emsg;
-        if (!wp->w_s->b_syn_slow) {
-          has_syntax = true;
-          extra_check = true;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    has_decor = decor_redraw_line(buf, lnum - 1, &decor_state);
-
-    providers_invoke_line(wp, providers, lnum - 1, &has_decor, &provider_err);
-
-    if (provider_err) {
-      provider_err_virt_text(lnum, provider_err);
-      has_decor = true;
-      provider_err = NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (has_decor) {
-      extra_check = true;
-    }
-
-    // Check for columns to display for 'colorcolumn'.
-    color_cols = wp->w_buffer->terminal ? NULL : wp->w_p_cc_cols;
-    if (color_cols != NULL) {
-      draw_color_col = advance_color_col((int)VCOL_HLC, &color_cols);
-    }
-
-    if (wp->w_p_spell
-        && !has_fold
-        && !end_fill
-        && *wp->w_s->b_p_spl != NUL
-        && !GA_EMPTY(&wp->w_s->b_langp)
-        && *(char **)(wp->w_s->b_langp.ga_data) != NULL) {
-      // Prepare for spell checking.
-      has_spell = true;
-      extra_check = true;
-
-      // Get the start of the next line, so that words that wrap to the next
-      // line are found too: "et<line-break>al.".
-      // Trick: skip a few chars for C/shell/Vim comments
-      nextline[SPWORDLEN] = NUL;
-      if (lnum < wp->w_buffer->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
-        line = ml_get_buf(wp->w_buffer, lnum + 1, false);
-        spell_cat_line(nextline + SPWORDLEN, line, SPWORDLEN);
-      }
-
-      // When a word wrapped from the previous line the start of the current
-      // line is valid.
-      if (lnum == checked_lnum) {
-        cur_checked_col = checked_col;
-      }
-      checked_lnum = 0;
-
-      // When there was a sentence end in the previous line may require a
-      // word starting with capital in this line.  In line 1 always check
-      // the first word.
-      if (lnum != capcol_lnum) {
-        cap_col = -1;
-      }
-      if (lnum == 1) {
-        cap_col = 0;
-      }
-      capcol_lnum = 0;
-    }
-
-    // handle Visual active in this window
-    if (VIsual_active && wp->w_buffer == curwin->w_buffer) {
-      pos_T *top, *bot;
-
-      if (ltoreq(curwin->w_cursor, VIsual)) {
-        // Visual is after curwin->w_cursor
-        top = &curwin->w_cursor;
-        bot = &VIsual;
-      } else {
-        // Visual is before curwin->w_cursor
-        top = &VIsual;
-        bot = &curwin->w_cursor;
-      }
-      lnum_in_visual_area = (lnum >= top->lnum && lnum <= bot->lnum);
-      if (VIsual_mode == Ctrl_V) {
-        // block mode
-        if (lnum_in_visual_area) {
-          fromcol = wp->w_old_cursor_fcol;
-          tocol = wp->w_old_cursor_lcol;
-        }
-      } else {
-        // non-block mode
-        if (lnum > top->lnum && lnum <= bot->lnum) {
-          fromcol = 0;
-        } else if (lnum == top->lnum) {
-          if (VIsual_mode == 'V') {       // linewise
-            fromcol = 0;
-          } else {
-            getvvcol(wp, top, (colnr_T *)&fromcol, NULL, NULL);
-            if (gchar_pos(top) == NUL) {
-              tocol = fromcol + 1;
-            }
-          }
-        }
-        if (VIsual_mode != 'V' && lnum == bot->lnum) {
-          if (*p_sel == 'e' && bot->col == 0
-              && bot->coladd == 0) {
-            fromcol = -10;
-            tocol = MAXCOL;
-          } else if (bot->col == MAXCOL) {
-            tocol = MAXCOL;
-          } else {
-            pos = *bot;
-            if (*p_sel == 'e') {
-              getvvcol(wp, &pos, (colnr_T *)&tocol, NULL, NULL);
-            } else {
-              getvvcol(wp, &pos, NULL, NULL, (colnr_T *)&tocol);
-              tocol++;
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Check if the char under the cursor should be inverted (highlighted).
-      if (!highlight_match && lnum == curwin->w_cursor.lnum && wp == curwin
-          && cursor_is_block_during_visual(*p_sel == 'e')) {
-        noinvcur = true;
-      }
-
-      // if inverting in this line set area_highlighting
-      if (fromcol >= 0) {
-        area_highlighting = true;
-        attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_V);
-      }
-      // handle 'incsearch' and ":s///c" highlighting
-    } else if (highlight_match
-               && wp == curwin
-               && !has_fold
-               && lnum >= curwin->w_cursor.lnum
-               && lnum <= curwin->w_cursor.lnum + search_match_lines) {
-      if (lnum == curwin->w_cursor.lnum) {
-        getvcol(curwin, &(curwin->w_cursor),
-                (colnr_T *)&fromcol, NULL, NULL);
-      } else {
-        fromcol = 0;
-      }
-      if (lnum == curwin->w_cursor.lnum + search_match_lines) {
-        pos.lnum = lnum;
-        pos.col = search_match_endcol;
-        getvcol(curwin, &pos, (colnr_T *)&tocol, NULL, NULL);
-      }
-      // do at least one character; happens when past end of line
-      if (fromcol == tocol && search_match_endcol) {
-        tocol = fromcol + 1;
-      }
-      area_highlighting = true;
-      attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_I);
-    }
-  }
-
-  filler_lines = diff_check(wp, lnum);
-  if (filler_lines < 0) {
-    if (filler_lines == -1) {
-      if (diff_find_change(wp, lnum, &change_start, &change_end)) {
-        diff_hlf = HLF_ADD;             // added line
-      } else if (change_start == 0) {
-        diff_hlf = HLF_TXD;             // changed text
-      } else {
-        diff_hlf = HLF_CHD;             // changed line
-      }
-    } else {
-      diff_hlf = HLF_ADD;               // added line
-    }
-    filler_lines = 0;
-    area_highlighting = true;
-  }
-  VirtLines virt_lines = KV_INITIAL_VALUE;
-  int n_virt_lines = decor_virt_lines(wp, lnum, &virt_lines);
-  filler_lines += n_virt_lines;
-  if (lnum == wp->w_topline) {
-    filler_lines = wp->w_topfill;
-    n_virt_lines = MIN(n_virt_lines, filler_lines);
-  }
-  filler_todo = filler_lines;
-
-  // Cursor line highlighting for 'cursorline' in the current window.
-  if (lnum == wp->w_cursor.lnum) {
-    // Do not show the cursor line in the text when Visual mode is active,
-    // because it's not clear what is selected then.
-    if (wp->w_p_cul && !(wp == curwin && VIsual_active)
-        && wp->w_p_culopt_flags != CULOPT_NBR) {
-      cul_screenline = (wp->w_p_wrap
-                        && (wp->w_p_culopt_flags & CULOPT_SCRLINE));
-      if (!cul_screenline) {
-        cul_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_CUL);
-        HlAttrs ae = syn_attr2entry(cul_attr);
-        // We make a compromise here (#7383):
-        //  * low-priority CursorLine if fg is not set
-        //  * high-priority ("same as Vim" priority) CursorLine if fg is set
-        if (ae.rgb_fg_color == -1 && ae.cterm_fg_color == 0) {
-          line_attr_lowprio = cul_attr;
-        } else {
-          if (!(State & MODE_INSERT) && bt_quickfix(wp->w_buffer)
-              && qf_current_entry(wp) == lnum) {
-            line_attr = hl_combine_attr(cul_attr, line_attr);
-          } else {
-            line_attr = cul_attr;
-          }
-        }
-      } else {
-        margin_columns_win(wp, &left_curline_col, &right_curline_col);
-      }
-      area_highlighting = true;
-    }
-  }
-
-  memset(sattrs, 0, sizeof(sattrs));
-  num_signs = buf_get_signattrs(wp->w_buffer, lnum, sattrs);
-  decor_redraw_signs(buf, lnum - 1, &num_signs, sattrs);
-
-  // If this line has a sign with line highlighting set line_attr.
-  // TODO(bfredl, vigoux): this should not take priority over decoration!
-  sign_attrs_T *sattr = sign_get_attr(SIGN_LINEHL, sattrs, 0, 1);
-  if (sattr != NULL) {
-    line_attr = sattr->sat_linehl;
-  }
-
-  // Highlight the current line in the quickfix window.
-  if (bt_quickfix(wp->w_buffer) && qf_current_entry(wp) == lnum) {
-    line_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_QFL);
-  }
-
-  if (line_attr_lowprio || line_attr) {
-    area_highlighting = true;
-  }
-
-  if (cul_screenline) {
-    line_attr_save = line_attr;
-    line_attr_lowprio_save = line_attr_lowprio;
-  }
-
-  line = end_fill ? (char_u *)"" : ml_get_buf(wp->w_buffer, lnum, false);
-  ptr = line;
-
-  if (has_spell && !number_only) {
-    // For checking first word with a capital skip white space.
-    if (cap_col == 0) {
-      cap_col = (int)getwhitecols(line);
-    }
-
-    /* To be able to spell-check over line boundaries copy the end of the
-     * current line into nextline[].  Above the start of the next line was
-     * copied to nextline[SPWORDLEN]. */
-    if (nextline[SPWORDLEN] == NUL) {
-      // No next line or it is empty.
-      nextlinecol = MAXCOL;
-      nextline_idx = 0;
-    } else {
-      v = (long)STRLEN(line);
-      if (v < SPWORDLEN) {
-        /* Short line, use it completely and append the start of the
-         * next line. */
-        nextlinecol = 0;
-        memmove(nextline, line, (size_t)v);
-        STRMOVE(nextline + v, nextline + SPWORDLEN);
-        nextline_idx = (int)v + 1;
-      } else {
-        // Long line, use only the last SPWORDLEN bytes.
-        nextlinecol = (int)v - SPWORDLEN;
-        memmove(nextline, line + nextlinecol, SPWORDLEN);  // -V512
-        nextline_idx = SPWORDLEN + 1;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (wp->w_p_list && !has_fold && !end_fill) {
-    if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.space
-        || wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace != NULL
-        || wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace != NULL
-        || wp->w_p_lcs_chars.trail
-        || wp->w_p_lcs_chars.lead
-        || wp->w_p_lcs_chars.nbsp) {
-      extra_check = true;
-    }
-    // find start of trailing whitespace
-    if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.trail) {
-      trailcol = (colnr_T)STRLEN(ptr);
-      while (trailcol > (colnr_T)0 && ascii_iswhite(ptr[trailcol - 1])) {
-        trailcol--;
-      }
-      trailcol += (colnr_T)(ptr - line);
-    }
-    // find end of leading whitespace
-    if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.lead || wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace != NULL) {
-      leadcol = 0;
-      while (ascii_iswhite(ptr[leadcol])) {
-        leadcol++;
-      }
-      if (ptr[leadcol] == NUL) {
-        // in a line full of spaces all of them are treated as trailing
-        leadcol = (colnr_T)0;
-      } else {
-        // keep track of the first column not filled with spaces
-        leadcol += (colnr_T)(ptr - line) + 1;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * 'nowrap' or 'wrap' and a single line that doesn't fit: Advance to the
-   * first character to be displayed.
-   */
-  if (wp->w_p_wrap) {
-    v = wp->w_skipcol;
-  } else {
-    v = wp->w_leftcol;
-  }
-  if (v > 0 && !number_only) {
-    char_u *prev_ptr = ptr;
-    while (vcol < v && *ptr != NUL) {
-      c = win_lbr_chartabsize(wp, line, ptr, (colnr_T)vcol, NULL);
-      vcol += c;
-      prev_ptr = ptr;
-      MB_PTR_ADV(ptr);
-    }
-
-    // When:
-    // - 'cuc' is set, or
-    // - 'colorcolumn' is set, or
-    // - 'virtualedit' is set, or
-    // - the visual mode is active,
-    // the end of the line may be before the start of the displayed part.
-    if (vcol < v && (wp->w_p_cuc
-                     || draw_color_col
-                     || virtual_active()
-                     || (VIsual_active && wp->w_buffer == curwin->w_buffer))) {
-      vcol = v;
-    }
-
-    /* Handle a character that's not completely on the screen: Put ptr at
-     * that character but skip the first few screen characters. */
-    if (vcol > v) {
-      vcol -= c;
-      ptr = prev_ptr;
-      // If the character fits on the screen, don't need to skip it.
-      // Except for a TAB.
-      if (utf_ptr2cells((char *)ptr) >= c || *ptr == TAB) {
-        n_skip = (int)(v - vcol);
-      }
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Adjust for when the inverted text is before the screen,
-     * and when the start of the inverted text is before the screen.
-     */
-    if (tocol <= vcol) {
-      fromcol = 0;
-    } else if (fromcol >= 0 && fromcol < vcol) {
-      fromcol = (int)vcol;
-    }
-
-    // When w_skipcol is non-zero, first line needs 'showbreak'
-    if (wp->w_p_wrap) {
-      need_showbreak = true;
-    }
-    // When spell checking a word we need to figure out the start of the
-    // word and if it's badly spelled or not.
-    if (has_spell) {
-      size_t len;
-      colnr_T linecol = (colnr_T)(ptr - line);
-      hlf_T spell_hlf = HLF_COUNT;
-
-      pos = wp->w_cursor;
-      wp->w_cursor.lnum = lnum;
-      wp->w_cursor.col = linecol;
-      len = spell_move_to(wp, FORWARD, true, true, &spell_hlf);
-
-      // spell_move_to() may call ml_get() and make "line" invalid
-      line = ml_get_buf(wp->w_buffer, lnum, false);
-      ptr = line + linecol;
-
-      if (len == 0 || (int)wp->w_cursor.col > ptr - line) {
-        /* no bad word found at line start, don't check until end of a
-         * word */
-        spell_hlf = HLF_COUNT;
-        word_end = (int)(spell_to_word_end(ptr, wp) - line + 1);
-      } else {
-        // bad word found, use attributes until end of word
-        assert(len <= INT_MAX);
-        word_end = wp->w_cursor.col + (int)len + 1;
-
-        // Turn index into actual attributes.
-        if (spell_hlf != HLF_COUNT) {
-          spell_attr = highlight_attr[spell_hlf];
-        }
-      }
-      wp->w_cursor = pos;
-
-      // Need to restart syntax highlighting for this line.
-      if (has_syntax) {
-        syntax_start(wp, lnum);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * Correct highlighting for cursor that can't be disabled.
-   * Avoids having to check this for each character.
-   */
-  if (fromcol >= 0) {
-    if (noinvcur) {
-      if ((colnr_T)fromcol == wp->w_virtcol) {
-        /* highlighting starts at cursor, let it start just after the
-         * cursor */
-        fromcol_prev = fromcol;
-        fromcol = -1;
-      } else if ((colnr_T)fromcol < wp->w_virtcol) {
-        // restart highlighting after the cursor
-        fromcol_prev = wp->w_virtcol;
-      }
-    }
-    if (fromcol >= tocol) {
-      fromcol = -1;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!number_only && !has_fold && !end_fill) {
-    v = ptr - line;
-    area_highlighting |= prepare_search_hl_line(wp, lnum, (colnr_T)v,
-                                                &line, &search_hl, &search_attr,
-                                                &search_attr_from_match);
-    ptr = line + v;  // "line" may have been updated
-  }
-
-  int off = 0;  // Offset relative start of line
-  int col = 0;  // Visual column on screen.
-  if (wp->w_p_rl) {
-    // Rightleft window: process the text in the normal direction, but put
-    // it in linebuf_char[off] from right to left.  Start at the
-    // rightmost column of the window.
-    col = grid->cols - 1;
-    off += col;
-  }
-
-  // won't highlight after TERM_ATTRS_MAX columns
-  int term_attrs[TERM_ATTRS_MAX] = { 0 };
-  if (wp->w_buffer->terminal) {
-    terminal_get_line_attributes(wp->w_buffer->terminal, wp, lnum, term_attrs);
-    extra_check = true;
-  }
-
-  int sign_idx = 0;
-  // Repeat for the whole displayed line.
-  for (;;) {
-    int has_match_conc = 0;  ///< match wants to conceal
-    int decor_conceal = 0;
-
-    bool did_decrement_ptr = false;
-
-    // Skip this quickly when working on the text.
-    if (draw_state != WL_LINE) {
-      if (cul_screenline) {
-        cul_attr = 0;
-        line_attr = line_attr_save;
-        line_attr_lowprio = line_attr_lowprio_save;
-      }
-
-      if (draw_state == WL_CMDLINE - 1 && n_extra == 0) {
-        draw_state = WL_CMDLINE;
-        if (cmdwin_type != 0 && wp == curwin) {
-          // Draw the cmdline character.
-          n_extra = 1;
-          c_extra = cmdwin_type;
-          c_final = NUL;
-          char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (draw_state == WL_FOLD - 1 && n_extra == 0) {
-        int fdc = compute_foldcolumn(wp, 0);
-
-        draw_state = WL_FOLD;
-        if (fdc > 0) {
-          // Draw the 'foldcolumn'.  Allocate a buffer, "extra" may
-          // already be in use.
-          xfree(p_extra_free);
-          p_extra_free = xmalloc(MAX_MCO * (size_t)fdc + 1);
-          n_extra = (int)fill_foldcolumn(p_extra_free, wp, foldinfo, lnum);
-          p_extra_free[n_extra] = NUL;
-          p_extra = p_extra_free;
-          c_extra = NUL;
-          c_final = NUL;
-          if (use_cursor_line_sign(wp, lnum)) {
-            char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_CLF);
-          } else {
-            char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_FC);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      // sign column, this is hit until sign_idx reaches count
-      if (draw_state == WL_SIGN - 1 && n_extra == 0) {
-        draw_state = WL_SIGN;
-        /* Show the sign column when there are any signs in this
-         * buffer or when using Netbeans. */
-        if (wp->w_scwidth > 0) {
-          get_sign_display_info(false, wp, lnum, sattrs, row,
-                                startrow, filler_lines, filler_todo,
-                                &c_extra, &c_final, extra, sizeof(extra),
-                                &p_extra, &n_extra, &char_attr, sign_idx);
-          sign_idx++;
-          if (sign_idx < wp->w_scwidth) {
-            draw_state = WL_SIGN - 1;
-          } else {
-            sign_idx = 0;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (draw_state == WL_NR - 1 && n_extra == 0) {
-        draw_state = WL_NR;
-        /* Display the absolute or relative line number. After the
-         * first fill with blanks when the 'n' flag isn't in 'cpo' */
-        if ((wp->w_p_nu || wp->w_p_rnu)
-            && (row == startrow + filler_lines
-                || vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_NUMCOL) == NULL)) {
-          // If 'signcolumn' is set to 'number' and a sign is present
-          // in 'lnum', then display the sign instead of the line
-          // number.
-          if (*wp->w_p_scl == 'n' && *(wp->w_p_scl + 1) == 'u'
-              && num_signs > 0 && sign_get_attr(SIGN_TEXT, sattrs, 0, 1)) {
-            get_sign_display_info(true, wp, lnum, sattrs, row,
-                                  startrow, filler_lines, filler_todo,
-                                  &c_extra, &c_final, extra, sizeof(extra),
-                                  &p_extra, &n_extra, &char_attr, sign_idx);
-          } else {
-            // Draw the line number (empty space after wrapping).
-            if (row == startrow + filler_lines) {
-              get_line_number_str(wp, lnum, (char_u *)extra, sizeof(extra));
-              if (wp->w_skipcol > 0) {
-                for (p_extra = extra; *p_extra == ' '; p_extra++) {
-                  *p_extra = '-';
-                }
-              }
-              if (wp->w_p_rl) {                       // reverse line numbers
-                // like rl_mirror(), but keep the space at the end
-                char_u *p2 = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)extra);
-                p2 = skiptowhite(p2) - 1;
-                for (char_u *p1 = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)extra); p1 < p2; p1++, p2--) {
-                  const char_u t = *p1;
-                  *p1 = *p2;
-                  *p2 = t;
-                }
-              }
-              p_extra = extra;
-              c_extra = NUL;
-            } else {
-              c_extra = ' ';
-            }
-            c_final = NUL;
-            n_extra = number_width(wp) + 1;
-            char_attr = get_line_number_attr(wp, lnum, row, startrow, filler_lines, sattrs);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (draw_state == WL_NR && n_extra == 0) {
-        win_col_offset = off;
-      }
-
-      if (wp->w_briopt_sbr && draw_state == WL_BRI - 1
-          && n_extra == 0 && *get_showbreak_value(wp) != NUL) {
-        // draw indent after showbreak value
-        draw_state = WL_BRI;
-      } else if (wp->w_briopt_sbr && draw_state == WL_SBR && n_extra == 0) {
-        // after the showbreak, draw the breakindent
-        draw_state = WL_BRI - 1;
-      }
-
-      // draw 'breakindent': indent wrapped text accordingly
-      if (draw_state == WL_BRI - 1 && n_extra == 0) {
-        draw_state = WL_BRI;
-        // if need_showbreak is set, breakindent also applies
-        if (wp->w_p_bri && (row != startrow || need_showbreak)
-            && filler_lines == 0) {
-          char_attr = 0;
-
-          if (diff_hlf != (hlf_T)0) {
-            char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, (int)diff_hlf);
-          }
-          p_extra = NULL;
-          c_extra = ' ';
-          c_final = NUL;
-          n_extra =
-            get_breakindent_win(wp, ml_get_buf(wp->w_buffer, lnum, false));
-          if (row == startrow) {
-            n_extra -= win_col_off2(wp);
-            if (n_extra < 0) {
-              n_extra = 0;
-            }
-          }
-          if (wp->w_skipcol > 0 && wp->w_p_wrap && wp->w_briopt_sbr) {
-            need_showbreak = false;
-          }
-          // Correct end of highlighted area for 'breakindent',
-          // required wen 'linebreak' is also set.
-          if (tocol == vcol) {
-            tocol += n_extra;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (draw_state == WL_SBR - 1 && n_extra == 0) {
-        draw_state = WL_SBR;
-        if (filler_todo > filler_lines - n_virt_lines) {
-          // TODO(bfredl): check this doesn't inhibit TUI-style
-          //               clear-to-end-of-line.
-          c_extra = ' ';
-          c_final = NUL;
-          if (wp->w_p_rl) {
-            n_extra = col + 1;
-          } else {
-            n_extra = grid->cols - col;
-          }
-          char_attr = 0;
-        } else if (filler_todo > 0) {
-          // draw "deleted" diff line(s)
-          if (char2cells(wp->w_p_fcs_chars.diff) > 1) {
-            c_extra = '-';
-            c_final = NUL;
-          } else {
-            c_extra = wp->w_p_fcs_chars.diff;
-            c_final = NUL;
-          }
-          if (wp->w_p_rl) {
-            n_extra = col + 1;
-          } else {
-            n_extra = grid->cols - col;
-          }
-          char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_DED);
-        }
-        char_u *const sbr = get_showbreak_value(wp);
-        if (*sbr != NUL && need_showbreak) {
-          // Draw 'showbreak' at the start of each broken line.
-          p_extra = sbr;
-          c_extra = NUL;
-          c_final = NUL;
-          n_extra = (int)STRLEN(sbr);
-          char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);
-          if (wp->w_skipcol == 0 || !wp->w_p_wrap) {
-            need_showbreak = false;
-          }
-          vcol_sbr = vcol + mb_charlen(sbr);
-          // Correct end of highlighted area for 'showbreak',
-          // required when 'linebreak' is also set.
-          if (tocol == vcol) {
-            tocol += n_extra;
-          }
-          // Combine 'showbreak' with 'cursorline', prioritizing 'showbreak'.
-          if (cul_attr) {
-            char_attr = hl_combine_attr(cul_attr, char_attr);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (draw_state == WL_LINE - 1 && n_extra == 0) {
-        sign_idx = 0;
-        draw_state = WL_LINE;
-
-        if (has_decor && row == startrow + filler_lines) {
-          // hide virt_text on text hidden by 'nowrap'
-          decor_redraw_col(wp->w_buffer, (int)vcol, off, true, &decor_state);
-        }
-
-        if (saved_n_extra) {
-          // Continue item from end of wrapped line.
-          n_extra = saved_n_extra;
-          c_extra = saved_c_extra;
-          c_final = saved_c_final;
-          p_extra = saved_p_extra;
-          char_attr = saved_char_attr;
-        } else {
-          char_attr = 0;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (cul_screenline && draw_state == WL_LINE
-        && vcol >= left_curline_col
-        && vcol < right_curline_col) {
-      cul_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_CUL);
-      HlAttrs ae = syn_attr2entry(cul_attr);
-      if (ae.rgb_fg_color == -1 && ae.cterm_fg_color == 0) {
-        line_attr_lowprio = cul_attr;
-      } else {
-        if (!(State & MODE_INSERT) && bt_quickfix(wp->w_buffer)
-            && qf_current_entry(wp) == lnum) {
-          line_attr = hl_combine_attr(cul_attr, line_attr);
-        } else {
-          line_attr = cul_attr;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // When still displaying '$' of change command, stop at cursor
-    if (((dollar_vcol >= 0
-          && wp == curwin
-          && lnum == wp->w_cursor.lnum
-          && vcol >= (long)wp->w_virtcol)
-         || (number_only && draw_state > WL_NR))
-        && filler_todo <= 0) {
-      draw_virt_text(wp, buf, win_col_offset, &col, grid->cols, row);
-      grid_put_linebuf(grid, row, 0, col, -grid->cols, wp->w_p_rl, wp,
-                       wp->w_hl_attr_normal, false);
-      // Pretend we have finished updating the window.  Except when
-      // 'cursorcolumn' is set.
-      if (wp->w_p_cuc) {
-        row = wp->w_cline_row + wp->w_cline_height;
-      } else {
-        row = grid->rows;
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    if (draw_state == WL_LINE
-        && has_fold
-        && col == win_col_offset
-        && n_extra == 0
-        && row == startrow) {
-      char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_FL);
-
-      linenr_T lnume = lnum + foldinfo.fi_lines - 1;
-      memset(buf_fold, ' ', FOLD_TEXT_LEN);
-      p_extra = get_foldtext(wp, lnum, lnume, foldinfo, buf_fold);
-      n_extra = (int)STRLEN(p_extra);
-
-      if (p_extra != buf_fold) {
-        xfree(p_extra_free);
-        p_extra_free = p_extra;
-      }
-      c_extra = NUL;
-      c_final = NUL;
-      p_extra[n_extra] = NUL;
-    }
-
-    if (draw_state == WL_LINE
-        && has_fold
-        && col < grid->cols
-        && n_extra == 0
-        && row == startrow) {
-      // fill rest of line with 'fold'
-      c_extra = wp->w_p_fcs_chars.fold;
-      c_final = NUL;
-
-      n_extra = wp->w_p_rl ? (col + 1) : (grid->cols - col);
-    }
-
-    if (draw_state == WL_LINE
-        && has_fold
-        && col >= grid->cols
-        && n_extra != 0
-        && row == startrow) {
-      // Truncate the folding.
-      n_extra = 0;
-    }
-
-    if (draw_state == WL_LINE && (area_highlighting || has_spell)) {
-      // handle Visual or match highlighting in this line
-      if (vcol == fromcol
-          || (vcol + 1 == fromcol && n_extra == 0
-              && utf_ptr2cells((char *)ptr) > 1)
-          || ((int)vcol_prev == fromcol_prev
-              && vcol_prev < vcol               // not at margin
-              && vcol < tocol)) {
-        area_attr = attr;                       // start highlighting
-        if (area_highlighting) {
-          area_active = true;
-        }
-      } else if (area_attr != 0 && (vcol == tocol
-                                    || (noinvcur
-                                        && (colnr_T)vcol == wp->w_virtcol))) {
-        area_attr = 0;                          // stop highlighting
-        area_active = false;
-      }
-
-      if (!n_extra) {
-        // Check for start/end of 'hlsearch' and other matches.
-        // After end, check for start/end of next match.
-        // When another match, have to check for start again.
-        v = (ptr - line);
-        search_attr = update_search_hl(wp, lnum, (colnr_T)v, &line, &search_hl, &has_match_conc,
-                                       &match_conc, lcs_eol_one, &search_attr_from_match);
-        ptr = line + v;  // "line" may have been changed
-
-        // Do not allow a conceal over EOL otherwise EOL will be missed
-        // and bad things happen.
-        if (*ptr == NUL) {
-          has_match_conc = 0;
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (diff_hlf != (hlf_T)0) {
-        if (diff_hlf == HLF_CHD && ptr - line >= change_start
-            && n_extra == 0) {
-          diff_hlf = HLF_TXD;                   // changed text
-        }
-        if (diff_hlf == HLF_TXD && ptr - line > change_end
-            && n_extra == 0) {
-          diff_hlf = HLF_CHD;                   // changed line
-        }
-        line_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, (int)diff_hlf);
-        // Overlay CursorLine onto diff-mode highlight.
-        if (cul_attr) {
-          line_attr = 0 != line_attr_lowprio  // Low-priority CursorLine
-            ? hl_combine_attr(hl_combine_attr(cul_attr, line_attr),
-                              hl_get_underline())
-            : hl_combine_attr(line_attr, cul_attr);
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Decide which of the highlight attributes to use.
-      attr_pri = true;
-
-      if (area_attr != 0) {
-        char_attr = hl_combine_attr(line_attr, area_attr);
-        if (!highlight_match) {
-          // let search highlight show in Visual area if possible
-          char_attr = hl_combine_attr(search_attr, char_attr);
-        }
-      } else if (search_attr != 0) {
-        char_attr = hl_combine_attr(line_attr, search_attr);
-      }
-      // Use line_attr when not in the Visual or 'incsearch' area
-      // (area_attr may be 0 when "noinvcur" is set).
-      else if (line_attr != 0 && ((fromcol == -10 && tocol == MAXCOL)
-                                  || vcol < fromcol || vcol_prev < fromcol_prev
-                                  || vcol >= tocol)) {
-        char_attr = line_attr;
-      } else {
-        attr_pri = false;
-        if (has_syntax) {
-          char_attr = syntax_attr;
-        } else {
-          char_attr = 0;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Get the next character to put on the screen.
-    //
-    // The "p_extra" points to the extra stuff that is inserted to
-    // represent special characters (non-printable stuff) and other
-    // things.  When all characters are the same, c_extra is used.
-    // If c_final is set, it will compulsorily be used at the end.
-    // "p_extra" must end in a NUL to avoid utfc_ptr2len() reads past
-    // "p_extra[n_extra]".
-    // For the '$' of the 'list' option, n_extra == 1, p_extra == "".
-    if (n_extra > 0) {
-      if (c_extra != NUL || (n_extra == 1 && c_final != NUL)) {
-        c = (n_extra == 1 && c_final != NUL) ? c_final : c_extra;
-        mb_c = c;               // doesn't handle non-utf-8 multi-byte!
-        if (utf_char2len(c) > 1) {
-          mb_utf8 = true;
-          u8cc[0] = 0;
-          c = 0xc0;
-        } else {
-          mb_utf8 = false;
-        }
-      } else {
-        assert(p_extra != NULL);
-        c = *p_extra;
-        mb_c = c;
-        // If the UTF-8 character is more than one byte:
-        // Decode it into "mb_c".
-        mb_l = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p_extra);
-        mb_utf8 = false;
-        if (mb_l > n_extra) {
-          mb_l = 1;
-        } else if (mb_l > 1) {
-          mb_c = utfc_ptr2char(p_extra, u8cc);
-          mb_utf8 = true;
-          c = 0xc0;
-        }
-        if (mb_l == 0) {          // at the NUL at end-of-line
-          mb_l = 1;
-        }
-
-        // If a double-width char doesn't fit display a '>' in the last column.
-        if ((wp->w_p_rl ? (col <= 0) : (col >= grid->cols - 1))
-            && utf_char2cells(mb_c) == 2) {
-          c = '>';
-          mb_c = c;
-          mb_l = 1;
-          (void)mb_l;
-          multi_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);
-
-          if (cul_attr) {
-            multi_attr = 0 != line_attr_lowprio
-              ? hl_combine_attr(cul_attr, multi_attr)
-              : hl_combine_attr(multi_attr, cul_attr);
-          }
-
-          // put the pointer back to output the double-width
-          // character at the start of the next line.
-          n_extra++;
-          p_extra--;
-        } else {
-          n_extra -= mb_l - 1;
-          p_extra += mb_l - 1;
-        }
-        p_extra++;
-      }
-      n_extra--;
-    } else if (foldinfo.fi_lines > 0) {
-      // skip writing the buffer line itself
-      c = NUL;
-      XFREE_CLEAR(p_extra_free);
-    } else {
-      int c0;
-
-      XFREE_CLEAR(p_extra_free);
-
-      // Get a character from the line itself.
-      c0 = c = *ptr;
-      mb_c = c;
-      // If the UTF-8 character is more than one byte: Decode it
-      // into "mb_c".
-      mb_l = utfc_ptr2len((char *)ptr);
-      mb_utf8 = false;
-      if (mb_l > 1) {
-        mb_c = utfc_ptr2char(ptr, u8cc);
-        // Overlong encoded ASCII or ASCII with composing char
-        // is displayed normally, except a NUL.
-        if (mb_c < 0x80) {
-          c0 = c = mb_c;
-        }
-        mb_utf8 = true;
-
-        // At start of the line we can have a composing char.
-        // Draw it as a space with a composing char.
-        if (utf_iscomposing(mb_c)) {
-          int i;
-
-          for (i = MAX_MCO - 1; i > 0; i--) {
-            u8cc[i] = u8cc[i - 1];
-          }
-          u8cc[0] = mb_c;
-          mb_c = ' ';
-        }
-      }
-
-      if ((mb_l == 1 && c >= 0x80)
-          || (mb_l >= 1 && mb_c == 0)
-          || (mb_l > 1 && (!vim_isprintc(mb_c)))) {
-        // Illegal UTF-8 byte: display as <xx>.
-        // Non-BMP character : display as ? or fullwidth ?.
-        transchar_hex((char *)extra, mb_c);
-        if (wp->w_p_rl) {  // reverse
-          rl_mirror(extra);
-        }
-
-        p_extra = extra;
-        c = *p_extra;
-        mb_c = mb_ptr2char_adv((const char_u **)&p_extra);
-        mb_utf8 = (c >= 0x80);
-        n_extra = (int)STRLEN(p_extra);
-        c_extra = NUL;
-        c_final = NUL;
-        if (area_attr == 0 && search_attr == 0) {
-          n_attr = n_extra + 1;
-          extra_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_8);
-          saved_attr2 = char_attr;               // save current attr
-        }
-      } else if (mb_l == 0) {        // at the NUL at end-of-line
-        mb_l = 1;
-      } else if (p_arshape && !p_tbidi && ARABIC_CHAR(mb_c)) {
-        // Do Arabic shaping.
-        int pc, pc1, nc;
-        int pcc[MAX_MCO];
-
-        // The idea of what is the previous and next
-        // character depends on 'rightleft'.
-        if (wp->w_p_rl) {
-          pc = prev_c;
-          pc1 = prev_c1;
-          nc = utf_ptr2char((char *)ptr + mb_l);
-          prev_c1 = u8cc[0];
-        } else {
-          pc = utfc_ptr2char(ptr + mb_l, pcc);
-          nc = prev_c;
-          pc1 = pcc[0];
-        }
-        prev_c = mb_c;
-
-        mb_c = arabic_shape(mb_c, &c, &u8cc[0], pc, pc1, nc);
-      } else {
-        prev_c = mb_c;
-      }
-      // If a double-width char doesn't fit display a '>' in the
-      // last column; the character is displayed at the start of the
-      // next line.
-      if ((wp->w_p_rl ? (col <= 0) :
-           (col >= grid->cols - 1))
-          && utf_char2cells(mb_c) == 2) {
-        c = '>';
-        mb_c = c;
-        mb_utf8 = false;
-        mb_l = 1;
-        multi_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);
-        // Put pointer back so that the character will be
-        // displayed at the start of the next line.
-        ptr--;
-        did_decrement_ptr = true;
-      } else if (*ptr != NUL) {
-        ptr += mb_l - 1;
-      }
-
-      // If a double-width char doesn't fit at the left side display a '<' in
-      // the first column.  Don't do this for unprintable characters.
-      if (n_skip > 0 && mb_l > 1 && n_extra == 0) {
-        n_extra = 1;
-        c_extra = MB_FILLER_CHAR;
-        c_final = NUL;
-        c = ' ';
-        if (area_attr == 0 && search_attr == 0) {
-          n_attr = n_extra + 1;
-          extra_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);
-          saved_attr2 = char_attr;             // save current attr
-        }
-        mb_c = c;
-        mb_utf8 = false;
-        mb_l = 1;
-      }
-      ptr++;
-
-      if (extra_check) {
-        bool can_spell = true;
-
-        /* Get syntax attribute, unless still at the start of the line
-         * (double-wide char that doesn't fit). */
-        v = (ptr - line);
-        if (has_syntax && v > 0) {
-          /* Get the syntax attribute for the character.  If there
-           * is an error, disable syntax highlighting. */
-          save_did_emsg = did_emsg;
-          did_emsg = FALSE;
-
-          syntax_attr = get_syntax_attr((colnr_T)v - 1,
-                                        has_spell ? &can_spell : NULL, false);
-
-          if (did_emsg) {
-            wp->w_s->b_syn_error = TRUE;
-            has_syntax = FALSE;
-          } else {
-            did_emsg = save_did_emsg;
-          }
-
-          if (wp->w_s->b_syn_slow) {
-            has_syntax = false;
-          }
-
-          // Need to get the line again, a multi-line regexp may
-          // have made it invalid.
-          line = ml_get_buf(wp->w_buffer, lnum, false);
-          ptr = line + v;
-
-          if (!attr_pri) {
-            if (cul_attr) {
-              char_attr = 0 != line_attr_lowprio
-                ? hl_combine_attr(cul_attr, syntax_attr)
-                : hl_combine_attr(syntax_attr, cul_attr);
-            } else {
-              char_attr = syntax_attr;
-            }
-          } else {
-            char_attr = hl_combine_attr(syntax_attr, char_attr);
-          }
-          // no concealing past the end of the line, it interferes
-          // with line highlighting.
-          if (c == NUL) {
-            syntax_flags = 0;
-          } else {
-            syntax_flags = get_syntax_info(&syntax_seqnr);
-          }
-        } else if (!attr_pri) {
-          char_attr = 0;
-        }
-
-        /* Check spelling (unless at the end of the line).
-         * Only do this when there is no syntax highlighting, the
-         * @Spell cluster is not used or the current syntax item
-         * contains the @Spell cluster. */
-        v = (ptr - line);
-        if (has_spell && v >= word_end && v > cur_checked_col) {
-          spell_attr = 0;
-          if (!attr_pri) {
-            char_attr = syntax_attr;
-          }
-          if (c != 0 && (!has_syntax || can_spell)) {
-            char_u *prev_ptr;
-            char_u *p;
-            int len;
-            hlf_T spell_hlf = HLF_COUNT;
-            prev_ptr = ptr - mb_l;
-            v -= mb_l - 1;
-
-            /* Use nextline[] if possible, it has the start of the
-             * next line concatenated. */
-            if ((prev_ptr - line) - nextlinecol >= 0) {
-              p = nextline + ((prev_ptr - line) - nextlinecol);
-            } else {
-              p = prev_ptr;
-            }
-            cap_col -= (int)(prev_ptr - line);
-            size_t tmplen = spell_check(wp, p, &spell_hlf, &cap_col, nochange);
-            assert(tmplen <= INT_MAX);
-            len = (int)tmplen;
-            word_end = (int)v + len;
-
-            /* In Insert mode only highlight a word that
-             * doesn't touch the cursor. */
-            if (spell_hlf != HLF_COUNT
-                && (State & MODE_INSERT)
-                && wp->w_cursor.lnum == lnum
-                && wp->w_cursor.col >=
-                (colnr_T)(prev_ptr - line)
-                && wp->w_cursor.col < (colnr_T)word_end) {
-              spell_hlf = HLF_COUNT;
-              spell_redraw_lnum = lnum;
-            }
-
-            if (spell_hlf == HLF_COUNT && p != prev_ptr
-                && (p - nextline) + len > nextline_idx) {
-              /* Remember that the good word continues at the
-               * start of the next line. */
-              checked_lnum = lnum + 1;
-              checked_col = (int)((p - nextline) + len - nextline_idx);
-            }
-
-            // Turn index into actual attributes.
-            if (spell_hlf != HLF_COUNT) {
-              spell_attr = highlight_attr[spell_hlf];
-            }
-
-            if (cap_col > 0) {
-              if (p != prev_ptr
-                  && (p - nextline) + cap_col >= nextline_idx) {
-                /* Remember that the word in the next line
-                 * must start with a capital. */
-                capcol_lnum = lnum + 1;
-                cap_col = (int)((p - nextline) + cap_col
-                                - nextline_idx);
-              } else {
-                // Compute the actual column.
-                cap_col += (int)(prev_ptr - line);
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-        if (spell_attr != 0) {
-          if (!attr_pri) {
-            char_attr = hl_combine_attr(char_attr, spell_attr);
-          } else {
-            char_attr = hl_combine_attr(spell_attr, char_attr);
-          }
-        }
-
-        if (wp->w_buffer->terminal) {
-          char_attr = hl_combine_attr(term_attrs[vcol], char_attr);
-        }
-
-        if (has_decor && v > 0) {
-          bool selected = (area_active || (area_highlighting && noinvcur
-                                           && (colnr_T)vcol == wp->w_virtcol));
-          int extmark_attr = decor_redraw_col(wp->w_buffer, (colnr_T)v - 1, off,
-                                              selected, &decor_state);
-          if (extmark_attr != 0) {
-            if (!attr_pri) {
-              char_attr = hl_combine_attr(char_attr, extmark_attr);
-            } else {
-              char_attr = hl_combine_attr(extmark_attr, char_attr);
-            }
-          }
-
-          decor_conceal = decor_state.conceal;
-          if (decor_conceal && decor_state.conceal_char) {
-            decor_conceal = 2;  // really??
-          }
-        }
-
-        // Found last space before word: check for line break.
-        if (wp->w_p_lbr && c0 == c && vim_isbreak(c)
-            && !vim_isbreak((int)(*ptr))) {
-          int mb_off = utf_head_off(line, ptr - 1);
-          char_u *p = ptr - (mb_off + 1);
-          // TODO: is passing p for start of the line OK?
-          n_extra = win_lbr_chartabsize(wp, line, p, (colnr_T)vcol, NULL) - 1;
-
-          // We have just drawn the showbreak value, no need to add
-          // space for it again.
-          if (vcol == vcol_sbr) {
-            n_extra -= mb_charlen(get_showbreak_value(wp));
-            if (n_extra < 0) {
-              n_extra = 0;
-            }
-          }
-
-          if (c == TAB && n_extra + col > grid->cols) {
-            n_extra = tabstop_padding((colnr_T)vcol, wp->w_buffer->b_p_ts,
-                                      wp->w_buffer->b_p_vts_array) - 1;
-          }
-          c_extra = mb_off > 0 ? MB_FILLER_CHAR : ' ';
-          c_final = NUL;
-          if (ascii_iswhite(c)) {
-            if (c == TAB) {
-              // See "Tab alignment" below.
-              FIX_FOR_BOGUSCOLS;
-            }
-            if (!wp->w_p_list) {
-              c = ' ';
-            }
-          }
-        }
-
-        in_multispace = c == ' ' && ((ptr > line + 1 && ptr[-2] == ' ') || *ptr == ' ');
-        if (!in_multispace) {
-          multispace_pos = 0;
-        }
-
-        // 'list': Change char 160 to 'nbsp' and space to 'space'.
-        // But not when the character is followed by a composing
-        // character (use mb_l to check that).
-        if (wp->w_p_list
-            && ((((c == 160 && mb_l == 1)
-                  || (mb_utf8
-                      && ((mb_c == 160 && mb_l == 2)
-                          || (mb_c == 0x202f && mb_l == 3))))
-                 && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.nbsp)
-                || (c == ' '
-                    && mb_l == 1
-                    && (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.space
-                        || (in_multispace && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace != NULL))
-                    && ptr - line >= leadcol
-                    && ptr - line <= trailcol))) {
-          if (in_multispace && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace != NULL) {
-            c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace[multispace_pos++];
-            if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace[multispace_pos] == NUL) {
-              multispace_pos = 0;
-            }
-          } else {
-            c = (c == ' ') ? wp->w_p_lcs_chars.space : wp->w_p_lcs_chars.nbsp;
-          }
-          n_attr = 1;
-          extra_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_0);
-          saved_attr2 = char_attr;  // save current attr
-          mb_c = c;
-          if (utf_char2len(c) > 1) {
-            mb_utf8 = true;
-            u8cc[0] = 0;
-            c = 0xc0;
-          } else {
-            mb_utf8 = false;
-          }
-        }
-
-        if (c == ' ' && ((trailcol != MAXCOL && ptr > line + trailcol)
-                         || (leadcol != 0 && ptr < line + leadcol))) {
-          if (leadcol != 0 && in_multispace && ptr < line + leadcol
-              && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace != NULL) {
-            c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace[multispace_pos++];
-            if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace[multispace_pos] == NUL) {
-              multispace_pos = 0;
-            }
-          } else if (ptr > line + trailcol && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.trail) {
-            c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.trail;
-          } else if (ptr < line + leadcol && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.lead) {
-            c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.lead;
-          } else if (leadcol != 0 && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.space) {
-            c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.space;
-          }
-
-          n_attr = 1;
-          extra_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_0);
-          saved_attr2 = char_attr;  // save current attr
-          mb_c = c;
-          if (utf_char2len(c) > 1) {
-            mb_utf8 = true;
-            u8cc[0] = 0;
-            c = 0xc0;
-          } else {
-            mb_utf8 = false;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      /*
-       * Handling of non-printable characters.
-       */
-      if (!vim_isprintc(c)) {
-        // when getting a character from the file, we may have to
-        // turn it into something else on the way to putting it on the screen.
-        if (c == TAB && (!wp->w_p_list || wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab1)) {
-          int tab_len = 0;
-          long vcol_adjusted = vcol;  // removed showbreak length
-          char_u *const sbr = get_showbreak_value(wp);
-
-          // Only adjust the tab_len, when at the first column after the
-          // showbreak value was drawn.
-          if (*sbr != NUL && vcol == vcol_sbr && wp->w_p_wrap) {
-            vcol_adjusted = vcol - mb_charlen(sbr);
-          }
-          // tab amount depends on current column
-          tab_len = tabstop_padding((colnr_T)vcol_adjusted,
-                                    wp->w_buffer->b_p_ts,
-                                    wp->w_buffer->b_p_vts_array) - 1;
-
-          if (!wp->w_p_lbr || !wp->w_p_list) {
-            n_extra = tab_len;
-          } else {
-            char_u *p;
-            int i;
-            int saved_nextra = n_extra;
-
-            if (vcol_off > 0) {
-              // there are characters to conceal
-              tab_len += vcol_off;
-            }
-            // boguscols before FIX_FOR_BOGUSCOLS macro from above.
-            if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab1 && old_boguscols > 0
-                && n_extra > tab_len) {
-              tab_len += n_extra - tab_len;
-            }
-
-            // If n_extra > 0, it gives the number of chars
-            // to use for a tab, else we need to calculate the width
-            // for a tab.
-            int len = (tab_len * utf_char2len(wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab2));
-            if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3) {
-              len += utf_char2len(wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3);
-            }
-            if (n_extra > 0) {
-              len += n_extra - tab_len;
-            }
-            c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab1;
-            p = xmalloc((size_t)len + 1);
-            memset(p, ' ', (size_t)len);
-            p[len] = NUL;
-            xfree(p_extra_free);
-            p_extra_free = p;
-            for (i = 0; i < tab_len; i++) {
-              if (*p == NUL) {
-                tab_len = i;
-                break;
-              }
-              int lcs = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab2;
-
-              // if tab3 is given, use it for the last char
-              if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3 && i == tab_len - 1) {
-                lcs = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3;
-              }
-              p += utf_char2bytes(lcs, (char *)p);
-              n_extra += utf_char2len(lcs) - (saved_nextra > 0 ? 1 : 0);
-            }
-            p_extra = p_extra_free;
-
-            // n_extra will be increased by FIX_FOX_BOGUSCOLS
-            // macro below, so need to adjust for that here
-            if (vcol_off > 0) {
-              n_extra -= vcol_off;
-            }
-          }
-
-          {
-            int vc_saved = vcol_off;
-
-            // Tab alignment should be identical regardless of
-            // 'conceallevel' value. So tab compensates of all
-            // previous concealed characters, and thus resets
-            // vcol_off and boguscols accumulated so far in the
-            // line. Note that the tab can be longer than
-            // 'tabstop' when there are concealed characters.
-            FIX_FOR_BOGUSCOLS;
-
-            // Make sure, the highlighting for the tab char will be
-            // correctly set further below (effectively reverts the
-            // FIX_FOR_BOGSUCOLS macro).
-            if (n_extra == tab_len + vc_saved && wp->w_p_list
-                && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab1) {
-              tab_len += vc_saved;
-            }
-          }
-
-          mb_utf8 = false;  // don't draw as UTF-8
-          if (wp->w_p_list) {
-            c = (n_extra == 0 && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3)
-                 ? wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3
-                 : wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab1;
-            if (wp->w_p_lbr) {
-              c_extra = NUL;  // using p_extra from above
-            } else {
-              c_extra = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab2;
-            }
-            c_final = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3;
-            n_attr = tab_len + 1;
-            extra_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_0);
-            saved_attr2 = char_attr;  // save current attr
-            mb_c = c;
-            if (utf_char2len(c) > 1) {
-              mb_utf8 = true;
-              u8cc[0] = 0;
-              c = 0xc0;
-            }
-          } else {
-            c_final = NUL;
-            c_extra = ' ';
-            c = ' ';
-          }
-        } else if (c == NUL
-                   && (wp->w_p_list
-                       || ((fromcol >= 0 || fromcol_prev >= 0)
-                           && tocol > vcol
-                           && VIsual_mode != Ctrl_V
-                           && (wp->w_p_rl ? (col >= 0) : (col < grid->cols))
-                           && !(noinvcur
-                                && lnum == wp->w_cursor.lnum
-                                && (colnr_T)vcol == wp->w_virtcol)))
-                   && lcs_eol_one > 0) {
-          // Display a '$' after the line or highlight an extra
-          // character if the line break is included.
-          // For a diff line the highlighting continues after the "$".
-          if (diff_hlf == (hlf_T)0
-              && line_attr == 0
-              && line_attr_lowprio == 0) {
-            // In virtualedit, visual selections may extend beyond end of line
-            if (area_highlighting && virtual_active()
-                && tocol != MAXCOL && vcol < tocol) {
-              n_extra = 0;
-            } else {
-              p_extra = at_end_str;
-              n_extra = 1;
-              c_extra = NUL;
-              c_final = NUL;
-            }
-          }
-          if (wp->w_p_list && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.eol > 0) {
-            c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.eol;
-          } else {
-            c = ' ';
-          }
-          lcs_eol_one = -1;
-          ptr--;  // put it back at the NUL
-          extra_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);
-          n_attr = 1;
-          mb_c = c;
-          if (utf_char2len(c) > 1) {
-            mb_utf8 = true;
-            u8cc[0] = 0;
-            c = 0xc0;
-          } else {
-            mb_utf8 = false;                    // don't draw as UTF-8
-          }
-        } else if (c != NUL) {
-          p_extra = transchar_buf(wp->w_buffer, c);
-          if (n_extra == 0) {
-            n_extra = byte2cells(c) - 1;
-          }
-          if ((dy_flags & DY_UHEX) && wp->w_p_rl) {
-            rl_mirror(p_extra);                 // reverse "<12>"
-          }
-          c_extra = NUL;
-          c_final = NUL;
-          if (wp->w_p_lbr) {
-            char_u *p;
-
-            c = *p_extra;
-            p = xmalloc((size_t)n_extra + 1);
-            memset(p, ' ', (size_t)n_extra);
-            STRNCPY(p, p_extra + 1, STRLEN(p_extra) - 1);  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
-            p[n_extra] = NUL;
-            xfree(p_extra_free);
-            p_extra_free = p_extra = p;
-          } else {
-            n_extra = byte2cells(c) - 1;
-            c = *p_extra++;
-          }
-          n_attr = n_extra + 1;
-          extra_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_8);
-          saved_attr2 = char_attr;  // save current attr
-          mb_utf8 = false;   // don't draw as UTF-8
-        } else if (VIsual_active
-                   && (VIsual_mode == Ctrl_V || VIsual_mode == 'v')
-                   && virtual_active()
-                   && tocol != MAXCOL
-                   && vcol < tocol
-                   && (wp->w_p_rl ? (col >= 0) : (col < grid->cols))) {
-          c = ' ';
-          ptr--;  // put it back at the NUL
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (wp->w_p_cole > 0
-          && (wp != curwin || lnum != wp->w_cursor.lnum || conceal_cursor_line(wp))
-          && ((syntax_flags & HL_CONCEAL) != 0 || has_match_conc > 0 || decor_conceal > 0)
-          && !(lnum_in_visual_area && vim_strchr((char *)wp->w_p_cocu, 'v') == NULL)) {
-        char_attr = conceal_attr;
-        if (((prev_syntax_id != syntax_seqnr && (syntax_flags & HL_CONCEAL) != 0)
-             || has_match_conc > 1 || decor_conceal > 1)
-            && (syn_get_sub_char() != NUL
-                || (has_match_conc && match_conc)
-                || (decor_conceal && decor_state.conceal_char)
-                || wp->w_p_cole == 1)
-            && wp->w_p_cole != 3) {
-          // First time at this concealed item: display one
-          // character.
-          if (has_match_conc && match_conc) {
-            c = match_conc;
-          } else if (decor_conceal && decor_state.conceal_char) {
-            c = decor_state.conceal_char;
-            if (decor_state.conceal_attr) {
-              char_attr = decor_state.conceal_attr;
-            }
-          } else if (syn_get_sub_char() != NUL) {
-            c = syn_get_sub_char();
-          } else if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.conceal != NUL) {
-            c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.conceal;
-          } else {
-            c = ' ';
-          }
-
-          prev_syntax_id = syntax_seqnr;
-
-          if (n_extra > 0) {
-            vcol_off += n_extra;
-          }
-          vcol += n_extra;
-          if (wp->w_p_wrap && n_extra > 0) {
-            if (wp->w_p_rl) {
-              col -= n_extra;
-              boguscols -= n_extra;
-            } else {
-              boguscols += n_extra;
-              col += n_extra;
-            }
-          }
-          n_extra = 0;
-          n_attr = 0;
-        } else if (n_skip == 0) {
-          is_concealing = true;
-          n_skip = 1;
-        }
-        mb_c = c;
-        if (utf_char2len(c) > 1) {
-          mb_utf8 = true;
-          u8cc[0] = 0;
-          c = 0xc0;
-        } else {
-          mb_utf8 = false;              // don't draw as UTF-8
-        }
-      } else {
-        prev_syntax_id = 0;
-        is_concealing = false;
-      }
-
-      if (n_skip > 0 && did_decrement_ptr) {
-        // not showing the '>', put pointer back to avoid getting stuck
-        ptr++;
-      }
-    }  // end of printing from buffer content
-
-    /* In the cursor line and we may be concealing characters: correct
-     * the cursor column when we reach its position. */
-    if (!did_wcol && draw_state == WL_LINE
-        && wp == curwin && lnum == wp->w_cursor.lnum
-        && conceal_cursor_line(wp)
-        && (int)wp->w_virtcol <= vcol + n_skip) {
-      if (wp->w_p_rl) {
-        wp->w_wcol = grid->cols - col + boguscols - 1;
-      } else {
-        wp->w_wcol = col - boguscols;
-      }
-      wp->w_wrow = row;
-      did_wcol = true;
-      wp->w_valid |= VALID_WCOL|VALID_WROW|VALID_VIRTCOL;
-    }
-
-    // Don't override visual selection highlighting.
-    if (n_attr > 0 && draw_state == WL_LINE && !search_attr_from_match) {
-      char_attr = hl_combine_attr(char_attr, extra_attr);
-    }
-
-    // Handle the case where we are in column 0 but not on the first
-    // character of the line and the user wants us to show us a
-    // special character (via 'listchars' option "precedes:<char>".
-    if (lcs_prec_todo != NUL
-        && wp->w_p_list
-        && (wp->w_p_wrap ? (wp->w_skipcol > 0 && row == 0) : wp->w_leftcol > 0)
-        && filler_todo <= 0
-        && draw_state > WL_NR
-        && c != NUL) {
-      c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.prec;
-      lcs_prec_todo = NUL;
-      if (utf_char2cells(mb_c) > 1) {
-        // Double-width character being overwritten by the "precedes"
-        // character, need to fill up half the character.
-        c_extra = MB_FILLER_CHAR;
-        c_final = NUL;
-        n_extra = 1;
-        n_attr = 2;
-        extra_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);
-      }
-      mb_c = c;
-      if (utf_char2len(c) > 1) {
-        mb_utf8 = true;
-        u8cc[0] = 0;
-        c = 0xc0;
-      } else {
-        mb_utf8 = false;  // don't draw as UTF-8
-      }
-      saved_attr3 = char_attr;  // save current attr
-      char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);  // overwriting char_attr
-      n_attr3 = 1;
-    }
-
-    // At end of the text line or just after the last character.
-    if (c == NUL && eol_hl_off == 0) {
-      // flag to indicate whether prevcol equals startcol of search_hl or
-      // one of the matches
-      bool prevcol_hl_flag = get_prevcol_hl_flag(wp, &search_hl,
-                                                 (long)(ptr - line) - 1);
-
-      // Invert at least one char, used for Visual and empty line or
-      // highlight match at end of line. If it's beyond the last
-      // char on the screen, just overwrite that one (tricky!)  Not
-      // needed when a '$' was displayed for 'list'.
-      if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.eol == lcs_eol_one
-          && ((area_attr != 0 && vcol == fromcol
-               && (VIsual_mode != Ctrl_V
-                   || lnum == VIsual.lnum
-                   || lnum == curwin->w_cursor.lnum))
-              // highlight 'hlsearch' match at end of line
-              || prevcol_hl_flag)) {
-        int n = 0;
-
-        if (wp->w_p_rl) {
-          if (col < 0) {
-            n = 1;
-          }
-        } else {
-          if (col >= grid->cols) {
-            n = -1;
-          }
-        }
-        if (n != 0) {
-          // At the window boundary, highlight the last character
-          // instead (better than nothing).
-          off += n;
-          col += n;
-        } else {
-          // Add a blank character to highlight.
-          schar_from_ascii(linebuf_char[off], ' ');
-        }
-        if (area_attr == 0 && !has_fold) {
-          // Use attributes from match with highest priority among
-          // 'search_hl' and the match list.
-          get_search_match_hl(wp, &search_hl, (long)(ptr - line), &char_attr);
-        }
-
-        int eol_attr = char_attr;
-        if (cul_attr) {
-          eol_attr = hl_combine_attr(cul_attr, eol_attr);
-        }
-        linebuf_attr[off] = eol_attr;
-        if (wp->w_p_rl) {
-          --col;
-          --off;
-        } else {
-          ++col;
-          ++off;
-        }
-        ++vcol;
-        eol_hl_off = 1;
-      }
-      // Highlight 'cursorcolumn' & 'colorcolumn' past end of the line.
-      if (wp->w_p_wrap) {
-        v = wp->w_skipcol;
-      } else {
-        v = wp->w_leftcol;
-      }
-
-      // check if line ends before left margin
-      if (vcol < v + col - win_col_off(wp)) {
-        vcol = v + col - win_col_off(wp);
-      }
-      // Get rid of the boguscols now, we want to draw until the right
-      // edge for 'cursorcolumn'.
-      col -= boguscols;
-      // boguscols = 0;  // Disabled because value never read after this
-
-      if (draw_color_col) {
-        draw_color_col = advance_color_col((int)VCOL_HLC, &color_cols);
-      }
-
-      bool has_virttext = false;
-      // Make sure alignment is the same regardless
-      // if listchars=eol:X is used or not.
-      int eol_skip = (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.eol == lcs_eol_one && eol_hl_off == 0
-                      ? 1 : 0);
-
-      if (has_decor) {
-        has_virttext = decor_redraw_eol(wp->w_buffer, &decor_state, &line_attr,
-                                        col + eol_skip);
-      }
-
-      if (((wp->w_p_cuc
-            && (int)wp->w_virtcol >= VCOL_HLC - eol_hl_off
-            && (int)wp->w_virtcol <
-            (long)grid->cols * (row - startrow + 1) + v
-            && lnum != wp->w_cursor.lnum)
-           || draw_color_col || line_attr_lowprio || line_attr
-           || diff_hlf != (hlf_T)0 || has_virttext)) {
-        int rightmost_vcol = 0;
-        int i;
-
-        if (wp->w_p_cuc) {
-          rightmost_vcol = wp->w_virtcol;
-        }
-
-        if (draw_color_col) {
-          // determine rightmost colorcolumn to possibly draw
-          for (i = 0; color_cols[i] >= 0; i++) {
-            if (rightmost_vcol < color_cols[i]) {
-              rightmost_vcol = color_cols[i];
-            }
-          }
-        }
-
-        int cuc_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_CUC);
-        int mc_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_MC);
-
-        int diff_attr = 0;
-        if (diff_hlf == HLF_TXD) {
-          diff_hlf = HLF_CHD;
-        }
-        if (diff_hlf != 0) {
-          diff_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, (int)diff_hlf);
-        }
-
-        int base_attr = hl_combine_attr(line_attr_lowprio, diff_attr);
-        if (base_attr || line_attr || has_virttext) {
-          rightmost_vcol = INT_MAX;
-        }
-
-        int col_stride = wp->w_p_rl ? -1 : 1;
-
-        while (wp->w_p_rl ? col >= 0 : col < grid->cols) {
-          schar_from_ascii(linebuf_char[off], ' ');
-          col += col_stride;
-          if (draw_color_col) {
-            draw_color_col = advance_color_col((int)VCOL_HLC, &color_cols);
-          }
-
-          int col_attr = base_attr;
-
-          if (wp->w_p_cuc && VCOL_HLC == (long)wp->w_virtcol) {
-            col_attr = cuc_attr;
-          } else if (draw_color_col && VCOL_HLC == *color_cols) {
-            col_attr = mc_attr;
-            // Draw the colorcolumn character.
-            c = wp->w_p_fcs_chars.colorcol;
-            schar_from_char(linebuf_char[off], c);
-          }
-
-          col_attr = hl_combine_attr(col_attr, line_attr);
-
-          linebuf_attr[off] = col_attr;
-          off += col_stride;
-
-          if (VCOL_HLC >= rightmost_vcol) {
-            break;
-          }
-
-          vcol += 1;
-        }
-      }
-
-      // TODO(bfredl): integrate with the common beyond-the-end-loop
-      if (wp->w_buffer->terminal) {
-        // terminal buffers may need to highlight beyond the end of the
-        // logical line
-        int n = wp->w_p_rl ? -1 : 1;
-        while (col >= 0 && col < grid->cols) {
-          schar_from_ascii(linebuf_char[off], ' ');
-          linebuf_attr[off] = vcol >= TERM_ATTRS_MAX ? 0 : term_attrs[vcol];
-          off += n;
-          vcol += n;
-          col += n;
-        }
-      }
-
-      draw_virt_text(wp, buf, win_col_offset, &col, grid->cols, row);
-      grid_put_linebuf(grid, row, 0, col, grid->cols, wp->w_p_rl, wp,
-                       wp->w_hl_attr_normal, false);
-      row++;
-
-      /*
-       * Update w_cline_height and w_cline_folded if the cursor line was
-       * updated (saves a call to plines_win() later).
-       */
-      if (wp == curwin && lnum == curwin->w_cursor.lnum) {
-        curwin->w_cline_row = startrow;
-        curwin->w_cline_height = row - startrow;
-        curwin->w_cline_folded = foldinfo.fi_lines > 0;
-        curwin->w_valid |= (VALID_CHEIGHT|VALID_CROW);
-        conceal_cursor_used = conceal_cursor_line(curwin);
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-
-    // Show "extends" character from 'listchars' if beyond the line end and
-    // 'list' is set.
-    if (wp->w_p_lcs_chars.ext != NUL
-        && draw_state == WL_LINE
-        && wp->w_p_list
-        && !wp->w_p_wrap
-        && filler_todo <= 0
-        && (wp->w_p_rl ? col == 0 : col == grid->cols - 1)
-        && !has_fold
-        && (*ptr != NUL
-            || lcs_eol_one > 0
-            || (n_extra && (c_extra != NUL || *p_extra != NUL)))) {
-      c = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.ext;
-      char_attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_AT);
-      mb_c = c;
-      if (utf_char2len(c) > 1) {
-        mb_utf8 = true;
-        u8cc[0] = 0;
-        c = 0xc0;
-      } else {
-        mb_utf8 = false;
-      }
-    }
-
-    // advance to the next 'colorcolumn'
-    if (draw_color_col) {
-      draw_color_col = advance_color_col((int)VCOL_HLC, &color_cols);
-    }
-
-    // Highlight the cursor column if 'cursorcolumn' is set.  But don't
-    // highlight the cursor position itself.
-    // Also highlight the 'colorcolumn' if it is different than
-    // 'cursorcolumn'
-    // Also highlight the 'colorcolumn' if 'breakindent' and/or 'showbreak'
-    // options are set
-    vcol_save_attr = -1;
-    if ((draw_state == WL_LINE
-         || draw_state == WL_BRI
-         || draw_state == WL_SBR)
-        && !lnum_in_visual_area
-        && search_attr == 0
-        && area_attr == 0
-        && filler_todo <= 0) {
-      if (wp->w_p_cuc && VCOL_HLC == (long)wp->w_virtcol
-          && lnum != wp->w_cursor.lnum) {
-        vcol_save_attr = char_attr;
-        char_attr = hl_combine_attr(win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_CUC), char_attr);
-      } else if (draw_color_col && VCOL_HLC == *color_cols) {
-        vcol_save_attr = char_attr;
-        char_attr = hl_combine_attr(win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_MC), char_attr);
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Apply lowest-priority line attr now, so everything can override it.
-    if (draw_state == WL_LINE) {
-      char_attr = hl_combine_attr(line_attr_lowprio, char_attr);
-    }
-
-    // Store character to be displayed.
-    // Skip characters that are left of the screen for 'nowrap'.
-    vcol_prev = vcol;
-    if (draw_state < WL_LINE || n_skip <= 0) {
-      //
-      // Store the character.
-      //
-      if (wp->w_p_rl && utf_char2cells(mb_c) > 1) {
-        // A double-wide character is: put first half in left cell.
-        off--;
-        col--;
-      }
-      if (mb_utf8) {
-        schar_from_cc(linebuf_char[off], mb_c, u8cc);
-      } else {
-        schar_from_ascii(linebuf_char[off], (char)c);
-      }
-      if (multi_attr) {
-        linebuf_attr[off] = multi_attr;
-        multi_attr = 0;
-      } else {
-        linebuf_attr[off] = char_attr;
-      }
-
-      if (utf_char2cells(mb_c) > 1) {
-        // Need to fill two screen columns.
-        off++;
-        col++;
-        // UTF-8: Put a 0 in the second screen char.
-        linebuf_char[off][0] = 0;
-        if (draw_state > WL_NR && filler_todo <= 0) {
-          vcol++;
-        }
-        // When "tocol" is halfway through a character, set it to the end of
-        // the character, otherwise highlighting won't stop.
-        if (tocol == vcol) {
-          tocol++;
-        }
-        if (wp->w_p_rl) {
-          // now it's time to backup one cell
-          --off;
-          --col;
-        }
-      }
-      if (wp->w_p_rl) {
-        --off;
-        --col;
-      } else {
-        ++off;
-        ++col;
-      }
-    } else if (wp->w_p_cole > 0 && is_concealing) {
-      --n_skip;
-      ++vcol_off;
-      if (n_extra > 0) {
-        vcol_off += n_extra;
-      }
-      if (wp->w_p_wrap) {
-        /*
-         * Special voodoo required if 'wrap' is on.
-         *
-         * Advance the column indicator to force the line
-         * drawing to wrap early. This will make the line
-         * take up the same screen space when parts are concealed,
-         * so that cursor line computations aren't messed up.
-         *
-         * To avoid the fictitious advance of 'col' causing
-         * trailing junk to be written out of the screen line
-         * we are building, 'boguscols' keeps track of the number
-         * of bad columns we have advanced.
-         */
-        if (n_extra > 0) {
-          vcol += n_extra;
-          if (wp->w_p_rl) {
-            col -= n_extra;
-            boguscols -= n_extra;
-          } else {
-            col += n_extra;
-            boguscols += n_extra;
-          }
-          n_extra = 0;
-          n_attr = 0;
-        }
-
-        if (utf_char2cells(mb_c) > 1) {
-          // Need to fill two screen columns.
-          if (wp->w_p_rl) {
-            --boguscols;
-            --col;
-          } else {
-            ++boguscols;
-            ++col;
-          }
-        }
-
-        if (wp->w_p_rl) {
-          --boguscols;
-          --col;
-        } else {
-          ++boguscols;
-          ++col;
-        }
-      } else {
-        if (n_extra > 0) {
-          vcol += n_extra;
-          n_extra = 0;
-          n_attr = 0;
-        }
-      }
-    } else {
-      --n_skip;
-    }
-
-    /* Only advance the "vcol" when after the 'number' or 'relativenumber'
-     * column. */
-    if (draw_state > WL_NR
-        && filler_todo <= 0) {
-      ++vcol;
-    }
-
-    if (vcol_save_attr >= 0) {
-      char_attr = vcol_save_attr;
-    }
-
-    // restore attributes after "predeces" in 'listchars'
-    if (draw_state > WL_NR && n_attr3 > 0 && --n_attr3 == 0) {
-      char_attr = saved_attr3;
-    }
-
-    // restore attributes after last 'listchars' or 'number' char
-    if (n_attr > 0 && draw_state == WL_LINE && --n_attr == 0) {
-      char_attr = saved_attr2;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * At end of screen line and there is more to come: Display the line
-     * so far.  If there is no more to display it is caught above.
-     */
-    if ((wp->w_p_rl ? (col < 0) : (col >= grid->cols))
-        && foldinfo.fi_lines == 0
-        && (draw_state != WL_LINE
-            || *ptr != NUL
-            || filler_todo > 0
-            || (wp->w_p_list && wp->w_p_lcs_chars.eol != NUL
-                && p_extra != at_end_str)
-            || (n_extra != 0
-                && (c_extra != NUL || *p_extra != NUL)))) {
-      bool wrap = wp->w_p_wrap       // Wrapping enabled.
-                  && filler_todo <= 0          // Not drawing diff filler lines.
-                  && lcs_eol_one != -1         // Haven't printed the lcs_eol character.
-                  && row != endrow - 1         // Not the last line being displayed.
-                  && (grid->cols == Columns  // Window spans the width of the screen,
-                      || ui_has(kUIMultigrid))  // or has dedicated grid.
-                  && !wp->w_p_rl;              // Not right-to-left.
-
-      int draw_col = col - boguscols;
-      if (filler_todo > 0) {
-        int index = filler_todo - (filler_lines - n_virt_lines);
-        if (index > 0) {
-          int i = (int)kv_size(virt_lines) - index;
-          assert(i >= 0);
-          int offset = kv_A(virt_lines, i).left_col ? 0 : win_col_offset;
-          draw_virt_text_item(buf, offset, kv_A(virt_lines, i).line,
-                              kHlModeReplace, grid->cols, offset);
-        }
-      } else {
-        draw_virt_text(wp, buf, win_col_offset, &draw_col, grid->cols, row);
-      }
-
-      grid_put_linebuf(grid, row, 0, draw_col, grid->cols, wp->w_p_rl,
-                       wp, wp->w_hl_attr_normal, wrap);
-      if (wrap) {
-        ScreenGrid *current_grid = grid;
-        int current_row = row, dummy_col = 0;  // dummy_col unused
-        grid_adjust(&current_grid, &current_row, &dummy_col);
-
-        // Force a redraw of the first column of the next line.
-        current_grid->attrs[current_grid->line_offset[current_row + 1]] = -1;
-
-        // Remember that the line wraps, used for modeless copy.
-        current_grid->line_wraps[current_row] = true;
-      }
-
-      boguscols = 0;
-      row++;
-
-      /* When not wrapping and finished diff lines, or when displayed
-       * '$' and highlighting until last column, break here. */
-      if ((!wp->w_p_wrap
-           && filler_todo <= 0
-           ) || lcs_eol_one == -1) {
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // When the window is too narrow draw all "@" lines.
-      if (draw_state != WL_LINE && filler_todo <= 0) {
-        win_draw_end(wp, '@', ' ', true, row, wp->w_grid.rows, HLF_AT);
-        row = endrow;
-      }
-
-      // When line got too long for screen break here.
-      if (row == endrow) {
-        ++row;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      col = 0;
-      off = 0;
-      if (wp->w_p_rl) {
-        col = grid->cols - 1;  // col is not used if breaking!
-        off += col;
-      }
-
-      // reset the drawing state for the start of a wrapped line
-      draw_state = WL_START;
-      saved_n_extra = n_extra;
-      saved_p_extra = p_extra;
-      saved_c_extra = c_extra;
-      saved_c_final = c_final;
-      saved_char_attr = char_attr;
-      n_extra = 0;
-      lcs_prec_todo = wp->w_p_lcs_chars.prec;
-      if (filler_todo <= 0) {
-        need_showbreak = true;
-      }
-      filler_todo--;
-      // When the filler lines are actually below the last line of the
-      // file, don't draw the line itself, break here.
-      if (filler_todo == 0 && (wp->w_botfill || end_fill)) {
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  }     // for every character in the line
-
-  // After an empty line check first word for capital.
-  if (*skipwhite((char *)line) == NUL) {
-    capcol_lnum = lnum + 1;
-    cap_col = 0;
-  }
-
-  kv_destroy(virt_lines);
-  xfree(p_extra_free);
-  return row;
-}
-
-void draw_virt_text(win_T *wp, buf_T *buf, int col_off, int *end_col, int max_col, int win_row)
-{
-  DecorState *state = &decor_state;
-  int right_pos = max_col;
-  bool do_eol = state->eol_col > -1;
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < kv_size(state->active); i++) {
-    DecorRange *item = &kv_A(state->active, i);
-    if (!(item->start_row == state->row
-          && (kv_size(item->decor.virt_text) || item->decor.ui_watched))) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (item->win_col == -1) {
-      if (item->decor.virt_text_pos == kVTRightAlign) {
-        right_pos -= item->decor.virt_text_width;
-        item->win_col = right_pos;
-      } else if (item->decor.virt_text_pos == kVTEndOfLine && do_eol) {
-        item->win_col = state->eol_col;
-      } else if (item->decor.virt_text_pos == kVTWinCol) {
-        item->win_col = MAX(item->decor.col + col_off, 0);
-      }
-    }
-    if (item->win_col < 0) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    int col;
-    if (item->decor.ui_watched) {
-      // send mark position to UI
-      col = item->win_col;
-      WinExtmark m = { (NS)item->ns_id, item->mark_id, win_row, col };
-      kv_push(win_extmark_arr, m);
-    }
-    if (kv_size(item->decor.virt_text)) {
-      col = draw_virt_text_item(buf, item->win_col, item->decor.virt_text,
-                                item->decor.hl_mode, max_col, item->win_col - col_off);
-    }
-    item->win_col = -2;  // deactivate
-    if (item->decor.virt_text_pos == kVTEndOfLine && do_eol) {
-      state->eol_col = col + 1;
-    }
-
-    *end_col = MAX(*end_col, col);
-  }
-}
-
-static int draw_virt_text_item(buf_T *buf, int col, VirtText vt, HlMode hl_mode, int max_col,
-                               int vcol)
-{
-  LineState s = LINE_STATE("");
-  int virt_attr = 0;
-  size_t virt_pos = 0;
-
-  while (col < max_col) {
-    if (!*s.p) {
-      if (virt_pos >= kv_size(vt)) {
-        break;
-      }
-      virt_attr = 0;
-      do {
-        s.p = kv_A(vt, virt_pos).text;
-        int hl_id = kv_A(vt, virt_pos).hl_id;
-        virt_attr = hl_combine_attr(virt_attr,
-                                    hl_id > 0 ? syn_id2attr(hl_id) : 0);
-        virt_pos++;
-      } while (!s.p && virt_pos < kv_size(vt));
-      if (!s.p) {
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    if (!*s.p) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    int attr;
-    bool through = false;
-    if (hl_mode == kHlModeCombine) {
-      attr = hl_combine_attr(linebuf_attr[col], virt_attr);
-    } else if (hl_mode == kHlModeBlend) {
-      through = (*s.p == ' ');
-      attr = hl_blend_attrs(linebuf_attr[col], virt_attr, &through);
-    } else {
-      attr = virt_attr;
-    }
-    schar_T dummy[2];
-    int cells = line_putchar(buf, &s, through ? dummy : &linebuf_char[col],
-                             max_col - col, false, vcol);
-    // if we failed to emit a char, we still need to advance
-    cells = MAX(cells, 1);
-
-    for (int c = 0; c < cells; c++) {
-      linebuf_attr[col++] = attr;
-    }
-    vcol += cells;
-  }
-  return col;
-}
-
-// Return true if CursorLineSign highlight is to be used.
-static bool use_cursor_line_sign(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum)
-{
-  return wp->w_p_cul
-         && lnum == wp->w_cursor.lnum
-         && (wp->w_p_culopt_flags & CULOPT_NBR);
-}
-
-/// Return true if CursorLineNr highlight is to be used for the number column.
-///
-/// - 'cursorline' must be set
-/// - lnum must be the cursor line
-/// - 'cursorlineopt' has "number"
-/// - don't highlight filler lines (when in diff mode)
-/// - When line is wrapped and 'cursorlineopt' does not have "line", only highlight the line number
-///   itself on the first screenline of the wrapped line, otherwise highlight the number column of
-///   all screenlines of the wrapped line.
-static bool use_cursor_line_nr(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum, int row, int startrow, int filler_lines)
-{
-  return wp->w_p_cul
-         && lnum == wp->w_cursor.lnum
-         && (wp->w_p_culopt_flags & CULOPT_NBR)
-         && (row == startrow + filler_lines
-             || (row > startrow + filler_lines
-                 && (wp->w_p_culopt_flags & CULOPT_LINE)));
-}
-
-static int get_line_number_attr(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum, int row, int startrow, int filler_lines,
-                                sign_attrs_T *sattrs)
-{
-  sign_attrs_T *num_sattr = sign_get_attr(SIGN_NUMHL, sattrs, 0, 1);
-  if (num_sattr != NULL) {
-    // :sign defined with "numhl" highlight.
-    return num_sattr->sat_numhl;
-  }
-
-  if (wp->w_p_rnu) {
-    if (lnum < wp->w_cursor.lnum) {
-      // Use LineNrAbove
-      return win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_LNA);
-    }
-    if (lnum > wp->w_cursor.lnum) {
-      // Use LineNrBelow
-      return win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_LNB);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (use_cursor_line_nr(wp, lnum, row, startrow, filler_lines)) {
-    // TODO(vim): Can we use CursorLine instead of CursorLineNr
-    // when CursorLineNr isn't set?
-    return win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_CLN);
-  }
-
-  return win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_N);
-}
-
-// Get information needed to display the sign in line 'lnum' in window 'wp'.
-// If 'nrcol' is TRUE, the sign is going to be displayed in the number column.
-// Otherwise the sign is going to be displayed in the sign column.
-//
-// @param count max number of signs
-// @param[out] n_extrap number of characters from pp_extra to display
-// @param sign_idxp Index of the displayed sign
-static void get_sign_display_info(bool nrcol, win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum, sign_attrs_T sattrs[],
-                                  int row, int startrow, int filler_lines, int filler_todo,
-                                  int *c_extrap, int *c_finalp, char_u *extra, size_t extra_size,
-                                  char_u **pp_extra, int *n_extrap, int *char_attrp, int sign_idx)
-{
-  // Draw cells with the sign value or blank.
-  *c_extrap = ' ';
-  *c_finalp = NUL;
-  if (nrcol) {
-    *n_extrap = number_width(wp) + 1;
-  } else {
-    if (use_cursor_line_sign(wp, lnum)) {
-      *char_attrp = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_CLS);
-    } else {
-      *char_attrp = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_SC);
-    }
-    *n_extrap = win_signcol_width(wp);
-  }
-
-  if (row == startrow + filler_lines && filler_todo <= 0) {
-    sign_attrs_T *sattr = sign_get_attr(SIGN_TEXT, sattrs, sign_idx, wp->w_scwidth);
-    if (sattr != NULL) {
-      *pp_extra = sattr->sat_text;
-      if (*pp_extra != NULL) {
-        *c_extrap = NUL;
-        *c_finalp = NUL;
-
-        if (nrcol) {
-          int n, width = number_width(wp) - 2;
-          for (n = 0; n < width; n++) {
-            extra[n] = ' ';
-          }
-          extra[n] = NUL;
-          STRCAT(extra, *pp_extra);
-          STRCAT(extra, " ");
-          *pp_extra = extra;
-          *n_extrap = (int)STRLEN(*pp_extra);
-        } else {
-          int symbol_blen = (int)STRLEN(*pp_extra);
-
-          // TODO(oni-link): Is sign text already extended to
-          // full cell width?
-          assert((size_t)win_signcol_width(wp) >= mb_string2cells((char *)(*pp_extra)));
-          // symbol(s) bytes + (filling spaces) (one byte each)
-          *n_extrap = symbol_blen + win_signcol_width(wp) -
-                      (int)mb_string2cells((char *)(*pp_extra));
-
-          assert(extra_size > (size_t)symbol_blen);
-          memset(extra, ' ', extra_size);
-          memcpy(extra, *pp_extra, (size_t)symbol_blen);
-
-          *pp_extra = extra;
-          (*pp_extra)[*n_extrap] = NUL;
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (use_cursor_line_sign(wp, lnum) && sattr->sat_culhl > 0) {
-        *char_attrp = sattr->sat_culhl;
-      } else {
-        *char_attrp = sattr->sat_texthl;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/*
- * Mirror text "str" for right-left displaying.
- * Only works for single-byte characters (e.g., numbers).
- */
+/// Mirror text "str" for right-left displaying.
+/// Only works for single-byte characters (e.g., numbers).
 void rl_mirror(char_u *str)
 {
   char_u *p1, *p2;
   char_u t;
 
-  for (p1 = str, p2 = str + STRLEN(str) - 1; p1 < p2; ++p1, --p2) {
+  for (p1 = str, p2 = str + STRLEN(str) - 1; p1 < p2; p1++, p2--) {
     t = *p1;
     *p1 = *p2;
     *p2 = t;
   }
 }
 
-/// Mark all status lines and window bars for redraw; used after first :cd
-void status_redraw_all(void)
-{
-  bool is_stl_global = global_stl_height() != 0;
-
-  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    if ((!is_stl_global && wp->w_status_height) || (is_stl_global && wp == curwin)
-        || wp->w_winbar_height) {
-      wp->w_redr_status = true;
-      redraw_later(wp, VALID);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/// Marks all status lines and window bars of the current buffer for redraw.
-void status_redraw_curbuf(void)
+/// Get the length of an item as it will be shown in the status line.
+static int status_match_len(expand_T *xp, char_u *s)
 {
-  status_redraw_buf(curbuf);
-}
+  int len = 0;
 
-/// Marks all status lines and window bars of the given buffer for redraw.
-void status_redraw_buf(buf_T *buf)
-{
-  bool is_stl_global = global_stl_height() != 0;
+  int emenu = (xp->xp_context == EXPAND_MENUS
+               || xp->xp_context == EXPAND_MENUNAMES);
 
-  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    if (wp->w_buffer == buf && ((!is_stl_global && wp->w_status_height)
-                                || (is_stl_global && wp == curwin) || wp->w_winbar_height)) {
-      wp->w_redr_status = true;
-      redraw_later(wp, VALID);
-    }
+  // Check for menu separators - replace with '|'.
+  if (emenu && menu_is_separator((char *)s)) {
+    return 1;
   }
-}
 
-/*
- * Redraw all status lines that need to be redrawn.
- */
-void redraw_statuslines(void)
-{
-  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    if (wp->w_redr_status) {
-      win_redr_winbar(wp);
-      win_redr_status(wp);
-    }
-  }
-  if (redraw_tabline) {
-    draw_tabline();
+  while (*s != NUL) {
+    s += skip_status_match_char(xp, s);
+    len += ptr2cells((char *)s);
+    MB_PTR_ADV(s);
   }
+
+  return len;
 }
 
-/*
- * Redraw all status lines at the bottom of frame "frp".
- */
+/// Redraw all status lines at the bottom of frame "frp".
 void win_redraw_last_status(const frame_T *frp)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
 {
@@ -4615,131 +290,8 @@ void win_redraw_last_status(const frame_T *frp)
   }
 }
 
-/// Draw the vertical separator right of window "wp"
-static void draw_vsep_win(win_T *wp)
-{
-  int hl;
-  int c;
-
-  if (wp->w_vsep_width) {
-    // draw the vertical separator right of this window
-    c = fillchar_vsep(wp, &hl);
-    grid_fill(&default_grid, wp->w_winrow, W_ENDROW(wp),
-              W_ENDCOL(wp), W_ENDCOL(wp) + 1, c, ' ', hl);
-  }
-}
-
-/// Draw the horizontal separator below window "wp"
-static void draw_hsep_win(win_T *wp)
-{
-  int hl;
-  int c;
-
-  if (wp->w_hsep_height) {
-    // draw the horizontal separator below this window
-    c = fillchar_hsep(wp, &hl);
-    grid_fill(&default_grid, W_ENDROW(wp), W_ENDROW(wp) + 1,
-              wp->w_wincol, W_ENDCOL(wp), c, c, hl);
-  }
-}
-
-/// Get the separator connector for specified window corner of window "wp"
-static int get_corner_sep_connector(win_T *wp, WindowCorner corner)
-{
-  // It's impossible for windows to be connected neither vertically nor horizontally
-  // So if they're not vertically connected, assume they're horizontally connected
-  if (vsep_connected(wp, corner)) {
-    if (hsep_connected(wp, corner)) {
-      return wp->w_p_fcs_chars.verthoriz;
-    } else if (corner == WC_TOP_LEFT || corner == WC_BOTTOM_LEFT) {
-      return wp->w_p_fcs_chars.vertright;
-    } else {
-      return wp->w_p_fcs_chars.vertleft;
-    }
-  } else if (corner == WC_TOP_LEFT || corner == WC_TOP_RIGHT) {
-    return wp->w_p_fcs_chars.horizdown;
-  } else {
-    return wp->w_p_fcs_chars.horizup;
-  }
-}
-
-/// Draw separator connecting characters on the corners of window "wp"
-static void draw_sep_connectors_win(win_T *wp)
-{
-  // Don't draw separator connectors unless global statusline is enabled and the window has
-  // either a horizontal or vertical separator
-  if (global_stl_height() == 0 || !(wp->w_hsep_height == 1 || wp->w_vsep_width == 1)) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  int hl = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_C);
-
-  // Determine which edges of the screen the window is located on so we can avoid drawing separators
-  // on corners contained in those edges
-  bool win_at_top;
-  bool win_at_bottom = wp->w_hsep_height == 0;
-  bool win_at_left;
-  bool win_at_right = wp->w_vsep_width == 0;
-  frame_T *frp;
-
-  for (frp = wp->w_frame; frp->fr_parent != NULL; frp = frp->fr_parent) {
-    if (frp->fr_parent->fr_layout == FR_COL && frp->fr_prev != NULL) {
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  win_at_top = frp->fr_parent == NULL;
-  for (frp = wp->w_frame; frp->fr_parent != NULL; frp = frp->fr_parent) {
-    if (frp->fr_parent->fr_layout == FR_ROW && frp->fr_prev != NULL) {
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  win_at_left = frp->fr_parent == NULL;
-
-  // Draw the appropriate separator connector in every corner where drawing them is necessary
-  if (!(win_at_top || win_at_left)) {
-    grid_putchar(&default_grid, get_corner_sep_connector(wp, WC_TOP_LEFT),
-                 wp->w_winrow - 1, wp->w_wincol - 1, hl);
-  }
-  if (!(win_at_top || win_at_right)) {
-    grid_putchar(&default_grid, get_corner_sep_connector(wp, WC_TOP_RIGHT),
-                 wp->w_winrow - 1, W_ENDCOL(wp), hl);
-  }
-  if (!(win_at_bottom || win_at_left)) {
-    grid_putchar(&default_grid, get_corner_sep_connector(wp, WC_BOTTOM_LEFT),
-                 W_ENDROW(wp), wp->w_wincol - 1, hl);
-  }
-  if (!(win_at_bottom || win_at_right)) {
-    grid_putchar(&default_grid, get_corner_sep_connector(wp, WC_BOTTOM_RIGHT),
-                 W_ENDROW(wp), W_ENDCOL(wp), hl);
-  }
-}
-
-/// Get the length of an item as it will be shown in the status line.
-static int status_match_len(expand_T *xp, char_u *s)
-{
-  int len = 0;
-
-  int emenu = (xp->xp_context == EXPAND_MENUS
-               || xp->xp_context == EXPAND_MENUNAMES);
-
-  // Check for menu separators - replace with '|'.
-  if (emenu && menu_is_separator((char *)s)) {
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  while (*s != NUL) {
-    s += skip_status_match_char(xp, s);
-    len += ptr2cells((char *)s);
-    MB_PTR_ADV(s);
-  }
-
-  return len;
-}
-
-/*
- * Return the number of characters that should be skipped in a status match.
- * These are backslashes used for escaping.  Do show backslashes in help tags.
- */
+/// Return the number of characters that should be skipped in a status match.
+/// These are backslashes used for escaping.  Do show backslashes in help tags.
 static int skip_status_match_char(expand_T *xp, char_u *s)
 {
   if ((rem_backslash(s) && xp->xp_context != EXPAND_HELP)
@@ -4864,7 +416,7 @@ void win_redr_status_matches(expand_T *xp, int num_matches, char **matches, int
       len += l;
       clen += l;
     } else {
-      for (; *s != NUL; ++s) {
+      for (; *s != NUL; s++) {
         s += skip_status_match_char(xp, s);
         clen += ptr2cells((char *)s);
         if ((l = utfc_ptr2len((char *)s)) > 1) {
@@ -4891,7 +443,7 @@ void win_redr_status_matches(expand_T *xp, int num_matches, char **matches, int
 
   if (i != num_matches) {
     *(buf + len++) = '>';
-    ++clen;
+    clen++;
   }
 
   buf[len] = NUL;
@@ -4944,190 +496,6 @@ void win_redr_status_matches(expand_T *xp, int num_matches, char **matches, int
   xfree(buf);
 }
 
-/// Redraw the status line of window `wp`.
-///
-/// If inversion is possible we use it. Else '=' characters are used.
-static void win_redr_status(win_T *wp)
-{
-  int row;
-  int col;
-  char_u *p;
-  int len;
-  int fillchar;
-  int attr;
-  int width;
-  int this_ru_col;
-  bool is_stl_global = global_stl_height() > 0;
-  static int busy = false;
-
-  // May get here recursively when 'statusline' (indirectly)
-  // invokes ":redrawstatus".  Simply ignore the call then.
-  if (busy
-      // Also ignore if wildmenu is showing.
-      || (wild_menu_showing != 0 && !ui_has(kUIWildmenu))) {
-    return;
-  }
-  busy = true;
-
-  wp->w_redr_status = false;
-  if (wp->w_status_height == 0 && !(is_stl_global && wp == curwin)) {
-    // no status line, either global statusline is enabled or the window is a last window
-    redraw_cmdline = true;
-  } else if (!redrawing()) {
-    // Don't redraw right now, do it later. Don't update status line when
-    // popup menu is visible and may be drawn over it
-    wp->w_redr_status = true;
-  } else if (*p_stl != NUL || *wp->w_p_stl != NUL) {
-    // redraw custom status line
-    redraw_custom_statusline(wp);
-  } else {
-    fillchar = fillchar_status(&attr, wp);
-    width = is_stl_global ? Columns : wp->w_width;
-
-    get_trans_bufname(wp->w_buffer);
-    p = NameBuff;
-    len = (int)STRLEN(p);
-
-    if (bt_help(wp->w_buffer)
-        || wp->w_p_pvw
-        || bufIsChanged(wp->w_buffer)
-        || wp->w_buffer->b_p_ro) {
-      *(p + len++) = ' ';
-    }
-    if (bt_help(wp->w_buffer)) {
-      snprintf((char *)p + len, MAXPATHL - (size_t)len, "%s", _("[Help]"));
-      len += (int)STRLEN(p + len);
-    }
-    if (wp->w_p_pvw) {
-      snprintf((char *)p + len, MAXPATHL - (size_t)len, "%s", _("[Preview]"));
-      len += (int)STRLEN(p + len);
-    }
-    if (bufIsChanged(wp->w_buffer)) {
-      snprintf((char *)p + len, MAXPATHL - (size_t)len, "%s", "[+]");
-      len += (int)STRLEN(p + len);
-    }
-    if (wp->w_buffer->b_p_ro) {
-      snprintf((char *)p + len, MAXPATHL - (size_t)len, "%s", _("[RO]"));
-      // len += (int)STRLEN(p + len);  // dead assignment
-    }
-
-    this_ru_col = ru_col - (Columns - width);
-    if (this_ru_col < (width + 1) / 2) {
-      this_ru_col = (width + 1) / 2;
-    }
-    if (this_ru_col <= 1) {
-      p = (char_u *)"<";                // No room for file name!
-      len = 1;
-    } else {
-      int clen = 0, i;
-
-      // Count total number of display cells.
-      clen = (int)mb_string2cells((char *)p);
-
-      // Find first character that will fit.
-      // Going from start to end is much faster for DBCS.
-      for (i = 0; p[i] != NUL && clen >= this_ru_col - 1;
-           i += utfc_ptr2len((char *)p + i)) {
-        clen -= utf_ptr2cells((char *)p + i);
-      }
-      len = clen;
-      if (i > 0) {
-        p = p + i - 1;
-        *p = '<';
-        ++len;
-      }
-    }
-
-    row = is_stl_global ? (Rows - (int)p_ch - 1) : W_ENDROW(wp);
-    col = is_stl_global ? 0 : wp->w_wincol;
-    grid_puts(&default_grid, p, row, col, attr);
-    grid_fill(&default_grid, row, row + 1, len + col,
-              this_ru_col + col, fillchar, fillchar, attr);
-
-    if (get_keymap_str(wp, "<%s>", (char *)NameBuff, MAXPATHL)
-        && this_ru_col - len > (int)(STRLEN(NameBuff) + 1)) {
-      grid_puts(&default_grid, NameBuff, row,
-                (int)((size_t)this_ru_col - STRLEN(NameBuff) - 1), attr);
-    }
-
-    win_redr_ruler(wp, true);
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * May need to draw the character below the vertical separator.
-   */
-  if (wp->w_vsep_width != 0 && wp->w_status_height != 0 && redrawing()) {
-    if (stl_connected(wp)) {
-      fillchar = fillchar_status(&attr, wp);
-    } else {
-      fillchar = fillchar_vsep(wp, &attr);
-    }
-    grid_putchar(&default_grid, fillchar, W_ENDROW(wp), W_ENDCOL(wp), attr);
-  }
-  busy = FALSE;
-}
-
-/*
- * Redraw the status line according to 'statusline' and take care of any
- * errors encountered.
- */
-static void redraw_custom_statusline(win_T *wp)
-{
-  static bool entered = false;
-  int saved_did_emsg = did_emsg;
-
-  /* When called recursively return.  This can happen when the statusline
-   * contains an expression that triggers a redraw. */
-  if (entered) {
-    return;
-  }
-  entered = true;
-
-  did_emsg = false;
-  win_redr_custom(wp, false, false);
-  if (did_emsg) {
-    // When there is an error disable the statusline, otherwise the
-    // display is messed up with errors and a redraw triggers the problem
-    // again and again.
-    set_string_option_direct("statusline", -1, "",
-                             OPT_FREE | (*wp->w_p_stl != NUL
-                                         ? OPT_LOCAL : OPT_GLOBAL), SID_ERROR);
-  }
-  did_emsg |= saved_did_emsg;
-  entered = false;
-}
-
-static void win_redr_winbar(win_T *wp)
-{
-  static bool entered = false;
-
-  // Return when called recursively. This can happen when the winbar contains an expression
-  // that triggers a redraw.
-  if (entered) {
-    return;
-  }
-  entered = true;
-
-  if (wp->w_winbar_height == 0 || !redrawing()) {
-    // Do nothing.
-  } else if (*p_wbr != NUL || *wp->w_p_wbr != NUL) {
-    int saved_did_emsg = did_emsg;
-
-    did_emsg = false;
-    win_redr_custom(wp, true, false);
-    if (did_emsg) {
-      // When there is an error disable the winbar, otherwise the
-      // display is messed up with errors and a redraw triggers the problem
-      // again and again.
-      set_string_option_direct("winbar", -1, "",
-                               OPT_FREE | (*wp->w_p_stl != NUL
-                                           ? OPT_LOCAL : OPT_GLOBAL), SID_ERROR);
-    }
-    did_emsg |= saved_did_emsg;
-  }
-  entered = false;
-}
-
 /// Only call if (wp->w_vsep_width != 0).
 ///
 /// @return  true if the status line of window "wp" is connected to the status
@@ -5152,77 +520,6 @@ bool stl_connected(win_T *wp)
   return false;
 }
 
-/// Check if horizontal separator of window "wp" at specified window corner is connected to the
-/// horizontal separator of another window
-/// Assumes global statusline is enabled
-static bool hsep_connected(win_T *wp, WindowCorner corner)
-{
-  bool before = (corner == WC_TOP_LEFT || corner == WC_BOTTOM_LEFT);
-  int sep_row = (corner == WC_TOP_LEFT || corner == WC_TOP_RIGHT)
-                ? wp->w_winrow - 1 : W_ENDROW(wp);
-  frame_T *fr = wp->w_frame;
-
-  while (fr->fr_parent != NULL) {
-    if (fr->fr_parent->fr_layout == FR_ROW && (before ? fr->fr_prev : fr->fr_next) != NULL) {
-      fr = before ? fr->fr_prev : fr->fr_next;
-      break;
-    }
-    fr = fr->fr_parent;
-  }
-  if (fr->fr_parent == NULL) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  while (fr->fr_layout != FR_LEAF) {
-    fr = fr->fr_child;
-    if (fr->fr_parent->fr_layout == FR_ROW && before) {
-      while (fr->fr_next != NULL) {
-        fr = fr->fr_next;
-      }
-    } else {
-      while (fr->fr_next != NULL && frame2win(fr)->w_winrow + fr->fr_height < sep_row) {
-        fr = fr->fr_next;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  return (sep_row == fr->fr_win->w_winrow - 1 || sep_row == W_ENDROW(fr->fr_win));
-}
-
-/// Check if vertical separator of window "wp" at specified window corner is connected to the
-/// vertical separator of another window
-static bool vsep_connected(win_T *wp, WindowCorner corner)
-{
-  bool before = (corner == WC_TOP_LEFT || corner == WC_TOP_RIGHT);
-  int sep_col = (corner == WC_TOP_LEFT || corner == WC_BOTTOM_LEFT)
-                ? wp->w_wincol - 1 : W_ENDCOL(wp);
-  frame_T *fr = wp->w_frame;
-
-  while (fr->fr_parent != NULL) {
-    if (fr->fr_parent->fr_layout == FR_COL && (before ? fr->fr_prev : fr->fr_next) != NULL) {
-      fr = before ? fr->fr_prev : fr->fr_next;
-      break;
-    }
-    fr = fr->fr_parent;
-  }
-  if (fr->fr_parent == NULL) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  while (fr->fr_layout != FR_LEAF) {
-    fr = fr->fr_child;
-    if (fr->fr_parent->fr_layout == FR_COL && before) {
-      while (fr->fr_next != NULL) {
-        fr = fr->fr_next;
-      }
-    } else {
-      while (fr->fr_next != NULL && frame2win(fr)->w_wincol + fr->fr_width < sep_col) {
-        fr = fr->fr_next;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  return (sep_col == fr->fr_win->w_wincol - 1 || sep_col == W_ENDCOL(fr->fr_win));
-}
-
 /// Get the value to show for the language mappings, active 'keymap'.
 ///
 /// @param fmt  format string containing one %s item
@@ -5266,7 +563,7 @@ bool get_keymap_str(win_T *wp, char *fmt, char *buf, int len)
 
 /// Redraw the status line, window bar or ruler of window "wp".
 /// When "wp" is NULL redraw the tab pages line from 'tabline'.
-static void win_redr_custom(win_T *wp, bool draw_winbar, bool draw_ruler)
+void win_redr_custom(win_T *wp, bool draw_winbar, bool draw_ruler)
 {
   static bool entered = false;
   int attr;
@@ -5290,9 +587,9 @@ static void win_redr_custom(win_T *wp, bool draw_winbar, bool draw_ruler)
 
   ScreenGrid *grid = &default_grid;
 
-  /* There is a tiny chance that this gets called recursively: When
-   * redrawing a status line triggers redrawing the ruler or tabline.
-   * Avoid trouble by not allowing recursion. */
+  // There is a tiny chance that this gets called recursively: When
+  // redrawing a status line triggers redrawing the ruler or tabline.
+  // Avoid trouble by not allowing recursion.
   if (entered) {
     return;
   }
@@ -5389,14 +686,14 @@ static void win_redr_custom(win_T *wp, bool draw_winbar, bool draw_ruler)
     goto theend;
   }
 
-  /* Temporarily reset 'cursorbind', we don't want a side effect from moving
-   * the cursor away and back. */
+  // Temporarily reset 'cursorbind', we don't want a side effect from moving
+  // the cursor away and back.
   ewp = wp == NULL ? curwin : wp;
   p_crb_save = ewp->w_p_crb;
-  ewp->w_p_crb = FALSE;
+  ewp->w_p_crb = false;
 
-  /* Make a copy, because the statusline may include a function call that
-   * might change the option value and free the memory. */
+  // Make a copy, because the statusline may include a function call that
+  // might change the option value and free the memory.
   stl = vim_strsave(stl);
   width =
     build_stl_str_hl(ewp, buf, sizeof(buf), (char *)stl, use_sandbox,
@@ -5417,9 +714,7 @@ static void win_redr_custom(win_T *wp, bool draw_winbar, bool draw_ruler)
   }
   buf[len] = NUL;
 
-  /*
-   * Draw each snippet with the specified highlighting.
-   */
+  // Draw each snippet with the specified highlighting.
   grid_puts_line_start(grid, row);
 
   curattr = attr;
@@ -5483,134 +778,23 @@ theend:
   entered = false;
 }
 
-static void win_redr_border(win_T *wp)
-{
-  wp->w_redr_border = false;
-  if (!(wp->w_floating && wp->w_float_config.border)) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  ScreenGrid *grid = &wp->w_grid_alloc;
-
-  schar_T *chars = wp->w_float_config.border_chars;
-  int *attrs = wp->w_float_config.border_attr;
-
-  int *adj = wp->w_border_adj;
-  int irow = wp->w_height_inner + wp->w_winbar_height, icol = wp->w_width_inner;
-
-  char* title = wp->w_float_config.title;
-  size_t n_title = wp->w_float_config.n_title;
-  stl_hlrec_t* title_hl = wp->w_float_config.title_hl;
-
-  int m8[MAX_MCO + 1];
-  int cc;
-  int len;
-  int t_attr = title_hl != NULL && title_hl->userhl
-                  ? syn_id2attr(title_hl->userhl)
-                  : 0;
-  t_attr = hl_combine_attr(attrs[1], t_attr);
-
-  int title_pos = 2;
-  switch (wp->w_float_config.title_pos) {
-    case kTitleLeft:
-      title_pos = 2;
-      break;
-    case kTitleRight:
-      title_pos = icol - 2 - vim_strsize(title);
-      break;
-    case kTitleCenter:
-      title_pos = (icol - vim_strsize(title)) / 2 - 1;
-      break;
-  }
-  title_pos = title_pos < 2 ? 2 : title_pos;
-
-  if (adj[0]) {
-    grid_puts_line_start(grid, 0);
-    if (adj[3]) {
-      grid_put_schar(grid, 0, 0, chars[0], attrs[0]);
-    }
-    for (int i = 0; i < icol; i++) {
-      schar_T ch;
-      int attr;
-      // Draw the title if in the correct position.
-      if (i > title_pos && n_title > 0 && i < icol - 2) {
-        cc = utfc_ptr2char((char_u*) title, m8);
-        len = utfc_ptr2len(title);
-        n_title -= len;
-        title += len;
-
-        while (title_hl != NULL &&
-               (title_hl + 1)->start != NULL &&
-               (title_hl + 1)->start < title) {
-          ++ title_hl;
-          t_attr = hl_combine_attr(attrs[1], syn_id2attr(-title_hl->userhl));
-        }
-
-        schar_from_cc(ch, cc, m8);
-        attr = t_attr;
-      } else {
-        memcpy(ch, chars[1], sizeof(schar_T));
-        attr = attrs[1];
-      }
-      grid_put_schar(grid, 0, i + adj[3], ch, attr);
-    }
-    if (adj[1]) {
-      grid_put_schar(grid, 0, icol + adj[3], chars[2], attrs[2]);
-    }
-    grid_puts_line_flush(false);
-  }
-
-  for (int i = 0; i < irow; i++) {
-    if (adj[3]) {
-      grid_puts_line_start(grid, i + adj[0]);
-      grid_put_schar(grid, i + adj[0], 0, chars[7], attrs[7]);
-      grid_puts_line_flush(false);
-    }
-    if (adj[1]) {
-      int ic = (i == 0 && !adj[0] && chars[2][0]) ? 2 : 3;
-      grid_puts_line_start(grid, i + adj[0]);
-      grid_put_schar(grid, i + adj[0], icol + adj[3], chars[ic], attrs[ic]);
-      grid_puts_line_flush(false);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (adj[2]) {
-    grid_puts_line_start(grid, irow + adj[0]);
-    if (adj[3]) {
-      grid_put_schar(grid, irow + adj[0], 0, chars[6], attrs[6]);
-    }
-    for (int i = 0; i < icol; i++) {
-      int ic = (i == 0 && !adj[3] && chars[6][0]) ? 6 : 5;
-      grid_put_schar(grid, irow + adj[0], i + adj[3], chars[ic], attrs[ic]);
-    }
-    if (adj[1]) {
-      grid_put_schar(grid, irow + adj[0], icol + adj[3], chars[4], attrs[4]);
-    }
-    grid_puts_line_flush(false);
-  }
-}
-
-/*
- * Prepare for 'hlsearch' highlighting.
- */
-static void start_search_hl(void)
+/// Prepare for 'hlsearch' highlighting.
+void start_search_hl(void)
 {
   if (p_hls && !no_hlsearch) {
     end_search_hl();  // just in case it wasn't called before
-    last_pat_prog(&search_hl.rm);
+    last_pat_prog(&screen_search_hl.rm);
     // Set the time limit to 'redrawtime'.
-    search_hl.tm = profile_setlimit(p_rdt);
+    screen_search_hl.tm = profile_setlimit(p_rdt);
   }
 }
 
-/*
- * Clean up for 'hlsearch' highlighting.
- */
-static void end_search_hl(void)
+/// Clean up for 'hlsearch' highlighting.
+void end_search_hl(void)
 {
-  if (search_hl.rm.regprog != NULL) {
-    vim_regfree(search_hl.rm.regprog);
-    search_hl.rm.regprog = NULL;
+  if (screen_search_hl.rm.regprog != NULL) {
+    vim_regfree(screen_search_hl.rm.regprog);
+    screen_search_hl.rm.regprog = NULL;
   }
 }
 
@@ -5630,105 +814,6 @@ void check_for_delay(bool check_msg_scroll)
   }
 }
 
-/// Resize the screen to Rows and Columns.
-///
-/// Allocate default_grid.chars[] and other grid arrays.
-///
-/// There may be some time between setting Rows and Columns and (re)allocating
-/// default_grid arrays.  This happens when starting up and when
-/// (manually) changing the screen size.  Always use default_grid.rows and
-/// default_grid.Columns to access items in default_grid.chars[].  Use Rows
-/// and Columns for positioning text etc. where the final size of the screen is
-/// needed.
-void screenalloc(void)
-{
-  // It's possible that we produce an out-of-memory message below, which
-  // will cause this function to be called again.  To break the loop, just
-  // return here.
-  if (resizing) {
-    return;
-  }
-  resizing = true;
-
-  int retry_count = 0;
-
-retry:
-  // Allocation of the screen buffers is done only when the size changes and
-  // when Rows and Columns have been set and we have started doing full
-  // screen stuff.
-  if ((default_grid.chars != NULL
-       && Rows == default_grid.rows
-       && Columns == default_grid.cols
-       )
-      || Rows == 0
-      || Columns == 0
-      || (!full_screen && default_grid.chars == NULL)) {
-    resizing = false;
-    return;
-  }
-
-  /*
-   * Note that the window sizes are updated before reallocating the arrays,
-   * thus we must not redraw here!
-   */
-  ++RedrawingDisabled;
-
-  // win_new_screensize will recompute floats position, but tell the
-  // compositor to not redraw them yet
-  ui_comp_set_screen_valid(false);
-  if (msg_grid.chars) {
-    msg_grid_invalid = true;
-  }
-
-  win_new_screensize();      // fit the windows in the new sized screen
-
-  comp_col();           // recompute columns for shown command and ruler
-
-  // We're changing the size of the screen.
-  // - Allocate new arrays for default_grid
-  // - Move lines from the old arrays into the new arrays, clear extra
-  //   lines (unless the screen is going to be cleared).
-  // - Free the old arrays.
-  //
-  // If anything fails, make grid arrays NULL, so we don't do anything!
-  // Continuing with the old arrays may result in a crash, because the
-  // size is wrong.
-
-  grid_alloc(&default_grid, Rows, Columns, true, true);
-  StlClickDefinition *new_tab_page_click_defs =
-    xcalloc((size_t)Columns, sizeof(*new_tab_page_click_defs));
-
-  stl_clear_click_defs(tab_page_click_defs, tab_page_click_defs_size);
-  xfree(tab_page_click_defs);
-
-  tab_page_click_defs = new_tab_page_click_defs;
-  tab_page_click_defs_size = Columns;
-
-  default_grid.comp_height = Rows;
-  default_grid.comp_width = Columns;
-
-  default_grid.row_offset = 0;
-  default_grid.col_offset = 0;
-  default_grid.handle = DEFAULT_GRID_HANDLE;
-
-  must_redraw = CLEAR;  // need to clear the screen later
-
-  RedrawingDisabled--;
-
-  /*
-   * Do not apply autocommands more than 3 times to avoid an endless loop
-   * in case applying autocommands always changes Rows or Columns.
-   */
-  if (starting == 0 && ++retry_count <= 3) {
-    apply_autocmds(EVENT_VIMRESIZED, NULL, NULL, false, curbuf);
-    // In rare cases, autocommands may have altered Rows or Columns,
-    // jump back to check if we need to allocate the screen again.
-    goto retry;
-  }
-
-  resizing = false;
-}
-
 /// Clear status line, window bar or tab page line click definition table
 ///
 /// @param[out]  tpcd  Table to clear.
@@ -5745,67 +830,6 @@ void stl_clear_click_defs(StlClickDefinition *const click_defs, const long click
   }
 }
 
-void screenclear(void)
-{
-  check_for_delay(false);
-  screenalloc();  // allocate screen buffers if size changed
-
-  int i;
-
-  if (starting == NO_SCREEN || default_grid.chars == NULL) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // blank out the default grid
-  for (i = 0; i < default_grid.rows; i++) {
-    grid_clear_line(&default_grid, default_grid.line_offset[i],
-                    default_grid.cols, true);
-    default_grid.line_wraps[i] = false;
-  }
-
-  ui_call_grid_clear(1);  // clear the display
-  ui_comp_set_screen_valid(true);
-
-  clear_cmdline = false;
-  mode_displayed = false;
-
-  redraw_all_later(NOT_VALID);
-  redraw_cmdline = true;
-  redraw_tabline = true;
-  redraw_popupmenu = true;
-  pum_invalidate();
-  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    if (wp->w_floating) {
-      wp->w_redr_type = CLEAR;
-    }
-  }
-  if (must_redraw == CLEAR) {
-    must_redraw = NOT_VALID;  // no need to clear again
-  }
-  compute_cmdrow();
-  msg_row = cmdline_row;  // put cursor on last line for messages
-  msg_col = 0;
-  msg_scrolled = 0;  // can't scroll back
-  msg_didany = false;
-  msg_didout = false;
-  if (HL_ATTR(HLF_MSG) > 0 && msg_use_grid() && msg_grid.chars) {
-    grid_invalidate(&msg_grid);
-    msg_grid_validate();
-    msg_grid_invalid = false;
-    clear_cmdline = true;
-  }
-}
-
-/// Copy part of a grid line for vertically split window.
-static void linecopy(ScreenGrid *grid, int to, int from, int col, int width)
-{
-  unsigned off_to = (unsigned)(grid->line_offset[to] + (size_t)col);
-  unsigned off_from = (unsigned)(grid->line_offset[from] + (size_t)col);
-
-  memmove(grid->chars + off_to, grid->chars + off_from, (size_t)width * sizeof(schar_T));
-  memmove(grid->attrs + off_to, grid->attrs + off_from, (size_t)width * sizeof(sattr_T));
-}
-
 /// Set cursor to its position in the current window.
 void setcursor(void)
 {
@@ -5835,9 +859,9 @@ void setcursor_mayforce(bool force)
   }
 }
 
-/// Scroll 'line_count' lines at 'row' in window 'wp'.
+/// Scroll `line_count` lines at 'row' in window 'wp'.
 ///
-/// Positive `line_count' means scrolling down, so that more space is available
+/// Positive `line_count` means scrolling down, so that more space is available
 /// at 'row'. Negative `line_count` implies deleting lines at `row`.
 void win_scroll_lines(win_T *wp, int row, int line_count)
 {
@@ -5859,126 +883,29 @@ void win_scroll_lines(win_T *wp, int row, int line_count)
   }
 }
 
-/*
- * The rest of the routines in this file perform screen manipulations. The
- * given operation is performed physically on the screen. The corresponding
- * change is also made to the internal screen image. In this way, the editor
- * anticipates the effect of editing changes on the appearance of the screen.
- * That way, when we call screenupdate a complete redraw isn't usually
- * necessary. Another advantage is that we can keep adding code to anticipate
- * screen changes, and in the meantime, everything still works.
- */
-
-/// insert lines on the screen and move the existing lines down
-/// 'line_count' is the number of lines to be inserted.
-/// 'end' is the line after the scrolled part. Normally it is Rows.
-/// 'col' is the column from with we start inserting.
-//
-/// 'row', 'col' and 'end' are relative to the start of the region.
-void grid_ins_lines(ScreenGrid *grid, int row, int line_count, int end, int col, int width)
-{
-  int i;
-  int j;
-  unsigned temp;
-
-  int row_off = 0;
-  grid_adjust(&grid, &row_off, &col);
-  row += row_off;
-  end += row_off;
-
-  if (line_count <= 0) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // Shift line_offset[] line_count down to reflect the inserted lines.
-  // Clear the inserted lines.
-  for (i = 0; i < line_count; i++) {
-    if (width != grid->cols) {
-      // need to copy part of a line
-      j = end - 1 - i;
-      while ((j -= line_count) >= row) {
-        linecopy(grid, j + line_count, j, col, width);
-      }
-      j += line_count;
-      grid_clear_line(grid, grid->line_offset[j] + (size_t)col, width, false);
-      grid->line_wraps[j] = false;
-    } else {
-      j = end - 1 - i;
-      temp = (unsigned)grid->line_offset[j];
-      while ((j -= line_count) >= row) {
-        grid->line_offset[j + line_count] = grid->line_offset[j];
-        grid->line_wraps[j + line_count] = grid->line_wraps[j];
-      }
-      grid->line_offset[j + line_count] = temp;
-      grid->line_wraps[j + line_count] = false;
-      grid_clear_line(grid, temp, grid->cols, false);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!grid->throttled) {
-    ui_call_grid_scroll(grid->handle, row, end, col, col + width, -line_count, 0);
-  }
-}
-
-/// delete lines on the screen and move lines up.
-/// 'end' is the line after the scrolled part. Normally it is Rows.
-/// When scrolling region used 'off' is the offset from the top for the region.
-/// 'row' and 'end' are relative to the start of the region.
-void grid_del_lines(ScreenGrid *grid, int row, int line_count, int end, int col, int width)
+/// @return true when postponing displaying the mode message: when not redrawing
+/// or inside a mapping.
+bool skip_showmode(void)
 {
-  int j;
-  int i;
-  unsigned temp;
-
-  int row_off = 0;
-  grid_adjust(&grid, &row_off, &col);
-  row += row_off;
-  end += row_off;
-
-  if (line_count <= 0) {
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // Now shift line_offset[] line_count up to reflect the deleted lines.
-  // Clear the inserted lines.
-  for (i = 0; i < line_count; i++) {
-    if (width != grid->cols) {
-      // need to copy part of a line
-      j = row + i;
-      while ((j += line_count) <= end - 1) {
-        linecopy(grid, j - line_count, j, col, width);
-      }
-      j -= line_count;
-      grid_clear_line(grid, grid->line_offset[j] + (size_t)col, width, false);
-      grid->line_wraps[j] = false;
-    } else {
-      // whole width, moving the line pointers is faster
-      j = row + i;
-      temp = (unsigned)grid->line_offset[j];
-      while ((j += line_count) <= end - 1) {
-        grid->line_offset[j - line_count] = grid->line_offset[j];
-        grid->line_wraps[j - line_count] = grid->line_wraps[j];
-      }
-      grid->line_offset[j - line_count] = temp;
-      grid->line_wraps[j - line_count] = false;
-      grid_clear_line(grid, temp, grid->cols, false);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!grid->throttled) {
-    ui_call_grid_scroll(grid->handle, row, end, col, col + width, line_count, 0);
+  // Call char_avail() only when we are going to show something, because it
+  // takes a bit of time.  redrawing() may also call char_avail().
+  if (global_busy || msg_silent != 0 || !redrawing() || (char_avail() && !KeyTyped)) {
+    redraw_mode = true;  // show mode later
+    return true;
   }
+  return false;
 }
 
-// Show the current mode and ruler.
-//
-// If clear_cmdline is true, clear the rest of the cmdline.
-// If clear_cmdline is false there may be a message there that needs to be
-// cleared only if a mode is shown.
-// Return the length of the message (0 if no message).
+/// Show the current mode and ruler.
+///
+/// If clear_cmdline is true, clear the rest of the cmdline.
+/// If clear_cmdline is false there may be a message there that needs to be
+/// cleared only if a mode is shown.
+/// If redraw_mode is true show or clear the mode.
+/// @return the length of the message (0 if no message).
 int showmode(void)
 {
-  int need_clear;
+  bool need_clear;
   int length = 0;
   int do_mode;
   int attr;
@@ -5999,12 +926,8 @@ int showmode(void)
                  || restart_edit != NUL
                  || VIsual_active));
   if (do_mode || reg_recording != 0) {
-    // Don't show mode right now, when not redrawing or inside a mapping.
-    // Call char_avail() only when we are going to show something, because
-    // it takes a bit of time.
-    if (!redrawing() || (char_avail() && !KeyTyped) || msg_silent != 0) {
-      redraw_cmdline = true;                    // show mode later
-      return 0;
+    if (skip_showmode()) {
+      return 0;  // show mode later
     }
 
     bool nwr_save = need_wait_return;
@@ -6128,7 +1051,7 @@ int showmode(void)
         msg_puts_attr(" --", attr);
       }
 
-      need_clear = TRUE;
+      need_clear = true;
     }
     if (reg_recording != 0
         && edit_submode == NULL             // otherwise it gets too long
@@ -6138,7 +1061,7 @@ int showmode(void)
     }
 
     mode_displayed = true;
-    if (need_clear || clear_cmdline) {
+    if (need_clear || clear_cmdline || redraw_mode) {
       msg_clr_eos();
     }
     msg_didout = false;                 // overwrite this message
@@ -6150,6 +1073,9 @@ int showmode(void)
   } else if (clear_cmdline && msg_silent == 0) {
     // Clear the whole command line.  Will reset "clear_cmdline".
     msg_clr_cmdline();
+  } else if (redraw_mode) {
+    msg_pos_mode();
+    msg_clr_eos();
   }
 
   // NB: also handles clearing the showmode if it was empty or disabled
@@ -6167,14 +1093,13 @@ int showmode(void)
     win_redr_ruler(last, true);
   }
   redraw_cmdline = false;
+  redraw_mode = false;
   clear_cmdline = false;
 
   return length;
 }
 
-/*
- * Position for a mode message.
- */
+/// Position for a mode message.
 static void msg_pos_mode(void)
 {
   msg_col = 0;
@@ -6216,19 +1141,13 @@ static void recording_mode(int attr)
 {
   msg_puts_attr(_("recording"), attr);
   if (!shortmess(SHM_RECORDING)) {
-    char s[10];
-    int len = (*utf_char2len)(reg_recording);
-    utf_char2bytes(reg_recording, s + 2);
-    s[0] = ' ';
-    s[1] = '@';
-    s[len + 2] = 0;
+    char s[4];
+    snprintf(s, ARRAY_SIZE(s), " @%c", reg_recording);
     msg_puts_attr(s, attr);
   }
 }
 
-/*
- * Draw the tab pages line at the top of the Vim window.
- */
+/// Draw the tab pages line at the top of the Vim window.
 void draw_tabline(void)
 {
   int tabcount = 0;
@@ -6246,8 +1165,7 @@ void draw_tabline(void)
   int attr_fill = HL_ATTR(HLF_TPF);
   char_u *p;
   int room;
-  int use_sep_chars = (t_colors < 8
-                       );
+  int use_sep_chars = (t_colors < 8);
 
   if (default_grid.chars == NULL) {
     return;
@@ -6281,7 +1199,7 @@ void draw_tabline(void)
     did_emsg |= saved_did_emsg;
   } else {
     FOR_ALL_TABS(tp) {
-      ++tabcount;
+      tabcount++;
     }
 
     if (tabcount > 0) {
@@ -6403,7 +1321,7 @@ void draw_tabline(void)
   redraw_tabline = false;
 }
 
-void ui_ext_tabline_update(void)
+static void ui_ext_tabline_update(void)
 {
   Arena arena = ARENA_EMPTY;
   arena_start(&arena, &ui_ext_fixblk);
@@ -6450,10 +1368,6 @@ void ui_ext_tabline_update(void)
   arena_mem_free(arena_finish(&arena), &ui_ext_fixblk);
 }
 
-/*
- * Get buffer name for "buf" into NameBuff[].
- * Takes care of special buffer names and translates special characters.
- */
 void get_trans_bufname(buf_T *buf)
 {
   if (buf_spname(buf) != NULL) {
@@ -6464,9 +1378,7 @@ void get_trans_bufname(buf_T *buf)
   trans_characters((char *)NameBuff, MAXPATHL);
 }
 
-/*
- * Get the character to use in a status line.  Get its attributes in "*attr".
- */
+/// Get the character to use in a status line.  Get its attributes in "*attr".
 int fillchar_status(int *attr, win_T *wp)
 {
   int fill;
@@ -6494,7 +1406,7 @@ int fillchar_status(int *attr, win_T *wp)
 
 /// Get the character to use in a separator between vertically split windows.
 /// Get its attributes in "*attr".
-static int fillchar_vsep(win_T *wp, int *attr)
+int fillchar_vsep(win_T *wp, int *attr)
 {
   *attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_C);
   return wp->w_p_fcs_chars.vert;
@@ -6502,59 +1414,26 @@ static int fillchar_vsep(win_T *wp, int *attr)
 
 /// Get the character to use in a separator between horizontally split windows.
 /// Get its attributes in "*attr".
-static int fillchar_hsep(win_T *wp, int *attr)
+int fillchar_hsep(win_T *wp, int *attr)
 {
   *attr = win_hl_attr(wp, HLF_C);
   return wp->w_p_fcs_chars.horiz;
 }
 
-/*
- * Return TRUE if redrawing should currently be done.
- */
-int redrawing(void)
+/// Return true if redrawing should currently be done.
+bool redrawing(void)
 {
   return !RedrawingDisabled
          && !(p_lz && char_avail() && !KeyTyped && !do_redraw);
 }
 
-/*
- * Return TRUE if printing messages should currently be done.
- */
-int messaging(void)
+/// Return true if printing messages should currently be done.
+bool messaging(void)
 {
   return !(p_lz && char_avail() && !KeyTyped) && ui_has_messages();
 }
 
-/// Show current status info in ruler and various other places
-///
-/// @param always  if false, only show ruler if position has changed.
-void showruler(bool always)
-{
-  if (!always && !redrawing()) {
-    return;
-  }
-  if ((*p_stl != NUL || *curwin->w_p_stl != NUL)
-      && (curwin->w_status_height || global_stl_height())) {
-    redraw_custom_statusline(curwin);
-  } else {
-    win_redr_ruler(curwin, always);
-  }
-  if (*p_wbr != NUL || *curwin->w_p_wbr != NUL) {
-    win_redr_winbar(curwin);
-  }
-
-  if (need_maketitle
-      || (p_icon && (stl_syntax & STL_IN_ICON))
-      || (p_title && (stl_syntax & STL_IN_TITLE))) {
-    maketitle();
-  }
-  // Redraw the tab pages line if needed.
-  if (redraw_tabline) {
-    draw_tabline();
-  }
-}
-
-static void win_redr_ruler(win_T *wp, bool always)
+void win_redr_ruler(win_T *wp, bool always)
 {
   bool is_stl_global = global_stl_height() > 0;
   static bool did_show_ext_ruler = false;
@@ -6564,10 +1443,8 @@ static void win_redr_ruler(win_T *wp, bool always)
     return;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Check if cursor.lnum is valid, since win_redr_ruler() may be called
-   * after deleting lines, before cursor.lnum is corrected.
-   */
+  // Check if cursor.lnum is valid, since win_redr_ruler() may be called
+  // after deleting lines, before cursor.lnum is corrected.
   if (wp->w_cursor.lnum > wp->w_buffer->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
     return;
   }
@@ -6595,9 +1472,7 @@ static void win_redr_ruler(win_T *wp, bool always)
     empty_line = true;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Only draw the ruler when something changed.
-   */
+  // Only draw the ruler when something changed.
   validate_virtcol_win(wp);
   if (redraw_cmdline
       || always
@@ -6651,23 +1526,19 @@ static void win_redr_ruler(win_T *wp, bool always)
 #define RULER_BUF_LEN 70
     char buffer[RULER_BUF_LEN];
 
-    /*
-     * Some sprintfs return the length, some return a pointer.
-     * To avoid portability problems we use strlen() here.
-     */
+    // Some sprintfs return the length, some return a pointer.
+    // To avoid portability problems we use strlen() here.
     vim_snprintf(buffer, RULER_BUF_LEN, "%" PRId64 ",",
-                 (wp->w_buffer->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY) ? (int64_t)0L
-                                                          : (int64_t)wp->w_cursor.lnum);
+                 (wp->w_buffer->b_ml.ml_flags &
+                  ML_EMPTY) ? (int64_t)0L : (int64_t)wp->w_cursor.lnum);
     size_t len = STRLEN(buffer);
     col_print(buffer + len, RULER_BUF_LEN - len,
               empty_line ? 0 : (int)wp->w_cursor.col + 1,
               (int)virtcol + 1);
 
-    /*
-     * Add a "50%" if there is room for it.
-     * On the last line, don't print in the last column (scrolls the
-     * screen up on some terminals).
-     */
+    // Add a "50%" if there is room for it.
+    // On the last line, don't print in the last column (scrolls the
+    // screen up on some terminals).
     int i = (int)STRLEN(buffer);
     get_rel_pos(wp, buffer + i + 1, RULER_BUF_LEN - i - 1);
     int o = i + vim_strsize(buffer + i + 1);
@@ -6731,11 +1602,49 @@ static void win_redr_ruler(win_T *wp, bool always)
   }
 }
 
-/*
- * Return the width of the 'number' and 'relativenumber' column.
- * Caller may need to check if 'number' or 'relativenumber' is set.
- * Otherwise it depends on 'numberwidth' and the line count.
- */
+#define COL_RULER 17        // columns needed by standard ruler
+
+/// Compute columns for ruler and shown command. 'sc_col' is also used to
+/// decide what the maximum length of a message on the status line can be.
+/// If there is a status line for the last window, 'sc_col' is independent
+/// of 'ru_col'.
+void comp_col(void)
+{
+  int last_has_status = (p_ls > 1 || (p_ls == 1 && !ONE_WINDOW));
+
+  sc_col = 0;
+  ru_col = 0;
+  if (p_ru) {
+    ru_col = (ru_wid ? ru_wid : COL_RULER) + 1;
+    // no last status line, adjust sc_col
+    if (!last_has_status) {
+      sc_col = ru_col;
+    }
+  }
+  if (p_sc) {
+    sc_col += SHOWCMD_COLS;
+    if (!p_ru || last_has_status) {         // no need for separating space
+      sc_col++;
+    }
+  }
+  assert(sc_col >= 0
+         && INT_MIN + sc_col <= Columns);
+  sc_col = Columns - sc_col;
+  assert(ru_col >= 0
+         && INT_MIN + ru_col <= Columns);
+  ru_col = Columns - ru_col;
+  if (sc_col <= 0) {            // screen too narrow, will become a mess
+    sc_col = 1;
+  }
+  if (ru_col <= 0) {
+    ru_col = 1;
+  }
+  set_vim_var_nr(VV_ECHOSPACE, sc_col - 1);
+}
+
+/// Return the width of the 'number' and 'relativenumber' column.
+/// Caller may need to check if 'number' or 'relativenumber' is set.
+/// Otherwise it depends on 'numberwidth' and the line count.
 int number_width(win_T *wp)
 {
   int n;
@@ -6757,7 +1666,7 @@ int number_width(win_T *wp)
   n = 0;
   do {
     lnum /= 10;
-    ++n;
+    n++;
   } while (lnum > 0);
 
   // 'numberwidth' gives the minimal width plus one
@@ -6776,155 +1685,283 @@ int number_width(win_T *wp)
   return n;
 }
 
-/// Used when 'cursorlineopt' contains "screenline": compute the margins between
-/// which the highlighting is used.
-static void margin_columns_win(win_T *wp, int *left_col, int *right_col)
+/// Calls mb_cptr2char_adv(p) and returns the character.
+/// If "p" starts with "\x", "\u" or "\U" the hex or unicode value is used.
+/// Returns 0 for invalid hex or invalid UTF-8 byte.
+static int get_encoded_char_adv(char_u **p)
 {
-  // cache previous calculations depending on w_virtcol
-  static int saved_w_virtcol;
-  static win_T *prev_wp;
-  static int prev_left_col;
-  static int prev_right_col;
-  static int prev_col_off;
-
-  int cur_col_off = win_col_off(wp);
-  int width1;
-  int width2;
-
-  if (saved_w_virtcol == wp->w_virtcol && prev_wp == wp
-      && prev_col_off == cur_col_off) {
-    *right_col = prev_right_col;
-    *left_col = prev_left_col;
-    return;
-  }
-
-  width1 = wp->w_width - cur_col_off;
-  width2 = width1 + win_col_off2(wp);
-
-  *left_col = 0;
-  *right_col = width1;
+  char_u *s = *p;
 
-  if (wp->w_virtcol >= (colnr_T)width1) {
-    *right_col = width1 + ((wp->w_virtcol - width1) / width2 + 1) * width2;
-  }
-  if (wp->w_virtcol >= (colnr_T)width1 && width2 > 0) {
-    *left_col = (wp->w_virtcol - width1) / width2 * width2 + width1;
+  if (s[0] == '\\' && (s[1] == 'x' || s[1] == 'u' || s[1] == 'U')) {
+    int64_t num = 0;
+    int bytes;
+    int n;
+    for (bytes = s[1] == 'x' ? 1 : s[1] == 'u' ? 2 : 4; bytes > 0; bytes--) {
+      *p += 2;
+      n = hexhex2nr(*p);
+      if (n < 0) {
+        return 0;
+      }
+      num = num * 256 + n;
+    }
+    *p += 2;
+    return (int)num;
   }
 
-  // cache values
-  prev_left_col = *left_col;
-  prev_right_col = *right_col;
-  prev_wp = wp;
-  saved_w_virtcol = wp->w_virtcol;
-  prev_col_off = cur_col_off;
+  // TODO(bfredl): use schar_T representation and utfc_ptr2len
+  int clen = utf_ptr2len((char *)s);
+  int c = mb_cptr2char_adv((const char_u **)p);
+  if (clen == 1 && c > 127) {  // Invalid UTF-8 byte
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return c;
 }
 
-/// Set dimensions of the Nvim application "screen".
-void screen_resize(int width, int height)
-{
-  // Avoid recursiveness, can happen when setting the window size causes
-  // another window-changed signal.
-  if (updating_screen || resizing_screen) {
-    return;
-  }
+/// Handle setting 'listchars' or 'fillchars'.
+/// Assume monocell characters
+///
+/// @param varp either &curwin->w_p_lcs or &curwin->w_p_fcs
+/// @return error message, NULL if it's OK.
+char *set_chars_option(win_T *wp, char_u **varp, bool set)
+{
+  int round, i, len, len2, entries;
+  char_u *p, *s;
+  int c1;
+  int c2 = 0;
+  int c3 = 0;
+  char_u *last_multispace = NULL;   // Last occurrence of "multispace:"
+  char_u *last_lmultispace = NULL;  // Last occurrence of "leadmultispace:"
+  int multispace_len = 0;           // Length of lcs-multispace string
+  int lead_multispace_len = 0;      // Length of lcs-leadmultispace string
+
+  struct chars_tab {
+    int *cp;    ///< char value
+    char *name;  ///< char id
+    int def;    ///< default value
+  };
+  struct chars_tab *tab;
+
+  // XXX: Characters taking 2 columns is forbidden (TUI limitation?). Set old defaults in this case.
+  struct chars_tab fcs_tab[] = {
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.stl,        "stl",       ' ' },
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.stlnc,      "stlnc",     ' ' },
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.wbr,        "wbr",       ' ' },
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.horiz,      "horiz",     char2cells(0x2500) == 1 ? 0x2500 : '-' },  // ─
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.horizup,    "horizup",   char2cells(0x2534) == 1 ? 0x2534 : '-' },  // ┴
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.horizdown,  "horizdown", char2cells(0x252c) == 1 ? 0x252c : '-' },  // ┬
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.vert,       "vert",      char2cells(0x2502) == 1 ? 0x2502 : '|' },  // │
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.vertleft,   "vertleft",  char2cells(0x2524) == 1 ? 0x2524 : '|' },  // ┤
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.vertright,  "vertright", char2cells(0x251c) == 1 ? 0x251c : '|' },  // ├
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.verthoriz,  "verthoriz", char2cells(0x253c) == 1 ? 0x253c : '+' },  // ┼
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.fold,       "fold",      char2cells(0x00b7) == 1 ? 0x00b7 : '-' },  // ·
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.foldopen,   "foldopen",  '-' },
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.foldclosed, "foldclose", '+' },
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.foldsep,    "foldsep",   char2cells(0x2502) == 1 ? 0x2502 : '|' },  // │
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.diff,       "diff",      '-' },
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.msgsep,     "msgsep",    ' ' },
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.eob,        "eob",       '~' },
+    { &wp->w_p_fcs_chars.colorcol,   "colorcol",  ' ' },
+  };
+  struct chars_tab lcs_tab[] = {
+    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.eol,     "eol",      NUL },
+    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.ext,     "extends",  NUL },
+    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.nbsp,    "nbsp",     NUL },
+    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.prec,    "precedes", NUL },
+    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.space,   "space",    NUL },
+    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab2,    "tab",      NUL },
+    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.lead,    "lead",     NUL },
+    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.trail,   "trail",    NUL },
+    { &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.conceal, "conceal",  NUL },
+  };
 
-  if (width < 0 || height < 0) {    // just checking...
-    return;
+  if (varp == &p_lcs || varp == &wp->w_p_lcs) {
+    tab = lcs_tab;
+    entries = ARRAY_SIZE(lcs_tab);
+    if (varp == &wp->w_p_lcs && wp->w_p_lcs[0] == NUL) {
+      varp = &p_lcs;
+    }
+  } else {
+    tab = fcs_tab;
+    entries = ARRAY_SIZE(fcs_tab);
+    if (varp == &wp->w_p_fcs && wp->w_p_fcs[0] == NUL) {
+      varp = &p_fcs;
+    }
   }
 
-  if (State == MODE_HITRETURN || State == MODE_SETWSIZE) {
-    // postpone the resizing
-    State = MODE_SETWSIZE;
-    return;
-  }
+  // first round: check for valid value, second round: assign values
+  for (round = 0; round <= (set ? 1 : 0); round++) {
+    if (round > 0) {
+      // After checking that the value is valid: set defaults
+      for (i = 0; i < entries; i++) {
+        if (tab[i].cp != NULL) {
+          *(tab[i].cp) = tab[i].def;
+        }
+      }
+      if (varp == &p_lcs || varp == &wp->w_p_lcs) {
+        wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab1 = NUL;
+        wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3 = NUL;
 
-  /* curwin->w_buffer can be NULL when we are closing a window and the
-   * buffer has already been closed and removing a scrollbar causes a resize
-   * event. Don't resize then, it will happen after entering another buffer.
-   */
-  if (curwin->w_buffer == NULL) {
-    return;
-  }
+        xfree(wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace);
+        if (multispace_len > 0) {
+          wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace = xmalloc(((size_t)multispace_len + 1) * sizeof(int));
+          wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace[multispace_len] = NUL;
+        } else {
+          wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace = NULL;
+        }
 
-  resizing_screen = true;
+        xfree(wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace);
+        if (lead_multispace_len > 0) {
+          wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace
+            = xmalloc(((size_t)lead_multispace_len + 1) * sizeof(int));
+          wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace[lead_multispace_len] = NUL;
+        } else {
+          wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace = NULL;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    p = *varp;
+    while (*p) {
+      for (i = 0; i < entries; i++) {
+        len = (int)STRLEN(tab[i].name);
+        if (STRNCMP(p, tab[i].name, len) == 0
+            && p[len] == ':'
+            && p[len + 1] != NUL) {
+          c2 = c3 = 0;
+          s = p + len + 1;
+          c1 = get_encoded_char_adv(&s);
+          if (c1 == 0 || char2cells(c1) > 1) {
+            return e_invarg;
+          }
+          if (tab[i].cp == &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab2) {
+            if (*s == NUL) {
+              return e_invarg;
+            }
+            c2 = get_encoded_char_adv(&s);
+            if (c2 == 0 || char2cells(c2) > 1) {
+              return e_invarg;
+            }
+            if (!(*s == ',' || *s == NUL)) {
+              c3 = get_encoded_char_adv(&s);
+              if (c3 == 0 || char2cells(c3) > 1) {
+                return e_invarg;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          if (*s == ',' || *s == NUL) {
+            if (round > 0) {
+              if (tab[i].cp == &wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab2) {
+                wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab1 = c1;
+                wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab2 = c2;
+                wp->w_p_lcs_chars.tab3 = c3;
+              } else if (tab[i].cp != NULL) {
+                *(tab[i].cp) = c1;
+              }
+            }
+            p = s;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
 
-  Rows = height;
-  Columns = width;
-  check_screensize();
-  int max_p_ch = Rows - min_rows() + 1;
-  if (!ui_has(kUIMessages) && p_ch > 0 && p_ch > max_p_ch) {
-    p_ch = max_p_ch ? max_p_ch : 1;
+      if (i == entries) {
+        len = (int)STRLEN("multispace");
+        len2 = (int)STRLEN("leadmultispace");
+        if ((varp == &p_lcs || varp == &wp->w_p_lcs)
+            && STRNCMP(p, "multispace", len) == 0
+            && p[len] == ':'
+            && p[len + 1] != NUL) {
+          s = p + len + 1;
+          if (round == 0) {
+            // Get length of lcs-multispace string in the first round
+            last_multispace = p;
+            multispace_len = 0;
+            while (*s != NUL && *s != ',') {
+              c1 = get_encoded_char_adv(&s);
+              if (c1 == 0 || char2cells(c1) > 1) {
+                return e_invarg;
+              }
+              multispace_len++;
+            }
+            if (multispace_len == 0) {
+              // lcs-multispace cannot be an empty string
+              return e_invarg;
+            }
+            p = s;
+          } else {
+            int multispace_pos = 0;
+            while (*s != NUL && *s != ',') {
+              c1 = get_encoded_char_adv(&s);
+              if (p == last_multispace) {
+                wp->w_p_lcs_chars.multispace[multispace_pos++] = c1;
+              }
+            }
+            p = s;
+          }
+        } else if ((varp == &p_lcs || varp == &wp->w_p_lcs)
+                   && STRNCMP(p, "leadmultispace", len2) == 0
+                   && p[len2] == ':'
+                   && p[len2 + 1] != NUL) {
+          s = p + len2 + 1;
+          if (round == 0) {
+            // get length of lcs-leadmultispace string in first round
+            last_lmultispace = p;
+            lead_multispace_len = 0;
+            while (*s != NUL && *s != ',') {
+              c1 = get_encoded_char_adv(&s);
+              if (c1 == 0 || char2cells(c1) > 1) {
+                return e_invarg;
+              }
+              lead_multispace_len++;
+            }
+            if (lead_multispace_len == 0) {
+              // lcs-leadmultispace cannot be an empty string
+              return e_invarg;
+            }
+            p = s;
+          } else {
+            int multispace_pos = 0;
+            while (*s != NUL && *s != ',') {
+              c1 = get_encoded_char_adv(&s);
+              if (p == last_lmultispace) {
+                wp->w_p_lcs_chars.leadmultispace[multispace_pos++] = c1;
+              }
+            }
+            p = s;
+          }
+        } else {
+          return e_invarg;
+        }
+      }
+      if (*p == ',') {
+        p++;
+      }
+    }
   }
-  height = Rows;
-  width = Columns;
-  p_lines = Rows;
-  p_columns = Columns;
-  ui_call_grid_resize(1, width, height);
-
-  send_grid_resize = true;
 
-  /// The window layout used to be adjusted here, but it now happens in
-  /// screenalloc() (also invoked from screenclear()).  That is because the
-  /// recursize "resizing_screen" check above may skip this, but not screenalloc().
+  return NULL;          // no error
+}
 
-  if (State != MODE_ASKMORE && State != MODE_EXTERNCMD && State != MODE_CONFIRM) {
-    screenclear();
+/// Check all global and local values of 'listchars' and 'fillchars'.
+/// May set different defaults in case character widths change.
+///
+/// @return  an untranslated error message if any of them is invalid, NULL otherwise.
+char *check_chars_options(void)
+{
+  if (set_chars_option(curwin, &p_lcs, false) != NULL) {
+    return e_conflicts_with_value_of_listchars;
   }
-
-  if (starting != NO_SCREEN) {
-    maketitle();
-    changed_line_abv_curs();
-    invalidate_botline();
-
-    /*
-     * We only redraw when it's needed:
-     * - While at the more prompt or executing an external command, don't
-     *   redraw, but position the cursor.
-     * - While editing the command line, only redraw that.
-     * - in Ex mode, don't redraw anything.
-     * - Otherwise, redraw right now, and position the cursor.
-     * Always need to call update_screen() or screenalloc(), to make
-     * sure Rows/Columns and the size of the screen is correct!
-     */
-    if (State == MODE_ASKMORE || State == MODE_EXTERNCMD || State == MODE_CONFIRM
-        || exmode_active) {
-      screenalloc();
-      if (msg_grid.chars) {
-        msg_grid_validate();
-      }
-      // TODO(bfredl): sometimes messes up the output. Implement clear+redraw
-      // also for the pager? (or: what if the pager was just a modal window?)
-      ui_comp_set_screen_valid(true);
-      repeat_message();
-    } else {
-      if (curwin->w_p_scb) {
-        do_check_scrollbind(true);
-      }
-      if (State & MODE_CMDLINE) {
-        redraw_popupmenu = false;
-        update_screen(NOT_VALID);
-        redrawcmdline();
-        if (pum_drawn()) {
-          cmdline_pum_display(false);
-        }
-      } else {
-        update_topline(curwin);
-        if (pum_drawn()) {
-          // TODO(bfredl): ins_compl_show_pum wants to redraw the screen first.
-          // For now make sure the nested update_screen(0) won't redraw the
-          // pum at the old position. Try to untangle this later.
-          redraw_popupmenu = false;
-          ins_compl_show_pum();
-        }
-        update_screen(NOT_VALID);
-        if (redrawing()) {
-          setcursor();
-        }
-      }
+  if (set_chars_option(curwin, &p_fcs, false) != NULL) {
+    return e_conflicts_with_value_of_fillchars;
+  }
+  FOR_ALL_TAB_WINDOWS(tp, wp) {
+    if (set_chars_option(wp, &wp->w_p_lcs, true) != NULL) {
+      return e_conflicts_with_value_of_listchars;
+    }
+    if (set_chars_option(wp, &wp->w_p_fcs, true) != NULL) {
+      return e_conflicts_with_value_of_fillchars;
     }
-    ui_flush();
   }
-  resizing_screen = false;
+  return NULL;
 }
 
 /// Check if the new Nvim application "screen" dimensions are valid.
@@ -6945,13 +1982,3 @@ void check_screensize(void)
     Columns = 10000;
   }
 }
-
-win_T *get_win_by_grid_handle(handle_T handle)
-{
-  FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    if (wp->w_grid_alloc.handle == handle) {
-      return wp;
-    }
-  }
-  return NULL;
-}
diff --git a/src/nvim/screen.h b/src/nvim/screen.h
index 9eda5223f1..ea1c58cd80 100644
--- a/src/nvim/screen.h
+++ b/src/nvim/screen.h
@@ -4,31 +4,10 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
 #include "nvim/buffer_defs.h"
-#include "nvim/grid.h"
-#include "nvim/pos.h"
-#include "nvim/types.h"
+#include "nvim/fold.h"
+#include "nvim/grid_defs.h"
 
-// flags for update_screen()
-// The higher the value, the higher the priority
-#define VALID                   10  // buffer not changed, or changes marked
-                                    // with b_mod_*
-#define INVERTED                20  // redisplay inverted part that changed
-#define INVERTED_ALL            25  // redisplay whole inverted part
-#define REDRAW_TOP              30  // display first w_upd_rows screen lines
-#define SOME_VALID              35  // like NOT_VALID but may scroll
-#define NOT_VALID               40  // buffer needs complete redraw
-#define CLEAR                   50  // screen messed up, clear it
-
-/// corner value flags for hsep_connected and vsep_connected
-typedef enum {
-  WC_TOP_LEFT = 0,
-  WC_TOP_RIGHT,
-  WC_BOTTOM_LEFT,
-  WC_BOTTOM_RIGHT,
-} WindowCorner;
-
-// Maximum columns for terminal highlight attributes
-#define TERM_ATTRS_MAX 1024
+EXTERN match_T screen_search_hl;       // used for 'hlsearch' highlight matching
 
 /// Array defining what should be done when tabline is clicked
 EXTERN StlClickDefinition *tab_page_click_defs INIT(= NULL);
@@ -39,13 +18,6 @@ EXTERN long tab_page_click_defs_size INIT(= 0);
 #define W_ENDCOL(wp)   ((wp)->w_wincol + (wp)->w_width)
 #define W_ENDROW(wp)   ((wp)->w_winrow + (wp)->w_height)
 
-// While redrawing the screen this flag is set.  It means the screen size
-// ('lines' and 'rows') must not be changed.
-EXTERN bool updating_screen INIT(= 0);
-
-// While resizing the screen this flag is set.
-EXTERN bool resizing_screen INIT(= 0);
-
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "screen.h.generated.h"
 #endif
diff --git a/src/nvim/search.c b/src/nvim/search.c
index 403e2f3aa4..c820817a71 100644
--- a/src/nvim/search.c
+++ b/src/nvim/search.c
@@ -15,12 +15,14 @@
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/cmdhist.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/funcs.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
@@ -42,8 +44,8 @@
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
 #include "nvim/os/time.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
@@ -271,7 +273,7 @@ void free_search_patterns(void)
   free_spat(&spats[0]);
   free_spat(&spats[1]);
 
-  memset(spats, 0, sizeof(spats));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(spats);
 
   if (mr_pattern_alloced) {
     xfree(mr_pattern);
@@ -431,7 +433,7 @@ void set_last_csearch(int c, char_u *s, int len)
   if (len) {
     memcpy(lastc_bytes, s, (size_t)len);
   } else {
-    memset(lastc_bytes, 0, sizeof(lastc_bytes));
+    CLEAR_FIELD(lastc_bytes);
   }
 }
 
@@ -513,7 +515,7 @@ void last_pat_prog(regmmatch_T *regmatch)
   }
   ++emsg_off;           // So it doesn't beep if bad expr
   (void)search_regcomp((char_u *)"", 0, last_idx, SEARCH_KEEP, regmatch);
-  --emsg_off;
+  emsg_off--;
 }
 
 /// Lowest level search function.
@@ -1036,7 +1038,7 @@ int do_search(oparg_T *oap, int dirc, int search_delim, char_u *pat, long count,
   char_u *p;
   long c;
   char_u *dircp;
-  char_u *strcopy = NULL;
+  char *strcopy = NULL;
   char_u *ps;
   char_u *msgbuf = NULL;
   size_t len;
@@ -1123,13 +1125,13 @@ int do_search(oparg_T *oap, int dirc, int search_delim, char_u *pat, long count,
        * Find end of regular expression.
        * If there is a matching '/' or '?', toss it.
        */
-      ps = strcopy;
+      ps = (char_u *)strcopy;
       p = skip_regexp(pat, search_delim, p_magic, &strcopy);
-      if (strcopy != ps) {
+      if (strcopy != (char *)ps) {
         // made a copy of "pat" to change "\?" to "?"
         searchcmdlen += (int)(STRLEN(pat) - STRLEN(strcopy));
-        pat = strcopy;
-        searchstr = strcopy;
+        pat = (char_u *)strcopy;
+        searchstr = (char_u *)strcopy;
       }
       if (*p == search_delim) {
         dircp = p;              // remember where we put the NUL
@@ -1160,9 +1162,9 @@ int do_search(oparg_T *oap, int dirc, int search_delim, char_u *pat, long count,
         } else {  // single '+'
           spats[0].off.off = 1;
         }
-        ++p;
+        p++;
         while (ascii_isdigit(*p)) {  // skip number
-          ++p;
+          p++;
         }
       }
 
@@ -1426,7 +1428,7 @@ int do_search(oparg_T *oap, int dirc, int search_delim, char_u *pat, long count,
       emsg(_("E386: Expected '?' or '/'  after ';'"));
       goto end_do_search;
     }
-    ++pat;
+    pat++;
   }
 
   if (options & SEARCH_MARK) {
@@ -2136,10 +2138,10 @@ pos_T *findmatchlimit(oparg_T *oap, int initc, int flags, int64_t maxtravel)
         }
         if (*ptr == '"'
             && (ptr == linep || ptr[-1] != '\'' || ptr[1] != '\'')) {
-          ++do_quotes;
+          do_quotes++;
         }
         if (*ptr == '\\' && ptr[1] != NUL) {
-          ++ptr;
+          ptr++;
         }
       }
       do_quotes &= 1;               // result is 1 with even number of quotes
@@ -2342,7 +2344,7 @@ int check_linecomment(const char_u *line)
           && !is_pos_in_string(line, (colnr_T)(p - line))) {
         break;
       }
-      ++p;
+      p++;
     }
   }
 
@@ -2629,7 +2631,7 @@ bool findpar(bool *pincl, int dir, long count, int what, int both)
   }
   setpcmark();
   if (both && *ml_get(curr) == '}') {   // include line with '}'
-    ++curr;
+    curr++;
   }
   curwin->w_cursor.lnum = curr;
   if (curr == curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count && what != '}') {
@@ -2667,7 +2669,7 @@ static int inmacro(char_u *opt, char_u *s)
                 && (s[0] == NUL || s[1] == NUL || s[1] == ' ')))) {
       break;
     }
-    ++macro;
+    macro++;
     if (macro[0] == NUL) {
       break;
     }
@@ -3110,7 +3112,7 @@ int current_word(oparg_T *oap, long count, int include, int bigword)
       oap->start = start_pos;
       oap->motion_type = kMTCharWise;
     }
-    --count;
+    count--;
   }
 
   /*
@@ -3160,7 +3162,7 @@ int current_word(oparg_T *oap, long count, int include, int bigword)
         }
       }
     }
-    --count;
+    count--;
   }
 
   if (include_white && (cls() != 0
@@ -3323,7 +3325,7 @@ extend:
   } else {
     ncount = count;
     if (start_blank) {
-      --ncount;
+      ncount--;
     }
   }
   if (ncount > 0) {
@@ -3851,7 +3853,7 @@ extend:
         break;
       }
     }
-    --start_lnum;
+    start_lnum--;
   }
 
   /*
@@ -3859,13 +3861,13 @@ extend:
    */
   end_lnum = start_lnum;
   while (end_lnum <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count && linewhite(end_lnum)) {
-    ++end_lnum;
+    end_lnum++;
   }
 
   end_lnum--;
   i = (int)count;
   if (!include && white_in_front) {
-    --i;
+    i--;
   }
   while (i--) {
     if (end_lnum == curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
@@ -3877,14 +3879,12 @@ extend:
     }
 
     if (include || !do_white) {
-      ++end_lnum;
-      /*
-       * skip to end of paragraph
-       */
+      end_lnum++;
+      // skip to end of paragraph
       while (end_lnum < curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count
              && !linewhite(end_lnum + 1)
              && !startPS(end_lnum + 1, 0, 0)) {
-        ++end_lnum;
+        end_lnum++;
       }
     }
 
@@ -3898,7 +3898,7 @@ extend:
     if (include || do_white) {
       while (end_lnum < curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count
              && linewhite(end_lnum + 1)) {
-        ++end_lnum;
+        end_lnum++;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -3909,7 +3909,7 @@ extend:
    */
   if (!white_in_front && !linewhite(end_lnum) && include) {
     while (start_lnum > 1 && linewhite(start_lnum - 1)) {
-      --start_lnum;
+      start_lnum--;
     }
   }
 
@@ -3983,7 +3983,7 @@ static int find_prev_quote(char_u *line, int col_start, int quotechar, char_u *e
     if (escape != NULL) {
       while (col_start - n > 0 && vim_strchr((char *)escape,
                                              line[col_start - n - 1]) != NULL) {
-        ++n;
+        n++;
       }
     }
     if (n & 1) {
@@ -4169,11 +4169,11 @@ bool current_quote(oparg_T *oap, long count, bool include, int quotechar)
   if (include) {
     if (ascii_iswhite(line[col_end + 1])) {
       while (ascii_iswhite(line[col_end + 1])) {
-        ++col_end;
+        col_end++;
       }
     } else {
       while (col_start > 0 && ascii_iswhite(line[col_start - 1])) {
-        --col_start;
+        col_start--;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -4551,7 +4551,7 @@ static void update_search_stat(int dirc, pos_T *pos, pos_T *cursor_pos, searchst
   static buf_T *lbuf = NULL;
   proftime_T start;
 
-  memset(stat, 0, sizeof(searchstat_T));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(stat);
 
   if (dirc == 0 && !recompute && !EMPTY_POS(lastpos)) {
     stat->cur = cur;
@@ -5467,7 +5467,7 @@ void find_pattern_in_path(char_u *ptr, Direction dir, size_t len, bool whole, bo
         }
         did_show = true;
         while (depth_displayed < depth && !got_int) {
-          ++depth_displayed;
+          depth_displayed++;
           for (i = 0; i < depth_displayed; i++) {
             msg_puts("  ");
           }
@@ -5509,11 +5509,11 @@ void find_pattern_in_path(char_u *ptr, Direction dir, size_t len, bool whole, bo
               // Avoid checking before the start of the line, can
               // happen if \zs appears in the regexp.
               if (p[-1] == '"' || p[-1] == '<') {
-                --p;
-                ++i;
+                p--;
+                i++;
               }
               if (p[i] == '"' || p[i] == '>') {
-                ++i;
+                i++;
               }
             }
             save_char = p[i];
@@ -5561,7 +5561,7 @@ void find_pattern_in_path(char_u *ptr, Direction dir, size_t len, bool whole, bo
             // Something wrong. We will forget one of our already visited files
             // now.
             xfree(files[old_files].name);
-            ++old_files;
+            old_files++;
           }
           files[depth].name = curr_fname = new_fname;
           files[depth].lnum = 0;
@@ -5860,7 +5860,7 @@ exit_matched:
     while (depth >= 0 && !already
            && vim_fgets(line = file_line, LSIZE, files[depth].fp)) {
       fclose(files[depth].fp);
-      --old_files;
+      old_files--;
       files[old_files].name = files[depth].name;
       files[old_files].matched = files[depth].matched;
       depth--;
@@ -5948,10 +5948,10 @@ static void show_pat_in_path(char_u *line, int type, bool did_show, int action,
     if (fp != NULL) {
       // We used fgets(), so get rid of newline at end
       if (p >= line && *p == '\n') {
-        --p;
+        p--;
       }
       if (p >= line && *p == '\r') {
-        --p;
+        p--;
       }
       *(p + 1) = NUL;
     }
@@ -5996,7 +5996,7 @@ void get_search_pattern(SearchPattern *const pat)
 void get_substitute_pattern(SearchPattern *const pat)
 {
   memcpy(pat, &(spats[1]), sizeof(spats[1]));
-  memset(&(pat->off), 0, sizeof(pat->off));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(pat->off);
 }
 
 /// Set last search pattern
@@ -6012,7 +6012,7 @@ void set_substitute_pattern(const SearchPattern pat)
 {
   free_spat(&spats[1]);
   memcpy(&(spats[1]), &pat, sizeof(spats[1]));
-  memset(&(spats[1].off), 0, sizeof(spats[1].off));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(spats[1].off);
 }
 
 /// Set last used search pattern
diff --git a/src/nvim/shada.c b/src/nvim/shada.c
index cd3b967a9f..0927473be0 100644
--- a/src/nvim/shada.c
+++ b/src/nvim/shada.c
@@ -16,11 +16,12 @@
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/cmdhist.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/decode.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/encode.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
+#include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
 #include "nvim/globals.h"
@@ -2188,7 +2189,7 @@ static inline ShaDaWriteResult shada_read_when_writing(ShaDaReadDef *const sd_re
       k = kh_put(file_marks, &wms->file_marks, fname, &kh_ret);
       FileMarks *const filemarks = &kh_val(&wms->file_marks, k);
       if (kh_ret > 0) {
-        memset(filemarks, 0, sizeof(*filemarks));
+        CLEAR_POINTER(filemarks);
       }
       if (entry.timestamp > filemarks->greatest_timestamp) {
         filemarks->greatest_timestamp = entry.timestamp;
@@ -2451,6 +2452,27 @@ static inline void find_removable_bufs(khash_t(bufset) *removable_bufs)
   }
 }
 
+/// Translate a history type number to the associated character
+static int hist_type2char(const int type)
+  FUNC_ATTR_CONST
+{
+  switch (type) {
+  case HIST_CMD:
+    return ':';
+  case HIST_SEARCH:
+    return '/';
+  case HIST_EXPR:
+    return '=';
+  case HIST_INPUT:
+    return '@';
+  case HIST_DEBUG:
+    return '>';
+  default:
+    abort();
+  }
+  return NUL;
+}
+
 /// Write ShaDa file
 ///
 /// @param[in]  sd_writer  Structure containing file writer definition.
@@ -2730,7 +2752,7 @@ static ShaDaWriteResult shada_write(ShaDaWriteDef *const sd_writer, ShaDaReadDef
       k = kh_put(file_marks, &wms->file_marks, fname, &kh_ret);
       FileMarks *const filemarks = &kh_val(&wms->file_marks, k);
       if (kh_ret > 0) {
-        memset(filemarks, 0, sizeof(*filemarks));
+        CLEAR_POINTER(filemarks);
       }
       do {
         fmark_T fm;
@@ -3456,7 +3478,7 @@ shada_read_next_item_start:
   // data union are NULL so they are safe to xfree(). This is needed in case
   // somebody calls goto shada_read_next_item_error before anything is set in
   // the switch.
-  memset(entry, 0, sizeof(*entry));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(entry);
   if (sd_reader->eof) {
     return kSDReadStatusFinished;
   }
diff --git a/src/nvim/sign.c b/src/nvim/sign.c
index 7b6b55fede..f1ddbfd147 100644
--- a/src/nvim/sign.c
+++ b/src/nvim/sign.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/funcs.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
@@ -16,7 +17,6 @@
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
 #include "nvim/move.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/sign.h"
 #include "nvim/syntax.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
@@ -442,27 +442,24 @@ static linenr_T buf_change_sign_type(buf_T *buf, int markId, const char_u *group
 /// @param max_signs the number of signs, with priority for the ones
 ///        with the highest Ids.
 /// @return Attrs of the matching sign, or NULL
-sign_attrs_T *sign_get_attr(SignType type, sign_attrs_T sattrs[], int idx, int max_signs)
+SignTextAttrs *sign_get_attr(int idx, SignTextAttrs sattrs[], int max_signs)
 {
-  sign_attrs_T *matches[SIGN_SHOW_MAX];
-  int nr_matches = 0;
+  SignTextAttrs *matches[SIGN_SHOW_MAX];
+  int sattr_matches = 0;
 
   for (int i = 0; i < SIGN_SHOW_MAX; i++) {
-    if ((type == SIGN_TEXT && sattrs[i].sat_text != NULL)
-        || (type == SIGN_LINEHL && sattrs[i].sat_linehl != 0)
-        || (type == SIGN_NUMHL && sattrs[i].sat_numhl != 0)) {
-      matches[nr_matches] = &sattrs[i];
-      nr_matches++;
+    if (sattrs[i].text != NULL) {
+      matches[sattr_matches++] = &sattrs[i];
       // attr list is sorted with most important (priority, id), thus we
       // may stop as soon as we have max_signs matches
-      if (nr_matches >= max_signs) {
+      if (sattr_matches >= max_signs) {
         break;
       }
     }
   }
 
-  if (nr_matches > idx) {
-    return matches[nr_matches - idx - 1];
+  if (sattr_matches > idx) {
+    return matches[sattr_matches - idx - 1];
   }
 
   return NULL;
@@ -474,12 +471,12 @@ sign_attrs_T *sign_get_attr(SignType type, sign_attrs_T sattrs[], int idx, int m
 /// @param lnum Line in which to search
 /// @param sattrs Output array for attrs
 /// @return Number of signs of which attrs were found
-int buf_get_signattrs(buf_T *buf, linenr_T lnum, sign_attrs_T sattrs[])
+int buf_get_signattrs(buf_T *buf, linenr_T lnum, SignTextAttrs sattrs[], HlPriAttr *num_attrs,
+                      HlPriAttr *line_attrs, HlPriAttr *cul_attrs)
 {
   sign_entry_T *sign;
-  sign_T *sp;
 
-  int nr_matches = 0;
+  int sattr_matches = 0;
 
   FOR_ALL_SIGNS_IN_BUF(buf, sign) {
     if (sign->se_lnum > lnum) {
@@ -488,37 +485,39 @@ int buf_get_signattrs(buf_T *buf, linenr_T lnum, sign_attrs_T sattrs[])
       break;
     }
 
-    if (sign->se_lnum == lnum) {
-      sign_attrs_T sattr;
-      memset(&sattr, 0, sizeof(sattr));
-      sattr.sat_typenr = sign->se_typenr;
-      sp = find_sign_by_typenr(sign->se_typenr);
-      if (sp != NULL) {
-        sattr.sat_text = sp->sn_text;
-        if (sattr.sat_text != NULL && sp->sn_text_hl != 0) {
-          sattr.sat_texthl = syn_id2attr(sp->sn_text_hl);
-        }
-        if (sp->sn_line_hl != 0) {
-          sattr.sat_linehl = syn_id2attr(sp->sn_line_hl);
-        }
-        if (sp->sn_cul_hl != 0) {
-          sattr.sat_culhl = syn_id2attr(sp->sn_cul_hl);
-        }
-        if (sp->sn_num_hl != 0) {
-          sattr.sat_numhl = syn_id2attr(sp->sn_num_hl);
-        }
-        // Store the priority so we can mesh in extmark signs later
-        sattr.sat_prio = sign->se_priority;
-      }
+    if (sign->se_lnum < lnum) {
+      continue;
+    }
 
-      sattrs[nr_matches] = sattr;
-      nr_matches++;
-      if (nr_matches == SIGN_SHOW_MAX) {
-        break;
+    sign_T *sp = find_sign_by_typenr(sign->se_typenr);
+    if (sp == NULL) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (sp->sn_text != NULL && sattr_matches < SIGN_SHOW_MAX) {
+      sattrs[sattr_matches++] = (SignTextAttrs) {
+        .text = sp->sn_text,
+        .hl_attr_id = sp->sn_text_hl == 0 ? 0 : syn_id2attr(sp->sn_text_hl),
+        .priority = sign->se_priority
+      };
+    }
+
+    struct { HlPriAttr *dest; int hl; } cattrs[] = {
+      { line_attrs, sp->sn_line_hl },
+      { num_attrs,  sp->sn_num_hl  },
+      { cul_attrs,  sp->sn_cul_hl  },
+      { NULL, -1 },
+    };
+    for (int i = 0; cattrs[i].dest; i++) {
+      if (cattrs[i].hl != 0 && sign->se_priority >= cattrs[i].dest->priority) {
+        *cattrs[i].dest = (HlPriAttr) {
+          .attr_id = syn_id2attr(cattrs[i].hl),
+          .priority = sign->se_priority
+        };
       }
     }
   }
-  return nr_matches;
+  return sattr_matches;
 }
 
 /// Delete sign 'id' in group 'group' from buffer 'buf'.
diff --git a/src/nvim/sign_defs.h b/src/nvim/sign_defs.h
index e4ece71846..a4fb325ec8 100644
--- a/src/nvim/sign_defs.h
+++ b/src/nvim/sign_defs.h
@@ -33,15 +33,11 @@ struct sign_entry {
 };
 
 /// Sign attributes. Used by the screen refresh routines.
-typedef struct sign_attrs_S {
-  int sat_typenr;
-  char_u *sat_text;
-  int sat_texthl;
-  int sat_linehl;
-  int sat_culhl;
-  int sat_numhl;
-  int sat_prio;  // Used for inserting extmark signs
-} sign_attrs_T;
+typedef struct {
+  char_u *text;
+  int hl_attr_id;
+  int priority;
+} SignTextAttrs;
 
 #define SIGN_SHOW_MAX 9
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/spell.c b/src/nvim/spell.c
index ceb35af4b8..1e44d328b3 100644
--- a/src/nvim/spell.c
+++ b/src/nvim/spell.c
@@ -56,18 +56,6 @@
 // Use DEBUG_TRIEWALK to print the changes made in suggest_trie_walk() for a
 // specific word.
 
-// Use this to adjust the score after finding suggestions, based on the
-// suggested word sounding like the bad word.  This is much faster than doing
-// it for every possible suggestion.
-// Disadvantage: When "the" is typed as "hte" it sounds quite different ("@"
-// vs "ht") and goes down in the list.
-// Used when 'spellsuggest' is set to "best".
-#define RESCORE(word_score, sound_score) ((3 * (word_score) + (sound_score)) / 4)
-
-// Do the opposite: based on a maximum end score and a known sound score,
-// compute the maximum word score that can be used.
-#define MAXSCORE(word_score, sound_score) ((4 * (word_score) - (sound_score)) / 3)
-
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <limits.h>
@@ -84,15 +72,12 @@
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
-#include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
-#include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/func_attr.h"
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
-#include "nvim/getchar.h"
 #include "nvim/hashtab.h"
 #include "nvim/input.h"
 #include "nvim/insexpand.h"
@@ -108,20 +93,14 @@
 #include "nvim/os_unix.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/spell.h"
 #include "nvim/spellfile.h"
+#include "nvim/spellsuggest.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/syntax.h"
-#include "nvim/ui.h"
 #include "nvim/undo.h"
 
-// only used for su_badflags
-#define WF_MIXCAP   0x20        // mix of upper and lower case: macaRONI
-
-#define WF_CAPMASK (WF_ONECAP | WF_ALLCAP | WF_KEEPCAP | WF_FIXCAP)
-
 // Result values.  Lower number is accepted over higher one.
 #define SP_BANNED       (-1)
 #define SP_RARE         0
@@ -136,104 +115,6 @@ slang_T *first_lang = NULL;
 // file used for "zG" and "zW"
 char_u *int_wordlist = NULL;
 
-typedef struct wordcount_S {
-  uint16_t wc_count;                // nr of times word was seen
-  char_u wc_word[1];                // word, actually longer
-} wordcount_T;
-
-#define WC_KEY_OFF   offsetof(wordcount_T, wc_word)
-#define HI2WC(hi)    ((wordcount_T *)((hi)->hi_key - WC_KEY_OFF))
-#define MAXWORDCOUNT 0xffff
-
-// Information used when looking for suggestions.
-typedef struct suginfo_S {
-  garray_T su_ga;                   // suggestions, contains "suggest_T"
-  int su_maxcount;                  // max. number of suggestions displayed
-  int su_maxscore;                  // maximum score for adding to su_ga
-  int su_sfmaxscore;                // idem, for when doing soundfold words
-  garray_T su_sga;                  // like su_ga, sound-folded scoring
-  char_u *su_badptr;           // start of bad word in line
-  int su_badlen;                    // length of detected bad word in line
-  int su_badflags;                  // caps flags for bad word
-  char_u su_badword[MAXWLEN];       // bad word truncated at su_badlen
-  char_u su_fbadword[MAXWLEN];      // su_badword case-folded
-  char_u su_sal_badword[MAXWLEN];   // su_badword soundfolded
-  hashtab_T su_banned;              // table with banned words
-  slang_T *su_sallang;          // default language for sound folding
-} suginfo_T;
-
-// One word suggestion.  Used in "si_ga".
-typedef struct {
-  char_u *st_word;         // suggested word, allocated string
-  int st_wordlen;               // STRLEN(st_word)
-  int st_orglen;                // length of replaced text
-  int st_score;                 // lower is better
-  int st_altscore;              // used when st_score compares equal
-  bool st_salscore;             // st_score is for soundalike
-  bool st_had_bonus;            // bonus already included in score
-  slang_T *st_slang;        // language used for sound folding
-} suggest_T;
-
-#define SUG(ga, i) (((suggest_T *)(ga).ga_data)[i])
-
-// True if a word appears in the list of banned words.
-#define WAS_BANNED(su, word) (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hash_find(&(su)->su_banned, word)))
-
-// Number of suggestions kept when cleaning up.  We need to keep more than
-// what is displayed, because when rescore_suggestions() is called the score
-// may change and wrong suggestions may be removed later.
-#define SUG_CLEAN_COUNT(su)    ((su)->su_maxcount < \
-                                130 ? 150 : (su)->su_maxcount + 20)
-
-// Threshold for sorting and cleaning up suggestions.  Don't want to keep lots
-// of suggestions that are not going to be displayed.
-#define SUG_MAX_COUNT(su)       (SUG_CLEAN_COUNT(su) + 50)
-
-// score for various changes
-#define SCORE_SPLIT     149     // split bad word
-#define SCORE_SPLIT_NO  249     // split bad word with NOSPLITSUGS
-#define SCORE_ICASE     52      // slightly different case
-#define SCORE_REGION    200     // word is for different region
-#define SCORE_RARE      180     // rare word
-#define SCORE_SWAP      75      // swap two characters
-#define SCORE_SWAP3     110     // swap two characters in three
-#define SCORE_REP       65      // REP replacement
-#define SCORE_SUBST     93      // substitute a character
-#define SCORE_SIMILAR   33      // substitute a similar character
-#define SCORE_SUBCOMP   33      // substitute a composing character
-#define SCORE_DEL       94      // delete a character
-#define SCORE_DELDUP    66      // delete a duplicated character
-#define SCORE_DELCOMP   28      // delete a composing character
-#define SCORE_INS       96      // insert a character
-#define SCORE_INSDUP    67      // insert a duplicate character
-#define SCORE_INSCOMP   30      // insert a composing character
-#define SCORE_NONWORD   103     // change non-word to word char
-
-#define SCORE_FILE      30      // suggestion from a file
-#define SCORE_MAXINIT   350     // Initial maximum score: higher == slower.
-                                // 350 allows for about three changes.
-
-#define SCORE_COMMON1   30      // subtracted for words seen before
-#define SCORE_COMMON2   40      // subtracted for words often seen
-#define SCORE_COMMON3   50      // subtracted for words very often seen
-#define SCORE_THRES2    10      // word count threshold for COMMON2
-#define SCORE_THRES3    100     // word count threshold for COMMON3
-
-// When trying changed soundfold words it becomes slow when trying more than
-// two changes.  With less than two changes it's slightly faster but we miss a
-// few good suggestions.  In rare cases we need to try three of four changes.
-#define SCORE_SFMAX1    200     // maximum score for first try
-#define SCORE_SFMAX2    300     // maximum score for second try
-#define SCORE_SFMAX3    400     // maximum score for third try
-
-#define SCORE_BIG       (SCORE_INS * 3)  // big difference
-#define SCORE_MAXMAX    999999          // accept any score
-#define SCORE_LIMITMAX  350             // for spell_edit_score_limit()
-
-// for spell_edit_score_limit() we need to know the minimum value of
-// SCORE_ICASE, SCORE_SWAP, SCORE_DEL, SCORE_SIMILAR and SCORE_INS
-#define SCORE_EDIT_MIN  SCORE_SIMILAR
-
 // Structure to store info for word matching.
 typedef struct matchinf_S {
   langp_T *mi_lp;                   // info for language and region
@@ -289,38 +170,10 @@ typedef struct syl_item_S {
 spelltab_T spelltab;
 int did_set_spelltab;
 
-// structure used to store soundfolded words that add_sound_suggest() has
-// handled already.
-typedef struct {
-  int16_t sft_score;            // lowest score used
-  char_u sft_word[1];           // soundfolded word, actually longer
-} sftword_T;
-
-typedef struct {
-  int badi;
-  int goodi;
-  int score;
-} limitscore_T;
-
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "spell.c.generated.h"
 #endif
 
-// values for ts_isdiff
-#define DIFF_NONE       0       // no different byte (yet)
-#define DIFF_YES        1       // different byte found
-#define DIFF_INSERT     2       // inserting character
-
-// values for ts_flags
-#define TSF_PREFIXOK    1       // already checked that prefix is OK
-#define TSF_DIDSPLIT    2       // tried split at this point
-#define TSF_DIDDEL      4       // did a delete, "ts_delidx" has index
-
-// special values ts_prefixdepth
-#define PFD_NOPREFIX    0xff    // not using prefixes
-#define PFD_PREFIXTREE  0xfe    // walking through the prefix tree
-#define PFD_NOTSPECIAL  0xfd    // highest value that's not special
-
 // mode values for find_word
 #define FIND_FOLDWORD       0   // find word case-folded
 #define FIND_KEEPWORD       1   // find keep-case word
@@ -331,8 +184,8 @@ typedef struct {
 char *e_format = N_("E759: Format error in spell file");
 
 // Remember what "z?" replaced.
-static char_u *repl_from = NULL;
-static char_u *repl_to = NULL;
+char_u *repl_from = NULL;
+char_u *repl_to = NULL;
 
 /// Main spell-checking function.
 /// "ptr" points to a character that could be the start of a word.
@@ -374,7 +227,7 @@ size_t spell_check(win_T *wp, char_u *ptr, hlf_T *attrp, int *capcol, bool docou
     return 1;
   }
 
-  memset(&mi, 0, sizeof(matchinf_T));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(mi);
 
   // A number is always OK.  Also skip hexadecimal numbers 0xFF99 and
   // 0X99FF.  But always do check spelling to find "3GPP" and "11
@@ -639,13 +492,13 @@ static void find_word(matchinf_T *mip, int mode)
       }
       endlen[endidxcnt] = wlen;
       endidx[endidxcnt++] = arridx++;
-      --len;
+      len--;
 
       // Skip over the zeros, there can be several flag/region
       // combinations.
       while (len > 0 && byts[arridx] == 0) {
-        ++arridx;
-        --len;
+        arridx++;
+        len--;
       }
       if (len == 0) {
         break;              // no children, word must end here
@@ -683,8 +536,8 @@ static void find_word(matchinf_T *mip, int mode)
 
     // Continue at the child (if there is one).
     arridx = idxs[lo];
-    ++wlen;
-    --flen;
+    wlen++;
+    flen--;
 
     // One space in the good word may stand for several spaces in the
     // checked word.
@@ -696,8 +549,8 @@ static void find_word(matchinf_T *mip, int mode)
         if (ptr[wlen] != ' ' && ptr[wlen] != TAB) {
           break;
         }
-        ++wlen;
-        --flen;
+        wlen++;
+        flen--;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -708,7 +561,7 @@ static void find_word(matchinf_T *mip, int mode)
   // Verify that one of the possible endings is valid.  Try the longest
   // first.
   while (endidxcnt > 0) {
-    --endidxcnt;
+    endidxcnt--;
     arridx = endidx[endidxcnt];
     wlen = endlen[endidxcnt];
 
@@ -1050,7 +903,7 @@ static void find_word(matchinf_T *mip, int mode)
 /// end of ptr[wlen] and the second part matches after it.
 ///
 /// @param gap  &sl_comppat
-static bool match_checkcompoundpattern(char_u *ptr, int wlen, garray_T *gap)
+bool match_checkcompoundpattern(char_u *ptr, int wlen, garray_T *gap)
 {
   char_u *p;
   int len;
@@ -1072,7 +925,7 @@ static bool match_checkcompoundpattern(char_u *ptr, int wlen, garray_T *gap)
 
 // Returns true if "flags" is a valid sequence of compound flags and "word"
 // does not have too many syllables.
-static bool can_compound(slang_T *slang, const char_u *word, const char_u *flags)
+bool can_compound(slang_T *slang, const char_u *word, const char_u *flags)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
   char_u uflags[MAXWLEN * 2] = { 0 };
@@ -1101,37 +954,11 @@ static bool can_compound(slang_T *slang, const char_u *word, const char_u *flags
   return true;
 }
 
-// Returns true when the sequence of flags in "compflags" plus "flag" can
-// possibly form a valid compounded word.  This also checks the COMPOUNDRULE
-// lines if they don't contain wildcards.
-static bool can_be_compound(trystate_T *sp, slang_T *slang, char_u *compflags, int flag)
-{
-  // If the flag doesn't appear in sl_compstartflags or sl_compallflags
-  // then it can't possibly compound.
-  if (!byte_in_str(sp->ts_complen == sp->ts_compsplit
-          ? slang->sl_compstartflags : slang->sl_compallflags, flag)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  // If there are no wildcards, we can check if the flags collected so far
-  // possibly can form a match with COMPOUNDRULE patterns.  This only
-  // makes sense when we have two or more words.
-  if (slang->sl_comprules != NULL && sp->ts_complen > sp->ts_compsplit) {
-    compflags[sp->ts_complen] = (char_u)flag;
-    compflags[sp->ts_complen + 1] = NUL;
-    bool v = match_compoundrule(slang, compflags + sp->ts_compsplit);
-    compflags[sp->ts_complen] = NUL;
-    return v;
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
 // Returns true if the compound flags in compflags[] match the start of any
 // compound rule.  This is used to stop trying a compound if the flags
 // collected so far can't possibly match any compound rule.
 // Caller must check that slang->sl_comprules is not NULL.
-static bool match_compoundrule(slang_T *slang, char_u *compflags)
+bool match_compoundrule(slang_T *slang, char_u *compflags)
 {
   char_u *p;
   int i;
@@ -1154,7 +981,7 @@ static bool match_compoundrule(slang_T *slang, char_u *compflags)
         bool match = false;
 
         // compare against all the flags in []
-        ++p;
+        p++;
         while (*p != ']' && *p != NUL) {
           if (*p++ == c) {
             match = true;
@@ -1166,7 +993,7 @@ static bool match_compoundrule(slang_T *slang, char_u *compflags)
       } else if (*p != c) {
         break;          // flag of word doesn't match flag in pattern
       }
-      ++p;
+      p++;
     }
 
     // Skip to the next "/", where the next pattern starts.
@@ -1188,8 +1015,8 @@ static bool match_compoundrule(slang_T *slang, char_u *compflags)
 /// @param totprefcnt  nr of prefix IDs
 /// @param arridx  idx in sl_pidxs[]
 /// @param cond_req  only use prefixes with a condition
-static int valid_word_prefix(int totprefcnt, int arridx, int flags, char_u *word, slang_T *slang,
-                             bool cond_req)
+int valid_word_prefix(int totprefcnt, int arridx, int flags, char_u *word, slang_T *slang,
+                      bool cond_req)
 {
   int prefcnt;
   int pidx;
@@ -1282,8 +1109,8 @@ static void find_prefix(matchinf_T *mip, int mode)
       mip->mi_prefarridx = arridx;
       mip->mi_prefcnt = len;
       while (len > 0 && byts[arridx] == 0) {
-        ++arridx;
-        --len;
+        arridx++;
+        len--;
       }
       mip->mi_prefcnt -= len;
 
@@ -1332,8 +1159,8 @@ static void find_prefix(matchinf_T *mip, int mode)
 
     // Continue at the child (if there is one).
     arridx = idxs[lo];
-    ++wlen;
-    --flen;
+    wlen++;
+    flen--;
   }
 }
 
@@ -1368,7 +1195,7 @@ static int fold_more(matchinf_T *mip)
 ///
 /// @param wordflags Flags for the checked word.
 /// @param treeflags Flags for the word in the spell tree.
-static bool spell_valid_case(int wordflags, int treeflags)
+bool spell_valid_case(int wordflags, int treeflags)
 {
   return (wordflags == WF_ALLCAP && (treeflags & WF_FIXCAP) == 0)
          || ((treeflags & (WF_ALLCAP | WF_KEEPCAP)) == 0
@@ -1377,7 +1204,7 @@ static bool spell_valid_case(int wordflags, int treeflags)
 }
 
 // Returns true if spell checking is not enabled.
-static bool no_spell_checking(win_T *wp)
+bool no_spell_checking(win_T *wp)
 {
   if (!wp->w_p_spell || *wp->w_s->b_p_spl == NUL
       || GA_EMPTY(&wp->w_s->b_langp)) {
@@ -1581,7 +1408,7 @@ size_t spell_move_to(win_T *wp, int dir, bool allwords, bool curline, hlf_T *att
       capcol = -1;
     } else {
       if (lnum < wp->w_buffer->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
-        ++lnum;
+        lnum++;
       } else if (!p_ws) {
         break;              // at first line and 'nowrapscan'
       } else {
@@ -1609,7 +1436,7 @@ size_t spell_move_to(win_T *wp, int dir, bool allwords, bool curline, hlf_T *att
       }
 
       // Capcol skips over the inserted space.
-      --capcol;
+      capcol--;
 
       // But after empty line check first word in next line
       if (empty_line) {
@@ -1903,38 +1730,6 @@ void count_common_word(slang_T *lp, char_u *word, int len, uint8_t count)
   }
 }
 
-/// Adjust the score of common words.
-///
-/// @param split  word was split, less bonus
-static int score_wordcount_adj(slang_T *slang, int score, char_u *word, bool split)
-{
-  wordcount_T *wc;
-  int bonus;
-  int newscore;
-
-  hashitem_T *hi = hash_find(&slang->sl_wordcount, (char *)word);
-  if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-    wc = HI2WC(hi);
-    if (wc->wc_count < SCORE_THRES2) {
-      bonus = SCORE_COMMON1;
-    } else if (wc->wc_count < SCORE_THRES3) {
-      bonus = SCORE_COMMON2;
-    } else {
-      bonus = SCORE_COMMON3;
-    }
-    if (split) {
-      newscore = score - bonus / 2;
-    } else {
-      newscore = score - bonus;
-    }
-    if (newscore < 0) {
-      return 0;
-    }
-    return newscore;
-  }
-  return score;
-}
-
 // Returns true if byte "n" appears in "str".
 // Like strchr() but independent of locale.
 bool byte_in_str(char_u *str, int n)
@@ -2016,7 +1811,7 @@ static int count_syllables(slang_T *slang, const char_u *word)
       }
     }
     if (len != 0) {     // found a match, count syllable
-      ++cnt;
+      cnt++;
       skip = false;
     } else {
       // No recognized syllable item, at least a syllable char then?
@@ -2038,7 +1833,7 @@ static int count_syllables(slang_T *slang, const char_u *word)
 char *did_set_spelllang(win_T *wp)
 {
   garray_T ga;
-  char_u *splp;
+  char *splp;
   char_u *region;
   char_u region_cp[3];
   bool filename;
@@ -2050,7 +1845,7 @@ char *did_set_spelllang(win_T *wp)
   int len;
   char_u *p;
   int round;
-  char_u *spf;
+  char *spf;
   char_u *use_region = NULL;
   bool dont_use_region = false;
   bool nobreak = false;
@@ -2080,9 +1875,9 @@ char *did_set_spelllang(win_T *wp)
   wp->w_s->b_cjk = 0;
 
   // Loop over comma separated language names.
-  for (splp = spl_copy; *splp != NUL;) {
+  for (splp = (char *)spl_copy; *splp != NUL;) {
     // Get one language name.
-    copy_option_part((char **)&splp, (char *)lang, MAXWLEN, ",");
+    copy_option_part(&splp, (char *)lang, MAXWLEN, ",");
     region = NULL;
     len = (int)STRLEN(lang);
 
@@ -2204,8 +1999,8 @@ char *did_set_spelllang(win_T *wp)
   // round 1: load first name in 'spellfile'.
   // round 2: load second name in 'spellfile.
   // etc.
-  spf = curwin->w_s->b_p_spf;
-  for (round = 0; round == 0 || *spf != NUL; ++round) {
+  spf = (char *)curwin->w_s->b_p_spf;
+  for (round = 0; round == 0 || *spf != NUL; round++) {
     if (round == 0) {
       // Internal wordlist, if there is one.
       if (int_wordlist == NULL) {
@@ -2214,7 +2009,7 @@ char *did_set_spelllang(win_T *wp)
       int_wordlist_spl(spf_name);
     } else {
       // One entry in 'spellfile'.
-      copy_option_part((char **)&spf, (char *)spf_name, MAXPATHL - 5, ",");
+      copy_option_part(&spf, (char *)spf_name, MAXPATHL - 5, ",");
       STRCAT(spf_name, ".spl");
 
       // If it was already found above then skip it.
@@ -2338,7 +2133,7 @@ theend:
 // Clear the midword characters for buffer "buf".
 static void clear_midword(win_T *wp)
 {
-  memset(wp->w_s->b_spell_ismw, 0, 256);
+  CLEAR_FIELD(wp->w_s->b_spell_ismw);
   XFREE_CLEAR(wp->w_s->b_spell_ismw_mb);
 }
 
@@ -2444,51 +2239,6 @@ int captype(char_u *word, char_u *end)
   return 0;
 }
 
-// Like captype() but for a KEEPCAP word add ONECAP if the word starts with a
-// capital.  So that make_case_word() can turn WOrd into Word.
-// Add ALLCAP for "WOrD".
-static int badword_captype(char_u *word, char_u *end)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  int flags = captype(word, end);
-  int c;
-  int l, u;
-  bool first;
-  char_u *p;
-
-  if (flags & WF_KEEPCAP) {
-    // Count the number of UPPER and lower case letters.
-    l = u = 0;
-    first = false;
-    for (p = word; p < end; MB_PTR_ADV(p)) {
-      c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p);
-      if (SPELL_ISUPPER(c)) {
-        ++u;
-        if (p == word) {
-          first = true;
-        }
-      } else {
-        ++l;
-      }
-    }
-
-    // If there are more UPPER than lower case letters suggest an
-    // ALLCAP word.  Otherwise, if the first letter is UPPER then
-    // suggest ONECAP.  Exception: "ALl" most likely should be "All",
-    // require three upper case letters.
-    if (u > l && u > 2) {
-      flags |= WF_ALLCAP;
-    } else if (first) {
-      flags |= WF_ONECAP;
-    }
-
-    if (u >= 2 && l >= 2) {     // maCARONI maCAroni
-      flags |= WF_MIXCAP;
-    }
-  }
-  return flags;
-}
-
 // Delete the internal wordlist and its .spl file.
 void spell_delete_wordlist(void)
 {
@@ -2547,36 +2297,6 @@ void spell_reload(void)
   }
 }
 
-// Opposite of offset2bytes().
-// "pp" points to the bytes and is advanced over it.
-// Returns the offset.
-static int bytes2offset(char_u **pp)
-{
-  char_u *p = *pp;
-  int nr;
-  int c;
-
-  c = *p++;
-  if ((c & 0x80) == 0x00) {             // 1 byte
-    nr = c - 1;
-  } else if ((c & 0xc0) == 0x80) {      // 2 bytes
-    nr = (c & 0x3f) - 1;
-    nr = nr * 255 + (*p++ - 1);
-  } else if ((c & 0xe0) == 0xc0) {      // 3 bytes
-    nr = (c & 0x1f) - 1;
-    nr = nr * 255 + (*p++ - 1);
-    nr = nr * 255 + (*p++ - 1);
-  } else {                              // 4 bytes
-    nr = (c & 0x0f) - 1;
-    nr = nr * 255 + (*p++ - 1);
-    nr = nr * 255 + (*p++ - 1);
-    nr = nr * 255 + (*p++ - 1);
-  }
-
-  *pp = p;
-  return nr;
-}
-
 // Open a spell buffer.  This is a nameless buffer that is not in the buffer
 // list and only contains text lines.  Can use a swapfile to reduce memory
 // use.
@@ -2610,9 +2330,9 @@ void clear_spell_chartab(spelltab_T *sp)
 {
   int i;
 
-  // Init everything to false.
-  memset(sp->st_isw, false, sizeof(sp->st_isw));
-  memset(sp->st_isu, false, sizeof(sp->st_isu));
+  // Init everything to false (zero).
+  CLEAR_FIELD(sp->st_isw);
+  CLEAR_FIELD(sp->st_isu);
 
   for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
     sp->st_fold[i] = (char_u)i;
@@ -2665,7 +2385,7 @@ void init_spell_chartab(void)
 /// Thus this only works properly when past the first character of the word.
 ///
 /// @param wp Buffer used.
-static bool spell_iswordp(const char_u *p, const win_T *wp)
+bool spell_iswordp(const char_u *p, const win_T *wp)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
   int c;
@@ -2783,298 +2503,9 @@ int spell_casefold(const win_T *wp, char_u *str, int len, char_u *buf, int bufle
   return OK;
 }
 
-// values for sps_flags
-#define SPS_BEST    1
-#define SPS_FAST    2
-#define SPS_DOUBLE  4
-
-static int sps_flags = SPS_BEST;        // flags from 'spellsuggest'
-static int sps_limit = 9999;            // max nr of suggestions given
-
-// Check the 'spellsuggest' option.  Return FAIL if it's wrong.
-// Sets "sps_flags" and "sps_limit".
-int spell_check_sps(void)
-{
-  char_u *p;
-  char_u *s;
-  char_u buf[MAXPATHL];
-  int f;
-
-  sps_flags = 0;
-  sps_limit = 9999;
-
-  for (p = p_sps; *p != NUL;) {
-    copy_option_part((char **)&p, (char *)buf, MAXPATHL, ",");
-
-    f = 0;
-    if (ascii_isdigit(*buf)) {
-      s = buf;
-      sps_limit = getdigits_int((char **)&s, true, 0);
-      if (*s != NUL && !ascii_isdigit(*s)) {
-        f = -1;
-      }
-    } else if (STRCMP(buf, "best") == 0) {
-      f = SPS_BEST;
-    } else if (STRCMP(buf, "fast") == 0) {
-      f = SPS_FAST;
-    } else if (STRCMP(buf, "double") == 0) {
-      f = SPS_DOUBLE;
-    } else if (STRNCMP(buf, "expr:", 5) != 0
-               && STRNCMP(buf, "file:", 5) != 0) {
-      f = -1;
-    }
-
-    if (f == -1 || (sps_flags != 0 && f != 0)) {
-      sps_flags = SPS_BEST;
-      sps_limit = 9999;
-      return FAIL;
-    }
-    if (f != 0) {
-      sps_flags = f;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (sps_flags == 0) {
-    sps_flags = SPS_BEST;
-  }
-
-  return OK;
-}
-
-// "z=": Find badly spelled word under or after the cursor.
-// Give suggestions for the properly spelled word.
-// In Visual mode use the highlighted word as the bad word.
-// When "count" is non-zero use that suggestion.
-void spell_suggest(int count)
-{
-  char_u *line;
-  pos_T prev_cursor = curwin->w_cursor;
-  char_u wcopy[MAXWLEN + 2];
-  char_u *p;
-  int c;
-  suginfo_T sug;
-  suggest_T *stp;
-  int mouse_used;
-  int need_cap;
-  int limit;
-  int selected = count;
-  int badlen = 0;
-  int msg_scroll_save = msg_scroll;
-  const int wo_spell_save = curwin->w_p_spell;
-
-  if (!curwin->w_p_spell) {
-    did_set_spelllang(curwin);
-    curwin->w_p_spell = true;
-  }
-
-  if (*curwin->w_s->b_p_spl == NUL) {
-    emsg(_(e_no_spell));
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if (VIsual_active) {
-    // Use the Visually selected text as the bad word.  But reject
-    // a multi-line selection.
-    if (curwin->w_cursor.lnum != VIsual.lnum) {
-      vim_beep(BO_SPELL);
-      return;
-    }
-    badlen = (int)curwin->w_cursor.col - (int)VIsual.col;
-    if (badlen < 0) {
-      badlen = -badlen;
-    } else {
-      curwin->w_cursor.col = VIsual.col;
-    }
-    badlen++;
-    end_visual_mode();
-  } else
-  // Find the start of the badly spelled word.
-  if (spell_move_to(curwin, FORWARD, true, true, NULL) == 0
-      || curwin->w_cursor.col > prev_cursor.col) {
-    // No bad word or it starts after the cursor: use the word under the
-    // cursor.
-    curwin->w_cursor = prev_cursor;
-    line = get_cursor_line_ptr();
-    p = line + curwin->w_cursor.col;
-    // Backup to before start of word.
-    while (p > line && spell_iswordp_nmw(p, curwin)) {
-      MB_PTR_BACK(line, p);
-    }
-    // Forward to start of word.
-    while (*p != NUL && !spell_iswordp_nmw(p, curwin)) {
-      MB_PTR_ADV(p);
-    }
-
-    if (!spell_iswordp_nmw(p, curwin)) {                // No word found.
-      beep_flush();
-      return;
-    }
-    curwin->w_cursor.col = (colnr_T)(p - line);
-  }
-
-  // Get the word and its length.
-
-  // Figure out if the word should be capitalised.
-  need_cap = check_need_cap(curwin->w_cursor.lnum, curwin->w_cursor.col);
-
-  // Make a copy of current line since autocommands may free the line.
-  line = vim_strsave(get_cursor_line_ptr());
-
-  // Get the list of suggestions.  Limit to 'lines' - 2 or the number in
-  // 'spellsuggest', whatever is smaller.
-  if (sps_limit > Rows - 2) {
-    limit = Rows - 2;
-  } else {
-    limit = sps_limit;
-  }
-  spell_find_suggest(line + curwin->w_cursor.col, badlen, &sug, limit,
-                     true, need_cap, true);
-
-  if (GA_EMPTY(&sug.su_ga)) {
-    msg(_("Sorry, no suggestions"));
-  } else if (count > 0) {
-    if (count > sug.su_ga.ga_len) {
-      smsg(_("Sorry, only %" PRId64 " suggestions"),
-           (int64_t)sug.su_ga.ga_len);
-    }
-  } else {
-    // When 'rightleft' is set the list is drawn right-left.
-    cmdmsg_rl = curwin->w_p_rl;
-    if (cmdmsg_rl) {
-      msg_col = Columns - 1;
-    }
-
-    // List the suggestions.
-    msg_start();
-    msg_row = Rows - 1;         // for when 'cmdheight' > 1
-    lines_left = Rows;          // avoid more prompt
-    vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, _("Change \"%.*s\" to:"),
-                 sug.su_badlen, sug.su_badptr);
-    if (cmdmsg_rl && STRNCMP(IObuff, "Change", 6) == 0) {
-      // And now the rabbit from the high hat: Avoid showing the
-      // untranslated message rightleft.
-      vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, ":ot \"%.*s\" egnahC",
-                   sug.su_badlen, sug.su_badptr);
-    }
-    msg_puts((const char *)IObuff);
-    msg_clr_eos();
-    msg_putchar('\n');
-
-    msg_scroll = TRUE;
-    for (int i = 0; i < sug.su_ga.ga_len; ++i) {
-      stp = &SUG(sug.su_ga, i);
-
-      // The suggested word may replace only part of the bad word, add
-      // the not replaced part.  But only when it's not getting too long.
-      STRLCPY(wcopy, stp->st_word, MAXWLEN + 1);
-      int el = sug.su_badlen - stp->st_orglen;
-      if (el > 0 && stp->st_wordlen + el <= MAXWLEN) {
-        STRLCPY(wcopy + stp->st_wordlen, sug.su_badptr + stp->st_orglen, el + 1);
-      }
-      vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, "%2d", i + 1);
-      if (cmdmsg_rl) {
-        rl_mirror(IObuff);
-      }
-      msg_puts((const char *)IObuff);
-
-      vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, " \"%s\"", wcopy);
-      msg_puts((const char *)IObuff);
-
-      // The word may replace more than "su_badlen".
-      if (sug.su_badlen < stp->st_orglen) {
-        vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, _(" < \"%.*s\""),
-                     stp->st_orglen, sug.su_badptr);
-        msg_puts((const char *)IObuff);
-      }
-
-      if (p_verbose > 0) {
-        // Add the score.
-        if (sps_flags & (SPS_DOUBLE | SPS_BEST)) {
-          vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, " (%s%d - %d)",
-                       stp->st_salscore ? "s " : "",
-                       stp->st_score, stp->st_altscore);
-        } else {
-          vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, " (%d)",
-                       stp->st_score);
-        }
-        if (cmdmsg_rl) {
-          // Mirror the numbers, but keep the leading space.
-          rl_mirror(IObuff + 1);
-        }
-        msg_advance(30);
-        msg_puts((const char *)IObuff);
-      }
-      msg_putchar('\n');
-    }
-
-    cmdmsg_rl = FALSE;
-    msg_col = 0;
-    // Ask for choice.
-    selected = prompt_for_number(&mouse_used);
-
-    if (ui_has(kUIMessages)) {
-      ui_call_msg_clear();
-    }
-
-    if (mouse_used) {
-      selected -= lines_left;
-    }
-    lines_left = Rows;                  // avoid more prompt
-    // don't delay for 'smd' in normal_cmd()
-    msg_scroll = msg_scroll_save;
-  }
-
-  if (selected > 0 && selected <= sug.su_ga.ga_len && u_save_cursor() == OK) {
-    // Save the from and to text for :spellrepall.
-    XFREE_CLEAR(repl_from);
-    XFREE_CLEAR(repl_to);
-
-    stp = &SUG(sug.su_ga, selected - 1);
-    if (sug.su_badlen > stp->st_orglen) {
-      // Replacing less than "su_badlen", append the remainder to
-      // repl_to.
-      repl_from = vim_strnsave(sug.su_badptr, (size_t)sug.su_badlen);
-      vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, "%s%.*s", stp->st_word,
-                   sug.su_badlen - stp->st_orglen,
-                   sug.su_badptr + stp->st_orglen);
-      repl_to = vim_strsave(IObuff);
-    } else {
-      // Replacing su_badlen or more, use the whole word.
-      repl_from = vim_strnsave(sug.su_badptr, (size_t)stp->st_orglen);
-      repl_to = vim_strsave(stp->st_word);
-    }
-
-    // Replace the word.
-    p = xmalloc(STRLEN(line) - (size_t)stp->st_orglen + (size_t)stp->st_wordlen + 1);
-    c = (int)(sug.su_badptr - line);
-    memmove(p, line, (size_t)c);
-    STRCPY(p + c, stp->st_word);
-    STRCAT(p, sug.su_badptr + stp->st_orglen);
-
-    // For redo we use a change-word command.
-    ResetRedobuff();
-    AppendToRedobuff("ciw");
-    AppendToRedobuffLit((char *)p + c,
-                        stp->st_wordlen + sug.su_badlen - stp->st_orglen);
-    AppendCharToRedobuff(ESC);
-
-    // "p" may be freed here
-    ml_replace(curwin->w_cursor.lnum, (char *)p, false);
-    curwin->w_cursor.col = c;
-
-    inserted_bytes(curwin->w_cursor.lnum, c, stp->st_orglen, stp->st_wordlen);
-  } else {
-    curwin->w_cursor = prev_cursor;
-  }
-
-  spell_find_cleanup(&sug);
-  xfree(line);
-  curwin->w_p_spell = wo_spell_save;
-}
-
 // Check if the word at line "lnum" column "col" is required to start with a
 // capital.  This uses 'spellcapcheck' of the current buffer.
-static bool check_need_cap(linenr_T lnum, colnr_T col)
+bool check_need_cap(linenr_T lnum, colnr_T col)
 {
   bool need_cap = false;
   char_u *line;
@@ -3176,10 +2607,10 @@ void ex_spellrepall(exarg_T *eap)
       changed_bytes(curwin->w_cursor.lnum, curwin->w_cursor.col);
 
       if (curwin->w_cursor.lnum != prev_lnum) {
-        ++sub_nlines;
+        sub_nlines++;
         prev_lnum = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
       }
-      ++sub_nsubs;
+      sub_nsubs++;
     }
     curwin->w_cursor.col += (colnr_T)STRLEN(repl_to);
   }
@@ -3195,336 +2626,6 @@ void ex_spellrepall(exarg_T *eap)
   }
 }
 
-/// Find spell suggestions for "word".  Return them in the growarray "*gap" as
-/// a list of allocated strings.
-///
-/// @param maxcount  maximum nr of suggestions
-/// @param need_cap  'spellcapcheck' matched
-void spell_suggest_list(garray_T *gap, char_u *word, int maxcount, bool need_cap, bool interactive)
-{
-  suginfo_T sug;
-  suggest_T *stp;
-  char_u *wcopy;
-
-  spell_find_suggest(word, 0, &sug, maxcount, false, need_cap, interactive);
-
-  // Make room in "gap".
-  ga_init(gap, sizeof(char_u *), sug.su_ga.ga_len + 1);
-  ga_grow(gap, sug.su_ga.ga_len);
-  for (int i = 0; i < sug.su_ga.ga_len; ++i) {
-    stp = &SUG(sug.su_ga, i);
-
-    // The suggested word may replace only part of "word", add the not
-    // replaced part.
-    wcopy = xmalloc((size_t)stp->st_wordlen + STRLEN(sug.su_badptr + stp->st_orglen) + 1);
-    STRCPY(wcopy, stp->st_word);
-    STRCPY(wcopy + stp->st_wordlen, sug.su_badptr + stp->st_orglen);
-    ((char_u **)gap->ga_data)[gap->ga_len++] = wcopy;
-  }
-
-  spell_find_cleanup(&sug);
-}
-
-/// Find spell suggestions for the word at the start of "badptr".
-/// Return the suggestions in "su->su_ga".
-/// The maximum number of suggestions is "maxcount".
-/// Note: does use info for the current window.
-/// This is based on the mechanisms of Aspell, but completely reimplemented.
-///
-/// @param badlen  length of bad word or 0 if unknown
-/// @param banbadword  don't include badword in suggestions
-/// @param need_cap  word should start with capital
-static void spell_find_suggest(char_u *badptr, int badlen, suginfo_T *su, int maxcount,
-                               bool banbadword, bool need_cap, bool interactive)
-{
-  hlf_T attr = HLF_COUNT;
-  char_u buf[MAXPATHL];
-  char_u *p;
-  bool do_combine = false;
-  char_u *sps_copy;
-  static bool expr_busy = false;
-  int c;
-  langp_T *lp;
-  bool did_intern = false;
-
-  // Set the info in "*su".
-  memset(su, 0, sizeof(suginfo_T));
-  ga_init(&su->su_ga, (int)sizeof(suggest_T), 10);
-  ga_init(&su->su_sga, (int)sizeof(suggest_T), 10);
-  if (*badptr == NUL) {
-    return;
-  }
-  hash_init(&su->su_banned);
-
-  su->su_badptr = badptr;
-  if (badlen != 0) {
-    su->su_badlen = badlen;
-  } else {
-    size_t tmplen = spell_check(curwin, su->su_badptr, &attr, NULL, false);
-    assert(tmplen <= INT_MAX);
-    su->su_badlen = (int)tmplen;
-  }
-  su->su_maxcount = maxcount;
-  su->su_maxscore = SCORE_MAXINIT;
-
-  if (su->su_badlen >= MAXWLEN) {
-    su->su_badlen = MAXWLEN - 1;        // just in case
-  }
-  STRLCPY(su->su_badword, su->su_badptr, su->su_badlen + 1);
-  (void)spell_casefold(curwin, su->su_badptr, su->su_badlen, su->su_fbadword,
-                       MAXWLEN);
-
-  // TODO(vim): make this work if the case-folded text is longer than the
-  // original text. Currently an illegal byte causes wrong pointer
-  // computations.
-  su->su_fbadword[su->su_badlen] = NUL;
-
-  // get caps flags for bad word
-  su->su_badflags = badword_captype(su->su_badptr,
-                                    su->su_badptr + su->su_badlen);
-  if (need_cap) {
-    su->su_badflags |= WF_ONECAP;
-  }
-
-  // Find the default language for sound folding.  We simply use the first
-  // one in 'spelllang' that supports sound folding.  That's good for when
-  // using multiple files for one language, it's not that bad when mixing
-  // languages (e.g., "pl,en").
-  for (int i = 0; i < curbuf->b_s.b_langp.ga_len; ++i) {
-    lp = LANGP_ENTRY(curbuf->b_s.b_langp, i);
-    if (lp->lp_sallang != NULL) {
-      su->su_sallang = lp->lp_sallang;
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Soundfold the bad word with the default sound folding, so that we don't
-  // have to do this many times.
-  if (su->su_sallang != NULL) {
-    spell_soundfold(su->su_sallang, su->su_fbadword, true,
-                    su->su_sal_badword);
-  }
-
-  // If the word is not capitalised and spell_check() doesn't consider the
-  // word to be bad then it might need to be capitalised.  Add a suggestion
-  // for that.
-  c = utf_ptr2char((char *)su->su_badptr);
-  if (!SPELL_ISUPPER(c) && attr == HLF_COUNT) {
-    make_case_word(su->su_badword, buf, WF_ONECAP);
-    add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, buf, su->su_badlen, SCORE_ICASE,
-                   0, true, su->su_sallang, false);
-  }
-
-  // Ban the bad word itself.  It may appear in another region.
-  if (banbadword) {
-    add_banned(su, su->su_badword);
-  }
-
-  // Make a copy of 'spellsuggest', because the expression may change it.
-  sps_copy = vim_strsave(p_sps);
-
-  // Loop over the items in 'spellsuggest'.
-  for (p = sps_copy; *p != NUL;) {
-    copy_option_part((char **)&p, (char *)buf, MAXPATHL, ",");
-
-    if (STRNCMP(buf, "expr:", 5) == 0) {
-      // Evaluate an expression.  Skip this when called recursively,
-      // when using spellsuggest() in the expression.
-      if (!expr_busy) {
-        expr_busy = true;
-        spell_suggest_expr(su, buf + 5);
-        expr_busy = false;
-      }
-    } else if (STRNCMP(buf, "file:", 5) == 0) {
-      // Use list of suggestions in a file.
-      spell_suggest_file(su, buf + 5);
-    } else if (!did_intern) {
-      // Use internal method once.
-      spell_suggest_intern(su, interactive);
-      if (sps_flags & SPS_DOUBLE) {
-        do_combine = true;
-      }
-      did_intern = true;
-    }
-  }
-
-  xfree(sps_copy);
-
-  if (do_combine) {
-    // Combine the two list of suggestions.  This must be done last,
-    // because sorting changes the order again.
-    score_combine(su);
-  }
-}
-
-// Find suggestions by evaluating expression "expr".
-static void spell_suggest_expr(suginfo_T *su, char_u *expr)
-{
-  int score;
-  const char *p;
-
-  // The work is split up in a few parts to avoid having to export
-  // suginfo_T.
-  // First evaluate the expression and get the resulting list.
-  list_T *const list = eval_spell_expr((char *)su->su_badword, (char *)expr);
-  if (list != NULL) {
-    // Loop over the items in the list.
-    TV_LIST_ITER(list, li, {
-      if (TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li)->v_type == VAR_LIST) {
-        // Get the word and the score from the items.
-        score = get_spellword(TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li)->vval.v_list, &p);
-        if (score >= 0 && score <= su->su_maxscore) {
-          add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, (const char_u *)p, su->su_badlen,
-                         score, 0, true, su->su_sallang, false);
-        }
-      }
-    });
-    tv_list_unref(list);
-  }
-
-  // Remove bogus suggestions, sort and truncate at "maxcount".
-  check_suggestions(su, &su->su_ga);
-  (void)cleanup_suggestions(&su->su_ga, su->su_maxscore, su->su_maxcount);
-}
-
-// Find suggestions in file "fname".  Used for "file:" in 'spellsuggest'.
-static void spell_suggest_file(suginfo_T *su, char_u *fname)
-{
-  FILE *fd;
-  char_u line[MAXWLEN * 2];
-  char_u *p;
-  int len;
-  char_u cword[MAXWLEN];
-
-  // Open the file.
-  fd = os_fopen((char *)fname, "r");
-  if (fd == NULL) {
-    semsg(_(e_notopen), fname);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // Read it line by line.
-  while (!vim_fgets(line, MAXWLEN * 2, fd) && !got_int) {
-    line_breakcheck();
-
-    p = (char_u *)vim_strchr((char *)line, '/');
-    if (p == NULL) {
-      continue;             // No Tab found, just skip the line.
-    }
-    *p++ = NUL;
-    if (STRICMP(su->su_badword, line) == 0) {
-      // Match!  Isolate the good word, until CR or NL.
-      for (len = 0; p[len] >= ' '; len++) {}
-      p[len] = NUL;
-
-      // If the suggestion doesn't have specific case duplicate the case
-      // of the bad word.
-      if (captype(p, NULL) == 0) {
-        make_case_word(p, cword, su->su_badflags);
-        p = cword;
-      }
-
-      add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, p, su->su_badlen,
-                     SCORE_FILE, 0, true, su->su_sallang, false);
-    }
-  }
-
-  fclose(fd);
-
-  // Remove bogus suggestions, sort and truncate at "maxcount".
-  check_suggestions(su, &su->su_ga);
-  (void)cleanup_suggestions(&su->su_ga, su->su_maxscore, su->su_maxcount);
-}
-
-// Find suggestions for the internal method indicated by "sps_flags".
-static void spell_suggest_intern(suginfo_T *su, bool interactive)
-{
-  // Load the .sug file(s) that are available and not done yet.
-  suggest_load_files();
-
-  // 1. Try special cases, such as repeating a word: "the the" -> "the".
-  //
-  // Set a maximum score to limit the combination of operations that is
-  // tried.
-  suggest_try_special(su);
-
-  // 2. Try inserting/deleting/swapping/changing a letter, use REP entries
-  //    from the .aff file and inserting a space (split the word).
-  suggest_try_change(su);
-
-  // For the resulting top-scorers compute the sound-a-like score.
-  if (sps_flags & SPS_DOUBLE) {
-    score_comp_sal(su);
-  }
-
-  // 3. Try finding sound-a-like words.
-  if ((sps_flags & SPS_FAST) == 0) {
-    if (sps_flags & SPS_BEST) {
-      // Adjust the word score for the suggestions found so far for how
-      // they sounds like.
-      rescore_suggestions(su);
-    }
-
-    // While going through the soundfold tree "su_maxscore" is the score
-    // for the soundfold word, limits the changes that are being tried,
-    // and "su_sfmaxscore" the rescored score, which is set by
-    // cleanup_suggestions().
-    // First find words with a small edit distance, because this is much
-    // faster and often already finds the top-N suggestions.  If we didn't
-    // find many suggestions try again with a higher edit distance.
-    // "sl_sounddone" is used to avoid doing the same word twice.
-    suggest_try_soundalike_prep();
-    su->su_maxscore = SCORE_SFMAX1;
-    su->su_sfmaxscore = SCORE_MAXINIT * 3;
-    suggest_try_soundalike(su);
-    if (su->su_ga.ga_len < SUG_CLEAN_COUNT(su)) {
-      // We didn't find enough matches, try again, allowing more
-      // changes to the soundfold word.
-      su->su_maxscore = SCORE_SFMAX2;
-      suggest_try_soundalike(su);
-      if (su->su_ga.ga_len < SUG_CLEAN_COUNT(su)) {
-        // Still didn't find enough matches, try again, allowing even
-        // more changes to the soundfold word.
-        su->su_maxscore = SCORE_SFMAX3;
-        suggest_try_soundalike(su);
-      }
-    }
-    su->su_maxscore = su->su_sfmaxscore;
-    suggest_try_soundalike_finish();
-  }
-
-  // When CTRL-C was hit while searching do show the results.  Only clear
-  // got_int when using a command, not for spellsuggest().
-  os_breakcheck();
-  if (interactive && got_int) {
-    (void)vgetc();
-    got_int = FALSE;
-  }
-
-  if ((sps_flags & SPS_DOUBLE) == 0 && su->su_ga.ga_len != 0) {
-    if (sps_flags & SPS_BEST) {
-      // Adjust the word score for how it sounds like.
-      rescore_suggestions(su);
-    }
-
-    // Remove bogus suggestions, sort and truncate at "maxcount".
-    check_suggestions(su, &su->su_ga);
-    (void)cleanup_suggestions(&su->su_ga, su->su_maxscore, su->su_maxcount);
-  }
-}
-
-// Free the info put in "*su" by spell_find_suggest().
-static void spell_find_cleanup(suginfo_T *su)
-{
-#define FREE_SUG_WORD(sug) xfree((sug)->st_word)
-  // Free the suggestions.
-  GA_DEEP_CLEAR(&su->su_ga, suggest_T, FREE_SUG_WORD);
-  GA_DEEP_CLEAR(&su->su_sga, suggest_T, FREE_SUG_WORD);
-
-  // Free the banned words.
-  hash_clear_all(&su->su_banned, 0);
-}
-
 /// Make a copy of "word", with the first letter upper or lower cased, to
 /// "wcopy[MAXWLEN]".  "word" must not be empty.
 /// The result is NUL terminated.
@@ -3547,7 +2648,7 @@ void onecap_copy(char_u *word, char_u *wcopy, bool upper)
 
 // Make a copy of "word" with all the letters upper cased into
 // "wcopy[MAXWLEN]".  The result is NUL terminated.
-static void allcap_copy(char_u *word, char_u *wcopy)
+void allcap_copy(char_u *word, char_u *wcopy)
 {
   char_u *d = wcopy;
   for (char_u *s = word; *s != NUL;) {
@@ -3571,1383 +2672,9 @@ static void allcap_copy(char_u *word, char_u *wcopy)
   *d = NUL;
 }
 
-// Try finding suggestions by recognizing specific situations.
-static void suggest_try_special(suginfo_T *su)
-{
-  int c;
-  char_u word[MAXWLEN];
-
-  // Recognize a word that is repeated: "the the".
-  char_u *p = skiptowhite(su->su_fbadword);
-  size_t len = (size_t)(p - su->su_fbadword);
-  p = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)p);
-  if (STRLEN(p) == len && STRNCMP(su->su_fbadword, p, len) == 0) {
-    // Include badflags: if the badword is onecap or allcap
-    // use that for the goodword too: "The the" -> "The".
-    c = su->su_fbadword[len];
-    su->su_fbadword[len] = NUL;
-    make_case_word(su->su_fbadword, word, su->su_badflags);
-    su->su_fbadword[len] = (char_u)c;
-
-    // Give a soundalike score of 0, compute the score as if deleting one
-    // character.
-    add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, word, su->su_badlen,
-                   RESCORE(SCORE_REP, 0), 0, true, su->su_sallang, false);
-  }
-}
-
-// Measure how much time is spent in each state.
-// Output is dumped in "suggestprof".
-
-#ifdef SUGGEST_PROFILE
-proftime_T current;
-proftime_T total;
-proftime_T times[STATE_FINAL + 1];
-long counts[STATE_FINAL + 1];
-
-static void prof_init(void)
-{
-  for (int i = 0; i <= STATE_FINAL; i++) {
-    profile_zero(&times[i]);
-    counts[i] = 0;
-  }
-  profile_start(&current);
-  profile_start(&total);
-}
-
-// call before changing state
-static void prof_store(state_T state)
-{
-  profile_end(&current);
-  profile_add(&times[state], &current);
-  counts[state]++;
-  profile_start(&current);
-}
-# define PROF_STORE(state) prof_store(state);
-
-static void prof_report(char *name)
-{
-  FILE *fd = fopen("suggestprof", "a");
-
-  profile_end(&total);
-  fprintf(fd, "-----------------------\n");
-  fprintf(fd, "%s: %s\n", name, profile_msg(&total));
-  for (int i = 0; i <= STATE_FINAL; i++) {
-    fprintf(fd, "%d: %s ("%" PRId64)\n", i, profile_msg(&times[i]), counts[i]);
-  }
-  fclose(fd);
-}
-#else
-# define PROF_STORE(state)
-#endif
-
-// Try finding suggestions by adding/removing/swapping letters.
-
-static void suggest_try_change(suginfo_T *su)
-{
-  char_u fword[MAXWLEN];            // copy of the bad word, case-folded
-  int n;
-  char_u *p;
-  langp_T *lp;
-
-  // We make a copy of the case-folded bad word, so that we can modify it
-  // to find matches (esp. REP items).  Append some more text, changing
-  // chars after the bad word may help.
-  STRCPY(fword, su->su_fbadword);
-  n = (int)STRLEN(fword);
-  p = su->su_badptr + su->su_badlen;
-  (void)spell_casefold(curwin, p, (int)STRLEN(p), fword + n, MAXWLEN - n);
-
-  // Make sure the resulting text is not longer than the original text.
-  n = (int)STRLEN(su->su_badptr);
-  if (n < MAXWLEN) {
-    fword[n] = NUL;
-  }
-
-  for (int lpi = 0; lpi < curwin->w_s->b_langp.ga_len; ++lpi) {
-    lp = LANGP_ENTRY(curwin->w_s->b_langp, lpi);
-
-    // If reloading a spell file fails it's still in the list but
-    // everything has been cleared.
-    if (lp->lp_slang->sl_fbyts == NULL) {
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    // Try it for this language.  Will add possible suggestions.
-    //
-#ifdef SUGGEST_PROFILE
-    prof_init();
-#endif
-    suggest_trie_walk(su, lp, fword, false);
-#ifdef SUGGEST_PROFILE
-    prof_report("try_change");
-#endif
-  }
-}
-
-// Check the maximum score, if we go over it we won't try this change.
-#define TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, add) \
-  ((depth) < MAXWLEN - 1 && (stack)[depth].ts_score + (add) < (su)->su_maxscore)
-
-// Try finding suggestions by adding/removing/swapping letters.
-//
-// This uses a state machine.  At each node in the tree we try various
-// operations.  When trying if an operation works "depth" is increased and the
-// stack[] is used to store info.  This allows combinations, thus insert one
-// character, replace one and delete another.  The number of changes is
-// limited by su->su_maxscore.
-//
-// After implementing this I noticed an article by Kemal Oflazer that
-// describes something similar: "Error-tolerant Finite State Recognition with
-// Applications to Morphological Analysis and Spelling Correction" (1996).
-// The implementation in the article is simplified and requires a stack of
-// unknown depth.  The implementation here only needs a stack depth equal to
-// the length of the word.
-//
-// This is also used for the sound-folded word, "soundfold" is true then.
-// The mechanism is the same, but we find a match with a sound-folded word
-// that comes from one or more original words.  Each of these words may be
-// added, this is done by add_sound_suggest().
-// Don't use:
-//      the prefix tree or the keep-case tree
-//      "su->su_badlen"
-//      anything to do with upper and lower case
-//      anything to do with word or non-word characters ("spell_iswordp()")
-//      banned words
-//      word flags (rare, region, compounding)
-//      word splitting for now
-//      "similar_chars()"
-//      use "slang->sl_repsal" instead of "lp->lp_replang->sl_rep"
-static void suggest_trie_walk(suginfo_T *su, langp_T *lp, char_u *fword, bool soundfold)
-{
-  char_u tword[MAXWLEN];            // good word collected so far
-  trystate_T stack[MAXWLEN];
-  char_u preword[MAXWLEN * 3] = { 0 };  // word found with proper case;
-  // concatenation of prefix compound
-  // words and split word.  NUL terminated
-  // when going deeper but not when coming
-  // back.
-  char_u compflags[MAXWLEN];        // compound flags, one for each word
-  trystate_T *sp;
-  int newscore;
-  int score;
-  char_u *byts, *fbyts, *pbyts;
-  idx_T *idxs, *fidxs, *pidxs;
-  int depth;
-  int c, c2, c3;
-  int n = 0;
-  int flags;
-  garray_T *gap;
-  idx_T arridx;
-  int len;
-  char_u *p;
-  fromto_T *ftp;
-  int fl = 0, tl;
-  int repextra = 0;                 // extra bytes in fword[] from REP item
-  slang_T *slang = lp->lp_slang;
-  int fword_ends;
-  bool goodword_ends;
-#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
-  // Stores the name of the change made at each level.
-  char_u changename[MAXWLEN][80];
-#endif
-  int breakcheckcount = 1000;
-  bool compound_ok;
-
-  // Go through the whole case-fold tree, try changes at each node.
-  // "tword[]" contains the word collected from nodes in the tree.
-  // "fword[]" the word we are trying to match with (initially the bad
-  // word).
-  depth = 0;
-  sp = &stack[0];
-  memset(sp, 0, sizeof(trystate_T));  // -V512
-  sp->ts_curi = 1;
-
-  if (soundfold) {
-    // Going through the soundfold tree.
-    byts = fbyts = slang->sl_sbyts;
-    idxs = fidxs = slang->sl_sidxs;
-    pbyts = NULL;
-    pidxs = NULL;
-    sp->ts_prefixdepth = PFD_NOPREFIX;
-    sp->ts_state = STATE_START;
-  } else {
-    // When there are postponed prefixes we need to use these first.  At
-    // the end of the prefix we continue in the case-fold tree.
-    fbyts = slang->sl_fbyts;
-    fidxs = slang->sl_fidxs;
-    pbyts = slang->sl_pbyts;
-    pidxs = slang->sl_pidxs;
-    if (pbyts != NULL) {
-      byts = pbyts;
-      idxs = pidxs;
-      sp->ts_prefixdepth = PFD_PREFIXTREE;
-      sp->ts_state = STATE_NOPREFIX;            // try without prefix first
-    } else {
-      byts = fbyts;
-      idxs = fidxs;
-      sp->ts_prefixdepth = PFD_NOPREFIX;
-      sp->ts_state = STATE_START;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // The loop may take an indefinite amount of time. Break out after five
-  // sectonds. TODO(vim): add an option for the time limit.
-  proftime_T time_limit = profile_setlimit(5000);
-
-  // Loop to find all suggestions.  At each round we either:
-  // - For the current state try one operation, advance "ts_curi",
-  //   increase "depth".
-  // - When a state is done go to the next, set "ts_state".
-  // - When all states are tried decrease "depth".
-  while (depth >= 0 && !got_int) {
-    sp = &stack[depth];
-    switch (sp->ts_state) {
-    case STATE_START:
-    case STATE_NOPREFIX:
-      // Start of node: Deal with NUL bytes, which means
-      // tword[] may end here.
-      arridx = sp->ts_arridx;               // current node in the tree
-      len = byts[arridx];                   // bytes in this node
-      arridx += sp->ts_curi;                // index of current byte
-
-      if (sp->ts_prefixdepth == PFD_PREFIXTREE) {
-        // Skip over the NUL bytes, we use them later.
-        for (n = 0; n < len && byts[arridx + n] == 0; n++) {}
-        sp->ts_curi = (int16_t)(sp->ts_curi + n);
-
-        // Always past NUL bytes now.
-        n = (int)sp->ts_state;
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_ENDNUL;
-        sp->ts_save_badflags = (char_u)su->su_badflags;
-
-        // At end of a prefix or at start of prefixtree: check for
-        // following word.
-        if (depth < MAXWLEN - 1 && (byts[arridx] == 0 || n == STATE_NOPREFIX)) {
-          // Set su->su_badflags to the caps type at this position.
-          // Use the caps type until here for the prefix itself.
-          n = nofold_len(fword, sp->ts_fidx, su->su_badptr);
-          flags = badword_captype(su->su_badptr, su->su_badptr + n);
-          su->su_badflags = badword_captype(su->su_badptr + n,
-                                            su->su_badptr + su->su_badlen);
-#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
-          sprintf(changename[depth], "prefix");
-#endif
-          go_deeper(stack, depth, 0);
-          ++depth;
-          sp = &stack[depth];
-          sp->ts_prefixdepth = (char_u)(depth - 1);
-          byts = fbyts;
-          idxs = fidxs;
-          sp->ts_arridx = 0;
-
-          // Move the prefix to preword[] with the right case
-          // and make find_keepcap_word() works.
-          tword[sp->ts_twordlen] = NUL;
-          make_case_word(tword + sp->ts_splitoff,
-                         preword + sp->ts_prewordlen, flags);
-          sp->ts_prewordlen = (char_u)STRLEN(preword);
-          sp->ts_splitoff = sp->ts_twordlen;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      if (sp->ts_curi > len || byts[arridx] != 0) {
-        // Past bytes in node and/or past NUL bytes.
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_ENDNUL;
-        sp->ts_save_badflags = (char_u)su->su_badflags;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // End of word in tree.
-      ++sp->ts_curi;                    // eat one NUL byte
-
-      flags = (int)idxs[arridx];
-
-      // Skip words with the NOSUGGEST flag.
-      if (flags & WF_NOSUGGEST) {
-        break;
-      }
-
-      fword_ends = (fword[sp->ts_fidx] == NUL
-                    || (soundfold
-                        ? ascii_iswhite(fword[sp->ts_fidx])
-                        : !spell_iswordp(fword + sp->ts_fidx, curwin)));
-      tword[sp->ts_twordlen] = NUL;
-
-      if (sp->ts_prefixdepth <= PFD_NOTSPECIAL
-          && (sp->ts_flags & TSF_PREFIXOK) == 0
-          && pbyts != NULL) {
-        // There was a prefix before the word.  Check that the prefix
-        // can be used with this word.
-        // Count the length of the NULs in the prefix.  If there are
-        // none this must be the first try without a prefix.
-        n = stack[sp->ts_prefixdepth].ts_arridx;
-        len = pbyts[n++];
-        for (c = 0; c < len && pbyts[n + c] == 0; c++) {}
-        if (c > 0) {
-          c = valid_word_prefix(c, n, flags,
-                                tword + sp->ts_splitoff, slang, false);
-          if (c == 0) {
-            break;
-          }
-
-          // Use the WF_RARE flag for a rare prefix.
-          if (c & WF_RAREPFX) {
-            flags |= WF_RARE;
-          }
-
-          // Tricky: when checking for both prefix and compounding
-          // we run into the prefix flag first.
-          // Remember that it's OK, so that we accept the prefix
-          // when arriving at a compound flag.
-          sp->ts_flags |= TSF_PREFIXOK;
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Check NEEDCOMPOUND: can't use word without compounding.  Do try
-      // appending another compound word below.
-      if (sp->ts_complen == sp->ts_compsplit && fword_ends
-          && (flags & WF_NEEDCOMP)) {
-        goodword_ends = false;
-      } else {
-        goodword_ends = true;
-      }
-
-      p = NULL;
-      compound_ok = true;
-      if (sp->ts_complen > sp->ts_compsplit) {
-        if (slang->sl_nobreak) {
-          // There was a word before this word.  When there was no
-          // change in this word (it was correct) add the first word
-          // as a suggestion.  If this word was corrected too, we
-          // need to check if a correct word follows.
-          if (sp->ts_fidx - sp->ts_splitfidx
-              == sp->ts_twordlen - sp->ts_splitoff
-              && STRNCMP(fword + sp->ts_splitfidx,
-                         tword + sp->ts_splitoff,
-                         sp->ts_fidx - sp->ts_splitfidx) == 0) {
-            preword[sp->ts_prewordlen] = NUL;
-            newscore = score_wordcount_adj(slang, sp->ts_score,
-                                           preword + sp->ts_prewordlen,
-                                           sp->ts_prewordlen > 0);
-            // Add the suggestion if the score isn't too bad.
-            if (newscore <= su->su_maxscore) {
-              add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, preword,
-                             sp->ts_splitfidx - repextra,
-                             newscore, 0, false,
-                             lp->lp_sallang, false);
-            }
-            break;
-          }
-        } else {
-          // There was a compound word before this word.  If this
-          // word does not support compounding then give up
-          // (splitting is tried for the word without compound
-          // flag).
-          if (((unsigned)flags >> 24) == 0
-              || sp->ts_twordlen - sp->ts_splitoff
-              < slang->sl_compminlen) {
-            break;
-          }
-          // For multi-byte chars check character length against
-          // COMPOUNDMIN.
-          if (slang->sl_compminlen > 0
-              && mb_charlen(tword + sp->ts_splitoff)
-              < slang->sl_compminlen) {
-            break;
-          }
-
-          compflags[sp->ts_complen] = (char_u)((unsigned)flags >> 24);
-          compflags[sp->ts_complen + 1] = NUL;
-          STRLCPY(preword + sp->ts_prewordlen,
-                  tword + sp->ts_splitoff,
-                  sp->ts_twordlen - sp->ts_splitoff + 1);
-
-          // Verify CHECKCOMPOUNDPATTERN  rules.
-          if (match_checkcompoundpattern(preword,  sp->ts_prewordlen,
-                                         &slang->sl_comppat)) {
-            compound_ok = false;
-          }
-
-          if (compound_ok) {
-            p = preword;
-            while (*skiptowhite(p) != NUL) {
-              p = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)skiptowhite(p));
-            }
-            if (fword_ends && !can_compound(slang, p,
-                                            compflags + sp->ts_compsplit)) {
-              // Compound is not allowed.  But it may still be
-              // possible if we add another (short) word.
-              compound_ok = false;
-            }
-          }
-
-          // Get pointer to last char of previous word.
-          p = preword + sp->ts_prewordlen;
-          MB_PTR_BACK(preword, p);
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Form the word with proper case in preword.
-      // If there is a word from a previous split, append.
-      // For the soundfold tree don't change the case, simply append.
-      if (soundfold) {
-        STRCPY(preword + sp->ts_prewordlen, tword + sp->ts_splitoff);
-      } else if (flags & WF_KEEPCAP) {
-        // Must find the word in the keep-case tree.
-        find_keepcap_word(slang, tword + sp->ts_splitoff,
-                          preword + sp->ts_prewordlen);
-      } else {
-        // Include badflags: If the badword is onecap or allcap
-        // use that for the goodword too.  But if the badword is
-        // allcap and it's only one char long use onecap.
-        c = su->su_badflags;
-        if ((c & WF_ALLCAP)
-            && su->su_badlen ==
-            utfc_ptr2len((char *)su->su_badptr)) {
-          c = WF_ONECAP;
-        }
-        c |= flags;
-
-        // When appending a compound word after a word character don't
-        // use Onecap.
-        if (p != NULL && spell_iswordp_nmw(p, curwin)) {
-          c &= ~WF_ONECAP;
-        }
-        make_case_word(tword + sp->ts_splitoff,
-                       preword + sp->ts_prewordlen, c);
-      }
-
-      if (!soundfold) {
-        // Don't use a banned word.  It may appear again as a good
-        // word, thus remember it.
-        if (flags & WF_BANNED) {
-          add_banned(su, preword + sp->ts_prewordlen);
-          break;
-        }
-        if ((sp->ts_complen == sp->ts_compsplit
-             && WAS_BANNED(su, (char *)preword + sp->ts_prewordlen))
-            || WAS_BANNED(su, (char *)preword)) {
-          if (slang->sl_compprog == NULL) {
-            break;
-          }
-          // the word so far was banned but we may try compounding
-          goodword_ends = false;
-        }
-      }
-
-      newscore = 0;
-      if (!soundfold) {         // soundfold words don't have flags
-        if ((flags & WF_REGION)
-            && (((unsigned)flags >> 16) & (unsigned)lp->lp_region) == 0) {
-          newscore += SCORE_REGION;
-        }
-        if (flags & WF_RARE) {
-          newscore += SCORE_RARE;
-        }
-
-        if (!spell_valid_case(su->su_badflags,
-                              captype(preword + sp->ts_prewordlen, NULL))) {
-          newscore += SCORE_ICASE;
-        }
-      }
-
-      // TODO: how about splitting in the soundfold tree?
-      if (fword_ends
-          && goodword_ends
-          && sp->ts_fidx >= sp->ts_fidxtry
-          && compound_ok) {
-        // The badword also ends: add suggestions.
-#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
-        if (soundfold && STRCMP(preword, "smwrd") == 0) {
-          int j;
-
-          // print the stack of changes that brought us here
-          smsg("------ %s -------", fword);
-          for (j = 0; j < depth; ++j) {
-            smsg("%s", changename[j]);
-          }
-        }
-#endif
-        if (soundfold) {
-          // For soundfolded words we need to find the original
-          // words, the edit distance and then add them.
-          add_sound_suggest(su, preword, sp->ts_score, lp);
-        } else if (sp->ts_fidx > 0) {
-          // Give a penalty when changing non-word char to word
-          // char, e.g., "thes," -> "these".
-          p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
-          MB_PTR_BACK(fword, p);
-          if (!spell_iswordp(p, curwin) && *preword != NUL) {
-            p = preword + STRLEN(preword);
-            MB_PTR_BACK(preword, p);
-            if (spell_iswordp(p, curwin)) {
-              newscore += SCORE_NONWORD;
-            }
-          }
-
-          // Give a bonus to words seen before.
-          score = score_wordcount_adj(slang,
-                                      sp->ts_score + newscore,
-                                      preword + sp->ts_prewordlen,
-                                      sp->ts_prewordlen > 0);
-
-          // Add the suggestion if the score isn't too bad.
-          if (score <= su->su_maxscore) {
-            add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, preword,
-                           sp->ts_fidx - repextra,
-                           score, 0, false, lp->lp_sallang, false);
-
-            if (su->su_badflags & WF_MIXCAP) {
-              // We really don't know if the word should be
-              // upper or lower case, add both.
-              c = captype(preword, NULL);
-              if (c == 0 || c == WF_ALLCAP) {
-                make_case_word(tword + sp->ts_splitoff,
-                               preword + sp->ts_prewordlen,
-                               c == 0 ? WF_ALLCAP : 0);
-
-                add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, preword,
-                               sp->ts_fidx - repextra,
-                               score + SCORE_ICASE, 0, false,
-                               lp->lp_sallang, false);
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Try word split and/or compounding.
-      if ((sp->ts_fidx >= sp->ts_fidxtry || fword_ends)
-          // Don't split in the middle of a character
-          && (sp->ts_tcharlen == 0)) {
-        bool try_compound;
-        int try_split;
-
-        // If past the end of the bad word don't try a split.
-        // Otherwise try changing the next word.  E.g., find
-        // suggestions for "the the" where the second "the" is
-        // different.  It's done like a split.
-        // TODO: word split for soundfold words
-        try_split = (sp->ts_fidx - repextra < su->su_badlen)
-                    && !soundfold;
-
-        // Get here in several situations:
-        // 1. The word in the tree ends:
-        //    If the word allows compounding try that.  Otherwise try
-        //    a split by inserting a space.  For both check that a
-        //    valid words starts at fword[sp->ts_fidx].
-        //    For NOBREAK do like compounding to be able to check if
-        //    the next word is valid.
-        // 2. The badword does end, but it was due to a change (e.g.,
-        //    a swap).  No need to split, but do check that the
-        //    following word is valid.
-        // 3. The badword and the word in the tree end.  It may still
-        //    be possible to compound another (short) word.
-        try_compound = false;
-        if (!soundfold
-            && !slang->sl_nocompoundsugs
-            && slang->sl_compprog != NULL
-            && ((unsigned)flags >> 24) != 0
-            && sp->ts_twordlen - sp->ts_splitoff
-            >= slang->sl_compminlen
-            && (slang->sl_compminlen == 0
-                || mb_charlen(tword + sp->ts_splitoff)
-                >= slang->sl_compminlen)
-            && (slang->sl_compsylmax < MAXWLEN
-                || sp->ts_complen + 1 - sp->ts_compsplit
-                < slang->sl_compmax)
-            && (can_be_compound(sp, slang, compflags, (int)((unsigned)flags >> 24)))) {
-          try_compound = true;
-          compflags[sp->ts_complen] = (char_u)((unsigned)flags >> 24);
-          compflags[sp->ts_complen + 1] = NUL;
-        }
-
-        // For NOBREAK we never try splitting, it won't make any word
-        // valid.
-        if (slang->sl_nobreak && !slang->sl_nocompoundsugs) {
-          try_compound = true;
-        } else if (!fword_ends
-                   && try_compound
-                   && (sp->ts_flags & TSF_DIDSPLIT) == 0) {
-          // If we could add a compound word, and it's also possible to
-          // split at this point, do the split first and set
-          // TSF_DIDSPLIT to avoid doing it again.
-          try_compound = false;
-          sp->ts_flags |= TSF_DIDSPLIT;
-          --sp->ts_curi;                    // do the same NUL again
-          compflags[sp->ts_complen] = NUL;
-        } else {
-          sp->ts_flags &= (char_u) ~TSF_DIDSPLIT;
-        }
-
-        if (try_split || try_compound) {
-          if (!try_compound && (!fword_ends || !goodword_ends)) {
-            // If we're going to split need to check that the
-            // words so far are valid for compounding.  If there
-            // is only one word it must not have the NEEDCOMPOUND
-            // flag.
-            if (sp->ts_complen == sp->ts_compsplit
-                && (flags & WF_NEEDCOMP)) {
-              break;
-            }
-            p = preword;
-            while (*skiptowhite(p) != NUL) {
-              p = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)skiptowhite(p));
-            }
-            if (sp->ts_complen > sp->ts_compsplit
-                && !can_compound(slang, p,
-                                 compflags + sp->ts_compsplit)) {
-              break;
-            }
-
-            if (slang->sl_nosplitsugs) {
-              newscore += SCORE_SPLIT_NO;
-            } else {
-              newscore += SCORE_SPLIT;
-            }
-
-            // Give a bonus to words seen before.
-            newscore = score_wordcount_adj(slang, newscore,
-                                           preword + sp->ts_prewordlen, true);
-          }
-
-          if (TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, newscore)) {
-            go_deeper(stack, depth, newscore);
-#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
-            if (!try_compound && !fword_ends) {
-              sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: split",
-                      sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx);
-            } else {
-              sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: compound",
-                      sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx);
-            }
-#endif
-            // Save things to be restored at STATE_SPLITUNDO.
-            sp->ts_save_badflags = (char_u)su->su_badflags;
-            PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-            sp->ts_state = STATE_SPLITUNDO;
-
-            ++depth;
-            sp = &stack[depth];
-
-            // Append a space to preword when splitting.
-            if (!try_compound && !fword_ends) {
-              STRCAT(preword, " ");
-            }
-            sp->ts_prewordlen = (char_u)STRLEN(preword);
-            sp->ts_splitoff = sp->ts_twordlen;
-            sp->ts_splitfidx = sp->ts_fidx;
-
-            // If the badword has a non-word character at this
-            // position skip it.  That means replacing the
-            // non-word character with a space.  Always skip a
-            // character when the word ends.  But only when the
-            // good word can end.
-            if (((!try_compound && !spell_iswordp_nmw(fword
-                                                      + sp->ts_fidx,
-                                                      curwin))
-                 || fword_ends)
-                && fword[sp->ts_fidx] != NUL
-                && goodword_ends) {
-              int l;
-
-              l = utfc_ptr2len((char *)fword + sp->ts_fidx);
-              if (fword_ends) {
-                // Copy the skipped character to preword.
-                memmove(preword + sp->ts_prewordlen, fword + sp->ts_fidx, (size_t)l);
-                sp->ts_prewordlen = (char_u)(sp->ts_prewordlen + l);
-                preword[sp->ts_prewordlen] = NUL;
-              } else {
-                sp->ts_score -= SCORE_SPLIT - SCORE_SUBST;
-              }
-              sp->ts_fidx = (char_u)(sp->ts_fidx + l);
-            }
-
-            // When compounding include compound flag in
-            // compflags[] (already set above).  When splitting we
-            // may start compounding over again.
-            if (try_compound) {
-              ++sp->ts_complen;
-            } else {
-              sp->ts_compsplit = sp->ts_complen;
-            }
-            sp->ts_prefixdepth = PFD_NOPREFIX;
-
-            // set su->su_badflags to the caps type at this
-            // position
-            n = nofold_len(fword, sp->ts_fidx, su->su_badptr);
-            su->su_badflags = badword_captype(su->su_badptr + n,
-                                              su->su_badptr + su->su_badlen);
-
-            // Restart at top of the tree.
-            sp->ts_arridx = 0;
-
-            // If there are postponed prefixes, try these too.
-            if (pbyts != NULL) {
-              byts = pbyts;
-              idxs = pidxs;
-              sp->ts_prefixdepth = PFD_PREFIXTREE;
-              PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-              sp->ts_state = STATE_NOPREFIX;
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case STATE_SPLITUNDO:
-      // Undo the changes done for word split or compound word.
-      su->su_badflags = sp->ts_save_badflags;
-
-      // Continue looking for NUL bytes.
-      PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-      sp->ts_state = STATE_START;
-
-      // In case we went into the prefix tree.
-      byts = fbyts;
-      idxs = fidxs;
-      break;
-
-    case STATE_ENDNUL:
-      // Past the NUL bytes in the node.
-      su->su_badflags = sp->ts_save_badflags;
-      if (fword[sp->ts_fidx] == NUL
-          && sp->ts_tcharlen == 0) {
-        // The badword ends, can't use STATE_PLAIN.
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_DEL;
-        break;
-      }
-      PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-      sp->ts_state = STATE_PLAIN;
-      FALLTHROUGH;
-
-    case STATE_PLAIN:
-      // Go over all possible bytes at this node, add each to tword[]
-      // and use child node.  "ts_curi" is the index.
-      arridx = sp->ts_arridx;
-      if (sp->ts_curi > byts[arridx]) {
-        // Done all bytes at this node, do next state.  When still at
-        // already changed bytes skip the other tricks.
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        if (sp->ts_fidx >= sp->ts_fidxtry) {
-          sp->ts_state = STATE_DEL;
-        } else {
-          sp->ts_state = STATE_FINAL;
-        }
-      } else {
-        arridx += sp->ts_curi++;
-        c = byts[arridx];
-
-        // Normal byte, go one level deeper.  If it's not equal to the
-        // byte in the bad word adjust the score.  But don't even try
-        // when the byte was already changed.  And don't try when we
-        // just deleted this byte, accepting it is always cheaper than
-        // delete + substitute.
-        if (c == fword[sp->ts_fidx]
-            || (sp->ts_tcharlen > 0
-                && sp->ts_isdiff != DIFF_NONE)) {
-          newscore = 0;
-        } else {
-          newscore = SCORE_SUBST;
-        }
-        if ((newscore == 0
-             || (sp->ts_fidx >= sp->ts_fidxtry
-                 && ((sp->ts_flags & TSF_DIDDEL) == 0
-                     || c != fword[sp->ts_delidx])))
-            && TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, newscore)) {
-          go_deeper(stack, depth, newscore);
-#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
-          if (newscore > 0) {
-            sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: subst %c to %c",
-                    sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
-                    fword[sp->ts_fidx], c);
-          } else {
-            sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: accept %c",
-                    sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
-                    fword[sp->ts_fidx]);
-          }
-#endif
-          ++depth;
-          sp = &stack[depth];
-          if (fword[sp->ts_fidx] != NUL) {
-            sp->ts_fidx++;
-          }
-          tword[sp->ts_twordlen++] = (char_u)c;
-          sp->ts_arridx = idxs[arridx];
-          if (newscore == SCORE_SUBST) {
-            sp->ts_isdiff = DIFF_YES;
-          }
-          // Multi-byte characters are a bit complicated to
-          // handle: They differ when any of the bytes differ
-          // and then their length may also differ.
-          if (sp->ts_tcharlen == 0) {
-            // First byte.
-            sp->ts_tcharidx = 0;
-            sp->ts_tcharlen = MB_BYTE2LEN(c);
-            sp->ts_fcharstart = (char_u)(sp->ts_fidx - 1);
-            sp->ts_isdiff = (newscore != 0)
-                            ? DIFF_YES : DIFF_NONE;
-          } else if (sp->ts_isdiff == DIFF_INSERT && sp->ts_fidx > 0) {
-            // When inserting trail bytes don't advance in the
-            // bad word.
-            sp->ts_fidx--;
-          }
-          if (++sp->ts_tcharidx == sp->ts_tcharlen) {
-            // Last byte of character.
-            if (sp->ts_isdiff == DIFF_YES) {
-              // Correct ts_fidx for the byte length of the
-              // character (we didn't check that before).
-              sp->ts_fidx = (char_u)(sp->ts_fcharstart
-                                     + utfc_ptr2len((char *)fword + sp->ts_fcharstart));
-
-              // For changing a composing character adjust
-              // the score from SCORE_SUBST to
-              // SCORE_SUBCOMP.
-              if (utf_iscomposing(utf_ptr2char((char *)tword + sp->ts_twordlen
-                                               - sp->ts_tcharlen))
-                  && utf_iscomposing(utf_ptr2char((char *)fword
-                                                  + sp->ts_fcharstart))) {
-                sp->ts_score -= SCORE_SUBST - SCORE_SUBCOMP;
-              } else if (!soundfold
-                         && slang->sl_has_map
-                         && similar_chars(slang,
-                                          utf_ptr2char((char *)tword + sp->ts_twordlen -
-                                                       sp->ts_tcharlen),
-                                          utf_ptr2char((char *)fword + sp->ts_fcharstart))) {
-                // For a similar character adjust score from
-                // SCORE_SUBST to SCORE_SIMILAR.
-                sp->ts_score -= SCORE_SUBST - SCORE_SIMILAR;
-              }
-            } else if (sp->ts_isdiff == DIFF_INSERT
-                       && sp->ts_twordlen > sp->ts_tcharlen) {
-              p = tword + sp->ts_twordlen - sp->ts_tcharlen;
-              c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p);
-              if (utf_iscomposing(c)) {
-                // Inserting a composing char doesn't
-                // count that much.
-                sp->ts_score -= SCORE_INS - SCORE_INSCOMP;
-              } else {
-                // If the previous character was the same,
-                // thus doubling a character, give a bonus
-                // to the score.  Also for the soundfold
-                // tree (might seem illogical but does
-                // give better scores).
-                MB_PTR_BACK(tword, p);
-                if (c == utf_ptr2char((char *)p)) {
-                  sp->ts_score -= SCORE_INS - SCORE_INSDUP;
-                }
-              }
-            }
-
-            // Starting a new char, reset the length.
-            sp->ts_tcharlen = 0;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case STATE_DEL:
-      // When past the first byte of a multi-byte char don't try
-      // delete/insert/swap a character.
-      if (sp->ts_tcharlen > 0) {
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_FINAL;
-        break;
-      }
-      // Try skipping one character in the bad word (delete it).
-      PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-      sp->ts_state = STATE_INS_PREP;
-      sp->ts_curi = 1;
-      if (soundfold && sp->ts_fidx == 0 && fword[sp->ts_fidx] == '*') {
-        // Deleting a vowel at the start of a word counts less, see
-        // soundalike_score().
-        newscore = 2 * SCORE_DEL / 3;
-      } else {
-        newscore = SCORE_DEL;
-      }
-      if (fword[sp->ts_fidx] != NUL
-          && TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, newscore)) {
-        go_deeper(stack, depth, newscore);
-#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
-        sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: delete %c",
-                sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
-                fword[sp->ts_fidx]);
-#endif
-        ++depth;
-
-        // Remember what character we deleted, so that we can avoid
-        // inserting it again.
-        stack[depth].ts_flags |= TSF_DIDDEL;
-        stack[depth].ts_delidx = sp->ts_fidx;
-
-        // Advance over the character in fword[].  Give a bonus to the
-        // score if the same character is following "nn" -> "n".  It's
-        // a bit illogical for soundfold tree but it does give better
-        // results.
-        c = utf_ptr2char((char *)fword + sp->ts_fidx);
-        stack[depth].ts_fidx =
-          (char_u)(stack[depth].ts_fidx + utfc_ptr2len((char *)fword + sp->ts_fidx));
-        if (utf_iscomposing(c)) {
-          stack[depth].ts_score -= SCORE_DEL - SCORE_DELCOMP;
-        } else if (c == utf_ptr2char((char *)fword + stack[depth].ts_fidx)) {
-          stack[depth].ts_score -= SCORE_DEL - SCORE_DELDUP;
-        }
-
-        break;
-      }
-      FALLTHROUGH;
-
-    case STATE_INS_PREP:
-      if (sp->ts_flags & TSF_DIDDEL) {
-        // If we just deleted a byte then inserting won't make sense,
-        // a substitute is always cheaper.
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_SWAP;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // skip over NUL bytes
-      n = sp->ts_arridx;
-      for (;;) {
-        if (sp->ts_curi > byts[n]) {
-          // Only NUL bytes at this node, go to next state.
-          PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-          sp->ts_state = STATE_SWAP;
-          break;
-        }
-        if (byts[n + sp->ts_curi] != NUL) {
-          // Found a byte to insert.
-          PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-          sp->ts_state = STATE_INS;
-          break;
-        }
-        ++sp->ts_curi;
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case STATE_INS:
-      // Insert one byte.  Repeat this for each possible byte at this
-      // node.
-      n = sp->ts_arridx;
-      if (sp->ts_curi > byts[n]) {
-        // Done all bytes at this node, go to next state.
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_SWAP;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // Do one more byte at this node, but:
-      // - Skip NUL bytes.
-      // - Skip the byte if it's equal to the byte in the word,
-      //   accepting that byte is always better.
-      n += sp->ts_curi++;
-      c = byts[n];
-      if (soundfold && sp->ts_twordlen == 0 && c == '*') {
-        // Inserting a vowel at the start of a word counts less,
-        // see soundalike_score().
-        newscore = 2 * SCORE_INS / 3;
-      } else {
-        newscore = SCORE_INS;
-      }
-      if (c != fword[sp->ts_fidx]
-          && TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, newscore)) {
-        go_deeper(stack, depth, newscore);
-#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
-        sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: insert %c",
-                sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
-                c);
-#endif
-        ++depth;
-        sp = &stack[depth];
-        tword[sp->ts_twordlen++] = (char_u)c;
-        sp->ts_arridx = idxs[n];
-        fl = MB_BYTE2LEN(c);
-        if (fl > 1) {
-          // There are following bytes for the same character.
-          // We must find all bytes before trying
-          // delete/insert/swap/etc.
-          sp->ts_tcharlen = (char_u)fl;
-          sp->ts_tcharidx = 1;
-          sp->ts_isdiff = DIFF_INSERT;
-        }
-        if (fl == 1) {
-          // If the previous character was the same, thus doubling a
-          // character, give a bonus to the score.  Also for
-          // soundfold words (illogical but does give a better
-          // score).
-          if (sp->ts_twordlen >= 2
-              && tword[sp->ts_twordlen - 2] == c) {
-            sp->ts_score -= SCORE_INS - SCORE_INSDUP;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case STATE_SWAP:
-      // Swap two bytes in the bad word: "12" -> "21".
-      // We change "fword" here, it's changed back afterwards at
-      // STATE_UNSWAP.
-      p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
-      c = *p;
-      if (c == NUL) {
-        // End of word, can't swap or replace.
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_FINAL;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // Don't swap if the first character is not a word character.
-      // SWAP3 etc. also don't make sense then.
-      if (!soundfold && !spell_iswordp(p, curwin)) {
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_INI;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      n = utf_ptr2len((char *)p);
-      c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p);
-      if (p[n] == NUL) {
-        c2 = NUL;
-      } else if (!soundfold && !spell_iswordp(p + n, curwin)) {
-        c2 = c;  // don't swap non-word char
-      } else {
-        c2 = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + n);
-      }
-
-      // When the second character is NUL we can't swap.
-      if (c2 == NUL) {
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_INI;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // When characters are identical, swap won't do anything.
-      // Also get here if the second char is not a word character.
-      if (c == c2) {
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_SWAP3;
-        break;
-      }
-      if (TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, SCORE_SWAP)) {
-        go_deeper(stack, depth, SCORE_SWAP);
-#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
-        snprintf(changename[depth], sizeof(changename[0]),
-                 "%.*s-%s: swap %c and %c",
-                 sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
-                 c, c2);
-#endif
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_UNSWAP;
-        depth++;
-        fl = utf_char2len(c2);
-        memmove(p, p + n, (size_t)fl);
-        utf_char2bytes(c, (char *)p + fl);
-        stack[depth].ts_fidxtry = (char_u)(sp->ts_fidx + n + fl);
-      } else {
-        // If this swap doesn't work then SWAP3 won't either.
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_INI;
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case STATE_UNSWAP:
-      // Undo the STATE_SWAP swap: "21" -> "12".
-      p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
-      n = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p);
-      c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + n);
-      memmove(p + utfc_ptr2len((char *)p + n), p, (size_t)n);
-      utf_char2bytes(c, (char *)p);
-
-      FALLTHROUGH;
-
-    case STATE_SWAP3:
-      // Swap two bytes, skipping one: "123" -> "321".  We change
-      // "fword" here, it's changed back afterwards at STATE_UNSWAP3.
-      p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
-      n = utf_ptr2len((char *)p);
-      c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p);
-      fl = utf_ptr2len((char *)p + n);
-      c2 = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + n);
-      if (!soundfold && !spell_iswordp(p + n + fl, curwin)) {
-        c3 = c;  // don't swap non-word char
-      } else {
-        c3 = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + n + fl);
-      }
-
-      // When characters are identical: "121" then SWAP3 result is
-      // identical, ROT3L result is same as SWAP: "211", ROT3L result is
-      // same as SWAP on next char: "112".  Thus skip all swapping.
-      // Also skip when c3 is NUL.
-      // Also get here when the third character is not a word character.
-      // Second character may any char: "a.b" -> "b.a"
-      if (c == c3 || c3 == NUL) {
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_INI;
-        break;
-      }
-      if (TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, SCORE_SWAP3)) {
-        go_deeper(stack, depth, SCORE_SWAP3);
-#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
-        sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: swap3 %c and %c",
-                sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
-                c, c3);
-#endif
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_UNSWAP3;
-        depth++;
-        tl = utf_char2len(c3);
-        memmove(p, p + n + fl, (size_t)tl);
-        utf_char2bytes(c2, (char *)p + tl);
-        utf_char2bytes(c, (char *)p + fl + tl);
-        stack[depth].ts_fidxtry = (char_u)(sp->ts_fidx + n + fl + tl);
-      } else {
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_INI;
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case STATE_UNSWAP3:
-      // Undo STATE_SWAP3: "321" -> "123"
-      p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
-      n = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p);
-      c2 = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + n);
-      fl = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p + n);
-      c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + n + fl);
-      tl = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p + n + fl);
-      memmove(p + fl + tl, p, (size_t)n);
-      utf_char2bytes(c, (char *)p);
-      utf_char2bytes(c2, (char *)p + tl);
-      p = p + tl;
-
-      if (!soundfold && !spell_iswordp(p, curwin)) {
-        // Middle char is not a word char, skip the rotate.  First and
-        // third char were already checked at swap and swap3.
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_INI;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // Rotate three characters left: "123" -> "231".  We change
-      // "fword" here, it's changed back afterwards at STATE_UNROT3L.
-      if (TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, SCORE_SWAP3)) {
-        go_deeper(stack, depth, SCORE_SWAP3);
-#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
-        p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
-        sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: rotate left %c%c%c",
-                sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
-                p[0], p[1], p[2]);
-#endif
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_UNROT3L;
-        ++depth;
-        p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
-        n = utf_ptr2len((char *)p);
-        c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p);
-        fl = utf_ptr2len((char *)p + n);
-        fl += utf_ptr2len((char *)p + n + fl);
-        memmove(p, p + n, (size_t)fl);
-        utf_char2bytes(c, (char *)p + fl);
-        stack[depth].ts_fidxtry = (char_u)(sp->ts_fidx + n + fl);
-      } else {
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_INI;
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case STATE_UNROT3L:
-      // Undo ROT3L: "231" -> "123"
-      p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
-      n = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p);
-      n += utfc_ptr2len((char *)p + n);
-      c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + n);
-      tl = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p + n);
-      memmove(p + tl, p, (size_t)n);
-      utf_char2bytes(c, (char *)p);
-
-      // Rotate three bytes right: "123" -> "312".  We change "fword"
-      // here, it's changed back afterwards at STATE_UNROT3R.
-      if (TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, SCORE_SWAP3)) {
-        go_deeper(stack, depth, SCORE_SWAP3);
-#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
-        p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
-        sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: rotate right %c%c%c",
-                sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
-                p[0], p[1], p[2]);
-#endif
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_UNROT3R;
-        ++depth;
-        p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
-        n = utf_ptr2len((char *)p);
-        n += utf_ptr2len((char *)p + n);
-        c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + n);
-        tl = utf_ptr2len((char *)p + n);
-        memmove(p + tl, p, (size_t)n);
-        utf_char2bytes(c, (char *)p);
-        stack[depth].ts_fidxtry = (char_u)(sp->ts_fidx + n + tl);
-      } else {
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_INI;
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case STATE_UNROT3R:
-      // Undo ROT3R: "312" -> "123"
-      p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
-      c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p);
-      tl = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p);
-      n = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p + tl);
-      n += utfc_ptr2len((char *)p + tl + n);
-      memmove(p, p + tl, (size_t)n);
-      utf_char2bytes(c, (char *)p + n);
-
-      FALLTHROUGH;
-
-    case STATE_REP_INI:
-      // Check if matching with REP items from the .aff file would work.
-      // Quickly skip if:
-      // - there are no REP items and we are not in the soundfold trie
-      // - the score is going to be too high anyway
-      // - already applied a REP item or swapped here
-      if ((lp->lp_replang == NULL && !soundfold)
-          || sp->ts_score + SCORE_REP >= su->su_maxscore
-          || sp->ts_fidx < sp->ts_fidxtry) {
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_FINAL;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // Use the first byte to quickly find the first entry that may
-      // match.  If the index is -1 there is none.
-      if (soundfold) {
-        sp->ts_curi = slang->sl_repsal_first[fword[sp->ts_fidx]];
-      } else {
-        sp->ts_curi = lp->lp_replang->sl_rep_first[fword[sp->ts_fidx]];
-      }
-
-      if (sp->ts_curi < 0) {
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_FINAL;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-      sp->ts_state = STATE_REP;
-      FALLTHROUGH;
-
-    case STATE_REP:
-      // Try matching with REP items from the .aff file.  For each match
-      // replace the characters and check if the resulting word is
-      // valid.
-      p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
-
-      if (soundfold) {
-        gap = &slang->sl_repsal;
-      } else {
-        gap = &lp->lp_replang->sl_rep;
-      }
-      while (sp->ts_curi < gap->ga_len) {
-        ftp = (fromto_T *)gap->ga_data + sp->ts_curi++;
-        if (*ftp->ft_from != *p) {
-          // past possible matching entries
-          sp->ts_curi = (char_u)gap->ga_len;
-          break;
-        }
-        if (STRNCMP(ftp->ft_from, p, STRLEN(ftp->ft_from)) == 0
-            && TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, SCORE_REP)) {
-          go_deeper(stack, depth, SCORE_REP);
-#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
-          sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: replace %s with %s",
-                  sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
-                  ftp->ft_from, ftp->ft_to);
-#endif
-          // Need to undo this afterwards.
-          PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-          sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_UNDO;
-
-          // Change the "from" to the "to" string.
-          ++depth;
-          fl = (int)STRLEN(ftp->ft_from);
-          tl = (int)STRLEN(ftp->ft_to);
-          if (fl != tl) {
-            STRMOVE(p + tl, p + fl);
-            repextra += tl - fl;
-          }
-          memmove(p, ftp->ft_to, (size_t)tl);
-          stack[depth].ts_fidxtry = (char_u)(sp->ts_fidx + tl);
-          stack[depth].ts_tcharlen = 0;
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (sp->ts_curi >= gap->ga_len && sp->ts_state == STATE_REP) {
-        // No (more) matches.
-        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-        sp->ts_state = STATE_FINAL;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case STATE_REP_UNDO:
-      // Undo a REP replacement and continue with the next one.
-      if (soundfold) {
-        gap = &slang->sl_repsal;
-      } else {
-        gap = &lp->lp_replang->sl_rep;
-      }
-      ftp = (fromto_T *)gap->ga_data + sp->ts_curi - 1;
-      fl = (int)STRLEN(ftp->ft_from);
-      tl = (int)STRLEN(ftp->ft_to);
-      p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
-      if (fl != tl) {
-        STRMOVE(p + fl, p + tl);
-        repextra -= tl - fl;
-      }
-      memmove(p, ftp->ft_from, (size_t)fl);
-      PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
-      sp->ts_state = STATE_REP;
-      break;
-
-    default:
-      // Did all possible states at this level, go up one level.
-      --depth;
-
-      if (depth >= 0 && stack[depth].ts_prefixdepth == PFD_PREFIXTREE) {
-        // Continue in or go back to the prefix tree.
-        byts = pbyts;
-        idxs = pidxs;
-      }
-
-      // Don't check for CTRL-C too often, it takes time.
-      if (--breakcheckcount == 0) {
-        os_breakcheck();
-        breakcheckcount = 1000;
-        if (profile_passed_limit(time_limit)) {
-          got_int = true;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-// Go one level deeper in the tree.
-static void go_deeper(trystate_T *stack, int depth, int score_add)
-{
-  stack[depth + 1] = stack[depth];
-  stack[depth + 1].ts_state = STATE_START;
-  stack[depth + 1].ts_score = stack[depth].ts_score + score_add;
-  stack[depth + 1].ts_curi = 1;         // start just after length byte
-  stack[depth + 1].ts_flags = 0;
-}
-
 // Case-folding may change the number of bytes: Count nr of chars in
 // fword[flen] and return the byte length of that many chars in "word".
-static int nofold_len(char_u *fword, int flen, char_u *word)
+int nofold_len(char_u *fword, int flen, char_u *word)
 {
   char_u *p;
   int i = 0;
@@ -4961,677 +2688,8 @@ static int nofold_len(char_u *fword, int flen, char_u *word)
   return (int)(p - word);
 }
 
-// "fword" is a good word with case folded.  Find the matching keep-case
-// words and put it in "kword".
-// Theoretically there could be several keep-case words that result in the
-// same case-folded word, but we only find one...
-static void find_keepcap_word(slang_T *slang, char_u *fword, char_u *kword)
-{
-  char_u uword[MAXWLEN];                // "fword" in upper-case
-  int depth;
-  idx_T tryidx;
-
-  // The following arrays are used at each depth in the tree.
-  idx_T arridx[MAXWLEN];
-  int round[MAXWLEN];
-  int fwordidx[MAXWLEN];
-  int uwordidx[MAXWLEN];
-  int kwordlen[MAXWLEN];
-
-  int flen, ulen;
-  int l;
-  int len;
-  int c;
-  idx_T lo, hi, m;
-  char_u *p;
-  char_u *byts = slang->sl_kbyts;      // array with bytes of the words
-  idx_T *idxs = slang->sl_kidxs;      // array with indexes
-
-  if (byts == NULL) {
-    // array is empty: "cannot happen"
-    *kword = NUL;
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // Make an all-cap version of "fword".
-  allcap_copy(fword, uword);
-
-  // Each character needs to be tried both case-folded and upper-case.
-  // All this gets very complicated if we keep in mind that changing case
-  // may change the byte length of a multi-byte character...
-  depth = 0;
-  arridx[0] = 0;
-  round[0] = 0;
-  fwordidx[0] = 0;
-  uwordidx[0] = 0;
-  kwordlen[0] = 0;
-  while (depth >= 0) {
-    if (fword[fwordidx[depth]] == NUL) {
-      // We are at the end of "fword".  If the tree allows a word to end
-      // here we have found a match.
-      if (byts[arridx[depth] + 1] == 0) {
-        kword[kwordlen[depth]] = NUL;
-        return;
-      }
-
-      // kword is getting too long, continue one level up
-      --depth;
-    } else if (++round[depth] > 2) {
-      // tried both fold-case and upper-case character, continue one
-      // level up
-      --depth;
-    } else {
-      // round[depth] == 1: Try using the folded-case character.
-      // round[depth] == 2: Try using the upper-case character.
-      flen = utf_ptr2len((char *)fword + fwordidx[depth]);
-      ulen = utf_ptr2len((char *)uword + uwordidx[depth]);
-      if (round[depth] == 1) {
-        p = fword + fwordidx[depth];
-        l = flen;
-      } else {
-        p = uword + uwordidx[depth];
-        l = ulen;
-      }
-
-      for (tryidx = arridx[depth]; l > 0; --l) {
-        // Perform a binary search in the list of accepted bytes.
-        len = byts[tryidx++];
-        c = *p++;
-        lo = tryidx;
-        hi = tryidx + len - 1;
-        while (lo < hi) {
-          m = (lo + hi) / 2;
-          if (byts[m] > c) {
-            hi = m - 1;
-          } else if (byts[m] < c) {
-            lo = m + 1;
-          } else {
-            lo = hi = m;
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-
-        // Stop if there is no matching byte.
-        if (hi < lo || byts[lo] != c) {
-          break;
-        }
-
-        // Continue at the child (if there is one).
-        tryidx = idxs[lo];
-      }
-
-      if (l == 0) {
-        // Found the matching char.  Copy it to "kword" and go a
-        // level deeper.
-        if (round[depth] == 1) {
-          STRNCPY(kword + kwordlen[depth], fword + fwordidx[depth],
-                  flen);
-          kwordlen[depth + 1] = kwordlen[depth] + flen;
-        } else {
-          STRNCPY(kword + kwordlen[depth], uword + uwordidx[depth],
-                  ulen);
-          kwordlen[depth + 1] = kwordlen[depth] + ulen;
-        }
-        fwordidx[depth + 1] = fwordidx[depth] + flen;
-        uwordidx[depth + 1] = uwordidx[depth] + ulen;
-
-        ++depth;
-        arridx[depth] = tryidx;
-        round[depth] = 0;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Didn't find it: "cannot happen".
-  *kword = NUL;
-}
-
-// Compute the sound-a-like score for suggestions in su->su_ga and add them to
-// su->su_sga.
-static void score_comp_sal(suginfo_T *su)
-{
-  langp_T *lp;
-  char_u badsound[MAXWLEN];
-  int i;
-  suggest_T *stp;
-  suggest_T *sstp;
-  int score;
-
-  ga_grow(&su->su_sga, su->su_ga.ga_len);
-
-  // Use the sound-folding of the first language that supports it.
-  for (int lpi = 0; lpi < curwin->w_s->b_langp.ga_len; ++lpi) {
-    lp = LANGP_ENTRY(curwin->w_s->b_langp, lpi);
-    if (!GA_EMPTY(&lp->lp_slang->sl_sal)) {
-      // soundfold the bad word
-      spell_soundfold(lp->lp_slang, su->su_fbadword, true, badsound);
-
-      for (i = 0; i < su->su_ga.ga_len; ++i) {
-        stp = &SUG(su->su_ga, i);
-
-        // Case-fold the suggested word, sound-fold it and compute the
-        // sound-a-like score.
-        score = stp_sal_score(stp, su, lp->lp_slang, badsound);
-        if (score < SCORE_MAXMAX) {
-          // Add the suggestion.
-          sstp = &SUG(su->su_sga, su->su_sga.ga_len);
-          sstp->st_word = vim_strsave(stp->st_word);
-          sstp->st_wordlen = stp->st_wordlen;
-          sstp->st_score = score;
-          sstp->st_altscore = 0;
-          sstp->st_orglen = stp->st_orglen;
-          ++su->su_sga.ga_len;
-        }
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-// Combine the list of suggestions in su->su_ga and su->su_sga.
-// They are entwined.
-static void score_combine(suginfo_T *su)
-{
-  garray_T ga;
-  garray_T *gap;
-  langp_T *lp;
-  suggest_T *stp;
-  char_u *p;
-  char_u badsound[MAXWLEN];
-  int round;
-  slang_T *slang = NULL;
-
-  // Add the alternate score to su_ga.
-  for (int lpi = 0; lpi < curwin->w_s->b_langp.ga_len; ++lpi) {
-    lp = LANGP_ENTRY(curwin->w_s->b_langp, lpi);
-    if (!GA_EMPTY(&lp->lp_slang->sl_sal)) {
-      // soundfold the bad word
-      slang = lp->lp_slang;
-      spell_soundfold(slang, su->su_fbadword, true, badsound);
-
-      for (int i = 0; i < su->su_ga.ga_len; ++i) {
-        stp = &SUG(su->su_ga, i);
-        stp->st_altscore = stp_sal_score(stp, su, slang, badsound);
-        if (stp->st_altscore == SCORE_MAXMAX) {
-          stp->st_score = (stp->st_score * 3 + SCORE_BIG) / 4;
-        } else {
-          stp->st_score = (stp->st_score * 3
-                           + stp->st_altscore) / 4;
-        }
-        stp->st_salscore = false;
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (slang == NULL) {  // Using "double" without sound folding.
-    (void)cleanup_suggestions(&su->su_ga, su->su_maxscore,
-                              su->su_maxcount);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // Add the alternate score to su_sga.
-  for (int i = 0; i < su->su_sga.ga_len; ++i) {
-    stp = &SUG(su->su_sga, i);
-    stp->st_altscore = spell_edit_score(slang,
-                                        su->su_badword, stp->st_word);
-    if (stp->st_score == SCORE_MAXMAX) {
-      stp->st_score = (SCORE_BIG * 7 + stp->st_altscore) / 8;
-    } else {
-      stp->st_score = (stp->st_score * 7 + stp->st_altscore) / 8;
-    }
-    stp->st_salscore = true;
-  }
-
-  // Remove bad suggestions, sort the suggestions and truncate at "maxcount"
-  // for both lists.
-  check_suggestions(su, &su->su_ga);
-  (void)cleanup_suggestions(&su->su_ga, su->su_maxscore, su->su_maxcount);
-  check_suggestions(su, &su->su_sga);
-  (void)cleanup_suggestions(&su->su_sga, su->su_maxscore, su->su_maxcount);
-
-  ga_init(&ga, (int)sizeof(suginfo_T), 1);
-  ga_grow(&ga, su->su_ga.ga_len + su->su_sga.ga_len);
-
-  stp = &SUG(ga, 0);
-  for (int i = 0; i < su->su_ga.ga_len || i < su->su_sga.ga_len; ++i) {
-    // round 1: get a suggestion from su_ga
-    // round 2: get a suggestion from su_sga
-    for (round = 1; round <= 2; ++round) {
-      gap = round == 1 ? &su->su_ga : &su->su_sga;
-      if (i < gap->ga_len) {
-        // Don't add a word if it's already there.
-        p = SUG(*gap, i).st_word;
-        int j;
-        for (j = 0; j < ga.ga_len; ++j) {
-          if (STRCMP(stp[j].st_word, p) == 0) {
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-        if (j == ga.ga_len) {
-          stp[ga.ga_len++] = SUG(*gap, i);
-        } else {
-          xfree(p);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  ga_clear(&su->su_ga);
-  ga_clear(&su->su_sga);
-
-  // Truncate the list to the number of suggestions that will be displayed.
-  if (ga.ga_len > su->su_maxcount) {
-    for (int i = su->su_maxcount; i < ga.ga_len; ++i) {
-      xfree(stp[i].st_word);
-    }
-    ga.ga_len = su->su_maxcount;
-  }
-
-  su->su_ga = ga;
-}
-
-/// For the goodword in "stp" compute the soundalike score compared to the
-/// badword.
-///
-/// @param badsound  sound-folded badword
-static int stp_sal_score(suggest_T *stp, suginfo_T *su, slang_T *slang, char_u *badsound)
-{
-  char_u *p;
-  char_u *pbad;
-  char_u *pgood;
-  char_u badsound2[MAXWLEN];
-  char_u fword[MAXWLEN];
-  char_u goodsound[MAXWLEN];
-  char_u goodword[MAXWLEN];
-  int lendiff;
-
-  lendiff = su->su_badlen - stp->st_orglen;
-  if (lendiff >= 0) {
-    pbad = badsound;
-  } else {
-    // soundfold the bad word with more characters following
-    (void)spell_casefold(curwin, su->su_badptr, stp->st_orglen, fword, MAXWLEN);
-
-    // When joining two words the sound often changes a lot.  E.g., "t he"
-    // sounds like "t h" while "the" sounds like "@".  Avoid that by
-    // removing the space.  Don't do it when the good word also contains a
-    // space.
-    if (ascii_iswhite(su->su_badptr[su->su_badlen])
-        && *skiptowhite(stp->st_word) == NUL) {
-      for (p = fword; *(p = skiptowhite(p)) != NUL;) {
-        STRMOVE(p, p + 1);
-      }
-    }
-
-    spell_soundfold(slang, fword, true, badsound2);
-    pbad = badsound2;
-  }
-
-  if (lendiff > 0 && stp->st_wordlen + lendiff < MAXWLEN) {
-    // Add part of the bad word to the good word, so that we soundfold
-    // what replaces the bad word.
-    STRCPY(goodword, stp->st_word);
-    STRLCPY(goodword + stp->st_wordlen,
-            su->su_badptr + su->su_badlen - lendiff, lendiff + 1);
-    pgood = goodword;
-  } else {
-    pgood = stp->st_word;
-  }
-
-  // Sound-fold the word and compute the score for the difference.
-  spell_soundfold(slang, pgood, false, goodsound);
-
-  return soundalike_score(goodsound, pbad);
-}
-
-static sftword_T dumsft;
-#define HIKEY2SFT(p)  ((sftword_T *)((p) - (dumsft.sft_word - (char_u *)&dumsft)))
-#define HI2SFT(hi)     HIKEY2SFT((hi)->hi_key)
-
-// Prepare for calling suggest_try_soundalike().
-static void suggest_try_soundalike_prep(void)
-{
-  langp_T *lp;
-  slang_T *slang;
-
-  // Do this for all languages that support sound folding and for which a
-  // .sug file has been loaded.
-  for (int lpi = 0; lpi < curwin->w_s->b_langp.ga_len; ++lpi) {
-    lp = LANGP_ENTRY(curwin->w_s->b_langp, lpi);
-    slang = lp->lp_slang;
-    if (!GA_EMPTY(&slang->sl_sal) && slang->sl_sbyts != NULL) {
-      // prepare the hashtable used by add_sound_suggest()
-      hash_init(&slang->sl_sounddone);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-// Find suggestions by comparing the word in a sound-a-like form.
-// Note: This doesn't support postponed prefixes.
-static void suggest_try_soundalike(suginfo_T *su)
-{
-  char_u salword[MAXWLEN];
-  langp_T *lp;
-  slang_T *slang;
-
-  // Do this for all languages that support sound folding and for which a
-  // .sug file has been loaded.
-  for (int lpi = 0; lpi < curwin->w_s->b_langp.ga_len; ++lpi) {
-    lp = LANGP_ENTRY(curwin->w_s->b_langp, lpi);
-    slang = lp->lp_slang;
-    if (!GA_EMPTY(&slang->sl_sal) && slang->sl_sbyts != NULL) {
-      // soundfold the bad word
-      spell_soundfold(slang, su->su_fbadword, true, salword);
-
-      // try all kinds of inserts/deletes/swaps/etc.
-      // TODO: also soundfold the next words, so that we can try joining
-      // and splitting
-#ifdef SUGGEST_PROFILE
-      prof_init();
-#endif
-      suggest_trie_walk(su, lp, salword, true);
-#ifdef SUGGEST_PROFILE
-      prof_report("soundalike");
-#endif
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-// Finish up after calling suggest_try_soundalike().
-static void suggest_try_soundalike_finish(void)
-{
-  langp_T *lp;
-  slang_T *slang;
-  int todo;
-  hashitem_T *hi;
-
-  // Do this for all languages that support sound folding and for which a
-  // .sug file has been loaded.
-  for (int lpi = 0; lpi < curwin->w_s->b_langp.ga_len; ++lpi) {
-    lp = LANGP_ENTRY(curwin->w_s->b_langp, lpi);
-    slang = lp->lp_slang;
-    if (!GA_EMPTY(&slang->sl_sal) && slang->sl_sbyts != NULL) {
-      // Free the info about handled words.
-      todo = (int)slang->sl_sounddone.ht_used;
-      for (hi = slang->sl_sounddone.ht_array; todo > 0; ++hi) {
-        if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-          xfree(HI2SFT(hi));
-          --todo;
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Clear the hashtable, it may also be used by another region.
-      hash_clear(&slang->sl_sounddone);
-      hash_init(&slang->sl_sounddone);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/// A match with a soundfolded word is found.  Add the good word(s) that
-/// produce this soundfolded word.
-///
-/// @param score  soundfold score
-static void add_sound_suggest(suginfo_T *su, char_u *goodword, int score, langp_T *lp)
-{
-  slang_T *slang = lp->lp_slang;    // language for sound folding
-  int sfwordnr;
-  char_u *nrline;
-  int orgnr;
-  char_u theword[MAXWLEN];
-  int i;
-  int wlen;
-  char_u *byts;
-  idx_T *idxs;
-  int n;
-  int wordcount;
-  int wc;
-  int goodscore;
-  hash_T hash;
-  hashitem_T *hi;
-  sftword_T *sft;
-  int bc, gc;
-  int limit;
-
-  // It's very well possible that the same soundfold word is found several
-  // times with different scores.  Since the following is quite slow only do
-  // the words that have a better score than before.  Use a hashtable to
-  // remember the words that have been done.
-  hash = hash_hash(goodword);
-  const size_t goodword_len = STRLEN(goodword);
-  hi = hash_lookup(&slang->sl_sounddone, (const char *)goodword, goodword_len,
-                   hash);
-  if (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-    sft = xmalloc(sizeof(sftword_T) + goodword_len);
-    sft->sft_score = (int16_t)score;
-    memcpy(sft->sft_word, goodword, goodword_len + 1);
-    hash_add_item(&slang->sl_sounddone, hi, sft->sft_word, hash);
-  } else {
-    sft = HI2SFT(hi);
-    if (score >= sft->sft_score) {
-      return;
-    }
-    sft->sft_score = (int16_t)score;
-  }
-
-  // Find the word nr in the soundfold tree.
-  sfwordnr = soundfold_find(slang, goodword);
-  if (sfwordnr < 0) {
-    internal_error("add_sound_suggest()");
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // Go over the list of good words that produce this soundfold word
-  nrline = ml_get_buf(slang->sl_sugbuf, (linenr_T)sfwordnr + 1, false);
-  orgnr = 0;
-  while (*nrline != NUL) {
-    // The wordnr was stored in a minimal nr of bytes as an offset to the
-    // previous wordnr.
-    orgnr += bytes2offset(&nrline);
-
-    byts = slang->sl_fbyts;
-    idxs = slang->sl_fidxs;
-
-    // Lookup the word "orgnr" one of the two tries.
-    n = 0;
-    wordcount = 0;
-    for (wlen = 0; wlen < MAXWLEN - 3; ++wlen) {
-      i = 1;
-      if (wordcount == orgnr && byts[n + 1] == NUL) {
-        break;          // found end of word
-      }
-      if (byts[n + 1] == NUL) {
-        ++wordcount;
-      }
-
-      // skip over the NUL bytes
-      for (; byts[n + i] == NUL; ++i) {
-        if (i > byts[n]) {              // safety check
-          STRCPY(theword + wlen, "BAD");
-          wlen += 3;
-          goto badword;
-        }
-      }
-
-      // One of the siblings must have the word.
-      for (; i < byts[n]; ++i) {
-        wc = idxs[idxs[n + i]];         // nr of words under this byte
-        if (wordcount + wc > orgnr) {
-          break;
-        }
-        wordcount += wc;
-      }
-
-      theword[wlen] = byts[n + i];
-      n = idxs[n + i];
-    }
-badword:
-    theword[wlen] = NUL;
-
-    // Go over the possible flags and regions.
-    for (; i <= byts[n] && byts[n + i] == NUL; ++i) {
-      char_u cword[MAXWLEN];
-      char_u *p;
-      int flags = (int)idxs[n + i];
-
-      // Skip words with the NOSUGGEST flag
-      if (flags & WF_NOSUGGEST) {
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      if (flags & WF_KEEPCAP) {
-        // Must find the word in the keep-case tree.
-        find_keepcap_word(slang, theword, cword);
-        p = cword;
-      } else {
-        flags |= su->su_badflags;
-        if ((flags & WF_CAPMASK) != 0) {
-          // Need to fix case according to "flags".
-          make_case_word(theword, cword, flags);
-          p = cword;
-        } else {
-          p = theword;
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Add the suggestion.
-      if (sps_flags & SPS_DOUBLE) {
-        // Add the suggestion if the score isn't too bad.
-        if (score <= su->su_maxscore) {
-          add_suggestion(su, &su->su_sga, p, su->su_badlen,
-                         score, 0, false, slang, false);
-        }
-      } else {
-        // Add a penalty for words in another region.
-        if ((flags & WF_REGION)
-            && (((unsigned)flags >> 16) & (unsigned)lp->lp_region) == 0) {
-          goodscore = SCORE_REGION;
-        } else {
-          goodscore = 0;
-        }
-
-        // Add a small penalty for changing the first letter from
-        // lower to upper case.  Helps for "tath" -> "Kath", which is
-        // less common than "tath" -> "path".  Don't do it when the
-        // letter is the same, that has already been counted.
-        gc = utf_ptr2char((char *)p);
-        if (SPELL_ISUPPER(gc)) {
-          bc = utf_ptr2char((char *)su->su_badword);
-          if (!SPELL_ISUPPER(bc)
-              && SPELL_TOFOLD(bc) != SPELL_TOFOLD(gc)) {
-            goodscore += SCORE_ICASE / 2;
-          }
-        }
-
-        // Compute the score for the good word.  This only does letter
-        // insert/delete/swap/replace.  REP items are not considered,
-        // which may make the score a bit higher.
-        // Use a limit for the score to make it work faster.  Use
-        // MAXSCORE(), because RESCORE() will change the score.
-        // If the limit is very high then the iterative method is
-        // inefficient, using an array is quicker.
-        limit = MAXSCORE(su->su_sfmaxscore - goodscore, score);
-        if (limit > SCORE_LIMITMAX) {
-          goodscore += spell_edit_score(slang, su->su_badword, p);
-        } else {
-          goodscore += spell_edit_score_limit(slang, su->su_badword,
-                                              p, limit);
-        }
-
-        // When going over the limit don't bother to do the rest.
-        if (goodscore < SCORE_MAXMAX) {
-          // Give a bonus to words seen before.
-          goodscore = score_wordcount_adj(slang, goodscore, p, false);
-
-          // Add the suggestion if the score isn't too bad.
-          goodscore = RESCORE(goodscore, score);
-          if (goodscore <= su->su_sfmaxscore) {
-            add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, p, su->su_badlen,
-                           goodscore, score, true, slang, true);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-// Find word "word" in fold-case tree for "slang" and return the word number.
-static int soundfold_find(slang_T *slang, char_u *word)
-{
-  idx_T arridx = 0;
-  int len;
-  int wlen = 0;
-  int c;
-  char_u *ptr = word;
-  char_u *byts;
-  idx_T *idxs;
-  int wordnr = 0;
-
-  byts = slang->sl_sbyts;
-  idxs = slang->sl_sidxs;
-
-  for (;;) {
-    // First byte is the number of possible bytes.
-    len = byts[arridx++];
-
-    // If the first possible byte is a zero the word could end here.
-    // If the word ends we found the word.  If not skip the NUL bytes.
-    c = ptr[wlen];
-    if (byts[arridx] == NUL) {
-      if (c == NUL) {
-        break;
-      }
-
-      // Skip over the zeros, there can be several.
-      while (len > 0 && byts[arridx] == NUL) {
-        ++arridx;
-        --len;
-      }
-      if (len == 0) {
-        return -1;            // no children, word should have ended here
-      }
-      ++wordnr;
-    }
-
-    // If the word ends we didn't find it.
-    if (c == NUL) {
-      return -1;
-    }
-
-    // Perform a binary search in the list of accepted bytes.
-    if (c == TAB) {         // <Tab> is handled like <Space>
-      c = ' ';
-    }
-    while (byts[arridx] < c) {
-      // The word count is in the first idxs[] entry of the child.
-      wordnr += idxs[idxs[arridx]];
-      ++arridx;
-      if (--len == 0) {         // end of the bytes, didn't find it
-        return -1;
-      }
-    }
-    if (byts[arridx] != c) {    // didn't find the byte
-      return -1;
-    }
-
-    // Continue at the child (if there is one).
-    arridx = idxs[arridx];
-    ++wlen;
-
-    // One space in the good word may stand for several spaces in the
-    // checked word.
-    if (c == ' ') {
-      while (ptr[wlen] == ' ' || ptr[wlen] == TAB) {
-        ++wlen;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  return wordnr;
-}
-
 // Copy "fword" to "cword", fixing case according to "flags".
-static void make_case_word(char_u *fword, char_u *cword, int flags)
+void make_case_word(char_u *fword, char_u *cword, int flags)
 {
   if (flags & WF_ALLCAP) {
     // Make it all upper-case
@@ -5645,291 +2703,6 @@ static void make_case_word(char_u *fword, char_u *cword, int flags)
   }
 }
 
-// Returns true if "c1" and "c2" are similar characters according to the MAP
-// lines in the .aff file.
-static bool similar_chars(slang_T *slang, int c1, int c2)
-{
-  int m1, m2;
-  char buf[MB_MAXBYTES + 1];
-  hashitem_T *hi;
-
-  if (c1 >= 256) {
-    buf[utf_char2bytes(c1, (char *)buf)] = 0;
-    hi = hash_find(&slang->sl_map_hash, buf);
-    if (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-      m1 = 0;
-    } else {
-      m1 = utf_ptr2char((char *)hi->hi_key + STRLEN(hi->hi_key) + 1);
-    }
-  } else {
-    m1 = slang->sl_map_array[c1];
-  }
-  if (m1 == 0) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (c2 >= 256) {
-    buf[utf_char2bytes(c2, (char *)buf)] = 0;
-    hi = hash_find(&slang->sl_map_hash, buf);
-    if (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-      m2 = 0;
-    } else {
-      m2 = utf_ptr2char((char *)hi->hi_key + STRLEN(hi->hi_key) + 1);
-    }
-  } else {
-    m2 = slang->sl_map_array[c2];
-  }
-
-  return m1 == m2;
-}
-
-/// Adds a suggestion to the list of suggestions.
-/// For a suggestion that is already in the list the lowest score is remembered.
-///
-/// @param gap  either su_ga or su_sga
-/// @param badlenarg  len of bad word replaced with "goodword"
-/// @param had_bonus  value for st_had_bonus
-/// @param slang  language for sound folding
-/// @param maxsf  su_maxscore applies to soundfold score, su_sfmaxscore to the total score.
-static void add_suggestion(suginfo_T *su, garray_T *gap, const char_u *goodword, int badlenarg,
-                           int score, int altscore, bool had_bonus, slang_T *slang, bool maxsf)
-{
-  int goodlen;                  // len of goodword changed
-  int badlen;                   // len of bad word changed
-  suggest_T *stp;
-  suggest_T new_sug;
-
-  // Minimize "badlen" for consistency.  Avoids that changing "the the" to
-  // "thee the" is added next to changing the first "the" the "thee".
-  const char_u *pgood = goodword + STRLEN(goodword);
-  char_u *pbad = su->su_badptr + badlenarg;
-  for (;;) {
-    goodlen = (int)(pgood - goodword);
-    badlen = (int)(pbad - su->su_badptr);
-    if (goodlen <= 0 || badlen <= 0) {
-      break;
-    }
-    MB_PTR_BACK(goodword, pgood);
-    MB_PTR_BACK(su->su_badptr, pbad);
-    if (utf_ptr2char((char *)pgood) != utf_ptr2char((char *)pbad)) {
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (badlen == 0 && goodlen == 0) {
-    // goodword doesn't change anything; may happen for "the the" changing
-    // the first "the" to itself.
-    return;
-  }
-
-  int i;
-  if (GA_EMPTY(gap)) {
-    i = -1;
-  } else {
-    // Check if the word is already there.  Also check the length that is
-    // being replaced "thes," -> "these" is a different suggestion from
-    // "thes" -> "these".
-    stp = &SUG(*gap, 0);
-    for (i = gap->ga_len; --i >= 0; ++stp) {
-      if (stp->st_wordlen == goodlen
-          && stp->st_orglen == badlen
-          && STRNCMP(stp->st_word, goodword, goodlen) == 0) {
-        // Found it.  Remember the word with the lowest score.
-        if (stp->st_slang == NULL) {
-          stp->st_slang = slang;
-        }
-
-        new_sug.st_score = score;
-        new_sug.st_altscore = altscore;
-        new_sug.st_had_bonus = had_bonus;
-
-        if (stp->st_had_bonus != had_bonus) {
-          // Only one of the two had the soundalike score computed.
-          // Need to do that for the other one now, otherwise the
-          // scores can't be compared.  This happens because
-          // suggest_try_change() doesn't compute the soundalike
-          // word to keep it fast, while some special methods set
-          // the soundalike score to zero.
-          if (had_bonus) {
-            rescore_one(su, stp);
-          } else {
-            new_sug.st_word = stp->st_word;
-            new_sug.st_wordlen = stp->st_wordlen;
-            new_sug.st_slang = stp->st_slang;
-            new_sug.st_orglen = badlen;
-            rescore_one(su, &new_sug);
-          }
-        }
-
-        if (stp->st_score > new_sug.st_score) {
-          stp->st_score = new_sug.st_score;
-          stp->st_altscore = new_sug.st_altscore;
-          stp->st_had_bonus = new_sug.st_had_bonus;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (i < 0) {
-    // Add a suggestion.
-    stp = GA_APPEND_VIA_PTR(suggest_T, gap);
-    stp->st_word = vim_strnsave(goodword, (size_t)goodlen);
-    stp->st_wordlen = goodlen;
-    stp->st_score = score;
-    stp->st_altscore = altscore;
-    stp->st_had_bonus = had_bonus;
-    stp->st_orglen = badlen;
-    stp->st_slang = slang;
-
-    // If we have too many suggestions now, sort the list and keep
-    // the best suggestions.
-    if (gap->ga_len > SUG_MAX_COUNT(su)) {
-      if (maxsf) {
-        su->su_sfmaxscore = cleanup_suggestions(gap,
-                                                su->su_sfmaxscore, SUG_CLEAN_COUNT(su));
-      } else {
-        su->su_maxscore = cleanup_suggestions(gap,
-                                              su->su_maxscore, SUG_CLEAN_COUNT(su));
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/// Suggestions may in fact be flagged as errors.  Esp. for banned words and
-/// for split words, such as "the the".  Remove these from the list here.
-///
-/// @param gap  either su_ga or su_sga
-static void check_suggestions(suginfo_T *su, garray_T *gap)
-{
-  suggest_T *stp;
-  char_u longword[MAXWLEN + 1];
-  int len;
-  hlf_T attr;
-
-  if (gap->ga_len == 0) {
-    return;
-  }
-  stp = &SUG(*gap, 0);
-  for (int i = gap->ga_len - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
-    // Need to append what follows to check for "the the".
-    STRLCPY(longword, stp[i].st_word, MAXWLEN + 1);
-    len = stp[i].st_wordlen;
-    STRLCPY(longword + len, su->su_badptr + stp[i].st_orglen,
-            MAXWLEN - len + 1);
-    attr = HLF_COUNT;
-    (void)spell_check(curwin, longword, &attr, NULL, false);
-    if (attr != HLF_COUNT) {
-      // Remove this entry.
-      xfree(stp[i].st_word);
-      --gap->ga_len;
-      if (i < gap->ga_len) {
-        memmove(stp + i, stp + i + 1, sizeof(suggest_T) * (size_t)(gap->ga_len - i));
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-// Add a word to be banned.
-static void add_banned(suginfo_T *su, char_u *word)
-{
-  char_u *s;
-  hash_T hash;
-  hashitem_T *hi;
-
-  hash = hash_hash(word);
-  const size_t word_len = STRLEN(word);
-  hi = hash_lookup(&su->su_banned, (const char *)word, word_len, hash);
-  if (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-    s = xmemdupz(word, word_len);
-    hash_add_item(&su->su_banned, hi, s, hash);
-  }
-}
-
-// Recompute the score for all suggestions if sound-folding is possible.  This
-// is slow, thus only done for the final results.
-static void rescore_suggestions(suginfo_T *su)
-{
-  if (su->su_sallang != NULL) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < su->su_ga.ga_len; ++i) {
-      rescore_one(su, &SUG(su->su_ga, i));
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-// Recompute the score for one suggestion if sound-folding is possible.
-static void rescore_one(suginfo_T *su, suggest_T *stp)
-{
-  slang_T *slang = stp->st_slang;
-  char_u sal_badword[MAXWLEN];
-  char_u *p;
-
-  // Only rescore suggestions that have no sal score yet and do have a
-  // language.
-  if (slang != NULL && !GA_EMPTY(&slang->sl_sal) && !stp->st_had_bonus) {
-    if (slang == su->su_sallang) {
-      p = su->su_sal_badword;
-    } else {
-      spell_soundfold(slang, su->su_fbadword, true, sal_badword);
-      p = sal_badword;
-    }
-
-    stp->st_altscore = stp_sal_score(stp, su, slang, p);
-    if (stp->st_altscore == SCORE_MAXMAX) {
-      stp->st_altscore = SCORE_BIG;
-    }
-    stp->st_score = RESCORE(stp->st_score, stp->st_altscore);
-    stp->st_had_bonus = true;
-  }
-}
-
-// Function given to qsort() to sort the suggestions on st_score.
-// First on "st_score", then "st_altscore" then alphabetically.
-static int sug_compare(const void *s1, const void *s2)
-{
-  suggest_T *p1 = (suggest_T *)s1;
-  suggest_T *p2 = (suggest_T *)s2;
-  int n = p1->st_score - p2->st_score;
-
-  if (n == 0) {
-    n = p1->st_altscore - p2->st_altscore;
-    if (n == 0) {
-      n = STRICMP(p1->st_word, p2->st_word);
-    }
-  }
-  return n;
-}
-
-/// Cleanup the suggestions:
-/// - Sort on score.
-/// - Remove words that won't be displayed.
-///
-/// @param keep  nr of suggestions to keep
-///
-/// @return  the maximum score in the list or "maxscore" unmodified.
-static int cleanup_suggestions(garray_T *gap, int maxscore, int keep)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  if (gap->ga_len > 0) {
-    // Sort the list.
-    qsort(gap->ga_data, (size_t)gap->ga_len, sizeof(suggest_T), sug_compare);
-
-    // Truncate the list to the number of suggestions that will be displayed.
-    if (gap->ga_len > keep) {
-      suggest_T *const stp = &SUG(*gap, 0);
-
-      for (int i = keep; i < gap->ga_len; i++) {
-        xfree(stp[i].st_word);
-      }
-      gap->ga_len = keep;
-      if (keep >= 1) {
-        return stp[keep - 1].st_score;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return maxscore;
-}
-
 /// Soundfold a string, for soundfold()
 ///
 /// @param[in]  word  Word to soundfold.
@@ -6128,12 +2901,12 @@ static void spell_soundfold_wsal(slang_T *slang, char_u *inword, char_u *res)
         if ((pf = smp[n].sm_oneof_w) != NULL) {
           // Check for match with one of the chars in "sm_oneof".
           while (*pf != NUL && *pf != word[i + k]) {
-            ++pf;
+            pf++;
           }
           if (*pf == NUL) {
             continue;
           }
-          ++k;
+          k++;
         }
         char_u *s = smp[n].sm_rules;
         pri = 5;            // default priority
@@ -6203,12 +2976,12 @@ static void spell_soundfold_wsal(slang_T *slang, char_u *inword, char_u *res)
                 // Check for match with one of the chars in
                 // "sm_oneof".
                 while (*pf != NUL && *pf != word[i + k0]) {
-                  ++pf;
+                  pf++;
                 }
                 if (*pf == NUL) {
                   continue;
                 }
-                ++k0;
+                k0++;
               }
 
               p0 = 5;
@@ -6339,499 +3112,6 @@ static void spell_soundfold_wsal(slang_T *slang, char_u *inword, char_u *res)
   res[l] = NUL;
 }
 
-/// Compute a score for two sound-a-like words.
-/// This permits up to two inserts/deletes/swaps/etc. to keep things fast.
-/// Instead of a generic loop we write out the code.  That keeps it fast by
-/// avoiding checks that will not be possible.
-///
-/// @param goodstart  sound-folded good word
-/// @param badstart  sound-folded bad word
-static int soundalike_score(char_u *goodstart, char_u *badstart)
-{
-  char_u *goodsound = goodstart;
-  char_u *badsound = badstart;
-  int goodlen;
-  int badlen;
-  int n;
-  char_u *pl, *ps;
-  char_u *pl2, *ps2;
-  int score = 0;
-
-  // Adding/inserting "*" at the start (word starts with vowel) shouldn't be
-  // counted so much, vowels in the middle of the word aren't counted at all.
-  if ((*badsound == '*' || *goodsound == '*') && *badsound != *goodsound) {
-    if ((badsound[0] == NUL && goodsound[1] == NUL)
-        || (goodsound[0] == NUL && badsound[1] == NUL)) {
-      // changing word with vowel to word without a sound
-      return SCORE_DEL;
-    }
-    if (badsound[0] == NUL || goodsound[0] == NUL) {
-      // more than two changes
-      return SCORE_MAXMAX;
-    }
-
-    if (badsound[1] == goodsound[1]
-        || (badsound[1] != NUL
-            && goodsound[1] != NUL
-            && badsound[2] == goodsound[2])) {
-      // handle like a substitute
-    } else {
-      score = 2 * SCORE_DEL / 3;
-      if (*badsound == '*') {
-        ++badsound;
-      } else {
-        ++goodsound;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  goodlen = (int)STRLEN(goodsound);
-  badlen = (int)STRLEN(badsound);
-
-  // Return quickly if the lengths are too different to be fixed by two
-  // changes.
-  n = goodlen - badlen;
-  if (n < -2 || n > 2) {
-    return SCORE_MAXMAX;
-  }
-
-  if (n > 0) {
-    pl = goodsound;         // goodsound is longest
-    ps = badsound;
-  } else {
-    pl = badsound;          // badsound is longest
-    ps = goodsound;
-  }
-
-  // Skip over the identical part.
-  while (*pl == *ps && *pl != NUL) {
-    ++pl;
-    ++ps;
-  }
-
-  switch (n) {
-  case -2:
-  case 2:
-    // Must delete two characters from "pl".
-    ++pl;               // first delete
-    while (*pl == *ps) {
-      ++pl;
-      ++ps;
-    }
-    // strings must be equal after second delete
-    if (STRCMP(pl + 1, ps) == 0) {
-      return score + SCORE_DEL * 2;
-    }
-
-    // Failed to compare.
-    break;
-
-  case -1:
-  case 1:
-    // Minimal one delete from "pl" required.
-
-    // 1: delete
-    pl2 = pl + 1;
-    ps2 = ps;
-    while (*pl2 == *ps2) {
-      if (*pl2 == NUL) {                // reached the end
-        return score + SCORE_DEL;
-      }
-      ++pl2;
-      ++ps2;
-    }
-
-    // 2: delete then swap, then rest must be equal
-    if (pl2[0] == ps2[1] && pl2[1] == ps2[0]
-        && STRCMP(pl2 + 2, ps2 + 2) == 0) {
-      return score + SCORE_DEL + SCORE_SWAP;
-    }
-
-    // 3: delete then substitute, then the rest must be equal
-    if (STRCMP(pl2 + 1, ps2 + 1) == 0) {
-      return score + SCORE_DEL + SCORE_SUBST;
-    }
-
-    // 4: first swap then delete
-    if (pl[0] == ps[1] && pl[1] == ps[0]) {
-      pl2 = pl + 2;                 // swap, skip two chars
-      ps2 = ps + 2;
-      while (*pl2 == *ps2) {
-        ++pl2;
-        ++ps2;
-      }
-      // delete a char and then strings must be equal
-      if (STRCMP(pl2 + 1, ps2) == 0) {
-        return score + SCORE_SWAP + SCORE_DEL;
-      }
-    }
-
-    // 5: first substitute then delete
-    pl2 = pl + 1;                   // substitute, skip one char
-    ps2 = ps + 1;
-    while (*pl2 == *ps2) {
-      ++pl2;
-      ++ps2;
-    }
-    // delete a char and then strings must be equal
-    if (STRCMP(pl2 + 1, ps2) == 0) {
-      return score + SCORE_SUBST + SCORE_DEL;
-    }
-
-    // Failed to compare.
-    break;
-
-  case 0:
-    // Lengths are equal, thus changes must result in same length: An
-    // insert is only possible in combination with a delete.
-    // 1: check if for identical strings
-    if (*pl == NUL) {
-      return score;
-    }
-
-    // 2: swap
-    if (pl[0] == ps[1] && pl[1] == ps[0]) {
-      pl2 = pl + 2;                 // swap, skip two chars
-      ps2 = ps + 2;
-      while (*pl2 == *ps2) {
-        if (*pl2 == NUL) {              // reached the end
-          return score + SCORE_SWAP;
-        }
-        ++pl2;
-        ++ps2;
-      }
-      // 3: swap and swap again
-      if (pl2[0] == ps2[1] && pl2[1] == ps2[0]
-          && STRCMP(pl2 + 2, ps2 + 2) == 0) {
-        return score + SCORE_SWAP + SCORE_SWAP;
-      }
-
-      // 4: swap and substitute
-      if (STRCMP(pl2 + 1, ps2 + 1) == 0) {
-        return score + SCORE_SWAP + SCORE_SUBST;
-      }
-    }
-
-    // 5: substitute
-    pl2 = pl + 1;
-    ps2 = ps + 1;
-    while (*pl2 == *ps2) {
-      if (*pl2 == NUL) {                // reached the end
-        return score + SCORE_SUBST;
-      }
-      ++pl2;
-      ++ps2;
-    }
-
-    // 6: substitute and swap
-    if (pl2[0] == ps2[1] && pl2[1] == ps2[0]
-        && STRCMP(pl2 + 2, ps2 + 2) == 0) {
-      return score + SCORE_SUBST + SCORE_SWAP;
-    }
-
-    // 7: substitute and substitute
-    if (STRCMP(pl2 + 1, ps2 + 1) == 0) {
-      return score + SCORE_SUBST + SCORE_SUBST;
-    }
-
-    // 8: insert then delete
-    pl2 = pl;
-    ps2 = ps + 1;
-    while (*pl2 == *ps2) {
-      ++pl2;
-      ++ps2;
-    }
-    if (STRCMP(pl2 + 1, ps2) == 0) {
-      return score + SCORE_INS + SCORE_DEL;
-    }
-
-    // 9: delete then insert
-    pl2 = pl + 1;
-    ps2 = ps;
-    while (*pl2 == *ps2) {
-      ++pl2;
-      ++ps2;
-    }
-    if (STRCMP(pl2, ps2 + 1) == 0) {
-      return score + SCORE_INS + SCORE_DEL;
-    }
-
-    // Failed to compare.
-    break;
-  }
-
-  return SCORE_MAXMAX;
-}
-
-// Compute the "edit distance" to turn "badword" into "goodword".  The less
-// deletes/inserts/substitutes/swaps are required the lower the score.
-//
-// The algorithm is described by Du and Chang, 1992.
-// The implementation of the algorithm comes from Aspell editdist.cpp,
-// edit_distance().  It has been converted from C++ to C and modified to
-// support multi-byte characters.
-static int spell_edit_score(slang_T *slang, char_u *badword, char_u *goodword)
-{
-  int *cnt;
-  int j, i;
-  int t;
-  int bc, gc;
-  int pbc, pgc;
-  int wbadword[MAXWLEN];
-  int wgoodword[MAXWLEN];
-
-  // Lengths with NUL.
-  int badlen;
-  int goodlen;
-  {
-    // Get the characters from the multi-byte strings and put them in an
-    // int array for easy access.
-    badlen = 0;
-    for (const char_u *p = badword; *p != NUL;) {
-      wbadword[badlen++] = mb_cptr2char_adv(&p);
-    }
-    wbadword[badlen++] = 0;
-    goodlen = 0;
-    for (const char_u *p = goodword; *p != NUL;) {
-      wgoodword[goodlen++] = mb_cptr2char_adv(&p);
-    }
-    wgoodword[goodlen++] = 0;
-  }
-
-  // We use "cnt" as an array: CNT(badword_idx, goodword_idx).
-#define CNT(a, b)   cnt[(a) + (b) * (badlen + 1)]
-  cnt = xmalloc(sizeof(int) * ((size_t)badlen + 1) * ((size_t)goodlen + 1));
-
-  CNT(0, 0) = 0;
-  for (j = 1; j <= goodlen; ++j) {
-    CNT(0, j) = CNT(0, j - 1) + SCORE_INS;
-  }
-
-  for (i = 1; i <= badlen; ++i) {
-    CNT(i, 0) = CNT(i - 1, 0) + SCORE_DEL;
-    for (j = 1; j <= goodlen; j++) {
-      bc = wbadword[i - 1];
-      gc = wgoodword[j - 1];
-      if (bc == gc) {
-        CNT(i, j) = CNT(i - 1, j - 1);
-      } else {
-        // Use a better score when there is only a case difference.
-        if (SPELL_TOFOLD(bc) == SPELL_TOFOLD(gc)) {
-          CNT(i, j) = SCORE_ICASE + CNT(i - 1, j - 1);
-        } else {
-          // For a similar character use SCORE_SIMILAR.
-          if (slang != NULL
-              && slang->sl_has_map
-              && similar_chars(slang, gc, bc)) {
-            CNT(i, j) = SCORE_SIMILAR + CNT(i - 1, j - 1);
-          } else {
-            CNT(i, j) = SCORE_SUBST + CNT(i - 1, j - 1);
-          }
-        }
-
-        if (i > 1 && j > 1) {
-          pbc = wbadword[i - 2];
-          pgc = wgoodword[j - 2];
-          if (bc == pgc && pbc == gc) {
-            t = SCORE_SWAP + CNT(i - 2, j - 2);
-            if (t < CNT(i, j)) {
-              CNT(i, j) = t;
-            }
-          }
-        }
-        t = SCORE_DEL + CNT(i - 1, j);
-        if (t < CNT(i, j)) {
-          CNT(i, j) = t;
-        }
-        t = SCORE_INS + CNT(i, j - 1);
-        if (t < CNT(i, j)) {
-          CNT(i, j) = t;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  i = CNT(badlen - 1, goodlen - 1);
-  xfree(cnt);
-  return i;
-}
-
-// Like spell_edit_score(), but with a limit on the score to make it faster.
-// May return SCORE_MAXMAX when the score is higher than "limit".
-//
-// This uses a stack for the edits still to be tried.
-// The idea comes from Aspell leditdist.cpp.  Rewritten in C and added support
-// for multi-byte characters.
-static int spell_edit_score_limit(slang_T *slang, char_u *badword, char_u *goodword, int limit)
-{
-  return spell_edit_score_limit_w(slang, badword, goodword, limit);
-}
-
-// Multi-byte version of spell_edit_score_limit().
-// Keep it in sync with the above!
-static int spell_edit_score_limit_w(slang_T *slang, char_u *badword, char_u *goodword, int limit)
-{
-  limitscore_T stack[10];               // allow for over 3 * 2 edits
-  int stackidx;
-  int bi, gi;
-  int bi2, gi2;
-  int bc, gc;
-  int score;
-  int score_off;
-  int minscore;
-  int round;
-  int wbadword[MAXWLEN];
-  int wgoodword[MAXWLEN];
-
-  // Get the characters from the multi-byte strings and put them in an
-  // int array for easy access.
-  bi = 0;
-  for (const char_u *p = badword; *p != NUL;) {
-    wbadword[bi++] = mb_cptr2char_adv(&p);
-  }
-  wbadword[bi++] = 0;
-  gi = 0;
-  for (const char_u *p = goodword; *p != NUL;) {
-    wgoodword[gi++] = mb_cptr2char_adv(&p);
-  }
-  wgoodword[gi++] = 0;
-
-  // The idea is to go from start to end over the words.  So long as
-  // characters are equal just continue, this always gives the lowest score.
-  // When there is a difference try several alternatives.  Each alternative
-  // increases "score" for the edit distance.  Some of the alternatives are
-  // pushed unto a stack and tried later, some are tried right away.  At the
-  // end of the word the score for one alternative is known.  The lowest
-  // possible score is stored in "minscore".
-  stackidx = 0;
-  bi = 0;
-  gi = 0;
-  score = 0;
-  minscore = limit + 1;
-
-  for (;;) {
-    // Skip over an equal part, score remains the same.
-    for (;;) {
-      bc = wbadword[bi];
-      gc = wgoodword[gi];
-
-      if (bc != gc) {           // stop at a char that's different
-        break;
-      }
-      if (bc == NUL) {          // both words end
-        if (score < minscore) {
-          minscore = score;
-        }
-        goto pop;               // do next alternative
-      }
-      ++bi;
-      ++gi;
-    }
-
-    if (gc == NUL) {      // goodword ends, delete badword chars
-      do {
-        if ((score += SCORE_DEL) >= minscore) {
-          goto pop;                 // do next alternative
-        }
-      } while (wbadword[++bi] != NUL);
-      minscore = score;
-    } else if (bc == NUL) {   // badword ends, insert badword chars
-      do {
-        if ((score += SCORE_INS) >= minscore) {
-          goto pop;                 // do next alternative
-        }
-      } while (wgoodword[++gi] != NUL);
-      minscore = score;
-    } else {                  // both words continue
-      // If not close to the limit, perform a change.  Only try changes
-      // that may lead to a lower score than "minscore".
-      // round 0: try deleting a char from badword
-      // round 1: try inserting a char in badword
-      for (round = 0; round <= 1; ++round) {
-        score_off = score + (round == 0 ? SCORE_DEL : SCORE_INS);
-        if (score_off < minscore) {
-          if (score_off + SCORE_EDIT_MIN >= minscore) {
-            // Near the limit, rest of the words must match.  We
-            // can check that right now, no need to push an item
-            // onto the stack.
-            bi2 = bi + 1 - round;
-            gi2 = gi + round;
-            while (wgoodword[gi2] == wbadword[bi2]) {
-              if (wgoodword[gi2] == NUL) {
-                minscore = score_off;
-                break;
-              }
-              ++bi2;
-              ++gi2;
-            }
-          } else {
-            // try deleting a character from badword later
-            stack[stackidx].badi = bi + 1 - round;
-            stack[stackidx].goodi = gi + round;
-            stack[stackidx].score = score_off;
-            ++stackidx;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (score + SCORE_SWAP < minscore) {
-        // If swapping two characters makes a match then the
-        // substitution is more expensive, thus there is no need to
-        // try both.
-        if (gc == wbadword[bi + 1] && bc == wgoodword[gi + 1]) {
-          // Swap two characters, that is: skip them.
-          gi += 2;
-          bi += 2;
-          score += SCORE_SWAP;
-          continue;
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Substitute one character for another which is the same
-      // thing as deleting a character from both goodword and badword.
-      // Use a better score when there is only a case difference.
-      if (SPELL_TOFOLD(bc) == SPELL_TOFOLD(gc)) {
-        score += SCORE_ICASE;
-      } else {
-        // For a similar character use SCORE_SIMILAR.
-        if (slang != NULL
-            && slang->sl_has_map
-            && similar_chars(slang, gc, bc)) {
-          score += SCORE_SIMILAR;
-        } else {
-          score += SCORE_SUBST;
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (score < minscore) {
-        // Do the substitution.
-        ++gi;
-        ++bi;
-        continue;
-      }
-    }
-pop:
-    // Get here to try the next alternative, pop it from the stack.
-    if (stackidx == 0) {                // stack is empty, finished
-      break;
-    }
-
-    // pop an item from the stack
-    --stackidx;
-    gi = stack[stackidx].goodi;
-    bi = stack[stackidx].badi;
-    score = stack[stackidx].score;
-  }
-
-  // When the score goes over "limit" it may actually be much higher.
-  // Return a very large number to avoid going below the limit when giving a
-  // bonus.
-  if (minscore > limit) {
-    return SCORE_MAXMAX;
-  }
-  return minscore;
-}
-
 // ":spellinfo"
 void ex_spellinfo(exarg_T *eap)
 {
@@ -7005,7 +3285,7 @@ void spell_dump_compl(char_u *pat, int ic, Direction *dir, int dumpflags_arg)
              && (pat == NULL || !ins_compl_interrupted())) {
         if (curi[depth] > byts[arridx[depth]]) {
           // Done all bytes at this node, go up one level.
-          --depth;
+          depth--;
           line_breakcheck();
           ins_compl_check_keys(50, false);
         } else {
@@ -7038,7 +3318,7 @@ void spell_dump_compl(char_u *pat, int ic, Direction *dir, int dumpflags_arg)
                 dump_word(slang, word, pat, dir,
                           dumpflags, flags, lnum);
                 if (pat == NULL) {
-                  ++lnum;
+                  lnum++;
                 }
               }
 
@@ -7063,7 +3343,7 @@ void spell_dump_compl(char_u *pat, int ic, Direction *dir, int dumpflags_arg)
             assert(depth >= 0);
             if (depth <= patlen
                 && mb_strnicmp(word, pat, (size_t)depth) != 0) {
-              --depth;
+              depth--;
             }
           }
         }
@@ -7201,7 +3481,7 @@ static linenr_T dump_prefixes(slang_T *slang, char_u *word, char_u *pat, Directi
       len = byts[n];
       if (curi[depth] > len) {
         // Done all bytes at this node, go up one level.
-        --depth;
+        depth--;
         line_breakcheck();
       } else {
         // Do one more byte at this node.
@@ -7224,7 +3504,7 @@ static linenr_T dump_prefixes(slang_T *slang, char_u *word, char_u *pat, Directi
                       (c & WF_RAREPFX) ? (flags | WF_RARE)
                                        : flags, lnum);
             if (lnum != 0) {
-              ++lnum;
+              lnum++;
             }
           }
 
@@ -7240,7 +3520,7 @@ static linenr_T dump_prefixes(slang_T *slang, char_u *word, char_u *pat, Directi
                         (c & WF_RAREPFX) ? (flags | WF_RARE)
                                          : flags, lnum);
               if (lnum != 0) {
-                ++lnum;
+                lnum++;
               }
             }
           }
@@ -7327,3 +3607,71 @@ int expand_spelling(linenr_T lnum, char_u *pat, char ***matchp)
   *matchp = ga.ga_data;
   return ga.ga_len;
 }
+
+/// Return true if "val" is a valid 'spelllang' value.
+bool valid_spelllang(const char_u *val)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_PURE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+{
+  return valid_name(val, ".-_,@");
+}
+
+/// Return true if "val" is a valid 'spellfile' value.
+bool valid_spellfile(const char_u *val)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_PURE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+{
+  for (const char_u *s = val; *s != NUL; s++) {
+    if (!vim_isfilec(*s) && *s != ',' && *s != ' ') {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+char *did_set_spell_option(bool is_spellfile)
+{
+  char *errmsg = NULL;
+
+  if (is_spellfile) {
+    int l = (int)STRLEN(curwin->w_s->b_p_spf);
+    if (l > 0
+        && (l < 4 || STRCMP(curwin->w_s->b_p_spf + l - 4, ".add") != 0)) {
+      errmsg = e_invarg;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (errmsg == NULL) {
+    FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
+      if (wp->w_buffer == curbuf && wp->w_p_spell) {
+        errmsg = did_set_spelllang(wp);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return errmsg;
+}
+
+/// Set curbuf->b_cap_prog to the regexp program for 'spellcapcheck'.
+/// Return error message when failed, NULL when OK.
+char *compile_cap_prog(synblock_T *synblock)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  regprog_T *rp = synblock->b_cap_prog;
+  char_u *re;
+
+  if (synblock->b_p_spc == NULL || *synblock->b_p_spc == NUL) {
+    synblock->b_cap_prog = NULL;
+  } else {
+    // Prepend a ^ so that we only match at one column
+    re = concat_str((char_u *)"^", synblock->b_p_spc);
+    synblock->b_cap_prog = vim_regcomp((char *)re, RE_MAGIC);
+    xfree(re);
+    if (synblock->b_cap_prog == NULL) {
+      synblock->b_cap_prog = rp;         // restore the previous program
+      return e_invarg;
+    }
+  }
+
+  vim_regfree(rp);
+  return NULL;
+}
diff --git a/src/nvim/spell_defs.h b/src/nvim/spell_defs.h
index 222d103f5d..61f722b9ee 100644
--- a/src/nvim/spell_defs.h
+++ b/src/nvim/spell_defs.h
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ typedef int idx_T;
 #define WF_FIXCAP   0x40        // keep-case word, allcap not allowed
 #define WF_KEEPCAP  0x80        // keep-case word
 
+#define WF_CAPMASK (WF_ONECAP | WF_ALLCAP | WF_KEEPCAP | WF_FIXCAP)
+
 // for <flags2>, shifted up one byte to be used in wn_flags
 #define WF_HAS_AFF  0x0100      // word includes affix
 #define WF_NEEDCOMP 0x0200      // word only valid in compound
@@ -208,56 +210,6 @@ typedef struct {
   char_u st_upper[256];       // chars: upper case
 } spelltab_T;
 
-// For finding suggestions: At each node in the tree these states are tried:
-typedef enum {
-  STATE_START = 0,      // At start of node check for NUL bytes (goodword
-                        // ends); if badword ends there is a match, otherwise
-                        // try splitting word.
-  STATE_NOPREFIX,       // try without prefix
-  STATE_SPLITUNDO,      // Undo splitting.
-  STATE_ENDNUL,         // Past NUL bytes at start of the node.
-  STATE_PLAIN,          // Use each byte of the node.
-  STATE_DEL,            // Delete a byte from the bad word.
-  STATE_INS_PREP,       // Prepare for inserting bytes.
-  STATE_INS,            // Insert a byte in the bad word.
-  STATE_SWAP,           // Swap two bytes.
-  STATE_UNSWAP,         // Undo swap two characters.
-  STATE_SWAP3,          // Swap two characters over three.
-  STATE_UNSWAP3,        // Undo Swap two characters over three.
-  STATE_UNROT3L,        // Undo rotate three characters left
-  STATE_UNROT3R,        // Undo rotate three characters right
-  STATE_REP_INI,        // Prepare for using REP items.
-  STATE_REP,            // Use matching REP items from the .aff file.
-  STATE_REP_UNDO,       // Undo a REP item replacement.
-  STATE_FINAL,  // End of this node.
-} state_T;
-
-// Struct to keep the state at each level in suggest_try_change().
-typedef struct trystate_S {
-  state_T ts_state;             // state at this level, STATE_
-  int ts_score;                 // score
-  idx_T ts_arridx;              // index in tree array, start of node
-  int16_t ts_curi;              // index in list of child nodes
-  char_u ts_fidx;               // index in fword[], case-folded bad word
-  char_u ts_fidxtry;            // ts_fidx at which bytes may be changed
-  char_u ts_twordlen;           // valid length of tword[]
-  char_u ts_prefixdepth;        // stack depth for end of prefix or
-                                // PFD_PREFIXTREE or PFD_NOPREFIX
-  char_u ts_flags;              // TSF_ flags
-  char_u ts_tcharlen;           // number of bytes in tword character
-  char_u ts_tcharidx;           // current byte index in tword character
-  char_u ts_isdiff;             // DIFF_ values
-  char_u ts_fcharstart;         // index in fword where badword char started
-  char_u ts_prewordlen;         // length of word in "preword[]"
-  char_u ts_splitoff;           // index in "tword" after last split
-  char_u ts_splitfidx;          // "ts_fidx" at word split
-  char_u ts_complen;            // nr of compound words used
-  char_u ts_compsplit;          // index for "compflags" where word was spit
-  char_u ts_save_badflags;      // su_badflags saved here
-  char_u ts_delidx;             // index in fword for char that was deleted,
-                                // valid when "ts_flags" has TSF_DIDDEL
-} trystate_T;
-
 // Use our own character-case definitions, because the current locale may
 // differ from what the .spl file uses.
 // These must not be called with negative number!
@@ -290,4 +242,17 @@ typedef enum {
   SPELL_ADD_RARE = 2,
 } SpellAddType;
 
+typedef struct wordcount_S {
+  uint16_t wc_count;                ///< nr of times word was seen
+  char_u wc_word[1];                ///< word, actually longer
+} wordcount_T;
+
+#define WC_KEY_OFF   offsetof(wordcount_T, wc_word)
+#define HI2WC(hi)    ((wordcount_T *)((hi)->hi_key - WC_KEY_OFF))
+#define MAXWORDCOUNT 0xffff
+
+// Remember what "z?" replaced.
+extern char_u *repl_from;
+extern char_u *repl_to;
+
 #endif  // NVIM_SPELL_DEFS_H
diff --git a/src/nvim/spellfile.c b/src/nvim/spellfile.c
index 9f21e24d4c..be1373f617 100644
--- a/src/nvim/spellfile.c
+++ b/src/nvim/spellfile.c
@@ -230,9 +230,11 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <wctype.h>
 
+#include "nvim/arglist.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/memline.h"
@@ -242,7 +244,7 @@
 #include "nvim/os/os.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/spell.h"
 #include "nvim/spell_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/spellfile.h"
@@ -576,11 +578,10 @@ slang_T *spell_load_file(char_u *fname, char_u *lang, slang_T *old_lp, bool sile
   char_u *p;
   int n;
   int len;
-  char_u *save_sourcing_name = (char_u *)sourcing_name;
-  linenr_T save_sourcing_lnum = sourcing_lnum;
   slang_T *lp = NULL;
   int c = 0;
   int res;
+  bool did_estack_push = false;
 
   fd = os_fopen((char *)fname, "r");
   if (fd == NULL) {
@@ -612,8 +613,8 @@ slang_T *spell_load_file(char_u *fname, char_u *lang, slang_T *old_lp, bool sile
   }
 
   // Set sourcing_name, so that error messages mention the file name.
-  sourcing_name = (char *)fname;
-  sourcing_lnum = 0;
+  estack_push(ETYPE_SPELL, (char *)fname, 0);
+  did_estack_push = true;
 
   // <HEADER>: <fileID>
   const int scms_ret = spell_check_magic_string(fd);
@@ -809,8 +810,9 @@ endOK:
   if (fd != NULL) {
     fclose(fd);
   }
-  sourcing_name = (char *)save_sourcing_name;
-  sourcing_lnum = save_sourcing_lnum;
+  if (did_estack_push) {
+    estack_pop();
+  }
 
   return lp;
 }
@@ -838,7 +840,7 @@ static void tree_count_words(char_u *byts, idx_T *idxs)
         wordcount[depth - 1] += wordcount[depth];
       }
 
-      --depth;
+      depth--;
       fast_breakcheck();
     } else {
       // Do one more byte at this node.
@@ -853,12 +855,12 @@ static void tree_count_words(char_u *byts, idx_T *idxs)
         // Skip over any other NUL bytes (same word with different
         // flags).
         while (byts[n + 1] == 0) {
-          ++n;
-          ++curi[depth];
+          n++;
+          curi[depth]++;
         }
       } else {
         // Normal char, go one level deeper to count the words.
-        ++depth;
+        depth++;
         arridx[depth] = idxs[n];
         curi[depth] = 1;
         wordcount[depth] = 0;
@@ -1369,21 +1371,21 @@ static int read_compound(FILE *fd, slang_T *slang, int len)
   if (todo < 2) {
     return SP_FORMERROR;        // need at least two bytes
   }
-  --todo;
+  todo--;
   c = getc(fd);                                         // <compmax>
   if (c < 2) {
     c = MAXWLEN;
   }
   slang->sl_compmax = c;
 
-  --todo;
+  todo--;
   c = getc(fd);                                         // <compminlen>
   if (c < 1) {
     c = 0;
   }
   slang->sl_compminlen = c;
 
-  --todo;
+  todo--;
   c = getc(fd);                                         // <compsylmax>
   if (c < 1) {
     c = MAXWLEN;
@@ -1394,9 +1396,9 @@ static int read_compound(FILE *fd, slang_T *slang, int len)
   if (c != 0) {
     ungetc(c, fd);          // be backwards compatible with Vim 7.0b
   } else {
-    --todo;
+    todo--;
     c = getc(fd);           // only use the lower byte for now
-    --todo;
+    todo--;
     slang->sl_compoptions = c;
 
     gap = &slang->sl_comppat;
@@ -1408,8 +1410,7 @@ static int read_compound(FILE *fd, slang_T *slang, int len)
     ga_init(gap, sizeof(char_u *), c);
     ga_grow(gap, c);
     while (--c >= 0) {
-      ((char_u **)(gap->ga_data))[gap->ga_len++] =
-        read_cnt_string(fd, 1, &cnt);
+      ((char **)(gap->ga_data))[gap->ga_len++] = (char *)read_cnt_string(fd, 1, &cnt);
       // <comppatlen> <comppattext>
       if (cnt < 0) {
         return cnt;
@@ -2064,7 +2065,7 @@ static afffile_T *spell_read_aff(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *fname)
   // Read all the lines in the file one by one.
   while (!vim_fgets(rline, MAXLINELEN, fd) && !got_int) {
     line_breakcheck();
-    ++lnum;
+    lnum++;
 
     // Skip comment lines.
     if (*rline == '#') {
@@ -2091,7 +2092,7 @@ static afffile_T *spell_read_aff(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *fname)
     itemcnt = 0;
     for (p = line;;) {
       while (*p != NUL && *p <= ' ') {  // skip white space and CR/NL
-        ++p;
+        p++;
       }
       if (*p == NUL) {
         break;
@@ -2103,11 +2104,11 @@ static afffile_T *spell_read_aff(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *fname)
       // A few items have arbitrary text argument, don't split them.
       if (itemcnt == 2 && spell_info_item(items[0])) {
         while (*p >= ' ' || *p == TAB) {  // skip until CR/NL
-          ++p;
+          p++;
         }
       } else {
         while (*p > ' ') {  // skip until white space or CR/NL
-          ++p;
+          p++;
         }
       }
       if (*p == NUL) {
@@ -2300,18 +2301,15 @@ static afffile_T *spell_read_aff(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *fname)
 
         // Only add the couple if it isn't already there.
         for (i = 0; i < gap->ga_len - 1; i += 2) {
-          if (STRCMP(((char_u **)(gap->ga_data))[i], items[1]) == 0
-              && STRCMP(((char_u **)(gap->ga_data))[i + 1],
-                        items[2]) == 0) {
+          if (STRCMP(((char **)(gap->ga_data))[i], items[1]) == 0
+              && STRCMP(((char **)(gap->ga_data))[i + 1], items[2]) == 0) {
             break;
           }
         }
         if (i >= gap->ga_len) {
           ga_grow(gap, 2);
-          ((char_u **)(gap->ga_data))[gap->ga_len++]
-            = getroom_save(spin, items[1]);
-          ((char_u **)(gap->ga_data))[gap->ga_len++]
-            = getroom_save(spin, items[2]);
+          ((char **)(gap->ga_data))[gap->ga_len++] = (char *)getroom_save(spin, items[1]);
+          ((char **)(gap->ga_data))[gap->ga_len++] = (char *)getroom_save(spin, items[2]);
         }
       } else if (is_aff_rule(items, itemcnt, "SYLLABLE", 2)
                  && syllable == NULL) {
@@ -2387,7 +2385,7 @@ static afffile_T *spell_read_aff(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *fname)
         // Check for the "S" flag, which apparently means that another
         // block with the same affix name is following.
         if (itemcnt > lasti && STRCMP(items[lasti], "S") == 0) {
-          ++lasti;
+          lasti++;
           cur_aff->ah_follows = true;
         } else {
           cur_aff->ah_follows = false;
@@ -2809,7 +2807,7 @@ static void aff_process_flags(afffile_T *affile, affentry_T *entry)
         }
       }
       if (affile->af_flagtype == AFT_NUM && *p == ',') {
-        ++p;
+        p++;
       }
     }
     if (*entry->ae_flags == NUL) {
@@ -2945,7 +2943,7 @@ static void process_compflags(spellinfo_T *spin, afffile_T *aff, char_u *compfla
         *tp++ = (char_u)id;
       }
       if (aff->af_flagtype == AFT_NUM && *p == ',') {
-        ++p;
+        p++;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -2968,7 +2966,7 @@ static void check_renumber(spellinfo_T *spin)
 // Returns true if flag "flag" appears in affix list "afflist".
 static bool flag_in_afflist(int flagtype, char_u *afflist, unsigned flag)
 {
-  char_u *p;
+  char *p;
   unsigned n;
 
   switch (flagtype) {
@@ -2977,7 +2975,7 @@ static bool flag_in_afflist(int flagtype, char_u *afflist, unsigned flag)
 
   case AFT_CAPLONG:
   case AFT_LONG:
-    for (p = afflist; *p != NUL;) {
+    for (p = (char *)afflist; *p != NUL;) {
       n = (unsigned)mb_ptr2char_adv((const char_u **)&p);
       if ((flagtype == AFT_LONG || (n >= 'A' && n <= 'Z'))
           && *p != NUL) {
@@ -2990,8 +2988,8 @@ static bool flag_in_afflist(int flagtype, char_u *afflist, unsigned flag)
     break;
 
   case AFT_NUM:
-    for (p = afflist; *p != NUL;) {
-      int digits = getdigits_int((char **)&p, true, 0);
+    for (p = (char *)afflist; *p != NUL;) {
+      int digits = getdigits_int(&p, true, 0);
       assert(digits >= 0);
       n = (unsigned int)digits;
       if (n == 0) {
@@ -3072,7 +3070,7 @@ static void spell_free_aff(afffile_T *aff)
     todo = (int)ht->ht_used;
     for (hi = ht->ht_array; todo > 0; ++hi) {
       if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-        --todo;
+        todo--;
         ah = HI2AH(hi);
         for (ae = ah->ah_first; ae != NULL; ae = ae->ae_next) {
           vim_regfree(ae->ae_prog);
@@ -3142,7 +3140,7 @@ static int spell_read_dic(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *fname, afffile_T *affile)
   // the hashtable.
   while (!vim_fgets(line, MAXLINELEN, fd) && !got_int) {
     line_breakcheck();
-    ++lnum;
+    lnum++;
     if (line[0] == '#' || line[0] == '/') {
       continue;         // comment line
     }
@@ -3150,7 +3148,7 @@ static int spell_read_dic(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *fname, afffile_T *affile)
     // the word is kept to allow multi-word terms like "et al.".
     l = (int)STRLEN(line);
     while (l > 0 && line[l - 1] <= ' ') {
-      --l;
+      l--;
     }
     if (l == 0) {
       continue;         // empty line
@@ -3186,7 +3184,7 @@ static int spell_read_dic(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *fname, afffile_T *affile)
 
     // Skip non-ASCII words when "spin->si_ascii" is true.
     if (spin->si_ascii && has_non_ascii(w)) {
-      ++non_ascii;
+      non_ascii++;
       xfree(pc);
       continue;
     }
@@ -3227,7 +3225,7 @@ static int spell_read_dic(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *fname, afffile_T *affile)
         smsg(_("First duplicate word in %s line %d: %s"),
              fname, lnum, dw);
       }
-      ++duplicate;
+      duplicate++;
     } else {
       hash_add_item(&ht, hi, dw, hash);
     }
@@ -3362,7 +3360,7 @@ static int get_pfxlist(afffile_T *affile, char_u *afflist, char_u *store_afflist
       }
     }
     if (affile->af_flagtype == AFT_NUM && *p == ',') {
-      ++p;
+      p++;
     }
   }
 
@@ -3392,7 +3390,7 @@ static void get_compflags(afffile_T *affile, char_u *afflist, char_u *store_affl
       }
     }
     if (affile->af_flagtype == AFT_NUM && *p == ',') {
-      ++p;
+      p++;
     }
   }
 
@@ -3438,7 +3436,7 @@ static int store_aff_word(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *word, char_u *afflist, afff
   todo = (int)ht->ht_used;
   for (hi = ht->ht_array; todo > 0 && retval == OK; ++hi) {
     if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-      --todo;
+      todo--;
       ah = HI2AH(hi);
 
       // Check that the affix combines, if required, and that the word
@@ -3686,7 +3684,7 @@ static int spell_read_wordfile(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *fname)
   // Read all the lines in the file one by one.
   while (!vim_fgets(rline, MAXLINELEN, fd) && !got_int) {
     line_breakcheck();
-    ++lnum;
+    lnum++;
 
     // Skip comment lines.
     if (*rline == '#') {
@@ -3696,7 +3694,7 @@ static int spell_read_wordfile(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *fname)
     // Remove CR, LF and white space from the end.
     l = (int)STRLEN(rline);
     while (l > 0 && rline[l - 1] <= ' ') {
-      --l;
+      l--;
     }
     if (l == 0) {
       continue;         // empty or blank line
@@ -3719,7 +3717,7 @@ static int spell_read_wordfile(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *fname)
     }
 
     if (*line == '/') {
-      ++line;
+      line++;
       if (STRNCMP(line, "encoding=", 9) == 0) {
         if (spin->si_conv.vc_type != CONV_NONE) {
           smsg(_("Duplicate /encoding= line ignored in %s line %ld: %s"),
@@ -3802,13 +3800,13 @@ static int spell_read_wordfile(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *fname)
                fname, lnum, p);
           break;
         }
-        ++p;
+        p++;
       }
     }
 
     // Skip non-ASCII words when "spin->si_ascii" is true.
     if (spin->si_ascii && has_non_ascii(line)) {
-      ++non_ascii;
+      non_ascii++;
       continue;
     }
 
@@ -4146,8 +4144,8 @@ static wordnode_T *get_wordnode(spellinfo_T *spin)
   } else {
     n = spin->si_first_free;
     spin->si_first_free = n->wn_child;
-    memset(n, 0, sizeof(wordnode_T));
-    --spin->si_free_count;
+    CLEAR_POINTER(n);
+    spin->si_free_count--;
   }
 #ifdef SPELL_PRINTTREE
   if (n != NULL) {
@@ -4173,7 +4171,7 @@ static int deref_wordnode(spellinfo_T *spin, wordnode_T *node)
         cnt += deref_wordnode(spin, np->wn_child);
       }
       free_wordnode(spin, np);
-      ++cnt;
+      cnt++;
     }
     ++cnt;          // length field
   }
@@ -4248,7 +4246,7 @@ static long node_compress(spellinfo_T *spin, wordnode_T *node, hashtab_T *ht, lo
   // Note that with "child" we mean not just the node that is pointed to,
   // but the whole list of siblings of which the child node is the first.
   for (np = node; np != NULL && !got_int; np = np->wn_sibling) {
-    ++len;
+    len++;
     if ((child = np->wn_child) != NULL) {
       // Compress the child first.  This fills hashkey.
       compressed += node_compress(spin, child, ht, tot);
@@ -4581,7 +4579,7 @@ static int write_vim_spell(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *fname)
           if (round == 2) {                             // <word>
             fwv &= fwrite(hi->hi_key, l, 1, fd);
           }
-          --todo;
+          todo--;
         }
       }
       if (round == 1) {
@@ -4644,8 +4642,8 @@ static int write_vim_spell(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *fname)
 
     size_t l = STRLEN(spin->si_compflags);
     assert(spin->si_comppat.ga_len >= 0);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < (size_t)spin->si_comppat.ga_len; ++i) {
-      l += STRLEN(((char_u **)(spin->si_comppat.ga_data))[i]) + 1;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < (size_t)spin->si_comppat.ga_len; i++) {
+      l += STRLEN(((char **)(spin->si_comppat.ga_data))[i]) + 1;
     }
     put_bytes(fd, l + 7, 4);                            // <sectionlen>
 
@@ -4655,8 +4653,8 @@ static int write_vim_spell(spellinfo_T *spin, char_u *fname)
     putc(0, fd);                // for Vim 7.0b compatibility
     putc(spin->si_compoptions, fd);                     // <compoptions>
     put_bytes(fd, (uintmax_t)spin->si_comppat.ga_len, 2);  // <comppatcount>
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < (size_t)spin->si_comppat.ga_len; ++i) {
-      char_u *p = ((char_u **)(spin->si_comppat.ga_data))[i];
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < (size_t)spin->si_comppat.ga_len; i++) {
+      char *p = ((char **)(spin->si_comppat.ga_data))[i];
       assert(STRLEN(p) < INT_MAX);
       putc((int)STRLEN(p), fd);                         // <comppatlen>
       fwv &= fwrite(p, STRLEN(p), 1, fd);               // <comppattext>
@@ -4782,7 +4780,7 @@ static int put_node(FILE *fd, wordnode_T *node, int idx, int regionmask, bool pr
   // Count the number of siblings.
   int siblingcount = 0;
   for (wordnode_T *np = node; np != NULL; np = np->wn_sibling) {
-    ++siblingcount;
+    siblingcount++;
   }
 
   // Write the sibling count.
@@ -5012,7 +5010,7 @@ static int sug_filltree(spellinfo_T *spin, slang_T *slang)
         wordcount[depth - 1] += wordcount[depth];
       }
 
-      --depth;
+      depth--;
       line_breakcheck();
     } else {
       // Do one more byte at this node.
@@ -5033,8 +5031,8 @@ static int sug_filltree(spellinfo_T *spin, slang_T *slang)
           return FAIL;
         }
 
-        ++words_done;
-        ++wordcount[depth];
+        words_done++;
+        wordcount[depth]++;
 
         // Reset the block count each time to avoid compression
         // kicking in.
@@ -5282,7 +5280,7 @@ static void mkspell(int fcount, char **fnames, bool ascii, bool over_write, bool
   bool error = false;
   spellinfo_T spin;
 
-  memset(&spin, 0, sizeof(spin));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(spin);
   spin.si_verbose = !added_word;
   spin.si_ascii = ascii;
   spin.si_followup = true;
@@ -5815,7 +5813,7 @@ static int write_spell_prefcond(FILE *fd, garray_T *gap, size_t *fwv)
   size_t totlen = 2 + (size_t)gap->ga_len;  // <prefcondcnt> and <condlen> bytes
   for (int i = 0; i < gap->ga_len; i++) {
     // <prefcond> : <condlen> <condstr>
-    char_u *p = ((char_u **)gap->ga_data)[i];
+    char *p = ((char **)gap->ga_data)[i];
     if (p != NULL) {
       size_t len = STRLEN(p);
       if (fd != NULL) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/spellsuggest.c b/src/nvim/spellsuggest.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4a9bed437
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/spellsuggest.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3800 @@
+// This is an open source non-commercial project. Dear PVS-Studio, please check
+// it. PVS-Studio Static Code Analyzer for C, C++ and C#: http://www.viva64.com
+
+// spellsuggest.c: functions for spelling suggestions
+
+#include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/change.h"
+#include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/eval.h"
+#include "nvim/fileio.h"
+#include "nvim/garray.h"
+#include "nvim/getchar.h"
+#include "nvim/hashtab.h"
+#include "nvim/input.h"
+#include "nvim/mbyte.h"
+#include "nvim/memline.h"
+#include "nvim/memory.h"
+#include "nvim/message.h"
+#include "nvim/option.h"
+#include "nvim/os/fs.h"
+#include "nvim/os/input.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
+#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/spell.h"
+#include "nvim/spell_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/spellfile.h"
+#include "nvim/spellsuggest.h"
+#include "nvim/strings.h"
+#include "nvim/ui.h"
+#include "nvim/undo.h"
+#include "nvim/vim.h"
+
+// Use this to adjust the score after finding suggestions, based on the
+// suggested word sounding like the bad word.  This is much faster than doing
+// it for every possible suggestion.
+// Disadvantage: When "the" is typed as "hte" it sounds quite different ("@"
+// vs "ht") and goes down in the list.
+// Used when 'spellsuggest' is set to "best".
+#define RESCORE(word_score, sound_score) ((3 * (word_score) + (sound_score)) / 4)
+
+// Do the opposite: based on a maximum end score and a known sound score,
+// compute the maximum word score that can be used.
+#define MAXSCORE(word_score, sound_score) ((4 * (word_score) - (sound_score)) / 3)
+
+// only used for su_badflags
+#define WF_MIXCAP   0x20        // mix of upper and lower case: macaRONI
+
+/// Information used when looking for suggestions.
+typedef struct suginfo_S {
+  garray_T su_ga;                  ///< suggestions, contains "suggest_T"
+  int su_maxcount;                 ///< max. number of suggestions displayed
+  int su_maxscore;                 ///< maximum score for adding to su_ga
+  int su_sfmaxscore;               ///< idem, for when doing soundfold words
+  garray_T su_sga;                 ///< like su_ga, sound-folded scoring
+  char_u *su_badptr;               ///< start of bad word in line
+  int su_badlen;                   ///< length of detected bad word in line
+  int su_badflags;                 ///< caps flags for bad word
+  char_u su_badword[MAXWLEN];      ///< bad word truncated at su_badlen
+  char_u su_fbadword[MAXWLEN];     ///< su_badword case-folded
+  char_u su_sal_badword[MAXWLEN];  ///< su_badword soundfolded
+  hashtab_T su_banned;             ///< table with banned words
+  slang_T *su_sallang;             ///< default language for sound folding
+} suginfo_T;
+
+/// One word suggestion.  Used in "si_ga".
+typedef struct {
+  char_u *st_word;    ///< suggested word, allocated string
+  int st_wordlen;     ///< STRLEN(st_word)
+  int st_orglen;      ///< length of replaced text
+  int st_score;       ///< lower is better
+  int st_altscore;    ///< used when st_score compares equal
+  bool st_salscore;   ///< st_score is for soundalike
+  bool st_had_bonus;  ///< bonus already included in score
+  slang_T *st_slang;  ///< language used for sound folding
+} suggest_T;
+
+#define SUG(ga, i) (((suggest_T *)(ga).ga_data)[i])
+
+// True if a word appears in the list of banned words.
+#define WAS_BANNED(su, word) (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hash_find(&(su)->su_banned, word)))
+
+// Number of suggestions kept when cleaning up.  We need to keep more than
+// what is displayed, because when rescore_suggestions() is called the score
+// may change and wrong suggestions may be removed later.
+#define SUG_CLEAN_COUNT(su)    ((su)->su_maxcount < \
+                                130 ? 150 : (su)->su_maxcount + 20)
+
+// Threshold for sorting and cleaning up suggestions.  Don't want to keep lots
+// of suggestions that are not going to be displayed.
+#define SUG_MAX_COUNT(su)       (SUG_CLEAN_COUNT(su) + 50)
+
+// score for various changes
+#define SCORE_SPLIT     149     // split bad word
+#define SCORE_SPLIT_NO  249     // split bad word with NOSPLITSUGS
+#define SCORE_ICASE     52      // slightly different case
+#define SCORE_REGION    200     // word is for different region
+#define SCORE_RARE      180     // rare word
+#define SCORE_SWAP      75      // swap two characters
+#define SCORE_SWAP3     110     // swap two characters in three
+#define SCORE_REP       65      // REP replacement
+#define SCORE_SUBST     93      // substitute a character
+#define SCORE_SIMILAR   33      // substitute a similar character
+#define SCORE_SUBCOMP   33      // substitute a composing character
+#define SCORE_DEL       94      // delete a character
+#define SCORE_DELDUP    66      // delete a duplicated character
+#define SCORE_DELCOMP   28      // delete a composing character
+#define SCORE_INS       96      // insert a character
+#define SCORE_INSDUP    67      // insert a duplicate character
+#define SCORE_INSCOMP   30      // insert a composing character
+#define SCORE_NONWORD   103     // change non-word to word char
+
+#define SCORE_FILE      30      // suggestion from a file
+#define SCORE_MAXINIT   350     // Initial maximum score: higher == slower.
+                                // 350 allows for about three changes.
+
+#define SCORE_COMMON1   30      // subtracted for words seen before
+#define SCORE_COMMON2   40      // subtracted for words often seen
+#define SCORE_COMMON3   50      // subtracted for words very often seen
+#define SCORE_THRES2    10      // word count threshold for COMMON2
+#define SCORE_THRES3    100     // word count threshold for COMMON3
+
+// When trying changed soundfold words it becomes slow when trying more than
+// two changes.  With less than two changes it's slightly faster but we miss a
+// few good suggestions.  In rare cases we need to try three of four changes.
+#define SCORE_SFMAX1    200     // maximum score for first try
+#define SCORE_SFMAX2    300     // maximum score for second try
+#define SCORE_SFMAX3    400     // maximum score for third try
+
+#define SCORE_BIG       (SCORE_INS * 3)  // big difference
+#define SCORE_MAXMAX    999999           // accept any score
+#define SCORE_LIMITMAX  350              // for spell_edit_score_limit()
+
+// for spell_edit_score_limit() we need to know the minimum value of
+// SCORE_ICASE, SCORE_SWAP, SCORE_DEL, SCORE_SIMILAR and SCORE_INS
+#define SCORE_EDIT_MIN  SCORE_SIMILAR
+
+/// For finding suggestions: At each node in the tree these states are tried:
+typedef enum {
+  STATE_START = 0,  ///< At start of node check for NUL bytes (goodword
+                    ///< ends); if badword ends there is a match, otherwise
+                    ///< try splitting word.
+  STATE_NOPREFIX,   ///< try without prefix
+  STATE_SPLITUNDO,  ///< Undo splitting.
+  STATE_ENDNUL,     ///< Past NUL bytes at start of the node.
+  STATE_PLAIN,      ///< Use each byte of the node.
+  STATE_DEL,        ///< Delete a byte from the bad word.
+  STATE_INS_PREP,   ///< Prepare for inserting bytes.
+  STATE_INS,        ///< Insert a byte in the bad word.
+  STATE_SWAP,       ///< Swap two bytes.
+  STATE_UNSWAP,     ///< Undo swap two characters.
+  STATE_SWAP3,      ///< Swap two characters over three.
+  STATE_UNSWAP3,    ///< Undo Swap two characters over three.
+  STATE_UNROT3L,    ///< Undo rotate three characters left
+  STATE_UNROT3R,    ///< Undo rotate three characters right
+  STATE_REP_INI,    ///< Prepare for using REP items.
+  STATE_REP,        ///< Use matching REP items from the .aff file.
+  STATE_REP_UNDO,   ///< Undo a REP item replacement.
+  STATE_FINAL,      ///< End of this node.
+} state_T;
+
+/// Struct to keep the state at each level in suggest_try_change().
+typedef struct trystate_S {
+  state_T ts_state;         ///< state at this level, STATE_
+  int ts_score;             ///< score
+  idx_T ts_arridx;          ///< index in tree array, start of node
+  int16_t ts_curi;          ///< index in list of child nodes
+  char_u ts_fidx;           ///< index in fword[], case-folded bad word
+  char_u ts_fidxtry;        ///< ts_fidx at which bytes may be changed
+  char_u ts_twordlen;       ///< valid length of tword[]
+  char_u ts_prefixdepth;    ///< stack depth for end of prefix or
+                            ///< PFD_PREFIXTREE or PFD_NOPREFIX
+  char_u ts_flags;          ///< TSF_ flags
+  char_u ts_tcharlen;       ///< number of bytes in tword character
+  char_u ts_tcharidx;       ///< current byte index in tword character
+  char_u ts_isdiff;         ///< DIFF_ values
+  char_u ts_fcharstart;     ///< index in fword where badword char started
+  char_u ts_prewordlen;     ///< length of word in "preword[]"
+  char_u ts_splitoff;       ///< index in "tword" after last split
+  char_u ts_splitfidx;      ///< "ts_fidx" at word split
+  char_u ts_complen;        ///< nr of compound words used
+  char_u ts_compsplit;      ///< index for "compflags" where word was spit
+  char_u ts_save_badflags;  ///< su_badflags saved here
+  char_u ts_delidx;         ///< index in fword for char that was deleted,
+                            ///< valid when "ts_flags" has TSF_DIDDEL
+} trystate_T;
+
+// values for ts_isdiff
+#define DIFF_NONE       0       // no different byte (yet)
+#define DIFF_YES        1       // different byte found
+#define DIFF_INSERT     2       // inserting character
+
+// values for ts_flags
+#define TSF_PREFIXOK    1       // already checked that prefix is OK
+#define TSF_DIDSPLIT    2       // tried split at this point
+#define TSF_DIDDEL      4       // did a delete, "ts_delidx" has index
+
+// special values ts_prefixdepth
+#define PFD_NOPREFIX    0xff    // not using prefixes
+#define PFD_PREFIXTREE  0xfe    // walking through the prefix tree
+#define PFD_NOTSPECIAL  0xfd    // highest value that's not special
+
+static long spell_suggest_timeout = 5000;
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "spellsuggest.c.generated.h"
+#endif
+
+/// Returns true when the sequence of flags in "compflags" plus "flag" can
+/// possibly form a valid compounded word.  This also checks the COMPOUNDRULE
+/// lines if they don't contain wildcards.
+static bool can_be_compound(trystate_T *sp, slang_T *slang, char_u *compflags, int flag)
+{
+  // If the flag doesn't appear in sl_compstartflags or sl_compallflags
+  // then it can't possibly compound.
+  if (!byte_in_str(sp->ts_complen == sp->ts_compsplit
+                   ? slang->sl_compstartflags : slang->sl_compallflags, flag)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // If there are no wildcards, we can check if the flags collected so far
+  // possibly can form a match with COMPOUNDRULE patterns.  This only
+  // makes sense when we have two or more words.
+  if (slang->sl_comprules != NULL && sp->ts_complen > sp->ts_compsplit) {
+    compflags[sp->ts_complen] = (char_u)flag;
+    compflags[sp->ts_complen + 1] = NUL;
+    bool v = match_compoundrule(slang, compflags + sp->ts_compsplit);
+    compflags[sp->ts_complen] = NUL;
+    return v;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+/// Adjust the score of common words.
+///
+/// @param split  word was split, less bonus
+static int score_wordcount_adj(slang_T *slang, int score, char_u *word, bool split)
+{
+  wordcount_T *wc;
+  int bonus;
+  int newscore;
+
+  hashitem_T *hi = hash_find(&slang->sl_wordcount, (char *)word);
+  if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
+    wc = HI2WC(hi);
+    if (wc->wc_count < SCORE_THRES2) {
+      bonus = SCORE_COMMON1;
+    } else if (wc->wc_count < SCORE_THRES3) {
+      bonus = SCORE_COMMON2;
+    } else {
+      bonus = SCORE_COMMON3;
+    }
+    if (split) {
+      newscore = score - bonus / 2;
+    } else {
+      newscore = score - bonus;
+    }
+    if (newscore < 0) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    return newscore;
+  }
+  return score;
+}
+
+/// Like captype() but for a KEEPCAP word add ONECAP if the word starts with a
+/// capital.  So that make_case_word() can turn WOrd into Word.
+/// Add ALLCAP for "WOrD".
+static int badword_captype(char_u *word, char_u *end)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  int flags = captype(word, end);
+  int c;
+  int l, u;
+  bool first;
+  char_u *p;
+
+  if (flags & WF_KEEPCAP) {
+    // Count the number of UPPER and lower case letters.
+    l = u = 0;
+    first = false;
+    for (p = word; p < end; MB_PTR_ADV(p)) {
+      c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p);
+      if (SPELL_ISUPPER(c)) {
+        u++;
+        if (p == word) {
+          first = true;
+        }
+      } else {
+        l++;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // If there are more UPPER than lower case letters suggest an
+    // ALLCAP word.  Otherwise, if the first letter is UPPER then
+    // suggest ONECAP.  Exception: "ALl" most likely should be "All",
+    // require three upper case letters.
+    if (u > l && u > 2) {
+      flags |= WF_ALLCAP;
+    } else if (first) {
+      flags |= WF_ONECAP;
+    }
+
+    if (u >= 2 && l >= 2) {     // maCARONI maCAroni
+      flags |= WF_MIXCAP;
+    }
+  }
+  return flags;
+}
+
+/// Opposite of offset2bytes().
+/// "pp" points to the bytes and is advanced over it.
+///
+/// @return  the offset.
+static int bytes2offset(char_u **pp)
+{
+  char_u *p = *pp;
+  int nr;
+  int c;
+
+  c = *p++;
+  if ((c & 0x80) == 0x00) {             // 1 byte
+    nr = c - 1;
+  } else if ((c & 0xc0) == 0x80) {      // 2 bytes
+    nr = (c & 0x3f) - 1;
+    nr = nr * 255 + (*p++ - 1);
+  } else if ((c & 0xe0) == 0xc0) {      // 3 bytes
+    nr = (c & 0x1f) - 1;
+    nr = nr * 255 + (*p++ - 1);
+    nr = nr * 255 + (*p++ - 1);
+  } else {                              // 4 bytes
+    nr = (c & 0x0f) - 1;
+    nr = nr * 255 + (*p++ - 1);
+    nr = nr * 255 + (*p++ - 1);
+    nr = nr * 255 + (*p++ - 1);
+  }
+
+  *pp = p;
+  return nr;
+}
+
+// values for sps_flags
+#define SPS_BEST    1
+#define SPS_FAST    2
+#define SPS_DOUBLE  4
+
+static int sps_flags = SPS_BEST;  ///< flags from 'spellsuggest'
+static int sps_limit = 9999;      ///< max nr of suggestions given
+
+/// Check the 'spellsuggest' option.  Return FAIL if it's wrong.
+/// Sets "sps_flags" and "sps_limit".
+int spell_check_sps(void)
+{
+  char *p;
+  char *s;
+  char_u buf[MAXPATHL];
+  int f;
+
+  sps_flags = 0;
+  sps_limit = 9999;
+
+  for (p = (char *)p_sps; *p != NUL;) {
+    copy_option_part(&p, (char *)buf, MAXPATHL, ",");
+
+    f = 0;
+    if (ascii_isdigit(*buf)) {
+      s = (char *)buf;
+      sps_limit = getdigits_int(&s, true, 0);
+      if (*s != NUL && !ascii_isdigit(*s)) {
+        f = -1;
+      }
+    } else if (STRCMP(buf, "best") == 0) {
+      f = SPS_BEST;
+    } else if (STRCMP(buf, "fast") == 0) {
+      f = SPS_FAST;
+    } else if (STRCMP(buf, "double") == 0) {
+      f = SPS_DOUBLE;
+    } else if (STRNCMP(buf, "expr:", 5) != 0
+               && STRNCMP(buf, "file:", 5) != 0
+               && (STRNCMP(buf, "timeout:", 8) != 0
+                   || (!ascii_isdigit(buf[8])
+                       && !(buf[8] == '-' && ascii_isdigit(buf[9]))))) {
+      f = -1;
+    }
+
+    if (f == -1 || (sps_flags != 0 && f != 0)) {
+      sps_flags = SPS_BEST;
+      sps_limit = 9999;
+      return FAIL;
+    }
+    if (f != 0) {
+      sps_flags = f;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (sps_flags == 0) {
+    sps_flags = SPS_BEST;
+  }
+
+  return OK;
+}
+
+/// "z=": Find badly spelled word under or after the cursor.
+/// Give suggestions for the properly spelled word.
+/// In Visual mode use the highlighted word as the bad word.
+/// When "count" is non-zero use that suggestion.
+void spell_suggest(int count)
+{
+  char_u *line;
+  pos_T prev_cursor = curwin->w_cursor;
+  char_u wcopy[MAXWLEN + 2];
+  char_u *p;
+  int c;
+  suginfo_T sug;
+  suggest_T *stp;
+  int mouse_used;
+  int need_cap;
+  int limit;
+  int selected = count;
+  int badlen = 0;
+  int msg_scroll_save = msg_scroll;
+  const int wo_spell_save = curwin->w_p_spell;
+
+  if (!curwin->w_p_spell) {
+    did_set_spelllang(curwin);
+    curwin->w_p_spell = true;
+  }
+
+  if (*curwin->w_s->b_p_spl == NUL) {
+    emsg(_(e_no_spell));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (VIsual_active) {
+    // Use the Visually selected text as the bad word.  But reject
+    // a multi-line selection.
+    if (curwin->w_cursor.lnum != VIsual.lnum) {
+      vim_beep(BO_SPELL);
+      return;
+    }
+    badlen = (int)curwin->w_cursor.col - (int)VIsual.col;
+    if (badlen < 0) {
+      badlen = -badlen;
+    } else {
+      curwin->w_cursor.col = VIsual.col;
+    }
+    badlen++;
+    end_visual_mode();
+    // Find the start of the badly spelled word.
+  } else if (spell_move_to(curwin, FORWARD, true, true, NULL) == 0
+             || curwin->w_cursor.col > prev_cursor.col) {
+    // No bad word or it starts after the cursor: use the word under the
+    // cursor.
+    curwin->w_cursor = prev_cursor;
+    line = get_cursor_line_ptr();
+    p = line + curwin->w_cursor.col;
+    // Backup to before start of word.
+    while (p > line && spell_iswordp_nmw(p, curwin)) {
+      MB_PTR_BACK(line, p);
+    }
+    // Forward to start of word.
+    while (*p != NUL && !spell_iswordp_nmw(p, curwin)) {
+      MB_PTR_ADV(p);
+    }
+
+    if (!spell_iswordp_nmw(p, curwin)) {                // No word found.
+      beep_flush();
+      return;
+    }
+    curwin->w_cursor.col = (colnr_T)(p - line);
+  }
+
+  // Get the word and its length.
+
+  // Figure out if the word should be capitalised.
+  need_cap = check_need_cap(curwin->w_cursor.lnum, curwin->w_cursor.col);
+
+  // Make a copy of current line since autocommands may free the line.
+  line = vim_strsave(get_cursor_line_ptr());
+  spell_suggest_timeout = 5000;
+
+  // Get the list of suggestions.  Limit to 'lines' - 2 or the number in
+  // 'spellsuggest', whatever is smaller.
+  if (sps_limit > Rows - 2) {
+    limit = Rows - 2;
+  } else {
+    limit = sps_limit;
+  }
+  spell_find_suggest(line + curwin->w_cursor.col, badlen, &sug, limit,
+                     true, need_cap, true);
+
+  if (GA_EMPTY(&sug.su_ga)) {
+    msg(_("Sorry, no suggestions"));
+  } else if (count > 0) {
+    if (count > sug.su_ga.ga_len) {
+      smsg(_("Sorry, only %" PRId64 " suggestions"),
+           (int64_t)sug.su_ga.ga_len);
+    }
+  } else {
+    // When 'rightleft' is set the list is drawn right-left.
+    cmdmsg_rl = curwin->w_p_rl;
+    if (cmdmsg_rl) {
+      msg_col = Columns - 1;
+    }
+
+    // List the suggestions.
+    msg_start();
+    msg_row = Rows - 1;         // for when 'cmdheight' > 1
+    lines_left = Rows;          // avoid more prompt
+    vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, _("Change \"%.*s\" to:"),
+                 sug.su_badlen, sug.su_badptr);
+    if (cmdmsg_rl && STRNCMP(IObuff, "Change", 6) == 0) {
+      // And now the rabbit from the high hat: Avoid showing the
+      // untranslated message rightleft.
+      vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, ":ot \"%.*s\" egnahC",
+                   sug.su_badlen, sug.su_badptr);
+    }
+    msg_puts((const char *)IObuff);
+    msg_clr_eos();
+    msg_putchar('\n');
+
+    msg_scroll = true;
+    for (int i = 0; i < sug.su_ga.ga_len; i++) {
+      stp = &SUG(sug.su_ga, i);
+
+      // The suggested word may replace only part of the bad word, add
+      // the not replaced part.  But only when it's not getting too long.
+      STRLCPY(wcopy, stp->st_word, MAXWLEN + 1);
+      int el = sug.su_badlen - stp->st_orglen;
+      if (el > 0 && stp->st_wordlen + el <= MAXWLEN) {
+        STRLCPY(wcopy + stp->st_wordlen, sug.su_badptr + stp->st_orglen, el + 1);
+      }
+      vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, "%2d", i + 1);
+      if (cmdmsg_rl) {
+        rl_mirror(IObuff);
+      }
+      msg_puts((const char *)IObuff);
+
+      vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, " \"%s\"", wcopy);
+      msg_puts((const char *)IObuff);
+
+      // The word may replace more than "su_badlen".
+      if (sug.su_badlen < stp->st_orglen) {
+        vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, _(" < \"%.*s\""),
+                     stp->st_orglen, sug.su_badptr);
+        msg_puts((const char *)IObuff);
+      }
+
+      if (p_verbose > 0) {
+        // Add the score.
+        if (sps_flags & (SPS_DOUBLE | SPS_BEST)) {
+          vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, " (%s%d - %d)",
+                       stp->st_salscore ? "s " : "",
+                       stp->st_score, stp->st_altscore);
+        } else {
+          vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, " (%d)",
+                       stp->st_score);
+        }
+        if (cmdmsg_rl) {
+          // Mirror the numbers, but keep the leading space.
+          rl_mirror(IObuff + 1);
+        }
+        msg_advance(30);
+        msg_puts((const char *)IObuff);
+      }
+      msg_putchar('\n');
+    }
+
+    cmdmsg_rl = false;
+    msg_col = 0;
+    // Ask for choice.
+    selected = prompt_for_number(&mouse_used);
+
+    if (ui_has(kUIMessages)) {
+      ui_call_msg_clear();
+    }
+
+    if (mouse_used) {
+      selected -= lines_left;
+    }
+    lines_left = Rows;                  // avoid more prompt
+    // don't delay for 'smd' in normal_cmd()
+    msg_scroll = msg_scroll_save;
+  }
+
+  if (selected > 0 && selected <= sug.su_ga.ga_len && u_save_cursor() == OK) {
+    // Save the from and to text for :spellrepall.
+    XFREE_CLEAR(repl_from);
+    XFREE_CLEAR(repl_to);
+
+    stp = &SUG(sug.su_ga, selected - 1);
+    if (sug.su_badlen > stp->st_orglen) {
+      // Replacing less than "su_badlen", append the remainder to
+      // repl_to.
+      repl_from = vim_strnsave(sug.su_badptr, (size_t)sug.su_badlen);
+      vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, "%s%.*s", stp->st_word,
+                   sug.su_badlen - stp->st_orglen,
+                   sug.su_badptr + stp->st_orglen);
+      repl_to = vim_strsave(IObuff);
+    } else {
+      // Replacing su_badlen or more, use the whole word.
+      repl_from = vim_strnsave(sug.su_badptr, (size_t)stp->st_orglen);
+      repl_to = vim_strsave(stp->st_word);
+    }
+
+    // Replace the word.
+    p = xmalloc(STRLEN(line) - (size_t)stp->st_orglen + (size_t)stp->st_wordlen + 1);
+    c = (int)(sug.su_badptr - line);
+    memmove(p, line, (size_t)c);
+    STRCPY(p + c, stp->st_word);
+    STRCAT(p, sug.su_badptr + stp->st_orglen);
+
+    // For redo we use a change-word command.
+    ResetRedobuff();
+    AppendToRedobuff("ciw");
+    AppendToRedobuffLit((char *)p + c,
+                        stp->st_wordlen + sug.su_badlen - stp->st_orglen);
+    AppendCharToRedobuff(ESC);
+
+    // "p" may be freed here
+    ml_replace(curwin->w_cursor.lnum, (char *)p, false);
+    curwin->w_cursor.col = c;
+
+    inserted_bytes(curwin->w_cursor.lnum, c, stp->st_orglen, stp->st_wordlen);
+  } else {
+    curwin->w_cursor = prev_cursor;
+  }
+
+  spell_find_cleanup(&sug);
+  xfree(line);
+  curwin->w_p_spell = wo_spell_save;
+}
+
+/// Find spell suggestions for "word".  Return them in the growarray "*gap" as
+/// a list of allocated strings.
+///
+/// @param maxcount  maximum nr of suggestions
+/// @param need_cap  'spellcapcheck' matched
+void spell_suggest_list(garray_T *gap, char_u *word, int maxcount, bool need_cap, bool interactive)
+{
+  suginfo_T sug;
+  suggest_T *stp;
+  char_u *wcopy;
+
+  spell_find_suggest(word, 0, &sug, maxcount, false, need_cap, interactive);
+
+  // Make room in "gap".
+  ga_init(gap, sizeof(char_u *), sug.su_ga.ga_len + 1);
+  ga_grow(gap, sug.su_ga.ga_len);
+  for (int i = 0; i < sug.su_ga.ga_len; i++) {
+    stp = &SUG(sug.su_ga, i);
+
+    // The suggested word may replace only part of "word", add the not
+    // replaced part.
+    wcopy = xmalloc((size_t)stp->st_wordlen + STRLEN(sug.su_badptr + stp->st_orglen) + 1);
+    STRCPY(wcopy, stp->st_word);
+    STRCPY(wcopy + stp->st_wordlen, sug.su_badptr + stp->st_orglen);
+    ((char_u **)gap->ga_data)[gap->ga_len++] = wcopy;
+  }
+
+  spell_find_cleanup(&sug);
+}
+
+/// Find spell suggestions for the word at the start of "badptr".
+/// Return the suggestions in "su->su_ga".
+/// The maximum number of suggestions is "maxcount".
+/// Note: does use info for the current window.
+/// This is based on the mechanisms of Aspell, but completely reimplemented.
+///
+/// @param badlen  length of bad word or 0 if unknown
+/// @param banbadword  don't include badword in suggestions
+/// @param need_cap  word should start with capital
+static void spell_find_suggest(char_u *badptr, int badlen, suginfo_T *su, int maxcount,
+                               bool banbadword, bool need_cap, bool interactive)
+{
+  hlf_T attr = HLF_COUNT;
+  char_u buf[MAXPATHL];
+  char *p;
+  bool do_combine = false;
+  char_u *sps_copy;
+  static bool expr_busy = false;
+  int c;
+  langp_T *lp;
+  bool did_intern = false;
+
+  // Set the info in "*su".
+  CLEAR_POINTER(su);
+  ga_init(&su->su_ga, (int)sizeof(suggest_T), 10);
+  ga_init(&su->su_sga, (int)sizeof(suggest_T), 10);
+  if (*badptr == NUL) {
+    return;
+  }
+  hash_init(&su->su_banned);
+
+  su->su_badptr = badptr;
+  if (badlen != 0) {
+    su->su_badlen = badlen;
+  } else {
+    size_t tmplen = spell_check(curwin, su->su_badptr, &attr, NULL, false);
+    assert(tmplen <= INT_MAX);
+    su->su_badlen = (int)tmplen;
+  }
+  su->su_maxcount = maxcount;
+  su->su_maxscore = SCORE_MAXINIT;
+
+  if (su->su_badlen >= MAXWLEN) {
+    su->su_badlen = MAXWLEN - 1;        // just in case
+  }
+  STRLCPY(su->su_badword, su->su_badptr, su->su_badlen + 1);
+  (void)spell_casefold(curwin, su->su_badptr, su->su_badlen, su->su_fbadword,
+                       MAXWLEN);
+
+  // TODO(vim): make this work if the case-folded text is longer than the
+  // original text. Currently an illegal byte causes wrong pointer
+  // computations.
+  su->su_fbadword[su->su_badlen] = NUL;
+
+  // get caps flags for bad word
+  su->su_badflags = badword_captype(su->su_badptr,
+                                    su->su_badptr + su->su_badlen);
+  if (need_cap) {
+    su->su_badflags |= WF_ONECAP;
+  }
+
+  // Find the default language for sound folding.  We simply use the first
+  // one in 'spelllang' that supports sound folding.  That's good for when
+  // using multiple files for one language, it's not that bad when mixing
+  // languages (e.g., "pl,en").
+  for (int i = 0; i < curbuf->b_s.b_langp.ga_len; i++) {
+    lp = LANGP_ENTRY(curbuf->b_s.b_langp, i);
+    if (lp->lp_sallang != NULL) {
+      su->su_sallang = lp->lp_sallang;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Soundfold the bad word with the default sound folding, so that we don't
+  // have to do this many times.
+  if (su->su_sallang != NULL) {
+    spell_soundfold(su->su_sallang, su->su_fbadword, true,
+                    su->su_sal_badword);
+  }
+
+  // If the word is not capitalised and spell_check() doesn't consider the
+  // word to be bad then it might need to be capitalised.  Add a suggestion
+  // for that.
+  c = utf_ptr2char((char *)su->su_badptr);
+  if (!SPELL_ISUPPER(c) && attr == HLF_COUNT) {
+    make_case_word(su->su_badword, buf, WF_ONECAP);
+    add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, buf, su->su_badlen, SCORE_ICASE,
+                   0, true, su->su_sallang, false);
+  }
+
+  // Ban the bad word itself.  It may appear in another region.
+  if (banbadword) {
+    add_banned(su, su->su_badword);
+  }
+
+  // Make a copy of 'spellsuggest', because the expression may change it.
+  sps_copy = vim_strsave(p_sps);
+
+  // Loop over the items in 'spellsuggest'.
+  for (p = (char *)sps_copy; *p != NUL;) {
+    copy_option_part(&p, (char *)buf, MAXPATHL, ",");
+
+    if (STRNCMP(buf, "expr:", 5) == 0) {
+      // Evaluate an expression.  Skip this when called recursively,
+      // when using spellsuggest() in the expression.
+      if (!expr_busy) {
+        expr_busy = true;
+        spell_suggest_expr(su, buf + 5);
+        expr_busy = false;
+      }
+    } else if (STRNCMP(buf, "file:", 5) == 0) {
+      // Use list of suggestions in a file.
+      spell_suggest_file(su, buf + 5);
+    } else if (STRNCMP(buf, "timeout:", 8) == 0) {
+      // Limit the time searching for suggestions.
+      spell_suggest_timeout = atol((char *)buf + 8);
+    } else if (!did_intern) {
+      // Use internal method once.
+      spell_suggest_intern(su, interactive);
+      if (sps_flags & SPS_DOUBLE) {
+        do_combine = true;
+      }
+      did_intern = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  xfree(sps_copy);
+
+  if (do_combine) {
+    // Combine the two list of suggestions.  This must be done last,
+    // because sorting changes the order again.
+    score_combine(su);
+  }
+}
+
+/// Find suggestions by evaluating expression "expr".
+static void spell_suggest_expr(suginfo_T *su, char_u *expr)
+{
+  int score;
+  const char *p;
+
+  // The work is split up in a few parts to avoid having to export
+  // suginfo_T.
+  // First evaluate the expression and get the resulting list.
+  list_T *const list = eval_spell_expr((char *)su->su_badword, (char *)expr);
+  if (list != NULL) {
+    // Loop over the items in the list.
+    TV_LIST_ITER(list, li, {
+      if (TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li)->v_type == VAR_LIST) {
+        // Get the word and the score from the items.
+        score = get_spellword(TV_LIST_ITEM_TV(li)->vval.v_list, &p);
+        if (score >= 0 && score <= su->su_maxscore) {
+          add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, (const char_u *)p, su->su_badlen,
+                         score, 0, true, su->su_sallang, false);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    tv_list_unref(list);
+  }
+
+  // Remove bogus suggestions, sort and truncate at "maxcount".
+  check_suggestions(su, &su->su_ga);
+  (void)cleanup_suggestions(&su->su_ga, su->su_maxscore, su->su_maxcount);
+}
+
+/// Find suggestions in file "fname".  Used for "file:" in 'spellsuggest'.
+static void spell_suggest_file(suginfo_T *su, char_u *fname)
+{
+  FILE *fd;
+  char_u line[MAXWLEN * 2];
+  char_u *p;
+  int len;
+  char_u cword[MAXWLEN];
+
+  // Open the file.
+  fd = os_fopen((char *)fname, "r");
+  if (fd == NULL) {
+    semsg(_(e_notopen), fname);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Read it line by line.
+  while (!vim_fgets(line, MAXWLEN * 2, fd) && !got_int) {
+    line_breakcheck();
+
+    p = (char_u *)vim_strchr((char *)line, '/');
+    if (p == NULL) {
+      continue;             // No Tab found, just skip the line.
+    }
+    *p++ = NUL;
+    if (STRICMP(su->su_badword, line) == 0) {
+      // Match!  Isolate the good word, until CR or NL.
+      for (len = 0; p[len] >= ' '; len++) {}
+      p[len] = NUL;
+
+      // If the suggestion doesn't have specific case duplicate the case
+      // of the bad word.
+      if (captype(p, NULL) == 0) {
+        make_case_word(p, cword, su->su_badflags);
+        p = cword;
+      }
+
+      add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, p, su->su_badlen,
+                     SCORE_FILE, 0, true, su->su_sallang, false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  fclose(fd);
+
+  // Remove bogus suggestions, sort and truncate at "maxcount".
+  check_suggestions(su, &su->su_ga);
+  (void)cleanup_suggestions(&su->su_ga, su->su_maxscore, su->su_maxcount);
+}
+
+/// Find suggestions for the internal method indicated by "sps_flags".
+static void spell_suggest_intern(suginfo_T *su, bool interactive)
+{
+  // Load the .sug file(s) that are available and not done yet.
+  suggest_load_files();
+
+  // 1. Try special cases, such as repeating a word: "the the" -> "the".
+  //
+  // Set a maximum score to limit the combination of operations that is
+  // tried.
+  suggest_try_special(su);
+
+  // 2. Try inserting/deleting/swapping/changing a letter, use REP entries
+  //    from the .aff file and inserting a space (split the word).
+  suggest_try_change(su);
+
+  // For the resulting top-scorers compute the sound-a-like score.
+  if (sps_flags & SPS_DOUBLE) {
+    score_comp_sal(su);
+  }
+
+  // 3. Try finding sound-a-like words.
+  if ((sps_flags & SPS_FAST) == 0) {
+    if (sps_flags & SPS_BEST) {
+      // Adjust the word score for the suggestions found so far for how
+      // they sounds like.
+      rescore_suggestions(su);
+    }
+
+    // While going through the soundfold tree "su_maxscore" is the score
+    // for the soundfold word, limits the changes that are being tried,
+    // and "su_sfmaxscore" the rescored score, which is set by
+    // cleanup_suggestions().
+    // First find words with a small edit distance, because this is much
+    // faster and often already finds the top-N suggestions.  If we didn't
+    // find many suggestions try again with a higher edit distance.
+    // "sl_sounddone" is used to avoid doing the same word twice.
+    suggest_try_soundalike_prep();
+    su->su_maxscore = SCORE_SFMAX1;
+    su->su_sfmaxscore = SCORE_MAXINIT * 3;
+    suggest_try_soundalike(su);
+    if (su->su_ga.ga_len < SUG_CLEAN_COUNT(su)) {
+      // We didn't find enough matches, try again, allowing more
+      // changes to the soundfold word.
+      su->su_maxscore = SCORE_SFMAX2;
+      suggest_try_soundalike(su);
+      if (su->su_ga.ga_len < SUG_CLEAN_COUNT(su)) {
+        // Still didn't find enough matches, try again, allowing even
+        // more changes to the soundfold word.
+        su->su_maxscore = SCORE_SFMAX3;
+        suggest_try_soundalike(su);
+      }
+    }
+    su->su_maxscore = su->su_sfmaxscore;
+    suggest_try_soundalike_finish();
+  }
+
+  // When CTRL-C was hit while searching do show the results.  Only clear
+  // got_int when using a command, not for spellsuggest().
+  os_breakcheck();
+  if (interactive && got_int) {
+    (void)vgetc();
+    got_int = false;
+  }
+
+  if ((sps_flags & SPS_DOUBLE) == 0 && su->su_ga.ga_len != 0) {
+    if (sps_flags & SPS_BEST) {
+      // Adjust the word score for how it sounds like.
+      rescore_suggestions(su);
+    }
+
+    // Remove bogus suggestions, sort and truncate at "maxcount".
+    check_suggestions(su, &su->su_ga);
+    (void)cleanup_suggestions(&su->su_ga, su->su_maxscore, su->su_maxcount);
+  }
+}
+
+/// Free the info put in "*su" by spell_find_suggest().
+static void spell_find_cleanup(suginfo_T *su)
+{
+#define FREE_SUG_WORD(sug) xfree((sug)->st_word)
+  // Free the suggestions.
+  GA_DEEP_CLEAR(&su->su_ga, suggest_T, FREE_SUG_WORD);
+  GA_DEEP_CLEAR(&su->su_sga, suggest_T, FREE_SUG_WORD);
+
+  // Free the banned words.
+  hash_clear_all(&su->su_banned, 0);
+}
+
+/// Try finding suggestions by recognizing specific situations.
+static void suggest_try_special(suginfo_T *su)
+{
+  int c;
+  char_u word[MAXWLEN];
+
+  // Recognize a word that is repeated: "the the".
+  char_u *p = skiptowhite(su->su_fbadword);
+  size_t len = (size_t)(p - su->su_fbadword);
+  p = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)p);
+  if (STRLEN(p) == len && STRNCMP(su->su_fbadword, p, len) == 0) {
+    // Include badflags: if the badword is onecap or allcap
+    // use that for the goodword too: "The the" -> "The".
+    c = su->su_fbadword[len];
+    su->su_fbadword[len] = NUL;
+    make_case_word(su->su_fbadword, word, su->su_badflags);
+    su->su_fbadword[len] = (char_u)c;
+
+    // Give a soundalike score of 0, compute the score as if deleting one
+    // character.
+    add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, word, su->su_badlen,
+                   RESCORE(SCORE_REP, 0), 0, true, su->su_sallang, false);
+  }
+}
+
+// Measure how much time is spent in each state.
+// Output is dumped in "suggestprof".
+
+#ifdef SUGGEST_PROFILE
+proftime_T current;
+proftime_T total;
+proftime_T times[STATE_FINAL + 1];
+long counts[STATE_FINAL + 1];
+
+static void prof_init(void)
+{
+  for (int i = 0; i <= STATE_FINAL; i++) {
+    profile_zero(&times[i]);
+    counts[i] = 0;
+  }
+  profile_start(&current);
+  profile_start(&total);
+}
+
+/// call before changing state
+static void prof_store(state_T state)
+{
+  profile_end(&current);
+  profile_add(&times[state], &current);
+  counts[state]++;
+  profile_start(&current);
+}
+# define PROF_STORE(state) prof_store(state);
+
+static void prof_report(char *name)
+{
+  FILE *fd = fopen("suggestprof", "a");
+
+  profile_end(&total);
+  fprintf(fd, "-----------------------\n");
+  fprintf(fd, "%s: %s\n", name, profile_msg(&total));
+  for (int i = 0; i <= STATE_FINAL; i++) {
+    fprintf(fd, "%d: %s ("%" PRId64)\n", i, profile_msg(&times[i]), counts[i]);
+  }
+  fclose(fd);
+}
+#else
+# define PROF_STORE(state)
+#endif
+
+/// Try finding suggestions by adding/removing/swapping letters.
+static void suggest_try_change(suginfo_T *su)
+{
+  char_u fword[MAXWLEN];            // copy of the bad word, case-folded
+  int n;
+  char_u *p;
+  langp_T *lp;
+
+  // We make a copy of the case-folded bad word, so that we can modify it
+  // to find matches (esp. REP items).  Append some more text, changing
+  // chars after the bad word may help.
+  STRCPY(fword, su->su_fbadword);
+  n = (int)STRLEN(fword);
+  p = su->su_badptr + su->su_badlen;
+  (void)spell_casefold(curwin, p, (int)STRLEN(p), fword + n, MAXWLEN - n);
+
+  // Make sure the resulting text is not longer than the original text.
+  n = (int)STRLEN(su->su_badptr);
+  if (n < MAXWLEN) {
+    fword[n] = NUL;
+  }
+
+  for (int lpi = 0; lpi < curwin->w_s->b_langp.ga_len; lpi++) {
+    lp = LANGP_ENTRY(curwin->w_s->b_langp, lpi);
+
+    // If reloading a spell file fails it's still in the list but
+    // everything has been cleared.
+    if (lp->lp_slang->sl_fbyts == NULL) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // Try it for this language.  Will add possible suggestions.
+#ifdef SUGGEST_PROFILE
+    prof_init();
+#endif
+    suggest_trie_walk(su, lp, fword, false);
+#ifdef SUGGEST_PROFILE
+    prof_report("try_change");
+#endif
+  }
+}
+
+// Check the maximum score, if we go over it we won't try this change.
+#define TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, add) \
+  ((depth) < MAXWLEN - 1 && (stack)[depth].ts_score + (add) < (su)->su_maxscore)
+
+/// Try finding suggestions by adding/removing/swapping letters.
+///
+/// This uses a state machine.  At each node in the tree we try various
+/// operations.  When trying if an operation works "depth" is increased and the
+/// stack[] is used to store info.  This allows combinations, thus insert one
+/// character, replace one and delete another.  The number of changes is
+/// limited by su->su_maxscore.
+///
+/// After implementing this I noticed an article by Kemal Oflazer that
+/// describes something similar: "Error-tolerant Finite State Recognition with
+/// Applications to Morphological Analysis and Spelling Correction" (1996).
+/// The implementation in the article is simplified and requires a stack of
+/// unknown depth.  The implementation here only needs a stack depth equal to
+/// the length of the word.
+///
+/// This is also used for the sound-folded word, "soundfold" is true then.
+/// The mechanism is the same, but we find a match with a sound-folded word
+/// that comes from one or more original words.  Each of these words may be
+/// added, this is done by add_sound_suggest().
+/// Don't use:
+///      the prefix tree or the keep-case tree
+///      "su->su_badlen"
+///      anything to do with upper and lower case
+///      anything to do with word or non-word characters ("spell_iswordp()")
+///      banned words
+///      word flags (rare, region, compounding)
+///      word splitting for now
+///      "similar_chars()"
+///      use "slang->sl_repsal" instead of "lp->lp_replang->sl_rep"
+static void suggest_trie_walk(suginfo_T *su, langp_T *lp, char_u *fword, bool soundfold)
+{
+  char_u tword[MAXWLEN];            // good word collected so far
+  trystate_T stack[MAXWLEN];
+  char_u preword[MAXWLEN * 3] = { 0 };  // word found with proper case;
+  // concatenation of prefix compound
+  // words and split word.  NUL terminated
+  // when going deeper but not when coming
+  // back.
+  char_u compflags[MAXWLEN];        // compound flags, one for each word
+  trystate_T *sp;
+  int newscore;
+  int score;
+  char_u *byts, *fbyts, *pbyts;
+  idx_T *idxs, *fidxs, *pidxs;
+  int depth;
+  int c, c2, c3;
+  int n = 0;
+  int flags;
+  garray_T *gap;
+  idx_T arridx;
+  int len;
+  char_u *p;
+  fromto_T *ftp;
+  int fl = 0, tl;
+  int repextra = 0;                 // extra bytes in fword[] from REP item
+  slang_T *slang = lp->lp_slang;
+  int fword_ends;
+  bool goodword_ends;
+#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
+  // Stores the name of the change made at each level.
+  char_u changename[MAXWLEN][80];
+#endif
+  int breakcheckcount = 1000;
+  bool compound_ok;
+
+  // Go through the whole case-fold tree, try changes at each node.
+  // "tword[]" contains the word collected from nodes in the tree.
+  // "fword[]" the word we are trying to match with (initially the bad
+  // word).
+  depth = 0;
+  sp = &stack[0];
+  CLEAR_POINTER(sp);  // -V1068
+  sp->ts_curi = 1;
+
+  if (soundfold) {
+    // Going through the soundfold tree.
+    byts = fbyts = slang->sl_sbyts;
+    idxs = fidxs = slang->sl_sidxs;
+    pbyts = NULL;
+    pidxs = NULL;
+    sp->ts_prefixdepth = PFD_NOPREFIX;
+    sp->ts_state = STATE_START;
+  } else {
+    // When there are postponed prefixes we need to use these first.  At
+    // the end of the prefix we continue in the case-fold tree.
+    fbyts = slang->sl_fbyts;
+    fidxs = slang->sl_fidxs;
+    pbyts = slang->sl_pbyts;
+    pidxs = slang->sl_pidxs;
+    if (pbyts != NULL) {
+      byts = pbyts;
+      idxs = pidxs;
+      sp->ts_prefixdepth = PFD_PREFIXTREE;
+      sp->ts_state = STATE_NOPREFIX;            // try without prefix first
+    } else {
+      byts = fbyts;
+      idxs = fidxs;
+      sp->ts_prefixdepth = PFD_NOPREFIX;
+      sp->ts_state = STATE_START;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The loop may take an indefinite amount of time. Break out after some
+  // time.
+  proftime_T time_limit;
+  if (spell_suggest_timeout > 0) {
+    time_limit = profile_setlimit(spell_suggest_timeout);
+  }
+
+  // Loop to find all suggestions.  At each round we either:
+  // - For the current state try one operation, advance "ts_curi",
+  //   increase "depth".
+  // - When a state is done go to the next, set "ts_state".
+  // - When all states are tried decrease "depth".
+  while (depth >= 0 && !got_int) {
+    sp = &stack[depth];
+    switch (sp->ts_state) {
+    case STATE_START:
+    case STATE_NOPREFIX:
+      // Start of node: Deal with NUL bytes, which means
+      // tword[] may end here.
+      arridx = sp->ts_arridx;               // current node in the tree
+      len = byts[arridx];                   // bytes in this node
+      arridx += sp->ts_curi;                // index of current byte
+
+      if (sp->ts_prefixdepth == PFD_PREFIXTREE) {
+        // Skip over the NUL bytes, we use them later.
+        for (n = 0; n < len && byts[arridx + n] == 0; n++) {}
+        sp->ts_curi = (int16_t)(sp->ts_curi + n);
+
+        // Always past NUL bytes now.
+        n = (int)sp->ts_state;
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_ENDNUL;
+        sp->ts_save_badflags = (char_u)su->su_badflags;
+
+        // At end of a prefix or at start of prefixtree: check for
+        // following word.
+        if (depth < MAXWLEN - 1 && (byts[arridx] == 0 || n == STATE_NOPREFIX)) {
+          // Set su->su_badflags to the caps type at this position.
+          // Use the caps type until here for the prefix itself.
+          n = nofold_len(fword, sp->ts_fidx, su->su_badptr);
+          flags = badword_captype(su->su_badptr, su->su_badptr + n);
+          su->su_badflags = badword_captype(su->su_badptr + n,
+                                            su->su_badptr + su->su_badlen);
+#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
+          sprintf(changename[depth], "prefix");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
+#endif
+          go_deeper(stack, depth, 0);
+          depth++;
+          sp = &stack[depth];
+          sp->ts_prefixdepth = (char_u)(depth - 1);
+          byts = fbyts;
+          idxs = fidxs;
+          sp->ts_arridx = 0;
+
+          // Move the prefix to preword[] with the right case
+          // and make find_keepcap_word() works.
+          tword[sp->ts_twordlen] = NUL;
+          make_case_word(tword + sp->ts_splitoff,
+                         preword + sp->ts_prewordlen, flags);
+          sp->ts_prewordlen = (char_u)STRLEN(preword);
+          sp->ts_splitoff = sp->ts_twordlen;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      if (sp->ts_curi > len || byts[arridx] != 0) {
+        // Past bytes in node and/or past NUL bytes.
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_ENDNUL;
+        sp->ts_save_badflags = (char_u)su->su_badflags;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // End of word in tree.
+      sp->ts_curi++;                    // eat one NUL byte
+
+      flags = (int)idxs[arridx];
+
+      // Skip words with the NOSUGGEST flag.
+      if (flags & WF_NOSUGGEST) {
+        break;
+      }
+
+      fword_ends = (fword[sp->ts_fidx] == NUL
+                    || (soundfold
+                        ? ascii_iswhite(fword[sp->ts_fidx])
+                        : !spell_iswordp(fword + sp->ts_fidx, curwin)));
+      tword[sp->ts_twordlen] = NUL;
+
+      if (sp->ts_prefixdepth <= PFD_NOTSPECIAL
+          && (sp->ts_flags & TSF_PREFIXOK) == 0
+          && pbyts != NULL) {
+        // There was a prefix before the word.  Check that the prefix
+        // can be used with this word.
+        // Count the length of the NULs in the prefix.  If there are
+        // none this must be the first try without a prefix.
+        n = stack[sp->ts_prefixdepth].ts_arridx;
+        len = pbyts[n++];
+        for (c = 0; c < len && pbyts[n + c] == 0; c++) {}
+        if (c > 0) {
+          c = valid_word_prefix(c, n, flags,
+                                tword + sp->ts_splitoff, slang, false);
+          if (c == 0) {
+            break;
+          }
+
+          // Use the WF_RARE flag for a rare prefix.
+          if (c & WF_RAREPFX) {
+            flags |= WF_RARE;
+          }
+
+          // Tricky: when checking for both prefix and compounding
+          // we run into the prefix flag first.
+          // Remember that it's OK, so that we accept the prefix
+          // when arriving at a compound flag.
+          sp->ts_flags |= TSF_PREFIXOK;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Check NEEDCOMPOUND: can't use word without compounding.  Do try
+      // appending another compound word below.
+      if (sp->ts_complen == sp->ts_compsplit && fword_ends
+          && (flags & WF_NEEDCOMP)) {
+        goodword_ends = false;
+      } else {
+        goodword_ends = true;
+      }
+
+      p = NULL;
+      compound_ok = true;
+      if (sp->ts_complen > sp->ts_compsplit) {
+        if (slang->sl_nobreak) {
+          // There was a word before this word.  When there was no
+          // change in this word (it was correct) add the first word
+          // as a suggestion.  If this word was corrected too, we
+          // need to check if a correct word follows.
+          if (sp->ts_fidx - sp->ts_splitfidx
+              == sp->ts_twordlen - sp->ts_splitoff
+              && STRNCMP(fword + sp->ts_splitfidx,
+                         tword + sp->ts_splitoff,
+                         sp->ts_fidx - sp->ts_splitfidx) == 0) {
+            preword[sp->ts_prewordlen] = NUL;
+            newscore = score_wordcount_adj(slang, sp->ts_score,
+                                           preword + sp->ts_prewordlen,
+                                           sp->ts_prewordlen > 0);
+            // Add the suggestion if the score isn't too bad.
+            if (newscore <= su->su_maxscore) {
+              add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, preword,
+                             sp->ts_splitfidx - repextra,
+                             newscore, 0, false,
+                             lp->lp_sallang, false);
+            }
+            break;
+          }
+        } else {
+          // There was a compound word before this word.  If this
+          // word does not support compounding then give up
+          // (splitting is tried for the word without compound
+          // flag).
+          if (((unsigned)flags >> 24) == 0
+              || sp->ts_twordlen - sp->ts_splitoff
+              < slang->sl_compminlen) {
+            break;
+          }
+          // For multi-byte chars check character length against
+          // COMPOUNDMIN.
+          if (slang->sl_compminlen > 0
+              && mb_charlen(tword + sp->ts_splitoff)
+              < slang->sl_compminlen) {
+            break;
+          }
+
+          compflags[sp->ts_complen] = (char_u)((unsigned)flags >> 24);
+          compflags[sp->ts_complen + 1] = NUL;
+          STRLCPY(preword + sp->ts_prewordlen,
+                  tword + sp->ts_splitoff,
+                  sp->ts_twordlen - sp->ts_splitoff + 1);
+
+          // Verify CHECKCOMPOUNDPATTERN  rules.
+          if (match_checkcompoundpattern(preword,  sp->ts_prewordlen,
+                                         &slang->sl_comppat)) {
+            compound_ok = false;
+          }
+
+          if (compound_ok) {
+            p = preword;
+            while (*skiptowhite(p) != NUL) {
+              p = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)skiptowhite(p));
+            }
+            if (fword_ends && !can_compound(slang, p,
+                                            compflags + sp->ts_compsplit)) {
+              // Compound is not allowed.  But it may still be
+              // possible if we add another (short) word.
+              compound_ok = false;
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Get pointer to last char of previous word.
+          p = preword + sp->ts_prewordlen;
+          MB_PTR_BACK(preword, p);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Form the word with proper case in preword.
+      // If there is a word from a previous split, append.
+      // For the soundfold tree don't change the case, simply append.
+      if (soundfold) {
+        STRCPY(preword + sp->ts_prewordlen, tword + sp->ts_splitoff);
+      } else if (flags & WF_KEEPCAP) {
+        // Must find the word in the keep-case tree.
+        find_keepcap_word(slang, tword + sp->ts_splitoff,
+                          preword + sp->ts_prewordlen);
+      } else {
+        // Include badflags: If the badword is onecap or allcap
+        // use that for the goodword too.  But if the badword is
+        // allcap and it's only one char long use onecap.
+        c = su->su_badflags;
+        if ((c & WF_ALLCAP)
+            && su->su_badlen ==
+            utfc_ptr2len((char *)su->su_badptr)) {
+          c = WF_ONECAP;
+        }
+        c |= flags;
+
+        // When appending a compound word after a word character don't
+        // use Onecap.
+        if (p != NULL && spell_iswordp_nmw(p, curwin)) {
+          c &= ~WF_ONECAP;
+        }
+        make_case_word(tword + sp->ts_splitoff,
+                       preword + sp->ts_prewordlen, c);
+      }
+
+      if (!soundfold) {
+        // Don't use a banned word.  It may appear again as a good
+        // word, thus remember it.
+        if (flags & WF_BANNED) {
+          add_banned(su, preword + sp->ts_prewordlen);
+          break;
+        }
+        if ((sp->ts_complen == sp->ts_compsplit
+             && WAS_BANNED(su, (char *)preword + sp->ts_prewordlen))
+            || WAS_BANNED(su, (char *)preword)) {
+          if (slang->sl_compprog == NULL) {
+            break;
+          }
+          // the word so far was banned but we may try compounding
+          goodword_ends = false;
+        }
+      }
+
+      newscore = 0;
+      if (!soundfold) {         // soundfold words don't have flags
+        if ((flags & WF_REGION)
+            && (((unsigned)flags >> 16) & (unsigned)lp->lp_region) == 0) {
+          newscore += SCORE_REGION;
+        }
+        if (flags & WF_RARE) {
+          newscore += SCORE_RARE;
+        }
+
+        if (!spell_valid_case(su->su_badflags,
+                              captype(preword + sp->ts_prewordlen, NULL))) {
+          newscore += SCORE_ICASE;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // TODO(vim): how about splitting in the soundfold tree?
+      if (fword_ends
+          && goodword_ends
+          && sp->ts_fidx >= sp->ts_fidxtry
+          && compound_ok) {
+        // The badword also ends: add suggestions.
+#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
+        if (soundfold && STRCMP(preword, "smwrd") == 0) {
+          int j;
+
+          // print the stack of changes that brought us here
+          smsg("------ %s -------", fword);
+          for (j = 0; j < depth; j++) {
+            smsg("%s", changename[j]);
+          }
+        }
+#endif
+        if (soundfold) {
+          // For soundfolded words we need to find the original
+          // words, the edit distance and then add them.
+          add_sound_suggest(su, preword, sp->ts_score, lp);
+        } else if (sp->ts_fidx > 0) {
+          // Give a penalty when changing non-word char to word
+          // char, e.g., "thes," -> "these".
+          p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
+          MB_PTR_BACK(fword, p);
+          if (!spell_iswordp(p, curwin) && *preword != NUL) {
+            p = preword + STRLEN(preword);
+            MB_PTR_BACK(preword, p);
+            if (spell_iswordp(p, curwin)) {
+              newscore += SCORE_NONWORD;
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Give a bonus to words seen before.
+          score = score_wordcount_adj(slang,
+                                      sp->ts_score + newscore,
+                                      preword + sp->ts_prewordlen,
+                                      sp->ts_prewordlen > 0);
+
+          // Add the suggestion if the score isn't too bad.
+          if (score <= su->su_maxscore) {
+            add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, preword,
+                           sp->ts_fidx - repextra,
+                           score, 0, false, lp->lp_sallang, false);
+
+            if (su->su_badflags & WF_MIXCAP) {
+              // We really don't know if the word should be
+              // upper or lower case, add both.
+              c = captype(preword, NULL);
+              if (c == 0 || c == WF_ALLCAP) {
+                make_case_word(tword + sp->ts_splitoff,
+                               preword + sp->ts_prewordlen,
+                               c == 0 ? WF_ALLCAP : 0);
+
+                add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, preword,
+                               sp->ts_fidx - repextra,
+                               score + SCORE_ICASE, 0, false,
+                               lp->lp_sallang, false);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Try word split and/or compounding.
+      if ((sp->ts_fidx >= sp->ts_fidxtry || fword_ends)
+          // Don't split in the middle of a character
+          && (sp->ts_tcharlen == 0)) {
+        bool try_compound;
+        int try_split;
+
+        // If past the end of the bad word don't try a split.
+        // Otherwise try changing the next word.  E.g., find
+        // suggestions for "the the" where the second "the" is
+        // different.  It's done like a split.
+        // TODO(vim): word split for soundfold words
+        try_split = (sp->ts_fidx - repextra < su->su_badlen)
+                    && !soundfold;
+
+        // Get here in several situations:
+        // 1. The word in the tree ends:
+        //    If the word allows compounding try that.  Otherwise try
+        //    a split by inserting a space.  For both check that a
+        //    valid words starts at fword[sp->ts_fidx].
+        //    For NOBREAK do like compounding to be able to check if
+        //    the next word is valid.
+        // 2. The badword does end, but it was due to a change (e.g.,
+        //    a swap).  No need to split, but do check that the
+        //    following word is valid.
+        // 3. The badword and the word in the tree end.  It may still
+        //    be possible to compound another (short) word.
+        try_compound = false;
+        if (!soundfold
+            && !slang->sl_nocompoundsugs
+            && slang->sl_compprog != NULL
+            && ((unsigned)flags >> 24) != 0
+            && sp->ts_twordlen - sp->ts_splitoff
+            >= slang->sl_compminlen
+            && (slang->sl_compminlen == 0
+                || mb_charlen(tword + sp->ts_splitoff)
+                >= slang->sl_compminlen)
+            && (slang->sl_compsylmax < MAXWLEN
+                || sp->ts_complen + 1 - sp->ts_compsplit
+                < slang->sl_compmax)
+            && (can_be_compound(sp, slang, compflags, (int)((unsigned)flags >> 24)))) {
+          try_compound = true;
+          compflags[sp->ts_complen] = (char_u)((unsigned)flags >> 24);
+          compflags[sp->ts_complen + 1] = NUL;
+        }
+
+        // For NOBREAK we never try splitting, it won't make any word
+        // valid.
+        if (slang->sl_nobreak && !slang->sl_nocompoundsugs) {
+          try_compound = true;
+        } else if (!fword_ends
+                   && try_compound
+                   && (sp->ts_flags & TSF_DIDSPLIT) == 0) {
+          // If we could add a compound word, and it's also possible to
+          // split at this point, do the split first and set
+          // TSF_DIDSPLIT to avoid doing it again.
+          try_compound = false;
+          sp->ts_flags |= TSF_DIDSPLIT;
+          sp->ts_curi--;                    // do the same NUL again
+          compflags[sp->ts_complen] = NUL;
+        } else {
+          sp->ts_flags &= (char_u) ~TSF_DIDSPLIT;
+        }
+
+        if (try_split || try_compound) {
+          if (!try_compound && (!fword_ends || !goodword_ends)) {
+            // If we're going to split need to check that the
+            // words so far are valid for compounding.  If there
+            // is only one word it must not have the NEEDCOMPOUND
+            // flag.
+            if (sp->ts_complen == sp->ts_compsplit
+                && (flags & WF_NEEDCOMP)) {
+              break;
+            }
+            p = preword;
+            while (*skiptowhite(p) != NUL) {
+              p = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)skiptowhite(p));
+            }
+            if (sp->ts_complen > sp->ts_compsplit
+                && !can_compound(slang, p,
+                                 compflags + sp->ts_compsplit)) {
+              break;
+            }
+
+            if (slang->sl_nosplitsugs) {
+              newscore += SCORE_SPLIT_NO;
+            } else {
+              newscore += SCORE_SPLIT;
+            }
+
+            // Give a bonus to words seen before.
+            newscore = score_wordcount_adj(slang, newscore,
+                                           preword + sp->ts_prewordlen, true);
+          }
+
+          if (TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, newscore)) {
+            go_deeper(stack, depth, newscore);
+#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
+            if (!try_compound && !fword_ends) {
+              sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: split",  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
+                      sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx);
+            } else {
+              sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: compound",  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
+                      sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx);
+            }
+#endif
+            // Save things to be restored at STATE_SPLITUNDO.
+            sp->ts_save_badflags = (char_u)su->su_badflags;
+            PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+            sp->ts_state = STATE_SPLITUNDO;
+
+            depth++;
+            sp = &stack[depth];
+
+            // Append a space to preword when splitting.
+            if (!try_compound && !fword_ends) {
+              STRCAT(preword, " ");
+            }
+            sp->ts_prewordlen = (char_u)STRLEN(preword);
+            sp->ts_splitoff = sp->ts_twordlen;
+            sp->ts_splitfidx = sp->ts_fidx;
+
+            // If the badword has a non-word character at this
+            // position skip it.  That means replacing the
+            // non-word character with a space.  Always skip a
+            // character when the word ends.  But only when the
+            // good word can end.
+            if (((!try_compound && !spell_iswordp_nmw(fword
+                                                      + sp->ts_fidx,
+                                                      curwin))
+                 || fword_ends)
+                && fword[sp->ts_fidx] != NUL
+                && goodword_ends) {
+              int l;
+
+              l = utfc_ptr2len((char *)fword + sp->ts_fidx);
+              if (fword_ends) {
+                // Copy the skipped character to preword.
+                memmove(preword + sp->ts_prewordlen, fword + sp->ts_fidx, (size_t)l);
+                sp->ts_prewordlen = (char_u)(sp->ts_prewordlen + l);
+                preword[sp->ts_prewordlen] = NUL;
+              } else {
+                sp->ts_score -= SCORE_SPLIT - SCORE_SUBST;
+              }
+              sp->ts_fidx = (char_u)(sp->ts_fidx + l);
+            }
+
+            // When compounding include compound flag in
+            // compflags[] (already set above).  When splitting we
+            // may start compounding over again.
+            if (try_compound) {
+              sp->ts_complen++;
+            } else {
+              sp->ts_compsplit = sp->ts_complen;
+            }
+            sp->ts_prefixdepth = PFD_NOPREFIX;
+
+            // set su->su_badflags to the caps type at this
+            // position
+            n = nofold_len(fword, sp->ts_fidx, su->su_badptr);
+            su->su_badflags = badword_captype(su->su_badptr + n,
+                                              su->su_badptr + su->su_badlen);
+
+            // Restart at top of the tree.
+            sp->ts_arridx = 0;
+
+            // If there are postponed prefixes, try these too.
+            if (pbyts != NULL) {
+              byts = pbyts;
+              idxs = pidxs;
+              sp->ts_prefixdepth = PFD_PREFIXTREE;
+              PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+              sp->ts_state = STATE_NOPREFIX;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case STATE_SPLITUNDO:
+      // Undo the changes done for word split or compound word.
+      su->su_badflags = sp->ts_save_badflags;
+
+      // Continue looking for NUL bytes.
+      PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+      sp->ts_state = STATE_START;
+
+      // In case we went into the prefix tree.
+      byts = fbyts;
+      idxs = fidxs;
+      break;
+
+    case STATE_ENDNUL:
+      // Past the NUL bytes in the node.
+      su->su_badflags = sp->ts_save_badflags;
+      if (fword[sp->ts_fidx] == NUL
+          && sp->ts_tcharlen == 0) {
+        // The badword ends, can't use STATE_PLAIN.
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_DEL;
+        break;
+      }
+      PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+      sp->ts_state = STATE_PLAIN;
+      FALLTHROUGH;
+
+    case STATE_PLAIN:
+      // Go over all possible bytes at this node, add each to tword[]
+      // and use child node.  "ts_curi" is the index.
+      arridx = sp->ts_arridx;
+      if (sp->ts_curi > byts[arridx]) {
+        // Done all bytes at this node, do next state.  When still at
+        // already changed bytes skip the other tricks.
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        if (sp->ts_fidx >= sp->ts_fidxtry) {
+          sp->ts_state = STATE_DEL;
+        } else {
+          sp->ts_state = STATE_FINAL;
+        }
+      } else {
+        arridx += sp->ts_curi++;
+        c = byts[arridx];
+
+        // Normal byte, go one level deeper.  If it's not equal to the
+        // byte in the bad word adjust the score.  But don't even try
+        // when the byte was already changed.  And don't try when we
+        // just deleted this byte, accepting it is always cheaper than
+        // delete + substitute.
+        if (c == fword[sp->ts_fidx]
+            || (sp->ts_tcharlen > 0
+                && sp->ts_isdiff != DIFF_NONE)) {
+          newscore = 0;
+        } else {
+          newscore = SCORE_SUBST;
+        }
+        if ((newscore == 0
+             || (sp->ts_fidx >= sp->ts_fidxtry
+                 && ((sp->ts_flags & TSF_DIDDEL) == 0
+                     || c != fword[sp->ts_delidx])))
+            && TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, newscore)) {
+          go_deeper(stack, depth, newscore);
+#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
+          if (newscore > 0) {
+            sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: subst %c to %c",  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
+                    sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
+                    fword[sp->ts_fidx], c);
+          } else {
+            sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: accept %c",  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
+                    sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
+                    fword[sp->ts_fidx]);
+          }
+#endif
+          depth++;
+          sp = &stack[depth];
+          if (fword[sp->ts_fidx] != NUL) {
+            sp->ts_fidx++;
+          }
+          tword[sp->ts_twordlen++] = (char_u)c;
+          sp->ts_arridx = idxs[arridx];
+          if (newscore == SCORE_SUBST) {
+            sp->ts_isdiff = DIFF_YES;
+          }
+          // Multi-byte characters are a bit complicated to
+          // handle: They differ when any of the bytes differ
+          // and then their length may also differ.
+          if (sp->ts_tcharlen == 0) {
+            // First byte.
+            sp->ts_tcharidx = 0;
+            sp->ts_tcharlen = MB_BYTE2LEN(c);
+            sp->ts_fcharstart = (char_u)(sp->ts_fidx - 1);
+            sp->ts_isdiff = (newscore != 0)
+                            ? DIFF_YES : DIFF_NONE;
+          } else if (sp->ts_isdiff == DIFF_INSERT && sp->ts_fidx > 0) {
+            // When inserting trail bytes don't advance in the
+            // bad word.
+            sp->ts_fidx--;
+          }
+          if (++sp->ts_tcharidx == sp->ts_tcharlen) {
+            // Last byte of character.
+            if (sp->ts_isdiff == DIFF_YES) {
+              // Correct ts_fidx for the byte length of the
+              // character (we didn't check that before).
+              sp->ts_fidx = (char_u)(sp->ts_fcharstart
+                                     + utfc_ptr2len((char *)fword + sp->ts_fcharstart));
+
+              // For changing a composing character adjust
+              // the score from SCORE_SUBST to
+              // SCORE_SUBCOMP.
+              if (utf_iscomposing(utf_ptr2char((char *)tword + sp->ts_twordlen
+                                               - sp->ts_tcharlen))
+                  && utf_iscomposing(utf_ptr2char((char *)fword
+                                                  + sp->ts_fcharstart))) {
+                sp->ts_score -= SCORE_SUBST - SCORE_SUBCOMP;
+              } else if (!soundfold
+                         && slang->sl_has_map
+                         && similar_chars(slang,
+                                          utf_ptr2char((char *)tword + sp->ts_twordlen -
+                                                       sp->ts_tcharlen),
+                                          utf_ptr2char((char *)fword + sp->ts_fcharstart))) {
+                // For a similar character adjust score from
+                // SCORE_SUBST to SCORE_SIMILAR.
+                sp->ts_score -= SCORE_SUBST - SCORE_SIMILAR;
+              }
+            } else if (sp->ts_isdiff == DIFF_INSERT
+                       && sp->ts_twordlen > sp->ts_tcharlen) {
+              p = tword + sp->ts_twordlen - sp->ts_tcharlen;
+              c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p);
+              if (utf_iscomposing(c)) {
+                // Inserting a composing char doesn't
+                // count that much.
+                sp->ts_score -= SCORE_INS - SCORE_INSCOMP;
+              } else {
+                // If the previous character was the same,
+                // thus doubling a character, give a bonus
+                // to the score.  Also for the soundfold
+                // tree (might seem illogical but does
+                // give better scores).
+                MB_PTR_BACK(tword, p);
+                if (c == utf_ptr2char((char *)p)) {
+                  sp->ts_score -= SCORE_INS - SCORE_INSDUP;
+                }
+              }
+            }
+
+            // Starting a new char, reset the length.
+            sp->ts_tcharlen = 0;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case STATE_DEL:
+      // When past the first byte of a multi-byte char don't try
+      // delete/insert/swap a character.
+      if (sp->ts_tcharlen > 0) {
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_FINAL;
+        break;
+      }
+      // Try skipping one character in the bad word (delete it).
+      PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+      sp->ts_state = STATE_INS_PREP;
+      sp->ts_curi = 1;
+      if (soundfold && sp->ts_fidx == 0 && fword[sp->ts_fidx] == '*') {
+        // Deleting a vowel at the start of a word counts less, see
+        // soundalike_score().
+        newscore = 2 * SCORE_DEL / 3;
+      } else {
+        newscore = SCORE_DEL;
+      }
+      if (fword[sp->ts_fidx] != NUL
+          && TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, newscore)) {
+        go_deeper(stack, depth, newscore);
+#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
+        sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: delete %c",  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
+                sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
+                fword[sp->ts_fidx]);
+#endif
+        depth++;
+
+        // Remember what character we deleted, so that we can avoid
+        // inserting it again.
+        stack[depth].ts_flags |= TSF_DIDDEL;
+        stack[depth].ts_delidx = sp->ts_fidx;
+
+        // Advance over the character in fword[].  Give a bonus to the
+        // score if the same character is following "nn" -> "n".  It's
+        // a bit illogical for soundfold tree but it does give better
+        // results.
+        c = utf_ptr2char((char *)fword + sp->ts_fidx);
+        stack[depth].ts_fidx =
+          (char_u)(stack[depth].ts_fidx + utfc_ptr2len((char *)fword + sp->ts_fidx));
+        if (utf_iscomposing(c)) {
+          stack[depth].ts_score -= SCORE_DEL - SCORE_DELCOMP;
+        } else if (c == utf_ptr2char((char *)fword + stack[depth].ts_fidx)) {
+          stack[depth].ts_score -= SCORE_DEL - SCORE_DELDUP;
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+      FALLTHROUGH;
+
+    case STATE_INS_PREP:
+      if (sp->ts_flags & TSF_DIDDEL) {
+        // If we just deleted a byte then inserting won't make sense,
+        // a substitute is always cheaper.
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_SWAP;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // skip over NUL bytes
+      n = sp->ts_arridx;
+      for (;;) {
+        if (sp->ts_curi > byts[n]) {
+          // Only NUL bytes at this node, go to next state.
+          PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+          sp->ts_state = STATE_SWAP;
+          break;
+        }
+        if (byts[n + sp->ts_curi] != NUL) {
+          // Found a byte to insert.
+          PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+          sp->ts_state = STATE_INS;
+          break;
+        }
+        sp->ts_curi++;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case STATE_INS:
+      // Insert one byte.  Repeat this for each possible byte at this
+      // node.
+      n = sp->ts_arridx;
+      if (sp->ts_curi > byts[n]) {
+        // Done all bytes at this node, go to next state.
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_SWAP;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // Do one more byte at this node, but:
+      // - Skip NUL bytes.
+      // - Skip the byte if it's equal to the byte in the word,
+      //   accepting that byte is always better.
+      n += sp->ts_curi++;
+      c = byts[n];
+      if (soundfold && sp->ts_twordlen == 0 && c == '*') {
+        // Inserting a vowel at the start of a word counts less,
+        // see soundalike_score().
+        newscore = 2 * SCORE_INS / 3;
+      } else {
+        newscore = SCORE_INS;
+      }
+      if (c != fword[sp->ts_fidx]
+          && TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, newscore)) {
+        go_deeper(stack, depth, newscore);
+#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
+        sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: insert %c",  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
+                sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
+                c);
+#endif
+        depth++;
+        sp = &stack[depth];
+        tword[sp->ts_twordlen++] = (char_u)c;
+        sp->ts_arridx = idxs[n];
+        fl = MB_BYTE2LEN(c);
+        if (fl > 1) {
+          // There are following bytes for the same character.
+          // We must find all bytes before trying
+          // delete/insert/swap/etc.
+          sp->ts_tcharlen = (char_u)fl;
+          sp->ts_tcharidx = 1;
+          sp->ts_isdiff = DIFF_INSERT;
+        }
+        if (fl == 1) {
+          // If the previous character was the same, thus doubling a
+          // character, give a bonus to the score.  Also for
+          // soundfold words (illogical but does give a better
+          // score).
+          if (sp->ts_twordlen >= 2
+              && tword[sp->ts_twordlen - 2] == c) {
+            sp->ts_score -= SCORE_INS - SCORE_INSDUP;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case STATE_SWAP:
+      // Swap two bytes in the bad word: "12" -> "21".
+      // We change "fword" here, it's changed back afterwards at
+      // STATE_UNSWAP.
+      p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
+      c = *p;
+      if (c == NUL) {
+        // End of word, can't swap or replace.
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_FINAL;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // Don't swap if the first character is not a word character.
+      // SWAP3 etc. also don't make sense then.
+      if (!soundfold && !spell_iswordp(p, curwin)) {
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_INI;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      n = utf_ptr2len((char *)p);
+      c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p);
+      if (p[n] == NUL) {
+        c2 = NUL;
+      } else if (!soundfold && !spell_iswordp(p + n, curwin)) {
+        c2 = c;  // don't swap non-word char
+      } else {
+        c2 = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + n);
+      }
+
+      // When the second character is NUL we can't swap.
+      if (c2 == NUL) {
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_INI;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // When characters are identical, swap won't do anything.
+      // Also get here if the second char is not a word character.
+      if (c == c2) {
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_SWAP3;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, SCORE_SWAP)) {
+        go_deeper(stack, depth, SCORE_SWAP);
+#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
+        snprintf(changename[depth], sizeof(changename[0]),
+                 "%.*s-%s: swap %c and %c",
+                 sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
+                 c, c2);
+#endif
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_UNSWAP;
+        depth++;
+        fl = utf_char2len(c2);
+        memmove(p, p + n, (size_t)fl);
+        utf_char2bytes(c, (char *)p + fl);
+        stack[depth].ts_fidxtry = (char_u)(sp->ts_fidx + n + fl);
+      } else {
+        // If this swap doesn't work then SWAP3 won't either.
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_INI;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case STATE_UNSWAP:
+      // Undo the STATE_SWAP swap: "21" -> "12".
+      p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
+      n = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p);
+      c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + n);
+      memmove(p + utfc_ptr2len((char *)p + n), p, (size_t)n);
+      utf_char2bytes(c, (char *)p);
+
+      FALLTHROUGH;
+
+    case STATE_SWAP3:
+      // Swap two bytes, skipping one: "123" -> "321".  We change
+      // "fword" here, it's changed back afterwards at STATE_UNSWAP3.
+      p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
+      n = utf_ptr2len((char *)p);
+      c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p);
+      fl = utf_ptr2len((char *)p + n);
+      c2 = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + n);
+      if (!soundfold && !spell_iswordp(p + n + fl, curwin)) {
+        c3 = c;  // don't swap non-word char
+      } else {
+        c3 = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + n + fl);
+      }
+
+      // When characters are identical: "121" then SWAP3 result is
+      // identical, ROT3L result is same as SWAP: "211", ROT3L result is
+      // same as SWAP on next char: "112".  Thus skip all swapping.
+      // Also skip when c3 is NUL.
+      // Also get here when the third character is not a word character.
+      // Second character may any char: "a.b" -> "b.a"
+      if (c == c3 || c3 == NUL) {
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_INI;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, SCORE_SWAP3)) {
+        go_deeper(stack, depth, SCORE_SWAP3);
+#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
+        sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: swap3 %c and %c",  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
+                sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
+                c, c3);
+#endif
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_UNSWAP3;
+        depth++;
+        tl = utf_char2len(c3);
+        memmove(p, p + n + fl, (size_t)tl);
+        utf_char2bytes(c2, (char *)p + tl);
+        utf_char2bytes(c, (char *)p + fl + tl);
+        stack[depth].ts_fidxtry = (char_u)(sp->ts_fidx + n + fl + tl);
+      } else {
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_INI;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case STATE_UNSWAP3:
+      // Undo STATE_SWAP3: "321" -> "123"
+      p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
+      n = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p);
+      c2 = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + n);
+      fl = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p + n);
+      c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + n + fl);
+      tl = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p + n + fl);
+      memmove(p + fl + tl, p, (size_t)n);
+      utf_char2bytes(c, (char *)p);
+      utf_char2bytes(c2, (char *)p + tl);
+      p = p + tl;
+
+      if (!soundfold && !spell_iswordp(p, curwin)) {
+        // Middle char is not a word char, skip the rotate.  First and
+        // third char were already checked at swap and swap3.
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_INI;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // Rotate three characters left: "123" -> "231".  We change
+      // "fword" here, it's changed back afterwards at STATE_UNROT3L.
+      if (TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, SCORE_SWAP3)) {
+        go_deeper(stack, depth, SCORE_SWAP3);
+#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
+        p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
+        sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: rotate left %c%c%c",  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
+                sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
+                p[0], p[1], p[2]);
+#endif
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_UNROT3L;
+        depth++;
+        p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
+        n = utf_ptr2len((char *)p);
+        c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p);
+        fl = utf_ptr2len((char *)p + n);
+        fl += utf_ptr2len((char *)p + n + fl);
+        memmove(p, p + n, (size_t)fl);
+        utf_char2bytes(c, (char *)p + fl);
+        stack[depth].ts_fidxtry = (char_u)(sp->ts_fidx + n + fl);
+      } else {
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_INI;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case STATE_UNROT3L:
+      // Undo ROT3L: "231" -> "123"
+      p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
+      n = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p);
+      n += utfc_ptr2len((char *)p + n);
+      c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + n);
+      tl = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p + n);
+      memmove(p + tl, p, (size_t)n);
+      utf_char2bytes(c, (char *)p);
+
+      // Rotate three bytes right: "123" -> "312".  We change "fword"
+      // here, it's changed back afterwards at STATE_UNROT3R.
+      if (TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, SCORE_SWAP3)) {
+        go_deeper(stack, depth, SCORE_SWAP3);
+#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
+        p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
+        sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: rotate right %c%c%c",  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
+                sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
+                p[0], p[1], p[2]);
+#endif
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_UNROT3R;
+        depth++;
+        p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
+        n = utf_ptr2len((char *)p);
+        n += utf_ptr2len((char *)p + n);
+        c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p + n);
+        tl = utf_ptr2len((char *)p + n);
+        memmove(p + tl, p, (size_t)n);
+        utf_char2bytes(c, (char *)p);
+        stack[depth].ts_fidxtry = (char_u)(sp->ts_fidx + n + tl);
+      } else {
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_INI;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case STATE_UNROT3R:
+      // Undo ROT3R: "312" -> "123"
+      p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
+      c = utf_ptr2char((char *)p);
+      tl = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p);
+      n = utfc_ptr2len((char *)p + tl);
+      n += utfc_ptr2len((char *)p + tl + n);
+      memmove(p, p + tl, (size_t)n);
+      utf_char2bytes(c, (char *)p + n);
+
+      FALLTHROUGH;
+
+    case STATE_REP_INI:
+      // Check if matching with REP items from the .aff file would work.
+      // Quickly skip if:
+      // - there are no REP items and we are not in the soundfold trie
+      // - the score is going to be too high anyway
+      // - already applied a REP item or swapped here
+      if ((lp->lp_replang == NULL && !soundfold)
+          || sp->ts_score + SCORE_REP >= su->su_maxscore
+          || sp->ts_fidx < sp->ts_fidxtry) {
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_FINAL;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // Use the first byte to quickly find the first entry that may
+      // match.  If the index is -1 there is none.
+      if (soundfold) {
+        sp->ts_curi = slang->sl_repsal_first[fword[sp->ts_fidx]];
+      } else {
+        sp->ts_curi = lp->lp_replang->sl_rep_first[fword[sp->ts_fidx]];
+      }
+
+      if (sp->ts_curi < 0) {
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_FINAL;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+      sp->ts_state = STATE_REP;
+      FALLTHROUGH;
+
+    case STATE_REP:
+      // Try matching with REP items from the .aff file.  For each match
+      // replace the characters and check if the resulting word is
+      // valid.
+      p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
+
+      if (soundfold) {
+        gap = &slang->sl_repsal;
+      } else {
+        gap = &lp->lp_replang->sl_rep;
+      }
+      while (sp->ts_curi < gap->ga_len) {
+        ftp = (fromto_T *)gap->ga_data + sp->ts_curi++;
+        if (*ftp->ft_from != *p) {
+          // past possible matching entries
+          sp->ts_curi = (char_u)gap->ga_len;
+          break;
+        }
+        if (STRNCMP(ftp->ft_from, p, STRLEN(ftp->ft_from)) == 0
+            && TRY_DEEPER(su, stack, depth, SCORE_REP)) {
+          go_deeper(stack, depth, SCORE_REP);
+#ifdef DEBUG_TRIEWALK
+          sprintf(changename[depth], "%.*s-%s: replace %s with %s",  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
+                  sp->ts_twordlen, tword, fword + sp->ts_fidx,
+                  ftp->ft_from, ftp->ft_to);
+#endif
+          // Need to undo this afterwards.
+          PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+          sp->ts_state = STATE_REP_UNDO;
+
+          // Change the "from" to the "to" string.
+          depth++;
+          fl = (int)STRLEN(ftp->ft_from);
+          tl = (int)STRLEN(ftp->ft_to);
+          if (fl != tl) {
+            STRMOVE(p + tl, p + fl);
+            repextra += tl - fl;
+          }
+          memmove(p, ftp->ft_to, (size_t)tl);
+          stack[depth].ts_fidxtry = (char_u)(sp->ts_fidx + tl);
+          stack[depth].ts_tcharlen = 0;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (sp->ts_curi >= gap->ga_len && sp->ts_state == STATE_REP) {
+        // No (more) matches.
+        PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+        sp->ts_state = STATE_FINAL;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case STATE_REP_UNDO:
+      // Undo a REP replacement and continue with the next one.
+      if (soundfold) {
+        gap = &slang->sl_repsal;
+      } else {
+        gap = &lp->lp_replang->sl_rep;
+      }
+      ftp = (fromto_T *)gap->ga_data + sp->ts_curi - 1;
+      fl = (int)STRLEN(ftp->ft_from);
+      tl = (int)STRLEN(ftp->ft_to);
+      p = fword + sp->ts_fidx;
+      if (fl != tl) {
+        STRMOVE(p + fl, p + tl);
+        repextra -= tl - fl;
+      }
+      memmove(p, ftp->ft_from, (size_t)fl);
+      PROF_STORE(sp->ts_state)
+      sp->ts_state = STATE_REP;
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      // Did all possible states at this level, go up one level.
+      depth--;
+
+      if (depth >= 0 && stack[depth].ts_prefixdepth == PFD_PREFIXTREE) {
+        // Continue in or go back to the prefix tree.
+        byts = pbyts;
+        idxs = pidxs;
+      }
+
+      // Don't check for CTRL-C too often, it takes time.
+      if (--breakcheckcount == 0) {
+        os_breakcheck();
+        breakcheckcount = 1000;
+        if (spell_suggest_timeout > 0 && profile_passed_limit(time_limit)) {
+          got_int = true;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Go one level deeper in the tree.
+static void go_deeper(trystate_T *stack, int depth, int score_add)
+{
+  stack[depth + 1] = stack[depth];
+  stack[depth + 1].ts_state = STATE_START;
+  stack[depth + 1].ts_score = stack[depth].ts_score + score_add;
+  stack[depth + 1].ts_curi = 1;         // start just after length byte
+  stack[depth + 1].ts_flags = 0;
+}
+
+/// "fword" is a good word with case folded.  Find the matching keep-case
+/// words and put it in "kword".
+/// Theoretically there could be several keep-case words that result in the
+/// same case-folded word, but we only find one...
+static void find_keepcap_word(slang_T *slang, char_u *fword, char_u *kword)
+{
+  char_u uword[MAXWLEN];                // "fword" in upper-case
+  int depth;
+  idx_T tryidx;
+
+  // The following arrays are used at each depth in the tree.
+  idx_T arridx[MAXWLEN];
+  int round[MAXWLEN];
+  int fwordidx[MAXWLEN];
+  int uwordidx[MAXWLEN];
+  int kwordlen[MAXWLEN];
+
+  int flen, ulen;
+  int l;
+  int len;
+  int c;
+  idx_T lo, hi, m;
+  char_u *p;
+  char_u *byts = slang->sl_kbyts;      // array with bytes of the words
+  idx_T *idxs = slang->sl_kidxs;      // array with indexes
+
+  if (byts == NULL) {
+    // array is empty: "cannot happen"
+    *kword = NUL;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Make an all-cap version of "fword".
+  allcap_copy(fword, uword);
+
+  // Each character needs to be tried both case-folded and upper-case.
+  // All this gets very complicated if we keep in mind that changing case
+  // may change the byte length of a multi-byte character...
+  depth = 0;
+  arridx[0] = 0;
+  round[0] = 0;
+  fwordidx[0] = 0;
+  uwordidx[0] = 0;
+  kwordlen[0] = 0;
+  while (depth >= 0) {
+    if (fword[fwordidx[depth]] == NUL) {
+      // We are at the end of "fword".  If the tree allows a word to end
+      // here we have found a match.
+      if (byts[arridx[depth] + 1] == 0) {
+        kword[kwordlen[depth]] = NUL;
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // kword is getting too long, continue one level up
+      depth--;
+    } else if (++round[depth] > 2) {
+      // tried both fold-case and upper-case character, continue one
+      // level up
+      depth--;
+    } else {
+      // round[depth] == 1: Try using the folded-case character.
+      // round[depth] == 2: Try using the upper-case character.
+      flen = utf_ptr2len((char *)fword + fwordidx[depth]);
+      ulen = utf_ptr2len((char *)uword + uwordidx[depth]);
+      if (round[depth] == 1) {
+        p = fword + fwordidx[depth];
+        l = flen;
+      } else {
+        p = uword + uwordidx[depth];
+        l = ulen;
+      }
+
+      for (tryidx = arridx[depth]; l > 0; l--) {
+        // Perform a binary search in the list of accepted bytes.
+        len = byts[tryidx++];
+        c = *p++;
+        lo = tryidx;
+        hi = tryidx + len - 1;
+        while (lo < hi) {
+          m = (lo + hi) / 2;
+          if (byts[m] > c) {
+            hi = m - 1;
+          } else if (byts[m] < c) {
+            lo = m + 1;
+          } else {
+            lo = hi = m;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Stop if there is no matching byte.
+        if (hi < lo || byts[lo] != c) {
+          break;
+        }
+
+        // Continue at the child (if there is one).
+        tryidx = idxs[lo];
+      }
+
+      if (l == 0) {
+        // Found the matching char.  Copy it to "kword" and go a
+        // level deeper.
+        if (round[depth] == 1) {
+          STRNCPY(kword + kwordlen[depth], fword + fwordidx[depth],  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
+                  flen);
+          kwordlen[depth + 1] = kwordlen[depth] + flen;
+        } else {
+          STRNCPY(kword + kwordlen[depth], uword + uwordidx[depth],  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
+                  ulen);
+          kwordlen[depth + 1] = kwordlen[depth] + ulen;
+        }
+        fwordidx[depth + 1] = fwordidx[depth] + flen;
+        uwordidx[depth + 1] = uwordidx[depth] + ulen;
+
+        depth++;
+        arridx[depth] = tryidx;
+        round[depth] = 0;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Didn't find it: "cannot happen".
+  *kword = NUL;
+}
+
+/// Compute the sound-a-like score for suggestions in su->su_ga and add them to
+/// su->su_sga.
+static void score_comp_sal(suginfo_T *su)
+{
+  langp_T *lp;
+  char_u badsound[MAXWLEN];
+  int i;
+  suggest_T *stp;
+  suggest_T *sstp;
+  int score;
+
+  ga_grow(&su->su_sga, su->su_ga.ga_len);
+
+  // Use the sound-folding of the first language that supports it.
+  for (int lpi = 0; lpi < curwin->w_s->b_langp.ga_len; lpi++) {
+    lp = LANGP_ENTRY(curwin->w_s->b_langp, lpi);
+    if (!GA_EMPTY(&lp->lp_slang->sl_sal)) {
+      // soundfold the bad word
+      spell_soundfold(lp->lp_slang, su->su_fbadword, true, badsound);
+
+      for (i = 0; i < su->su_ga.ga_len; i++) {
+        stp = &SUG(su->su_ga, i);
+
+        // Case-fold the suggested word, sound-fold it and compute the
+        // sound-a-like score.
+        score = stp_sal_score(stp, su, lp->lp_slang, badsound);
+        if (score < SCORE_MAXMAX) {
+          // Add the suggestion.
+          sstp = &SUG(su->su_sga, su->su_sga.ga_len);
+          sstp->st_word = vim_strsave(stp->st_word);
+          sstp->st_wordlen = stp->st_wordlen;
+          sstp->st_score = score;
+          sstp->st_altscore = 0;
+          sstp->st_orglen = stp->st_orglen;
+          su->su_sga.ga_len++;
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Combine the list of suggestions in su->su_ga and su->su_sga.
+/// They are entwined.
+static void score_combine(suginfo_T *su)
+{
+  garray_T ga;
+  garray_T *gap;
+  langp_T *lp;
+  suggest_T *stp;
+  char_u *p;
+  char_u badsound[MAXWLEN];
+  int round;
+  slang_T *slang = NULL;
+
+  // Add the alternate score to su_ga.
+  for (int lpi = 0; lpi < curwin->w_s->b_langp.ga_len; lpi++) {
+    lp = LANGP_ENTRY(curwin->w_s->b_langp, lpi);
+    if (!GA_EMPTY(&lp->lp_slang->sl_sal)) {
+      // soundfold the bad word
+      slang = lp->lp_slang;
+      spell_soundfold(slang, su->su_fbadword, true, badsound);
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < su->su_ga.ga_len; i++) {
+        stp = &SUG(su->su_ga, i);
+        stp->st_altscore = stp_sal_score(stp, su, slang, badsound);
+        if (stp->st_altscore == SCORE_MAXMAX) {
+          stp->st_score = (stp->st_score * 3 + SCORE_BIG) / 4;
+        } else {
+          stp->st_score = (stp->st_score * 3 + stp->st_altscore) / 4;
+        }
+        stp->st_salscore = false;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (slang == NULL) {  // Using "double" without sound folding.
+    (void)cleanup_suggestions(&su->su_ga, su->su_maxscore,
+                              su->su_maxcount);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Add the alternate score to su_sga.
+  for (int i = 0; i < su->su_sga.ga_len; i++) {
+    stp = &SUG(su->su_sga, i);
+    stp->st_altscore = spell_edit_score(slang,
+                                        su->su_badword, stp->st_word);
+    if (stp->st_score == SCORE_MAXMAX) {
+      stp->st_score = (SCORE_BIG * 7 + stp->st_altscore) / 8;
+    } else {
+      stp->st_score = (stp->st_score * 7 + stp->st_altscore) / 8;
+    }
+    stp->st_salscore = true;
+  }
+
+  // Remove bad suggestions, sort the suggestions and truncate at "maxcount"
+  // for both lists.
+  check_suggestions(su, &su->su_ga);
+  (void)cleanup_suggestions(&su->su_ga, su->su_maxscore, su->su_maxcount);
+  check_suggestions(su, &su->su_sga);
+  (void)cleanup_suggestions(&su->su_sga, su->su_maxscore, su->su_maxcount);
+
+  ga_init(&ga, (int)sizeof(suginfo_T), 1);
+  ga_grow(&ga, su->su_ga.ga_len + su->su_sga.ga_len);
+
+  stp = &SUG(ga, 0);
+  for (int i = 0; i < su->su_ga.ga_len || i < su->su_sga.ga_len; i++) {
+    // round 1: get a suggestion from su_ga
+    // round 2: get a suggestion from su_sga
+    for (round = 1; round <= 2; round++) {
+      gap = round == 1 ? &su->su_ga : &su->su_sga;
+      if (i < gap->ga_len) {
+        // Don't add a word if it's already there.
+        p = SUG(*gap, i).st_word;
+        int j;
+        for (j = 0; j < ga.ga_len; j++) {
+          if (STRCMP(stp[j].st_word, p) == 0) {
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if (j == ga.ga_len) {
+          stp[ga.ga_len++] = SUG(*gap, i);
+        } else {
+          xfree(p);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  ga_clear(&su->su_ga);
+  ga_clear(&su->su_sga);
+
+  // Truncate the list to the number of suggestions that will be displayed.
+  if (ga.ga_len > su->su_maxcount) {
+    for (int i = su->su_maxcount; i < ga.ga_len; i++) {
+      xfree(stp[i].st_word);
+    }
+    ga.ga_len = su->su_maxcount;
+  }
+
+  su->su_ga = ga;
+}
+
+/// For the goodword in "stp" compute the soundalike score compared to the
+/// badword.
+///
+/// @param badsound  sound-folded badword
+static int stp_sal_score(suggest_T *stp, suginfo_T *su, slang_T *slang, char_u *badsound)
+{
+  char_u *p;
+  char_u *pbad;
+  char_u *pgood;
+  char_u badsound2[MAXWLEN];
+  char_u fword[MAXWLEN];
+  char_u goodsound[MAXWLEN];
+  char_u goodword[MAXWLEN];
+  int lendiff;
+
+  lendiff = su->su_badlen - stp->st_orglen;
+  if (lendiff >= 0) {
+    pbad = badsound;
+  } else {
+    // soundfold the bad word with more characters following
+    (void)spell_casefold(curwin, su->su_badptr, stp->st_orglen, fword, MAXWLEN);
+
+    // When joining two words the sound often changes a lot.  E.g., "t he"
+    // sounds like "t h" while "the" sounds like "@".  Avoid that by
+    // removing the space.  Don't do it when the good word also contains a
+    // space.
+    if (ascii_iswhite(su->su_badptr[su->su_badlen])
+        && *skiptowhite(stp->st_word) == NUL) {
+      for (p = fword; *(p = skiptowhite(p)) != NUL;) {
+        STRMOVE(p, p + 1);
+      }
+    }
+
+    spell_soundfold(slang, fword, true, badsound2);
+    pbad = badsound2;
+  }
+
+  if (lendiff > 0 && stp->st_wordlen + lendiff < MAXWLEN) {
+    // Add part of the bad word to the good word, so that we soundfold
+    // what replaces the bad word.
+    STRCPY(goodword, stp->st_word);
+    STRLCPY(goodword + stp->st_wordlen,
+            su->su_badptr + su->su_badlen - lendiff, lendiff + 1);
+    pgood = goodword;
+  } else {
+    pgood = stp->st_word;
+  }
+
+  // Sound-fold the word and compute the score for the difference.
+  spell_soundfold(slang, pgood, false, goodsound);
+
+  return soundalike_score(goodsound, pbad);
+}
+
+/// structure used to store soundfolded words that add_sound_suggest() has
+/// handled already.
+typedef struct {
+  int16_t sft_score;   ///< lowest score used
+  char_u sft_word[1];  ///< soundfolded word, actually longer
+} sftword_T;
+
+static sftword_T dumsft;
+#define HIKEY2SFT(p)  ((sftword_T *)((p) - (dumsft.sft_word - (char_u *)&dumsft)))
+#define HI2SFT(hi)     HIKEY2SFT((hi)->hi_key)
+
+/// Prepare for calling suggest_try_soundalike().
+static void suggest_try_soundalike_prep(void)
+{
+  langp_T *lp;
+  slang_T *slang;
+
+  // Do this for all languages that support sound folding and for which a
+  // .sug file has been loaded.
+  for (int lpi = 0; lpi < curwin->w_s->b_langp.ga_len; lpi++) {
+    lp = LANGP_ENTRY(curwin->w_s->b_langp, lpi);
+    slang = lp->lp_slang;
+    if (!GA_EMPTY(&slang->sl_sal) && slang->sl_sbyts != NULL) {
+      // prepare the hashtable used by add_sound_suggest()
+      hash_init(&slang->sl_sounddone);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Find suggestions by comparing the word in a sound-a-like form.
+/// Note: This doesn't support postponed prefixes.
+static void suggest_try_soundalike(suginfo_T *su)
+{
+  char_u salword[MAXWLEN];
+  langp_T *lp;
+  slang_T *slang;
+
+  // Do this for all languages that support sound folding and for which a
+  // .sug file has been loaded.
+  for (int lpi = 0; lpi < curwin->w_s->b_langp.ga_len; lpi++) {
+    lp = LANGP_ENTRY(curwin->w_s->b_langp, lpi);
+    slang = lp->lp_slang;
+    if (!GA_EMPTY(&slang->sl_sal) && slang->sl_sbyts != NULL) {
+      // soundfold the bad word
+      spell_soundfold(slang, su->su_fbadword, true, salword);
+
+      // try all kinds of inserts/deletes/swaps/etc.
+      // TODO(vim): also soundfold the next words, so that we can try joining
+      // and splitting
+#ifdef SUGGEST_PROFILE
+      prof_init();
+#endif
+      suggest_trie_walk(su, lp, salword, true);
+#ifdef SUGGEST_PROFILE
+      prof_report("soundalike");
+#endif
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Finish up after calling suggest_try_soundalike().
+static void suggest_try_soundalike_finish(void)
+{
+  langp_T *lp;
+  slang_T *slang;
+  int todo;
+  hashitem_T *hi;
+
+  // Do this for all languages that support sound folding and for which a
+  // .sug file has been loaded.
+  for (int lpi = 0; lpi < curwin->w_s->b_langp.ga_len; lpi++) {
+    lp = LANGP_ENTRY(curwin->w_s->b_langp, lpi);
+    slang = lp->lp_slang;
+    if (!GA_EMPTY(&slang->sl_sal) && slang->sl_sbyts != NULL) {
+      // Free the info about handled words.
+      todo = (int)slang->sl_sounddone.ht_used;
+      for (hi = slang->sl_sounddone.ht_array; todo > 0; hi++) {
+        if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
+          xfree(HI2SFT(hi));
+          todo--;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Clear the hashtable, it may also be used by another region.
+      hash_clear(&slang->sl_sounddone);
+      hash_init(&slang->sl_sounddone);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// A match with a soundfolded word is found.  Add the good word(s) that
+/// produce this soundfolded word.
+///
+/// @param score  soundfold score
+static void add_sound_suggest(suginfo_T *su, char_u *goodword, int score, langp_T *lp)
+{
+  slang_T *slang = lp->lp_slang;    // language for sound folding
+  int sfwordnr;
+  char_u *nrline;
+  int orgnr;
+  char_u theword[MAXWLEN];
+  int i;
+  int wlen;
+  char_u *byts;
+  idx_T *idxs;
+  int n;
+  int wordcount;
+  int wc;
+  int goodscore;
+  hash_T hash;
+  hashitem_T *hi;
+  sftword_T *sft;
+  int bc, gc;
+  int limit;
+
+  // It's very well possible that the same soundfold word is found several
+  // times with different scores.  Since the following is quite slow only do
+  // the words that have a better score than before.  Use a hashtable to
+  // remember the words that have been done.
+  hash = hash_hash(goodword);
+  const size_t goodword_len = STRLEN(goodword);
+  hi = hash_lookup(&slang->sl_sounddone, (const char *)goodword, goodword_len,
+                   hash);
+  if (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
+    sft = xmalloc(sizeof(sftword_T) + goodword_len);
+    sft->sft_score = (int16_t)score;
+    memcpy(sft->sft_word, goodword, goodword_len + 1);
+    hash_add_item(&slang->sl_sounddone, hi, sft->sft_word, hash);
+  } else {
+    sft = HI2SFT(hi);
+    if (score >= sft->sft_score) {
+      return;
+    }
+    sft->sft_score = (int16_t)score;
+  }
+
+  // Find the word nr in the soundfold tree.
+  sfwordnr = soundfold_find(slang, goodword);
+  if (sfwordnr < 0) {
+    internal_error("add_sound_suggest()");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Go over the list of good words that produce this soundfold word
+  nrline = ml_get_buf(slang->sl_sugbuf, (linenr_T)sfwordnr + 1, false);
+  orgnr = 0;
+  while (*nrline != NUL) {
+    // The wordnr was stored in a minimal nr of bytes as an offset to the
+    // previous wordnr.
+    orgnr += bytes2offset(&nrline);
+
+    byts = slang->sl_fbyts;
+    idxs = slang->sl_fidxs;
+
+    // Lookup the word "orgnr" one of the two tries.
+    n = 0;
+    wordcount = 0;
+    for (wlen = 0; wlen < MAXWLEN - 3; wlen++) {
+      i = 1;
+      if (wordcount == orgnr && byts[n + 1] == NUL) {
+        break;          // found end of word
+      }
+      if (byts[n + 1] == NUL) {
+        wordcount++;
+      }
+
+      // skip over the NUL bytes
+      for (; byts[n + i] == NUL; i++) {
+        if (i > byts[n]) {              // safety check
+          STRCPY(theword + wlen, "BAD");
+          wlen += 3;
+          goto badword;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // One of the siblings must have the word.
+      for (; i < byts[n]; i++) {
+        wc = idxs[idxs[n + i]];         // nr of words under this byte
+        if (wordcount + wc > orgnr) {
+          break;
+        }
+        wordcount += wc;
+      }
+
+      theword[wlen] = byts[n + i];
+      n = idxs[n + i];
+    }
+badword:
+    theword[wlen] = NUL;
+
+    // Go over the possible flags and regions.
+    for (; i <= byts[n] && byts[n + i] == NUL; i++) {
+      char_u cword[MAXWLEN];
+      char_u *p;
+      int flags = (int)idxs[n + i];
+
+      // Skip words with the NOSUGGEST flag
+      if (flags & WF_NOSUGGEST) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (flags & WF_KEEPCAP) {
+        // Must find the word in the keep-case tree.
+        find_keepcap_word(slang, theword, cword);
+        p = cword;
+      } else {
+        flags |= su->su_badflags;
+        if ((flags & WF_CAPMASK) != 0) {
+          // Need to fix case according to "flags".
+          make_case_word(theword, cword, flags);
+          p = cword;
+        } else {
+          p = theword;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Add the suggestion.
+      if (sps_flags & SPS_DOUBLE) {
+        // Add the suggestion if the score isn't too bad.
+        if (score <= su->su_maxscore) {
+          add_suggestion(su, &su->su_sga, p, su->su_badlen,
+                         score, 0, false, slang, false);
+        }
+      } else {
+        // Add a penalty for words in another region.
+        if ((flags & WF_REGION)
+            && (((unsigned)flags >> 16) & (unsigned)lp->lp_region) == 0) {
+          goodscore = SCORE_REGION;
+        } else {
+          goodscore = 0;
+        }
+
+        // Add a small penalty for changing the first letter from
+        // lower to upper case.  Helps for "tath" -> "Kath", which is
+        // less common than "tath" -> "path".  Don't do it when the
+        // letter is the same, that has already been counted.
+        gc = utf_ptr2char((char *)p);
+        if (SPELL_ISUPPER(gc)) {
+          bc = utf_ptr2char((char *)su->su_badword);
+          if (!SPELL_ISUPPER(bc)
+              && SPELL_TOFOLD(bc) != SPELL_TOFOLD(gc)) {
+            goodscore += SCORE_ICASE / 2;
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Compute the score for the good word.  This only does letter
+        // insert/delete/swap/replace.  REP items are not considered,
+        // which may make the score a bit higher.
+        // Use a limit for the score to make it work faster.  Use
+        // MAXSCORE(), because RESCORE() will change the score.
+        // If the limit is very high then the iterative method is
+        // inefficient, using an array is quicker.
+        limit = MAXSCORE(su->su_sfmaxscore - goodscore, score);
+        if (limit > SCORE_LIMITMAX) {
+          goodscore += spell_edit_score(slang, su->su_badword, p);
+        } else {
+          goodscore += spell_edit_score_limit(slang, su->su_badword,
+                                              p, limit);
+        }
+
+        // When going over the limit don't bother to do the rest.
+        if (goodscore < SCORE_MAXMAX) {
+          // Give a bonus to words seen before.
+          goodscore = score_wordcount_adj(slang, goodscore, p, false);
+
+          // Add the suggestion if the score isn't too bad.
+          goodscore = RESCORE(goodscore, score);
+          if (goodscore <= su->su_sfmaxscore) {
+            add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, p, su->su_badlen,
+                           goodscore, score, true, slang, true);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Find word "word" in fold-case tree for "slang" and return the word number.
+static int soundfold_find(slang_T *slang, char_u *word)
+{
+  idx_T arridx = 0;
+  int len;
+  int wlen = 0;
+  int c;
+  char_u *ptr = word;
+  char_u *byts;
+  idx_T *idxs;
+  int wordnr = 0;
+
+  byts = slang->sl_sbyts;
+  idxs = slang->sl_sidxs;
+
+  for (;;) {
+    // First byte is the number of possible bytes.
+    len = byts[arridx++];
+
+    // If the first possible byte is a zero the word could end here.
+    // If the word ends we found the word.  If not skip the NUL bytes.
+    c = ptr[wlen];
+    if (byts[arridx] == NUL) {
+      if (c == NUL) {
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // Skip over the zeros, there can be several.
+      while (len > 0 && byts[arridx] == NUL) {
+        arridx++;
+        len--;
+      }
+      if (len == 0) {
+        return -1;            // no children, word should have ended here
+      }
+      wordnr++;
+    }
+
+    // If the word ends we didn't find it.
+    if (c == NUL) {
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+    // Perform a binary search in the list of accepted bytes.
+    if (c == TAB) {         // <Tab> is handled like <Space>
+      c = ' ';
+    }
+    while (byts[arridx] < c) {
+      // The word count is in the first idxs[] entry of the child.
+      wordnr += idxs[idxs[arridx]];
+      arridx++;
+      if (--len == 0) {         // end of the bytes, didn't find it
+        return -1;
+      }
+    }
+    if (byts[arridx] != c) {    // didn't find the byte
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+    // Continue at the child (if there is one).
+    arridx = idxs[arridx];
+    wlen++;
+
+    // One space in the good word may stand for several spaces in the
+    // checked word.
+    if (c == ' ') {
+      while (ptr[wlen] == ' ' || ptr[wlen] == TAB) {
+        wlen++;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return wordnr;
+}
+
+/// Returns true if "c1" and "c2" are similar characters according to the MAP
+/// lines in the .aff file.
+static bool similar_chars(slang_T *slang, int c1, int c2)
+{
+  int m1, m2;
+  char buf[MB_MAXBYTES + 1];
+  hashitem_T *hi;
+
+  if (c1 >= 256) {
+    buf[utf_char2bytes(c1, (char *)buf)] = 0;
+    hi = hash_find(&slang->sl_map_hash, buf);
+    if (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
+      m1 = 0;
+    } else {
+      m1 = utf_ptr2char((char *)hi->hi_key + STRLEN(hi->hi_key) + 1);
+    }
+  } else {
+    m1 = slang->sl_map_array[c1];
+  }
+  if (m1 == 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (c2 >= 256) {
+    buf[utf_char2bytes(c2, (char *)buf)] = 0;
+    hi = hash_find(&slang->sl_map_hash, buf);
+    if (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
+      m2 = 0;
+    } else {
+      m2 = utf_ptr2char((char *)hi->hi_key + STRLEN(hi->hi_key) + 1);
+    }
+  } else {
+    m2 = slang->sl_map_array[c2];
+  }
+
+  return m1 == m2;
+}
+
+/// Adds a suggestion to the list of suggestions.
+/// For a suggestion that is already in the list the lowest score is remembered.
+///
+/// @param gap  either su_ga or su_sga
+/// @param badlenarg  len of bad word replaced with "goodword"
+/// @param had_bonus  value for st_had_bonus
+/// @param slang  language for sound folding
+/// @param maxsf  su_maxscore applies to soundfold score, su_sfmaxscore to the total score.
+static void add_suggestion(suginfo_T *su, garray_T *gap, const char_u *goodword, int badlenarg,
+                           int score, int altscore, bool had_bonus, slang_T *slang, bool maxsf)
+{
+  int goodlen;                  // len of goodword changed
+  int badlen;                   // len of bad word changed
+  suggest_T *stp;
+  suggest_T new_sug;
+
+  // Minimize "badlen" for consistency.  Avoids that changing "the the" to
+  // "thee the" is added next to changing the first "the" the "thee".
+  const char_u *pgood = goodword + STRLEN(goodword);
+  char_u *pbad = su->su_badptr + badlenarg;
+  for (;;) {
+    goodlen = (int)(pgood - goodword);
+    badlen = (int)(pbad - su->su_badptr);
+    if (goodlen <= 0 || badlen <= 0) {
+      break;
+    }
+    MB_PTR_BACK(goodword, pgood);
+    MB_PTR_BACK(su->su_badptr, pbad);
+    if (utf_ptr2char((char *)pgood) != utf_ptr2char((char *)pbad)) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (badlen == 0 && goodlen == 0) {
+    // goodword doesn't change anything; may happen for "the the" changing
+    // the first "the" to itself.
+    return;
+  }
+
+  int i;
+  if (GA_EMPTY(gap)) {
+    i = -1;
+  } else {
+    // Check if the word is already there.  Also check the length that is
+    // being replaced "thes," -> "these" is a different suggestion from
+    // "thes" -> "these".
+    stp = &SUG(*gap, 0);
+    for (i = gap->ga_len; --i >= 0; ++stp) {
+      if (stp->st_wordlen == goodlen
+          && stp->st_orglen == badlen
+          && STRNCMP(stp->st_word, goodword, goodlen) == 0) {
+        // Found it.  Remember the word with the lowest score.
+        if (stp->st_slang == NULL) {
+          stp->st_slang = slang;
+        }
+
+        new_sug.st_score = score;
+        new_sug.st_altscore = altscore;
+        new_sug.st_had_bonus = had_bonus;
+
+        if (stp->st_had_bonus != had_bonus) {
+          // Only one of the two had the soundalike score computed.
+          // Need to do that for the other one now, otherwise the
+          // scores can't be compared.  This happens because
+          // suggest_try_change() doesn't compute the soundalike
+          // word to keep it fast, while some special methods set
+          // the soundalike score to zero.
+          if (had_bonus) {
+            rescore_one(su, stp);
+          } else {
+            new_sug.st_word = stp->st_word;
+            new_sug.st_wordlen = stp->st_wordlen;
+            new_sug.st_slang = stp->st_slang;
+            new_sug.st_orglen = badlen;
+            rescore_one(su, &new_sug);
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (stp->st_score > new_sug.st_score) {
+          stp->st_score = new_sug.st_score;
+          stp->st_altscore = new_sug.st_altscore;
+          stp->st_had_bonus = new_sug.st_had_bonus;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (i < 0) {
+    // Add a suggestion.
+    stp = GA_APPEND_VIA_PTR(suggest_T, gap);
+    stp->st_word = vim_strnsave(goodword, (size_t)goodlen);
+    stp->st_wordlen = goodlen;
+    stp->st_score = score;
+    stp->st_altscore = altscore;
+    stp->st_had_bonus = had_bonus;
+    stp->st_orglen = badlen;
+    stp->st_slang = slang;
+
+    // If we have too many suggestions now, sort the list and keep
+    // the best suggestions.
+    if (gap->ga_len > SUG_MAX_COUNT(su)) {
+      if (maxsf) {
+        su->su_sfmaxscore = cleanup_suggestions(gap,
+                                                su->su_sfmaxscore, SUG_CLEAN_COUNT(su));
+      } else {
+        su->su_maxscore = cleanup_suggestions(gap,
+                                              su->su_maxscore, SUG_CLEAN_COUNT(su));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Suggestions may in fact be flagged as errors.  Esp. for banned words and
+/// for split words, such as "the the".  Remove these from the list here.
+///
+/// @param gap  either su_ga or su_sga
+static void check_suggestions(suginfo_T *su, garray_T *gap)
+{
+  suggest_T *stp;
+  char_u longword[MAXWLEN + 1];
+  int len;
+  hlf_T attr;
+
+  if (gap->ga_len == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+  stp = &SUG(*gap, 0);
+  for (int i = gap->ga_len - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    // Need to append what follows to check for "the the".
+    STRLCPY(longword, stp[i].st_word, MAXWLEN + 1);
+    len = stp[i].st_wordlen;
+    STRLCPY(longword + len, su->su_badptr + stp[i].st_orglen,
+            MAXWLEN - len + 1);
+    attr = HLF_COUNT;
+    (void)spell_check(curwin, longword, &attr, NULL, false);
+    if (attr != HLF_COUNT) {
+      // Remove this entry.
+      xfree(stp[i].st_word);
+      gap->ga_len--;
+      if (i < gap->ga_len) {
+        memmove(stp + i, stp + i + 1, sizeof(suggest_T) * (size_t)(gap->ga_len - i));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Add a word to be banned.
+static void add_banned(suginfo_T *su, char_u *word)
+{
+  char_u *s;
+  hash_T hash;
+  hashitem_T *hi;
+
+  hash = hash_hash(word);
+  const size_t word_len = STRLEN(word);
+  hi = hash_lookup(&su->su_banned, (const char *)word, word_len, hash);
+  if (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
+    s = xmemdupz(word, word_len);
+    hash_add_item(&su->su_banned, hi, s, hash);
+  }
+}
+
+/// Recompute the score for all suggestions if sound-folding is possible.  This
+/// is slow, thus only done for the final results.
+static void rescore_suggestions(suginfo_T *su)
+{
+  if (su->su_sallang != NULL) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < su->su_ga.ga_len; i++) {
+      rescore_one(su, &SUG(su->su_ga, i));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/// Recompute the score for one suggestion if sound-folding is possible.
+static void rescore_one(suginfo_T *su, suggest_T *stp)
+{
+  slang_T *slang = stp->st_slang;
+  char_u sal_badword[MAXWLEN];
+  char_u *p;
+
+  // Only rescore suggestions that have no sal score yet and do have a
+  // language.
+  if (slang != NULL && !GA_EMPTY(&slang->sl_sal) && !stp->st_had_bonus) {
+    if (slang == su->su_sallang) {
+      p = su->su_sal_badword;
+    } else {
+      spell_soundfold(slang, su->su_fbadword, true, sal_badword);
+      p = sal_badword;
+    }
+
+    stp->st_altscore = stp_sal_score(stp, su, slang, p);
+    if (stp->st_altscore == SCORE_MAXMAX) {
+      stp->st_altscore = SCORE_BIG;
+    }
+    stp->st_score = RESCORE(stp->st_score, stp->st_altscore);
+    stp->st_had_bonus = true;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Function given to qsort() to sort the suggestions on st_score.
+/// First on "st_score", then "st_altscore" then alphabetically.
+static int sug_compare(const void *s1, const void *s2)
+{
+  suggest_T *p1 = (suggest_T *)s1;
+  suggest_T *p2 = (suggest_T *)s2;
+  int n = p1->st_score - p2->st_score;
+
+  if (n == 0) {
+    n = p1->st_altscore - p2->st_altscore;
+    if (n == 0) {
+      n = STRICMP(p1->st_word, p2->st_word);
+    }
+  }
+  return n;
+}
+
+/// Cleanup the suggestions:
+/// - Sort on score.
+/// - Remove words that won't be displayed.
+///
+/// @param keep  nr of suggestions to keep
+///
+/// @return  the maximum score in the list or "maxscore" unmodified.
+static int cleanup_suggestions(garray_T *gap, int maxscore, int keep)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  if (gap->ga_len > 0) {
+    // Sort the list.
+    qsort(gap->ga_data, (size_t)gap->ga_len, sizeof(suggest_T), sug_compare);
+
+    // Truncate the list to the number of suggestions that will be displayed.
+    if (gap->ga_len > keep) {
+      suggest_T *const stp = &SUG(*gap, 0);
+
+      for (int i = keep; i < gap->ga_len; i++) {
+        xfree(stp[i].st_word);
+      }
+      gap->ga_len = keep;
+      if (keep >= 1) {
+        return stp[keep - 1].st_score;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return maxscore;
+}
+
+/// Compute a score for two sound-a-like words.
+/// This permits up to two inserts/deletes/swaps/etc. to keep things fast.
+/// Instead of a generic loop we write out the code.  That keeps it fast by
+/// avoiding checks that will not be possible.
+///
+/// @param goodstart  sound-folded good word
+/// @param badstart  sound-folded bad word
+static int soundalike_score(char_u *goodstart, char_u *badstart)
+{
+  char_u *goodsound = goodstart;
+  char_u *badsound = badstart;
+  int goodlen;
+  int badlen;
+  int n;
+  char_u *pl, *ps;
+  char_u *pl2, *ps2;
+  int score = 0;
+
+  // Adding/inserting "*" at the start (word starts with vowel) shouldn't be
+  // counted so much, vowels in the middle of the word aren't counted at all.
+  if ((*badsound == '*' || *goodsound == '*') && *badsound != *goodsound) {
+    if ((badsound[0] == NUL && goodsound[1] == NUL)
+        || (goodsound[0] == NUL && badsound[1] == NUL)) {
+      // changing word with vowel to word without a sound
+      return SCORE_DEL;
+    }
+    if (badsound[0] == NUL || goodsound[0] == NUL) {
+      // more than two changes
+      return SCORE_MAXMAX;
+    }
+
+    if (badsound[1] == goodsound[1]
+        || (badsound[1] != NUL
+            && goodsound[1] != NUL
+            && badsound[2] == goodsound[2])) {
+      // handle like a substitute
+    } else {
+      score = 2 * SCORE_DEL / 3;
+      if (*badsound == '*') {
+        badsound++;
+      } else {
+        goodsound++;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  goodlen = (int)STRLEN(goodsound);
+  badlen = (int)STRLEN(badsound);
+
+  // Return quickly if the lengths are too different to be fixed by two
+  // changes.
+  n = goodlen - badlen;
+  if (n < -2 || n > 2) {
+    return SCORE_MAXMAX;
+  }
+
+  if (n > 0) {
+    pl = goodsound;         // goodsound is longest
+    ps = badsound;
+  } else {
+    pl = badsound;          // badsound is longest
+    ps = goodsound;
+  }
+
+  // Skip over the identical part.
+  while (*pl == *ps && *pl != NUL) {
+    pl++;
+    ps++;
+  }
+
+  switch (n) {
+  case -2:
+  case 2:
+    // Must delete two characters from "pl".
+    pl++;               // first delete
+    while (*pl == *ps) {
+      pl++;
+      ps++;
+    }
+    // strings must be equal after second delete
+    if (STRCMP(pl + 1, ps) == 0) {
+      return score + SCORE_DEL * 2;
+    }
+
+    // Failed to compare.
+    break;
+
+  case -1:
+  case 1:
+    // Minimal one delete from "pl" required.
+
+    // 1: delete
+    pl2 = pl + 1;
+    ps2 = ps;
+    while (*pl2 == *ps2) {
+      if (*pl2 == NUL) {                // reached the end
+        return score + SCORE_DEL;
+      }
+      pl2++;
+      ps2++;
+    }
+
+    // 2: delete then swap, then rest must be equal
+    if (pl2[0] == ps2[1] && pl2[1] == ps2[0]
+        && STRCMP(pl2 + 2, ps2 + 2) == 0) {
+      return score + SCORE_DEL + SCORE_SWAP;
+    }
+
+    // 3: delete then substitute, then the rest must be equal
+    if (STRCMP(pl2 + 1, ps2 + 1) == 0) {
+      return score + SCORE_DEL + SCORE_SUBST;
+    }
+
+    // 4: first swap then delete
+    if (pl[0] == ps[1] && pl[1] == ps[0]) {
+      pl2 = pl + 2;                 // swap, skip two chars
+      ps2 = ps + 2;
+      while (*pl2 == *ps2) {
+        pl2++;
+        ps2++;
+      }
+      // delete a char and then strings must be equal
+      if (STRCMP(pl2 + 1, ps2) == 0) {
+        return score + SCORE_SWAP + SCORE_DEL;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // 5: first substitute then delete
+    pl2 = pl + 1;                   // substitute, skip one char
+    ps2 = ps + 1;
+    while (*pl2 == *ps2) {
+      pl2++;
+      ps2++;
+    }
+    // delete a char and then strings must be equal
+    if (STRCMP(pl2 + 1, ps2) == 0) {
+      return score + SCORE_SUBST + SCORE_DEL;
+    }
+
+    // Failed to compare.
+    break;
+
+  case 0:
+    // Lengths are equal, thus changes must result in same length: An
+    // insert is only possible in combination with a delete.
+    // 1: check if for identical strings
+    if (*pl == NUL) {
+      return score;
+    }
+
+    // 2: swap
+    if (pl[0] == ps[1] && pl[1] == ps[0]) {
+      pl2 = pl + 2;                 // swap, skip two chars
+      ps2 = ps + 2;
+      while (*pl2 == *ps2) {
+        if (*pl2 == NUL) {              // reached the end
+          return score + SCORE_SWAP;
+        }
+        pl2++;
+        ps2++;
+      }
+      // 3: swap and swap again
+      if (pl2[0] == ps2[1] && pl2[1] == ps2[0]
+          && STRCMP(pl2 + 2, ps2 + 2) == 0) {
+        return score + SCORE_SWAP + SCORE_SWAP;
+      }
+
+      // 4: swap and substitute
+      if (STRCMP(pl2 + 1, ps2 + 1) == 0) {
+        return score + SCORE_SWAP + SCORE_SUBST;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // 5: substitute
+    pl2 = pl + 1;
+    ps2 = ps + 1;
+    while (*pl2 == *ps2) {
+      if (*pl2 == NUL) {                // reached the end
+        return score + SCORE_SUBST;
+      }
+      pl2++;
+      ps2++;
+    }
+
+    // 6: substitute and swap
+    if (pl2[0] == ps2[1] && pl2[1] == ps2[0]
+        && STRCMP(pl2 + 2, ps2 + 2) == 0) {
+      return score + SCORE_SUBST + SCORE_SWAP;
+    }
+
+    // 7: substitute and substitute
+    if (STRCMP(pl2 + 1, ps2 + 1) == 0) {
+      return score + SCORE_SUBST + SCORE_SUBST;
+    }
+
+    // 8: insert then delete
+    pl2 = pl;
+    ps2 = ps + 1;
+    while (*pl2 == *ps2) {
+      pl2++;
+      ps2++;
+    }
+    if (STRCMP(pl2 + 1, ps2) == 0) {
+      return score + SCORE_INS + SCORE_DEL;
+    }
+
+    // 9: delete then insert
+    pl2 = pl + 1;
+    ps2 = ps;
+    while (*pl2 == *ps2) {
+      pl2++;
+      ps2++;
+    }
+    if (STRCMP(pl2, ps2 + 1) == 0) {
+      return score + SCORE_INS + SCORE_DEL;
+    }
+
+    // Failed to compare.
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return SCORE_MAXMAX;
+}
+
+/// Compute the "edit distance" to turn "badword" into "goodword".  The less
+/// deletes/inserts/substitutes/swaps are required the lower the score.
+///
+/// The algorithm is described by Du and Chang, 1992.
+/// The implementation of the algorithm comes from Aspell editdist.cpp,
+/// edit_distance().  It has been converted from C++ to C and modified to
+/// support multi-byte characters.
+static int spell_edit_score(slang_T *slang, char_u *badword, char_u *goodword)
+{
+  int *cnt;
+  int j, i;
+  int t;
+  int bc, gc;
+  int pbc, pgc;
+  int wbadword[MAXWLEN];
+  int wgoodword[MAXWLEN];
+
+  // Lengths with NUL.
+  int badlen;
+  int goodlen;
+  {
+    // Get the characters from the multi-byte strings and put them in an
+    // int array for easy access.
+    badlen = 0;
+    for (const char_u *p = badword; *p != NUL;) {
+      wbadword[badlen++] = mb_cptr2char_adv(&p);
+    }
+    wbadword[badlen++] = 0;
+    goodlen = 0;
+    for (const char_u *p = goodword; *p != NUL;) {
+      wgoodword[goodlen++] = mb_cptr2char_adv(&p);
+    }
+    wgoodword[goodlen++] = 0;
+  }
+
+  // We use "cnt" as an array: CNT(badword_idx, goodword_idx).
+#define CNT(a, b)   cnt[(a) + (b) * (badlen + 1)]
+  cnt = xmalloc(sizeof(int) * ((size_t)badlen + 1) * ((size_t)goodlen + 1));
+
+  CNT(0, 0) = 0;
+  for (j = 1; j <= goodlen; j++) {
+    CNT(0, j) = CNT(0, j - 1) + SCORE_INS;
+  }
+
+  for (i = 1; i <= badlen; i++) {
+    CNT(i, 0) = CNT(i - 1, 0) + SCORE_DEL;
+    for (j = 1; j <= goodlen; j++) {
+      bc = wbadword[i - 1];
+      gc = wgoodword[j - 1];
+      if (bc == gc) {
+        CNT(i, j) = CNT(i - 1, j - 1);
+      } else {
+        // Use a better score when there is only a case difference.
+        if (SPELL_TOFOLD(bc) == SPELL_TOFOLD(gc)) {
+          CNT(i, j) = SCORE_ICASE + CNT(i - 1, j - 1);
+        } else {
+          // For a similar character use SCORE_SIMILAR.
+          if (slang != NULL
+              && slang->sl_has_map
+              && similar_chars(slang, gc, bc)) {
+            CNT(i, j) = SCORE_SIMILAR + CNT(i - 1, j - 1);
+          } else {
+            CNT(i, j) = SCORE_SUBST + CNT(i - 1, j - 1);
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (i > 1 && j > 1) {
+          pbc = wbadword[i - 2];
+          pgc = wgoodword[j - 2];
+          if (bc == pgc && pbc == gc) {
+            t = SCORE_SWAP + CNT(i - 2, j - 2);
+            if (t < CNT(i, j)) {
+              CNT(i, j) = t;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        t = SCORE_DEL + CNT(i - 1, j);
+        if (t < CNT(i, j)) {
+          CNT(i, j) = t;
+        }
+        t = SCORE_INS + CNT(i, j - 1);
+        if (t < CNT(i, j)) {
+          CNT(i, j) = t;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  i = CNT(badlen - 1, goodlen - 1);
+  xfree(cnt);
+  return i;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+  int badi;
+  int goodi;
+  int score;
+} limitscore_T;
+
+/// Like spell_edit_score(), but with a limit on the score to make it faster.
+/// May return SCORE_MAXMAX when the score is higher than "limit".
+///
+/// This uses a stack for the edits still to be tried.
+/// The idea comes from Aspell leditdist.cpp.  Rewritten in C and added support
+/// for multi-byte characters.
+static int spell_edit_score_limit(slang_T *slang, char_u *badword, char_u *goodword, int limit)
+{
+  return spell_edit_score_limit_w(slang, badword, goodword, limit);
+}
+
+/// Multi-byte version of spell_edit_score_limit().
+/// Keep it in sync with the above!
+static int spell_edit_score_limit_w(slang_T *slang, char_u *badword, char_u *goodword, int limit)
+{
+  limitscore_T stack[10];               // allow for over 3 * 2 edits
+  int stackidx;
+  int bi, gi;
+  int bi2, gi2;
+  int bc, gc;
+  int score;
+  int score_off;
+  int minscore;
+  int round;
+  int wbadword[MAXWLEN];
+  int wgoodword[MAXWLEN];
+
+  // Get the characters from the multi-byte strings and put them in an
+  // int array for easy access.
+  bi = 0;
+  for (const char_u *p = badword; *p != NUL;) {
+    wbadword[bi++] = mb_cptr2char_adv(&p);
+  }
+  wbadword[bi++] = 0;
+  gi = 0;
+  for (const char_u *p = goodword; *p != NUL;) {
+    wgoodword[gi++] = mb_cptr2char_adv(&p);
+  }
+  wgoodword[gi++] = 0;
+
+  // The idea is to go from start to end over the words.  So long as
+  // characters are equal just continue, this always gives the lowest score.
+  // When there is a difference try several alternatives.  Each alternative
+  // increases "score" for the edit distance.  Some of the alternatives are
+  // pushed unto a stack and tried later, some are tried right away.  At the
+  // end of the word the score for one alternative is known.  The lowest
+  // possible score is stored in "minscore".
+  stackidx = 0;
+  bi = 0;
+  gi = 0;
+  score = 0;
+  minscore = limit + 1;
+
+  for (;;) {
+    // Skip over an equal part, score remains the same.
+    for (;;) {
+      bc = wbadword[bi];
+      gc = wgoodword[gi];
+
+      if (bc != gc) {           // stop at a char that's different
+        break;
+      }
+      if (bc == NUL) {          // both words end
+        if (score < minscore) {
+          minscore = score;
+        }
+        goto pop;               // do next alternative
+      }
+      bi++;
+      gi++;
+    }
+
+    if (gc == NUL) {      // goodword ends, delete badword chars
+      do {
+        if ((score += SCORE_DEL) >= minscore) {
+          goto pop;                 // do next alternative
+        }
+      } while (wbadword[++bi] != NUL);
+      minscore = score;
+    } else if (bc == NUL) {   // badword ends, insert badword chars
+      do {
+        if ((score += SCORE_INS) >= minscore) {
+          goto pop;                 // do next alternative
+        }
+      } while (wgoodword[++gi] != NUL);
+      minscore = score;
+    } else {                  // both words continue
+      // If not close to the limit, perform a change.  Only try changes
+      // that may lead to a lower score than "minscore".
+      // round 0: try deleting a char from badword
+      // round 1: try inserting a char in badword
+      for (round = 0; round <= 1; round++) {
+        score_off = score + (round == 0 ? SCORE_DEL : SCORE_INS);
+        if (score_off < minscore) {
+          if (score_off + SCORE_EDIT_MIN >= minscore) {
+            // Near the limit, rest of the words must match.  We
+            // can check that right now, no need to push an item
+            // onto the stack.
+            bi2 = bi + 1 - round;
+            gi2 = gi + round;
+            while (wgoodword[gi2] == wbadword[bi2]) {
+              if (wgoodword[gi2] == NUL) {
+                minscore = score_off;
+                break;
+              }
+              bi2++;
+              gi2++;
+            }
+          } else {
+            // try deleting a character from badword later
+            stack[stackidx].badi = bi + 1 - round;
+            stack[stackidx].goodi = gi + round;
+            stack[stackidx].score = score_off;
+            stackidx++;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (score + SCORE_SWAP < minscore) {
+        // If swapping two characters makes a match then the
+        // substitution is more expensive, thus there is no need to
+        // try both.
+        if (gc == wbadword[bi + 1] && bc == wgoodword[gi + 1]) {
+          // Swap two characters, that is: skip them.
+          gi += 2;
+          bi += 2;
+          score += SCORE_SWAP;
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Substitute one character for another which is the same
+      // thing as deleting a character from both goodword and badword.
+      // Use a better score when there is only a case difference.
+      if (SPELL_TOFOLD(bc) == SPELL_TOFOLD(gc)) {
+        score += SCORE_ICASE;
+      } else {
+        // For a similar character use SCORE_SIMILAR.
+        if (slang != NULL
+            && slang->sl_has_map
+            && similar_chars(slang, gc, bc)) {
+          score += SCORE_SIMILAR;
+        } else {
+          score += SCORE_SUBST;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (score < minscore) {
+        // Do the substitution.
+        gi++;
+        bi++;
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+pop:
+    // Get here to try the next alternative, pop it from the stack.
+    if (stackidx == 0) {                // stack is empty, finished
+      break;
+    }
+
+    // pop an item from the stack
+    stackidx--;
+    gi = stack[stackidx].goodi;
+    bi = stack[stackidx].badi;
+    score = stack[stackidx].score;
+  }
+
+  // When the score goes over "limit" it may actually be much higher.
+  // Return a very large number to avoid going below the limit when giving a
+  // bonus.
+  if (minscore > limit) {
+    return SCORE_MAXMAX;
+  }
+  return minscore;
+}
diff --git a/src/nvim/spellsuggest.h b/src/nvim/spellsuggest.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8813a5b3f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/spellsuggest.h
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#ifndef NVIM_SPELLSUGGEST_H
+#define NVIM_SPELLSUGGEST_H
+
+#include "nvim/garray.h"
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "spellsuggest.h.generated.h"
+#endif
+#endif  // NVIM_SPELLSUGGEST_H
diff --git a/src/nvim/state.c b/src/nvim/state.c
index d6cca71ad8..61740800a1 100644
--- a/src/nvim/state.c
+++ b/src/nvim/state.c
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/autocmd.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
@@ -15,7 +16,6 @@
 #include "nvim/option.h"
 #include "nvim/option_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
diff --git a/src/nvim/strings.c b/src/nvim/strings.c
index 22effaade0..78312c738c 100644
--- a/src/nvim/strings.c
+++ b/src/nvim/strings.c
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ char *vim_strnsave_unquoted(const char *const string, const size_t length)
 char_u *vim_strsave_shellescape(const char_u *string, bool do_special, bool do_newline)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_RET FUNC_ATTR_MALLOC FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
-  char_u *d;
+  char *d;
   char_u *escaped_string;
   size_t l;
   int csh_like;
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ char_u *vim_strsave_shellescape(const char_u *string, bool do_special, bool do_n
 
   // Allocate memory for the result and fill it.
   escaped_string = xmalloc(length);
-  d = escaped_string;
+  d = (char *)escaped_string;
 
   // add opening quote
 #ifdef WIN32
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ char_u *vim_strsave_shellescape(const char_u *string, bool do_special, bool do_n
 #endif
   *d++ = '\'';
 
-  for (const char_u *p = string; *p != NUL;) {
+  for (const char *p = (char *)string; *p != NUL;) {
 #ifdef WIN32
     if (!p_ssl) {
       if (*p == '"') {
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ char_u *vim_strsave_shellescape(const char_u *string, bool do_special, bool do_n
       *d++ = '\\';
       *d++ = '\'';
       *d++ = '\'';
-      ++p;
+      p++;
       continue;
     }
     if ((*p == '\n' && (csh_like || do_newline))
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ char_u *vim_strsave_shellescape(const char_u *string, bool do_special, bool do_n
       *d++ = *p++;
       continue;
     }
-    if (do_special && find_cmdline_var(p, &l) >= 0) {
+    if (do_special && find_cmdline_var((char_u *)p, &l) >= 0) {
       *d++ = '\\';                    // insert backslash
       while (--l != SIZE_MAX) {  // copy the var
         *d++ = *p++;
@@ -431,8 +431,8 @@ int vim_stricmp(const char *s1, const char *s2)
     if (*s1 == NUL) {
       break;                                // strings match until NUL
     }
-    ++s1;
-    ++s2;
+    s1++;
+    s2++;
   }
   return 0;                                 // strings match
 }
@@ -457,9 +457,9 @@ int vim_strnicmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t len)
     if (*s1 == NUL) {
       break;                                // strings match until NUL
     }
-    ++s1;
-    ++s2;
-    --len;
+    s1++;
+    s2++;
+    len--;
   }
   return 0;                                 // strings match
 }
diff --git a/src/nvim/syntax.c b/src/nvim/syntax.c
index 4ec4a57d68..47b5647a08 100644
--- a/src/nvim/syntax.c
+++ b/src/nvim/syntax.c
@@ -14,12 +14,13 @@
 
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor_shape.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/vars.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
@@ -41,8 +42,8 @@
 #include "nvim/os/time.h"
 #include "nvim/os_unix.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/sign.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/syntax.h"
@@ -378,7 +379,7 @@ void syntax_start(win_T *wp, linenr_T lnum)
       && current_lnum < syn_buf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
     (void)syn_finish_line(false);
     if (!current_state_stored) {
-      ++current_lnum;
+      current_lnum++;
       (void)store_current_state();
     }
 
@@ -723,7 +724,7 @@ static void syn_sync(win_T *wp, linenr_T start_lnum, synstate_T *last_valid)
             } else if (found_m_endpos.col > current_col) {
               current_col = found_m_endpos.col;
             } else {
-              ++current_col;
+              current_col++;
             }
 
             // syn_current_attr() will have skipped the check for
@@ -731,7 +732,7 @@ static void syn_sync(win_T *wp, linenr_T start_lnum, synstate_T *last_valid)
             // careful not to go past the NUL.
             prev_current_col = current_col;
             if (syn_getcurline()[current_col] != NUL) {
-              ++current_col;
+              current_col++;
             }
             check_state_ends();
             current_col = prev_current_col;
@@ -1029,7 +1030,7 @@ static void syn_stack_alloc(void)
       // Move the states from the old array to the new one.
       for (from = syn_block->b_sst_first; from != NULL;
            from = from->sst_next) {
-        ++to;
+        to++;
         *to = *from;
         to->sst_next = to + 1;
       }
@@ -1500,7 +1501,7 @@ bool syntax_check_changed(linenr_T lnum)
       /*
        * Store the current state in b_sst_array[] for later use.
        */
-      ++current_lnum;
+      current_lnum++;
       (void)store_current_state();
     }
   }
@@ -2095,9 +2096,9 @@ static int syn_current_attr(const bool syncing, const bool displaying, bool *con
       check_state_ends();
       if (!GA_EMPTY(&current_state)
           && syn_getcurline()[current_col] != NUL) {
-        ++current_col;
+        current_col++;
         check_state_ends();
-        --current_col;
+        current_col--;
       }
     }
   } else if (can_spell != NULL) {
@@ -2506,7 +2507,7 @@ static void update_si_end(stateitem_T *sip, int startcol, bool force)
 static void push_current_state(int idx)
 {
   stateitem_T *p = GA_APPEND_VIA_PTR(stateitem_T, &current_state);
-  memset(p, 0, sizeof(*p));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(p);
   p->si_idx = idx;
 }
 
@@ -2582,7 +2583,7 @@ static void find_endpos(int idx, lpos_T *startpos, lpos_T *m_endpos, lpos_T *hl_
     if (spp->sp_type != SPTYPE_START) {
       break;
     }
-    ++idx;
+    idx++;
   }
 
   /*
@@ -2590,7 +2591,7 @@ static void find_endpos(int idx, lpos_T *startpos, lpos_T *m_endpos, lpos_T *hl_
    */
   if (spp->sp_type == SPTYPE_SKIP) {
     spp_skip = spp;
-    ++idx;
+    idx++;
   } else {
     spp_skip = NULL;
   }
@@ -3653,7 +3654,7 @@ static void syn_list_one(const int id, const bool syncing, const bool link_only)
              && SYN_ITEMS(curwin->w_s)[idx].sp_type == SPTYPE_END) {
         put_pattern("end", '=', &SYN_ITEMS(curwin->w_s)[idx++], attr);
       }
-      --idx;
+      idx--;
       msg_putchar(' ');
     }
     syn_list_flags(namelist1, spp->sp_flags, attr);
@@ -3927,7 +3928,7 @@ static void syn_clear_keyword(int id, hashtab_T *ht)
     if (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
       continue;
     }
-    --todo;
+    todo--;
     kp_prev = NULL;
     for (kp = HI2KE(hi); kp != NULL;) {
       if (kp->k_syn.id == id) {
@@ -3967,7 +3968,7 @@ static void clear_keywtab(hashtab_T *ht)
   todo = (int)ht->ht_used;
   for (hi = ht->ht_array; todo > 0; ++hi) {
     if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-      --todo;
+      todo--;
       for (kp = HI2KE(hi); kp != NULL; kp = kp_next) {
         kp_next = kp->ke_next;
         xfree(kp->next_list);
@@ -4257,7 +4258,7 @@ static void syn_cmd_include(exarg_T *eap, int syncing)
   }
 
   if (arg[0] == '@') {
-    ++arg;
+    arg++;
     rest = get_group_name(arg, &group_name_end);
     if (rest == NULL) {
       emsg(_("E397: Filename required"));
@@ -4453,7 +4454,7 @@ static void syn_cmd_match(exarg_T *eap, int syncing)
 
   // get the pattern.
   init_syn_patterns();
-  memset(&item, 0, sizeof(item));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(item);
   rest = get_syn_pattern(rest, &item);
   if (vim_regcomp_had_eol() && !(syn_opt_arg.flags & HL_EXCLUDENL)) {
     syn_opt_arg.flags |= HL_HAS_EOL;
@@ -4583,7 +4584,7 @@ static void syn_cmd_region(exarg_T *eap, int syncing)
     // must be a pattern or matchgroup then
     key_end = rest;
     while (*key_end && !ascii_iswhite(*key_end) && *key_end != '=') {
-      ++key_end;
+      key_end++;
     }
     xfree(key);
     key = vim_strnsave_up(rest, (size_t)(key_end - rest));
@@ -4708,8 +4709,8 @@ static void syn_cmd_region(exarg_T *eap, int syncing)
               SYN_ITEMS(curwin->w_s)[idx].sp_next_list =
                 syn_opt_arg.next_list;
             }
-            ++curwin->w_s->b_syn_patterns.ga_len;
-            ++idx;
+            curwin->w_s->b_syn_patterns.ga_len++;
+            idx++;
             if (syn_opt_arg.flags & HL_FOLD) {
               ++curwin->w_s->b_syn_folditems;
             }
@@ -4945,7 +4946,7 @@ static int syn_add_cluster(char_u *name)
 
   syn_cluster_T *scp = GA_APPEND_VIA_PTR(syn_cluster_T,
                                          &curwin->w_s->b_syn_clusters);
-  memset(scp, 0, sizeof(*scp));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(scp);
   scp->scl_name = name;
   scp->scl_name_u = vim_strsave_up(name);
   scp->scl_list = NULL;
@@ -5048,7 +5049,7 @@ static void init_syn_patterns(void)
  */
 static char_u *get_syn_pattern(char_u *arg, synpat_T *ci)
 {
-  char_u *end;
+  char *end;
   int *p;
   int idx;
   char *cpo_save;
@@ -5058,13 +5059,13 @@ static char_u *get_syn_pattern(char_u *arg, synpat_T *ci)
     return NULL;
   }
 
-  end = skip_regexp(arg + 1, *arg, TRUE, NULL);
-  if (*end != *arg) {                       // end delimiter not found
+  end = (char *)skip_regexp(arg + 1, *arg, true, NULL);
+  if (*end != (char)(*arg)) {                       // end delimiter not found
     semsg(_("E401: Pattern delimiter not found: %s"), arg);
     return NULL;
   }
   // store the pattern and compiled regexp program
-  ci->sp_pattern = vim_strnsave(arg + 1, (size_t)(end - arg) - 1);
+  ci->sp_pattern = vim_strnsave(arg + 1, (size_t)(end - (char *)arg) - 1);
 
   // Make 'cpoptions' empty, to avoid the 'l' flag
   cpo_save = p_cpo;
@@ -5081,7 +5082,7 @@ static char_u *get_syn_pattern(char_u *arg, synpat_T *ci)
   /*
    * Check for a match, highlight or region offset.
    */
-  ++end;
+  end++;
   do {
     for (idx = SPO_COUNT; --idx >= 0;) {
       if (STRNCMP(end, spo_name_tab[idx], 3) == 0) {
@@ -5106,7 +5107,7 @@ static char_u *get_syn_pattern(char_u *arg, synpat_T *ci)
         ci->sp_off_flags |= (int16_t)(1 << idx);
         if (idx == SPO_LC_OFF) {            // lc=99
           end += 3;
-          *p = getdigits_int((char **)&end, true, 0);
+          *p = getdigits_int(&end, true, 0);
 
           // "lc=" offset automatically sets "ms=" offset
           if (!(ci->sp_off_flags & (1 << SPO_MS_OFF))) {
@@ -5117,16 +5118,16 @@ static char_u *get_syn_pattern(char_u *arg, synpat_T *ci)
           end += 4;
           if (*end == '+') {
             end++;
-            *p = getdigits_int((char **)&end, true, 0);    // positive offset
+            *p = getdigits_int(&end, true, 0);    // positive offset
           } else if (*end == '-') {
             end++;
-            *p = -getdigits_int((char **)&end, true, 0);   // negative offset
+            *p = -getdigits_int(&end, true, 0);   // negative offset
           }
         }
         if (*end != ',') {
           break;
         }
-        ++end;
+        end++;
       }
     }
   } while (idx >= 0);
@@ -5135,7 +5136,7 @@ static char_u *get_syn_pattern(char_u *arg, synpat_T *ci)
     semsg(_("E402: Garbage after pattern: %s"), arg);
     return NULL;
   }
-  return (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)end);
+  return (char_u *)skipwhite(end);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -5144,7 +5145,7 @@ static char_u *get_syn_pattern(char_u *arg, synpat_T *ci)
 static void syn_cmd_sync(exarg_T *eap, int syncing)
 {
   char_u *arg_start = (char_u *)eap->arg;
-  char_u *arg_end;
+  char *arg_end;
   char_u *key = NULL;
   char_u *next_arg;
   int illegal = false;
@@ -5157,21 +5158,21 @@ static void syn_cmd_sync(exarg_T *eap, int syncing)
   }
 
   while (!ends_excmd(*arg_start)) {
-    arg_end = skiptowhite(arg_start);
-    next_arg = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)arg_end);
+    arg_end = (char *)skiptowhite(arg_start);
+    next_arg = (char_u *)skipwhite(arg_end);
     xfree(key);
-    key = vim_strnsave_up(arg_start, (size_t)(arg_end - arg_start));
+    key = vim_strnsave_up(arg_start, (size_t)(arg_end - (char *)arg_start));
     if (STRCMP(key, "CCOMMENT") == 0) {
       if (!eap->skip) {
         curwin->w_s->b_syn_sync_flags |= SF_CCOMMENT;
       }
       if (!ends_excmd(*next_arg)) {
-        arg_end = skiptowhite(next_arg);
+        arg_end = (char *)skiptowhite(next_arg);
         if (!eap->skip) {
           curwin->w_s->b_syn_sync_id =
-            (int16_t)syn_check_group((char *)next_arg, (size_t)(arg_end - next_arg));
+            (int16_t)syn_check_group((char *)next_arg, (size_t)(arg_end - (char *)next_arg));
         }
-        next_arg = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)arg_end);
+        next_arg = (char_u *)skipwhite(arg_end);
       } else if (!eap->skip) {
         curwin->w_s->b_syn_sync_id = (int16_t)syn_name2id("Comment");
       }
@@ -5180,17 +5181,17 @@ static void syn_cmd_sync(exarg_T *eap, int syncing)
                || STRNCMP(key, "MAXLINES", 8) == 0
                || STRNCMP(key, "LINEBREAKS", 10) == 0) {
       if (key[4] == 'S') {
-        arg_end = key + 6;
+        arg_end = (char *)key + 6;
       } else if (key[0] == 'L') {
-        arg_end = key + 11;
+        arg_end = (char *)key + 11;
       } else {
-        arg_end = key + 9;
+        arg_end = (char *)key + 9;
       }
       if (arg_end[-1] != '=' || !ascii_isdigit(*arg_end)) {
         illegal = TRUE;
         break;
       }
-      linenr_T n = getdigits_int32((char **)&arg_end, false, 0);
+      linenr_T n = getdigits_int32(&arg_end, false, 0);
       if (!eap->skip) {
         if (key[4] == 'B') {
           curwin->w_s->b_syn_sync_linebreaks = n;
@@ -5215,16 +5216,16 @@ static void syn_cmd_sync(exarg_T *eap, int syncing)
         finished = TRUE;
         break;
       }
-      arg_end = skip_regexp(next_arg + 1, *next_arg, TRUE, NULL);
-      if (*arg_end != *next_arg) {          // end delimiter not found
-        illegal = TRUE;
+      arg_end = (char *)skip_regexp(next_arg + 1, *next_arg, true, NULL);
+      if (*arg_end != (char)(*next_arg)) {          // end delimiter not found
+        illegal = true;
         break;
       }
 
       if (!eap->skip) {
         // store the pattern and compiled regexp program
         curwin->w_s->b_syn_linecont_pat =
-          vim_strnsave(next_arg + 1, (size_t)(arg_end - next_arg) - 1);
+          vim_strnsave(next_arg + 1, (size_t)(arg_end - (char *)next_arg) - 1);
         curwin->w_s->b_syn_linecont_ic = curwin->w_s->b_syn_ic;
 
         // Make 'cpoptions' empty, to avoid the 'l' flag
@@ -5241,7 +5242,7 @@ static void syn_cmd_sync(exarg_T *eap, int syncing)
           break;
         }
       }
-      next_arg = (char_u *)skipwhite((char *)arg_end + 1);
+      next_arg = (char_u *)skipwhite(arg_end + 1);
     } else {
       eap->arg = (char *)next_arg;
       if (STRCMP(key, "MATCH") == 0) {
@@ -5401,7 +5402,7 @@ static int get_id_list(char_u **const arg, const int keylen, int16_t **const lis
             retval[count] = (int16_t)id;
           }
         }
-        ++count;
+        count++;
       }
       p = skipwhite(end);
       if (*p != ',') {
@@ -5477,7 +5478,7 @@ static int in_id_list(stateitem_T *cur_si, int16_t *list, struct sp_syn *ssp, in
     // that we don't go back past the first one.
     while ((cur_si->si_flags & HL_TRANS_CONT)
            && cur_si > (stateitem_T *)(current_state.ga_data)) {
-      --cur_si;
+      cur_si--;
     }
     // cur_si->si_idx is -1 for keywords, these never contain anything.
     if (cur_si->si_idx >= 0 && in_id_list(NULL, ssp->cont_in_list,
@@ -5541,9 +5542,9 @@ static int in_id_list(stateitem_T *cur_si, int16_t *list, struct sp_syn *ssp, in
       // restrict recursiveness to 30 to avoid an endless loop for a
       // cluster that includes itself (indirectly)
       if (scl_list != NULL && depth < 30) {
-        ++depth;
+        depth++;
         r = in_id_list(NULL, scl_list, ssp, contained);
-        --depth;
+        depth--;
         if (r) {
           return retval;
         }
@@ -5614,7 +5615,7 @@ void ex_syntax(exarg_T *eap)
   }
   xfree(subcmd_name);
   if (eap->skip) {
-    --emsg_skip;
+    emsg_skip--;
   }
 }
 
@@ -5624,8 +5625,7 @@ void ex_ownsyntax(exarg_T *eap)
   char_u *new_value;
 
   if (curwin->w_s == &curwin->w_buffer->b_s) {
-    curwin->w_s = xmalloc(sizeof(synblock_T));
-    memset(curwin->w_s, 0, sizeof(synblock_T));
+    curwin->w_s = xcalloc(1, sizeof(synblock_T));
     hash_init(&curwin->w_s->b_keywtab);
     hash_init(&curwin->w_s->b_keywtab_ic);
     // TODO: Keep the spell checking as it was. NOLINT(readability/todo)
diff --git a/src/nvim/tag.c b/src/nvim/tag.c
index 5b799be381..f212aefbfc 100644
--- a/src/nvim/tag.c
+++ b/src/nvim/tag.c
@@ -14,16 +14,17 @@
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/file_search.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
+#include "nvim/help.h"
 #include "nvim/if_cscope.h"
 #include "nvim/input.h"
 #include "nvim/insexpand.h"
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@
 #include "nvim/path.h"
 #include "nvim/quickfix.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/tag.h"
@@ -465,7 +466,7 @@ bool do_tag(char_u *tag, int type, int count, int forceit, int verbose)
       // when the argument starts with '/', use it as a regexp
       if (!no_regexp && *name == '/') {
         flags = TAG_REGEXP;
-        ++name;
+        name++;
       } else {
         flags = TAG_NOIC;
       }
@@ -653,13 +654,13 @@ bool do_tag(char_u *tag, int type, int count, int forceit, int verbose)
                     || cur_match < num_matches - 1))) {
           error_cur_match = cur_match;
           if (use_tagstack) {
-            --tagstackidx;
+            tagstackidx--;
           }
           if (type == DT_PREV) {
-            --cur_match;
+            cur_match--;
           } else {
             type = DT_NEXT;
-            ++cur_match;
+            cur_match++;
           }
           continue;
         }
@@ -1076,9 +1077,9 @@ static int tag_strnicmp(char_u *s1, char_u *s2, size_t len)
     if (*s1 == NUL) {
       break;                            // strings match until NUL
     }
-    ++s1;
-    ++s2;
-    --len;
+    s1++;
+    s2++;
+    len--;
   }
   return 0;                             // strings match
 }
@@ -1320,7 +1321,7 @@ static int find_tagfunc_tags(char_u *pat, garray_T *ga, int *match_count, int fl
 
     // Add all matches because tagfunc should do filtering.
     ga_grow(ga, 1);
-    ((char_u **)(ga->ga_data))[ga->ga_len++] = mfp;
+    ((char **)(ga->ga_data))[ga->ga_len++] = (char *)mfp;
     ntags++;
     result = OK;
   });
@@ -1411,7 +1412,7 @@ int find_tags(char_u *pat, int *num_matches, char ***matchesp, int flags, int mi
   int matchoff = 0;
   int save_emsg_off;
 
-  char_u *mfp;
+  char *mfp;
   garray_T ga_match[MT_COUNT];   // stores matches in sequence
   hashtab_T ht_match[MT_COUNT];  // stores matches by key
   hash_T hash = 0;
@@ -1476,7 +1477,7 @@ int find_tags(char_u *pat, int *num_matches, char ***matchesp, int flags, int mi
   lbuf = xmalloc((size_t)lbuf_size);
   tag_fname = xmalloc(MAXPATHL + 1);
   for (mtt = 0; mtt < MT_COUNT; mtt++) {
-    ga_init(&ga_match[mtt], sizeof(char_u *), 100);
+    ga_init(&ga_match[mtt], sizeof(char *), 100);
     hash_init(&ht_match[mtt]);
   }
 
@@ -1520,7 +1521,7 @@ int find_tags(char_u *pat, int *num_matches, char ***matchesp, int flags, int mi
 
   // This is only to avoid a compiler warning for using search_info
   // uninitialised.
-  memset(&search_info, 0, 1);  // -V512
+  CLEAR_FIELD(search_info);
 
   if (*curbuf->b_p_tfu != NUL && use_tfu && !tfu_in_use) {
     tfu_in_use = true;
@@ -1612,7 +1613,7 @@ int find_tags(char_u *pat, int *num_matches, char ***matchesp, int flags, int mi
               // unless found already.
               help_pri++;
               if (STRICMP(help_lang, "en") != 0) {
-                ++help_pri;
+                help_pri++;
               }
             }
           }
@@ -1860,7 +1861,7 @@ parse_line:
         // For "normal" tags: Do a quick check if the tag matches.
         // This speeds up tag searching a lot!
         if (orgpat.headlen) {
-          memset(&tagp, 0, sizeof(tagp));
+          CLEAR_FIELD(tagp);
           tagp.tagname = lbuf;
           tagp.tagname_end = (char_u *)vim_strchr((char *)lbuf, TAB);
           if (tagp.tagname_end == NULL) {
@@ -2088,9 +2089,9 @@ parse_line:
             // The format is {tagname}@{lang}NUL{heuristic}NUL
             *tagp.tagname_end = NUL;
             len = (size_t)(tagp.tagname_end - tagp.tagname);
-            mfp = xmalloc(sizeof(char_u) + len + 10 + ML_EXTRA + 1);
+            mfp = xmalloc(sizeof(char) + len + 10 + ML_EXTRA + 1);
 
-            p = mfp;
+            p = (char_u *)mfp;
             STRCPY(p, tagp.tagname);
             p[len] = '@';
             STRCPY(p + len + 1, help_lang);
@@ -2122,7 +2123,7 @@ parse_line:
               get_it_again = false;
             } else {
               len = (size_t)(tagp.tagname_end - tagp.tagname);
-              mfp = xmalloc(sizeof(char_u) + len + 1);
+              mfp = xmalloc(sizeof(char) + len + 1);
               STRLCPY(mfp, tagp.tagname, len + 1);
 
               // if wanted, re-read line to get long form too
@@ -2140,8 +2141,8 @@ parse_line:
             // without Emacs tags: <mtt><tag_fname><0x02><lbuf><NUL>
             // Here <mtt> is the "mtt" value plus 1 to avoid NUL.
             len = tag_fname_len + STRLEN(lbuf) + 3;
-            mfp = xmalloc(sizeof(char_u) + len + 1);
-            p = mfp;
+            mfp = xmalloc(sizeof(char) + len + 1);
+            p = (char_u *)mfp;
             p[0] = (char_u)(mtt + 1);
             STRCPY(p + 1, tag_fname);
 #ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
@@ -2166,15 +2167,14 @@ parse_line:
             if (use_cscope) {
               hash++;
             } else {
-              hash = hash_hash(mfp);
+              hash = hash_hash((char_u *)mfp);
             }
             hi = hash_lookup(&ht_match[mtt], (const char *)mfp,
                              STRLEN(mfp), hash);
             if (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-              hash_add_item(&ht_match[mtt], hi, mfp, hash);
+              hash_add_item(&ht_match[mtt], hi, (char_u *)mfp, hash);
               ga_grow(&ga_match[mtt], 1);
-              ((char_u **)(ga_match[mtt].ga_data))
-              [ga_match[mtt].ga_len++] = mfp;
+              ((char **)(ga_match[mtt].ga_data))[ga_match[mtt].ga_len++] = mfp;
               match_count++;
             } else {
               // duplicate tag, drop it
@@ -2258,29 +2258,29 @@ findtag_end:
   }
 
   if (match_count > 0) {
-    matches = xmalloc((size_t)match_count * sizeof(char_u *));
+    matches = xmalloc((size_t)match_count * sizeof(char *));
   } else {
     matches = NULL;
   }
   match_count = 0;
   for (mtt = 0; mtt < MT_COUNT; mtt++) {
     for (i = 0; i < ga_match[mtt].ga_len; i++) {
-      mfp = ((char_u **)(ga_match[mtt].ga_data))[i];
+      mfp = ((char **)(ga_match[mtt].ga_data))[i];
       if (matches == NULL) {
         xfree(mfp);
       } else {
         if (!name_only) {
           // Change mtt back to zero-based.
-          *mfp = (char_u)(*mfp - 1);
+          *mfp = (char)(*mfp - 1);
 
           // change the TAG_SEP back to NUL
-          for (p = mfp + 1; *p != NUL; p++) {
+          for (p = (char_u *)mfp + 1; *p != NUL; p++) {
             if (*p == TAG_SEP) {
               *p = NUL;
             }
           }
         }
-        matches[match_count++] = (char *)mfp;
+        matches[match_count++] = mfp;
       }
     }
 
@@ -2342,7 +2342,7 @@ int get_tagfname(tagname_T *tnp, int first, char_u *buf)
   char_u *r_ptr;
 
   if (first) {
-    memset(tnp, 0, sizeof(tagname_T));
+    CLEAR_POINTER(tnp);
   }
 
   if (curbuf->b_help) {
@@ -2353,7 +2353,7 @@ int get_tagfname(tagname_T *tnp, int first, char_u *buf)
      */
     if (first) {
       ga_clear_strings(&tag_fnames);
-      ga_init(&tag_fnames, (int)sizeof(char_u *), 10);
+      ga_init(&tag_fnames, (int)sizeof(char *), 10);
       do_in_runtimepath("doc/tags doc/tags-??", DIP_ALL,
                         found_tagfile_cb, NULL);
     }
@@ -2373,13 +2373,12 @@ int get_tagfname(tagname_T *tnp, int first, char_u *buf)
       simplify_filename(buf);
 
       for (int i = 0; i < tag_fnames.ga_len; i++) {
-        if (STRCMP(buf, ((char_u **)(tag_fnames.ga_data))[i]) == 0) {
+        if (STRCMP(buf, ((char **)(tag_fnames.ga_data))[i]) == 0) {
           return FAIL;  // avoid duplicate file names
         }
       }
     } else {
-      STRLCPY(buf, ((char_u **)(tag_fnames.ga_data))[tnp->tn_hf_idx++],
-              MAXPATHL);
+      STRLCPY(buf, ((char **)(tag_fnames.ga_data))[tnp->tn_hf_idx++], MAXPATHL);
     }
     return OK;
   }
@@ -2387,9 +2386,8 @@ int get_tagfname(tagname_T *tnp, int first, char_u *buf)
   if (first) {
     // Init.  We make a copy of 'tags', because autocommands may change
     // the value without notifying us.
-    tnp->tn_tags = vim_strsave((*curbuf->b_p_tags != NUL)
-        ? curbuf->b_p_tags : p_tags);
-    tnp->tn_np = tnp->tn_tags;
+    tnp->tn_tags = vim_strsave((*curbuf->b_p_tags != NUL) ? curbuf->b_p_tags : p_tags);
+    tnp->tn_np = (char *)tnp->tn_tags;
   }
 
   /*
@@ -2420,7 +2418,7 @@ int get_tagfname(tagname_T *tnp, int first, char_u *buf)
        * Copy next file name into buf.
        */
       buf[0] = NUL;
-      (void)copy_option_part((char **)&tnp->tn_np, (char *)buf, MAXPATHL - 1, " ,");
+      (void)copy_option_part(&tnp->tn_np, (char *)buf, MAXPATHL - 1, " ,");
 
       r_ptr = vim_findfile_stopdir(buf);
       // move the filename one char forward and truncate the
@@ -2478,7 +2476,7 @@ static int parse_tag_line(char_u *lbuf, tagptrs_T *tagp)
 
   // Isolate file name, from first to second white space
   if (*p != NUL) {
-    ++p;
+    p++;
   }
   tagp->fname = p;
   p = (char_u *)vim_strchr((char *)p, TAB);
@@ -2489,7 +2487,7 @@ static int parse_tag_line(char_u *lbuf, tagptrs_T *tagp)
 
   // find start of search command, after second white space
   if (*p != NUL) {
-    ++p;
+    p++;
   }
   if (*p == NUL) {
     return FAIL;
@@ -2720,7 +2718,7 @@ static int jumpto_tag(const char_u *lbuf_arg, int forceit, int keep_help)
     goto erret;
   }
 
-  ++RedrawingDisabled;
+  RedrawingDisabled++;
 
   if (l_g_do_tagpreview != 0) {
     postponed_split = 0;        // don't split again below
@@ -3171,7 +3169,7 @@ static int add_tag_field(dict_T *dict, const char *field_name, const char_u *sta
     if (end == NULL) {
       end = start + STRLEN(start);
       while (end > start && (end[-1] == '\r' || end[-1] == '\n')) {
-        --end;
+        end--;
       }
     }
     len = (int)(end - start);
@@ -3250,13 +3248,13 @@ int get_tags(list_T *list, char_u *pat, char_u *buf_fname)
             // separated by Tabs.
             n = p;
             while (*p != NUL && *p >= ' ' && *p < 127 && *p != ':') {
-              ++p;
+              p++;
             }
             len = (int)(p - n);
             if (*p == ':' && len > 0) {
               s = ++p;
               while (*p != NUL && *p >= ' ') {
-                ++p;
+                p++;
               }
               n[len] = NUL;
               if (add_tag_field(dict, (char *)n, s, p) == FAIL) {
@@ -3266,7 +3264,7 @@ int get_tags(list_T *list, char_u *pat, char_u *buf_fname)
             } else {
               // Skip field without colon.
               while (*p != NUL && *p >= ' ') {
-                ++p;
+                p++;
               }
             }
             if (*p == NUL) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/tag.h b/src/nvim/tag.h
index c8051e1dcc..0b4039afb6 100644
--- a/src/nvim/tag.h
+++ b/src/nvim/tag.h
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 // Structure used for get_tagfname().
 typedef struct {
   char_u *tn_tags;         // value of 'tags' when starting
-  char_u *tn_np;           // current position in tn_tags
+  char *tn_np;             // current position in tn_tags
   int tn_did_filefind_init;
   int tn_hf_idx;
   void *tn_search_ctx;
diff --git a/src/nvim/terminal.c b/src/nvim/terminal.c
index eb7c83d317..844a79b33d 100644
--- a/src/nvim/terminal.c
+++ b/src/nvim/terminal.c
@@ -44,15 +44,16 @@
 
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/autocmd.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
-#include "nvim/edit.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
+#include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/event/loop.h"
 #include "nvim/event/time.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
-#include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
@@ -69,7 +70,6 @@
 #include "nvim/move.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
 #include "nvim/terminal.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ static bool is_filter_char(int c)
   return !!(tpf_flags & flag);
 }
 
-void terminal_paste(long count, char_u **y_array, size_t y_size)
+void terminal_paste(long count, char **y_array, size_t y_size)
 {
   if (y_size == 0) {
     return;
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ void terminal_paste(long count, char_u **y_array, size_t y_size)
         buff_len = len;
       }
       char_u *dst = buff;
-      char_u *src = y_array[j];
+      char_u *src = (char_u *)y_array[j];
       while (*src != '\0') {
         len = (size_t)utf_ptr2len((char *)src);
         int c = utf_ptr2char((char *)src);
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/runtest.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/runtest.vim
index 6b16e888a9..fcd3d5724c 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/runtest.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/runtest.vim
@@ -257,6 +257,7 @@ endfunc
 func EarlyExit(test)
   " It's OK for the test we use to test the quit detection.
   if a:test != 'Test_zz_quit_detected()'
+    call add(v:errors, v:errmsg)
     call add(v:errors, 'Test caused Vim to exit: ' . a:test)
   endif
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_arglist.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_arglist.vim
index ca7c8574cb..521c3fcd57 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_arglist.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_arglist.vim
@@ -87,6 +87,10 @@ func Test_argadd()
   new
   arga
   call assert_equal(0, len(argv()))
+
+  if has('unix')
+    call assert_fails('argadd `Xdoes_not_exist`', 'E479:')
+  endif
 endfunc
 
 func Test_argadd_empty_curbuf()
@@ -408,6 +412,35 @@ func Test_argedit()
   bw! x
 endfunc
 
+" Test for the :argdedupe command
+func Test_argdedupe()
+  call Reset_arglist()
+  argdedupe
+  call assert_equal([], argv())
+  args a a a aa b b a b aa
+  argdedupe
+  call assert_equal(['a', 'aa', 'b'], argv())
+  args a b c
+  argdedupe
+  call assert_equal(['a', 'b', 'c'], argv())
+  args a
+  argdedupe
+  call assert_equal(['a'], argv())
+  args a A b B
+  argdedupe
+  if has('fname_case')
+    call assert_equal(['a', 'A', 'b', 'B'], argv())
+  else
+    call assert_equal(['a', 'b'], argv())
+  endif
+  args a b a c a b
+  last
+  argdedupe
+  next
+  call assert_equal('c', expand('%:t'))
+  %argd
+endfunc
+
 " Test for the :argdelete command
 func Test_argdelete()
   call Reset_arglist()
@@ -420,6 +453,8 @@ func Test_argdelete()
   call assert_equal(['b'], argv())
   call assert_fails('argdelete', 'E610:')
   call assert_fails('1,100argdelete', 'E16:')
+  call assert_fails('argdel /\)/', 'E55:')
+  call assert_fails('1argdel 1', 'E474:')
 
   call Reset_arglist()
   args a b c d
@@ -427,6 +462,8 @@ func Test_argdelete()
   argdel
   call Assert_argc(['a', 'c', 'd'])
   %argdel
+
+  call assert_fails('argdel does_not_exist', 'E480:')
 endfunc
 
 func Test_argdelete_completion()
@@ -472,13 +509,16 @@ func Test_arglist_autocmd()
   new
   " redefine arglist; go to Xxx1
   next! Xxx1 Xxx2 Xxx3
-  " open window for all args
+  " open window for all args; Reading Xxx2 will change the arglist and the
+  " third window will get Xxx1:
+  "   win 1: Xxx1
+  "   win 2: Xxx2
+  "   win 3: Xxx1
   all
   call assert_equal('test file Xxx1', getline(1))
   wincmd w
   wincmd w
   call assert_equal('test file Xxx1', getline(1))
-  " should now be in Xxx2
   rewind
   call assert_equal('test file Xxx2', getline(1))
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_autocmd.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_autocmd.vim
index 1c2f86a584..716511210d 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_autocmd.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_autocmd.vim
@@ -2614,6 +2614,28 @@ func Test_BufWrite_lockmarks()
   call delete('Xtest2')
 endfunc
 
+func Test_FileType_spell()
+  if !isdirectory('/tmp')
+    throw "Skipped: requires /tmp directory"
+  endif
+
+  " this was crashing with an invalid free()
+  setglobal spellfile=/tmp/en.utf-8.add
+  augroup crash
+    autocmd!
+    autocmd BufNewFile,BufReadPost crashfile setf somefiletype
+    autocmd BufNewFile,BufReadPost crashfile set ft=anotherfiletype
+    autocmd FileType anotherfiletype setlocal spell
+  augroup END
+  func! NoCrash() abort
+    edit /tmp/crashfile
+  endfunc
+  call NoCrash()
+
+  au! crash
+  setglobal spellfile=
+endfunc
+
 " Test closing a window or editing another buffer from a FileChangedRO handler
 " in a readonly buffer
 func Test_FileChangedRO_winclose()
@@ -2715,6 +2737,59 @@ func Test_autocmd_sigusr1()
   unlet g:sigusr1_passed
 endfunc
 
+" Test for BufReadPre autocmd deleting the file
+func Test_BufReadPre_delfile()
+  augroup TestAuCmd
+    au!
+    autocmd BufReadPre Xfile call delete('Xfile')
+  augroup END
+  call writefile([], 'Xfile')
+  call assert_fails('new Xfile', 'E200:')
+  call assert_equal('Xfile', @%)
+  call assert_equal(1, &readonly)
+  call delete('Xfile')
+  augroup TestAuCmd
+    au!
+  augroup END
+  close!
+endfunc
+
+" Test for BufReadPre autocmd changing the current buffer
+func Test_BufReadPre_changebuf()
+  augroup TestAuCmd
+    au!
+    autocmd BufReadPre Xfile edit Xsomeotherfile
+  augroup END
+  call writefile([], 'Xfile')
+  call assert_fails('new Xfile', 'E201:')
+  call assert_equal('Xsomeotherfile', @%)
+  call assert_equal(1, &readonly)
+  call delete('Xfile')
+  augroup TestAuCmd
+    au!
+  augroup END
+  close!
+endfunc
+
+" Test for BufWipeouti autocmd changing the current buffer when reading a file
+" in an empty buffer with 'f' flag in 'cpo'
+func Test_BufDelete_changebuf()
+  new
+  augroup TestAuCmd
+    au!
+    autocmd BufWipeout * let bufnr = bufadd('somefile') | exe "b " .. bufnr
+  augroup END
+  let save_cpo = &cpo
+  set cpo+=f
+  call assert_fails('r Xfile', 'E484:')
+  call assert_equal('somefile', @%)
+  let &cpo = save_cpo
+  augroup TestAuCmd
+    au!
+  augroup END
+  close!
+endfunc
+
 " Test for the temporary internal window used to execute autocmds
 func Test_autocmd_window()
   %bw!
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_bufline.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_bufline.vim
index ffb8e3facd..579d3a5eb5 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_bufline.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_bufline.vim
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ func Test_setbufline_getbufline()
   let b = bufnr('%')
   wincmd w
   call assert_equal(1, setbufline(b, 5, ['x']))
-  call assert_equal(1, setbufline(1234, 1, ['x']))
+  call assert_equal(1, setbufline(bufnr('$') + 1, 1, ['x']))
   call assert_equal(0, setbufline(b, 4, ['d', 'e']))
   call assert_equal(['c'], b->getbufline(3))
   call assert_equal(['d'], getbufline(b, 4))
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_cmdline.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_cmdline.vim
index 7aac731709..b9f027afb2 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_cmdline.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_cmdline.vim
@@ -126,6 +126,40 @@ func Test_wildmenu_screendump()
   call delete('XTest_wildmenu')
 endfunc
 
+func Test_changing_cmdheight()
+  CheckScreendump
+
+  let lines =<< trim END
+      set cmdheight=1 laststatus=2
+  END
+  call writefile(lines, 'XTest_cmdheight')
+
+  let buf = RunVimInTerminal('-S XTest_cmdheight', {'rows': 8})
+  call term_sendkeys(buf, ":resize -3\<CR>")
+  call VerifyScreenDump(buf, 'Test_changing_cmdheight_1', {})
+
+  " using the space available doesn't change the status line
+  call term_sendkeys(buf, ":set cmdheight+=3\<CR>")
+  call VerifyScreenDump(buf, 'Test_changing_cmdheight_2', {})
+
+  " using more space moves the status line up
+  call term_sendkeys(buf, ":set cmdheight+=1\<CR>")
+  call VerifyScreenDump(buf, 'Test_changing_cmdheight_3', {})
+
+  " reducing cmdheight moves status line down
+  call term_sendkeys(buf, ":set cmdheight-=2\<CR>")
+  call VerifyScreenDump(buf, 'Test_changing_cmdheight_4', {})
+
+  " reducing window size and then setting cmdheight
+  call term_sendkeys(buf, ":resize -1\<CR>")
+  call term_sendkeys(buf, ":set cmdheight=1\<CR>")
+  call VerifyScreenDump(buf, 'Test_changing_cmdheight_5', {})
+
+  " clean up
+  call StopVimInTerminal(buf)
+  call delete('XTest_cmdheight')
+endfunc
+
 func Test_map_completion()
   if !has('cmdline_compl')
     return
@@ -912,12 +946,26 @@ func Test_cmdline_complete_various()
   call feedkeys(":doautocmd User MyCmd a.c\<C-A>\<C-B>\"\<CR>", 'xt')
   call assert_equal("\"doautocmd User MyCmd a.c\<C-A>", @:)
 
+  " completion of autocmd group after comma
+  call feedkeys(":doautocmd BufNew,BufEn\<C-A>\<C-B>\"\<CR>", 'xt')
+  call assert_equal("\"doautocmd BufNew,BufEnter", @:)
+
+  " completion of file name in :doautocmd
+  call writefile([], 'Xfile1')
+  call writefile([], 'Xfile2')
+  call feedkeys(":doautocmd BufEnter Xfi\<C-A>\<C-B>\"\<CR>", 'xt')
+  call assert_equal("\"doautocmd BufEnter Xfile1 Xfile2", @:)
+  call delete('Xfile1')
+  call delete('Xfile2')
+
   " completion for the :augroup command
-  augroup XTest
+  augroup XTest.test
   augroup END
   call feedkeys(":augroup X\<C-A>\<C-B>\"\<CR>", 'xt')
-  call assert_equal("\"augroup XTest", @:)
-  augroup! XTest
+  call assert_equal("\"augroup XTest.test", @:)
+  call feedkeys(":au X\<C-A>\<C-B>\"\<CR>", 'xt')
+  call assert_equal("\"au XTest.test", @:)
+  augroup! XTest.test
 
   " completion for the :unlet command
   call feedkeys(":unlet one two\<C-A>\<C-B>\"\<CR>", 'xt')
@@ -1392,14 +1440,6 @@ func Test_cmdwin_jump_to_win()
   call assert_equal(1, winnr('$'))
 endfunc
 
-" Test for backtick expression in the command line
-func Test_cmd_backtick()
-  %argd
-  argadd `=['a', 'b', 'c']`
-  call assert_equal(['a', 'b', 'c'], argv())
-  %argd
-endfunc
-
 func Test_cmdwin_tabpage()
   tabedit
   " v8.2.1919 isn't ported yet, so E492 is thrown after E11 here.
@@ -1412,11 +1452,22 @@ func Test_cmdwin_tabpage()
   tabclose!
 endfunc
 
+" Test for backtick expression in the command line
+func Test_cmd_backtick()
+  CheckNotMSWindows  " FIXME: see #19297
+  %argd
+  argadd `=['a', 'b', 'c']`
+  call assert_equal(['a', 'b', 'c'], argv())
+  %argd
+
+  argadd `echo abc def`
+  call assert_equal(['abc def'], argv())
+  %argd
+endfunc
+
 " Test for the :! command
 func Test_cmd_bang()
-  if !has('unix')
-    return
-  endif
+  CheckUnix
 
   let lines =<< trim [SCRIPT]
     " Test for no previous command
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_diffmode.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_diffmode.vim
index 1dbbe578c5..ea453b7174 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_diffmode.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_diffmode.vim
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ func Common_vert_split()
 
   " Test diffoff
   diffoff!
-  1wincmd 2
+  1wincmd w
   let &diff = 1
   let &fdm = diff_fdm
   let &fdc = diff_fdc
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_edit.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_edit.vim
index a09346a595..e26bbdc5be 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_edit.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_edit.vim
@@ -262,22 +262,6 @@ func Test_edit_09()
   bw!
 endfunc
 
-func Test_edit_10()
-  " Test for starting selectmode
-  new
-  set selectmode=key keymodel=startsel
-  call setline(1, ['abc', 'def', 'ghi'])
-  call cursor(1, 4)
-  call feedkeys("A\<s-home>start\<esc>", 'txin')
-  call assert_equal(['startdef', 'ghi'], getline(1, '$'))
-  " start select mode again with gv
-  set selectmode=cmd
-  call feedkeys('gvabc', 'xt')
-  call assert_equal('abctdef', getline(1))
-  set selectmode= keymodel=
-  bw!
-endfunc
-
 func Test_edit_11()
   " Test that indenting kicks in
   new
@@ -1620,6 +1604,7 @@ func Test_edit_InsertLeave_undo()
   bwipe!
   au! InsertLeave
   call delete('XtestUndo')
+  call delete(undofile('XtestUndo'))
   set undofile&
 endfunc
 
@@ -1687,11 +1672,11 @@ func Test_edit_noesckeys()
 endfunc
 
 " Test for running an invalid ex command in insert mode using CTRL-O
-" Note that vim has a hard-coded sleep of 3 seconds. So this test will take
-" more than 3 seconds to complete.
 func Test_edit_ctrl_o_invalid_cmd()
   new
   set showmode showcmd
+  " Avoid a sleep of 3 seconds. Zero might have side effects.
+  " call test_override('ui_delay', 50)
   let caught_e492 = 0
   try
     call feedkeys("i\<C-O>:invalid\<CR>abc\<Esc>", "xt")
@@ -1701,6 +1686,18 @@ func Test_edit_ctrl_o_invalid_cmd()
   call assert_equal(1, caught_e492)
   call assert_equal('abc', getline(1))
   set showmode& showcmd&
+  " call test_override('ui_delay', 0)
+  close!
+endfunc
+
+" Test for editing a file with a very long name
+func Test_edit_illegal_filename()
+  CheckEnglish
+  new
+  redir => msg
+  exe 'edit ' . repeat('f', 5000)
+  redir END
+  call assert_match("Illegal file name$", split(msg, "\n")[0])
   close!
 endfunc
 
@@ -1763,6 +1760,102 @@ func Test_edit_is_a_directory()
   call delete(dirname, 'rf')
 endfunc
 
+" Test for editing a file using invalid file encoding
+func Test_edit_invalid_encoding()
+  CheckEnglish
+  call writefile([], 'Xfile')
+  redir => msg
+  new ++enc=axbyc Xfile
+  redir END
+  call assert_match('\[NOT converted\]', msg)
+  call delete('Xfile')
+  close!
+endfunc
+
+" Test for the "charconvert" option
+func Test_edit_charconvert()
+  CheckEnglish
+  call writefile(['one', 'two'], 'Xfile')
+
+  " set 'charconvert' to a non-existing function
+  set charconvert=NonExitingFunc()
+  new
+  let caught_e117 = v:false
+  try
+    redir => msg
+    edit ++enc=axbyc Xfile
+  catch /E117:/
+    let caught_e117 = v:true
+  finally
+    redir END
+  endtry
+  call assert_true(caught_e117)
+  call assert_equal(['one', 'two'], getline(1, '$'))
+  call assert_match("Conversion with 'charconvert' failed", msg)
+  close!
+  set charconvert&
+
+  " 'charconvert' function doesn't create a output file
+  func Cconv1()
+  endfunc
+  set charconvert=Cconv1()
+  new
+  redir => msg
+  edit ++enc=axbyc Xfile
+  redir END
+  call assert_equal(['one', 'two'], getline(1, '$'))
+  call assert_match("can't read output of 'charconvert'", msg)
+  close!
+  delfunc Cconv1
+  set charconvert&
+
+  " 'charconvert' function to convert to upper case
+  func Cconv2()
+    let data = readfile(v:fname_in)
+    call map(data, 'toupper(v:val)')
+    call writefile(data, v:fname_out)
+  endfunc
+  set charconvert=Cconv2()
+  new Xfile
+  write ++enc=ucase Xfile1
+  call assert_equal(['ONE', 'TWO'], readfile('Xfile1'))
+  call delete('Xfile1')
+  close!
+  delfunc Cconv2
+  set charconvert&
+
+  " 'charconvert' function removes the input file
+  func Cconv3()
+    call delete(v:fname_in)
+  endfunc
+  set charconvert=Cconv3()
+  new
+  call assert_fails('edit ++enc=lcase Xfile', 'E202:')
+  call assert_equal([''], getline(1, '$'))
+  close!
+  delfunc Cconv3
+  set charconvert&
+
+  call delete('Xfile')
+endfunc
+
+" Test for editing a file without read permission
+func Test_edit_file_no_read_perm()
+  CheckUnix
+  CheckNotBSD
+  call writefile(['one', 'two'], 'Xfile')
+  call setfperm('Xfile', '-w-------')
+  new
+  redir => msg
+  edit Xfile
+  redir END
+  call assert_equal(1, &readonly)
+  call assert_equal([''], getline(1, '$'))
+  call assert_match('\[Permission Denied\]', msg)
+  close!
+  call delete('Xfile')
+endfunc
+
 " Using :edit without leaving 'insertmode' should not cause Insert mode to be
 " re-entered immediately after <C-L>
 func Test_edit_insertmode_ex_edit()
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_eval_stuff.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_eval_stuff.vim
index 811c6c946d..eff1376d3c 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_eval_stuff.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_eval_stuff.vim
@@ -75,6 +75,18 @@ func Test_for_invalid()
   redraw
 endfunc
 
+func Test_for_over_null_string()
+  let save_enc = &enc
+  " set enc=iso8859
+  let cnt = 0
+  for c in v:_null_string
+    let cnt += 1
+  endfor
+  call assert_equal(0, cnt)
+
+  let &enc = save_enc
+endfunc
+
 func Test_readfile_binary()
   new
   call setline(1, ['one', 'two', 'three'])
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_exit.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_exit.vim
index befcaec2b2..37be293950 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_exit.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_exit.vim
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func Test_exit_code()
   [CODE]
 
   if RunVim(before, ['quit'], '')
-    call assert_equal(['qp = null', 'ep = null', 'lp = 0', 'l = 0'], readfile('Xtestout'))
+    call assert_equal(['qp = v:null', 'ep = v:null', 'lp = 0', 'l = 0'], readfile('Xtestout'))
   endif
   call delete('Xtestout')
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_expand_func.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_expand_func.vim
index b48c2e8a19..df01d84f19 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_expand_func.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_expand_func.vim
@@ -37,17 +37,54 @@ func Test_expand_sflnum()
   delcommand Flnum
 endfunc
 
-func Test_expand_sfile()
+func Test_expand_sfile_and_stack()
   call assert_match('test_expand_func\.vim$', s:sfile)
-  call assert_match('^function .*\.\.Test_expand_sfile$', expand('<sfile>'))
+  let expected = 'script .*testdir/runtest.vim\[\d\+\]\.\.function RunTheTest\[\d\+\]\.\.Test_expand_sfile_and_stack'
+  call assert_match(expected .. '$', expand('<sfile>'))
+  call assert_match(expected .. '\[4\]$' , expand('<stack>'))
 
   " Call in script-local function
-  call assert_match('^function .*\.\.Test_expand_sfile\[5\]\.\.<SNR>\d\+_expand_sfile$', s:expand_sfile())
+  call assert_match('script .*testdir/runtest.vim\[\d\+\]\.\.function RunTheTest\[\d\+\]\.\.Test_expand_sfile_and_stack\[7\]\.\.<SNR>\d\+_expand_sfile$', s:expand_sfile())
 
   " Call in command
   command Sfile echo expand('<sfile>')
-  call assert_match('^function .*\.\.Test_expand_sfile$', trim(execute('Sfile')))
+  call assert_match('script .*testdir/runtest.vim\[\d\+\]\.\.function RunTheTest\[\d\+\]\.\.Test_expand_sfile_and_stack$', trim(execute('Sfile')))
   delcommand Sfile
+
+  " Use <stack> from sourced script.
+  let lines =<< trim END
+    " comment here
+    let g:stack_value = expand('<stack>')
+  END
+  call writefile(lines, 'Xstack')
+  source Xstack
+  call assert_match('\<Xstack\[2\]$', g:stack_value)
+  unlet g:stack_value
+  call delete('Xstack')
+
+  if exists('+shellslash')
+    call mkdir('Xshellslash')
+    let lines =<< trim END
+      let g:stack1 = expand('<stack>')
+      set noshellslash
+      let g:stack2 = expand('<stack>')
+      set shellslash
+      let g:stack3 = expand('<stack>')
+    END
+    call writefile(lines, 'Xshellslash/Xstack')
+    " Test that changing 'shellslash' always affects the result of expand()
+    " when sourcing a script multiple times.
+    for i in range(2)
+      source Xshellslash/Xstack
+      call assert_match('\<Xshellslash/Xstack\[1\]$', g:stack1)
+      call assert_match('\<Xshellslash\\Xstack\[3\]$', g:stack2)
+      call assert_match('\<Xshellslash/Xstack\[5\]$', g:stack3)
+      unlet g:stack1
+      unlet g:stack2
+      unlet g:stack3
+    endfor
+    call delete('Xshellslash', 'rf')
+  endif
 endfunc
 
 func Test_expand_slnum()
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_filechanged.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_filechanged.vim
index c6e781a1ef..b77f02afd1 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_filechanged.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_filechanged.vim
@@ -242,6 +242,15 @@ func Test_file_changed_dialog()
   call assert_equal(1, line('$'))
   call assert_equal('new line', getline(1))
 
+  " File created after starting to edit it
+  call delete('Xchanged_d')
+  new Xchanged_d
+  call writefile(['one'], 'Xchanged_d')
+  call feedkeys('L', 'L')
+  checktime Xchanged_d
+  call assert_equal(['one'], getline(1, '$'))
+  close!
+
   bwipe!
   call delete('Xchanged_d')
 endfunc
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_filetype.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_filetype.vim
index eedad15e9e..e3a8370661 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_filetype.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_filetype.vim
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ let s:filename_checks = {
     \ 'asciidoc': ['file.asciidoc', 'file.adoc'],
     \ 'asn': ['file.asn', 'file.asn1'],
     \ 'asterisk': ['asterisk/file.conf', 'asterisk/file.conf-file', 'some-asterisk/file.conf', 'some-asterisk/file.conf-file'],
+    \ 'astro': ['file.astro'],
     \ 'atlas': ['file.atl', 'file.as'],
     \ 'autohotkey': ['file.ahk'],
     \ 'autoit': ['file.au3'],
@@ -360,7 +361,7 @@ let s:filename_checks = {
     \ 'monk': ['file.isc', 'file.monk', 'file.ssc', 'file.tsc'],
     \ 'moo': ['file.moo'],
     \ 'moonscript': ['file.moon'],
-    \ 'mp': ['file.mp'],
+    \ 'mp': ['file.mp', 'file.mpxl', 'file.mpiv', 'file.mpvi'],
     \ 'mplayerconf': ['mplayer.conf', '/.mplayer/config', 'any/.mplayer/config'],
     \ 'mrxvtrc': ['mrxvtrc', '.mrxvtrc'],
     \ 'msidl': ['file.odl', 'file.mof'],
@@ -441,6 +442,7 @@ let s:filename_checks = {
     \ 'python': ['file.py', 'file.pyw', '.pythonstartup', '.pythonrc', 'file.ptl', 'file.pyi', 'SConstruct'],
     \ 'ql': ['file.ql', 'file.qll'],
     \ 'quake': ['anybaseq2/file.cfg', 'anyid1/file.cfg', 'quake3/file.cfg', 'baseq2/file.cfg', 'id1/file.cfg', 'quake1/file.cfg', 'some-baseq2/file.cfg', 'some-id1/file.cfg', 'some-quake1/file.cfg'],
+    \ 'quarto': ['file.qmd'],
     \ 'r': ['file.r'],
     \ 'radiance': ['file.rad', 'file.mat'],
     \ 'raku': ['file.pm6', 'file.p6', 'file.t6', 'file.pod6', 'file.raku', 'file.rakumod', 'file.rakudoc', 'file.rakutest'],
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_functions.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_functions.vim
index c11e7b4fea..44b6f0373e 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_functions.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_functions.vim
@@ -1769,6 +1769,15 @@ func Test_char2nr()
   call assert_equal(12354, char2nr('あ', 1))
 endfunc
 
+func Test_charclass()
+  call assert_equal(0, charclass(' '))
+  call assert_equal(1, charclass('.'))
+  call assert_equal(2, charclass('x'))
+  call assert_equal(3, charclass("\u203c"))
+  " this used to crash vim
+  call assert_equal(0, "xxx"[-1]->charclass())
+endfunc
+
 func Test_eventhandler()
   call assert_equal(0, eventhandler())
 endfunc
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_gf.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_gf.vim
index feae44e5ee..b2bb189688 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_gf.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_gf.vim
@@ -191,6 +191,22 @@ func Test_gf_error()
   au! InsertCharPre
 
   bwipe!
+
+  " gf is not allowed when buffer is locked
+  new
+  augroup Test_gf
+    au!
+    au OptionSet diff norm! gf
+  augroup END
+  call setline(1, ['Xfile1', 'line2', 'line3', 'line4'])
+  " Nvim does not support test_override()
+  " call test_override('starting', 1)
+  " call assert_fails('diffthis', 'E788:')
+  " call test_override('starting', 0)
+  augroup Test_gf
+    au!
+  augroup END
+  bw!
 endfunc
 
 " If a file is not found by 'gf', then 'includeexpr' should be used to locate
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_global.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_global.vim
index 947f7efc7c..cb6851250c 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_global.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_global.vim
@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@ func Test_yank_put_clipboard()
   set clipboard=unnamed
   g/^/normal yyp
   call assert_equal(['a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c'], getline(1, 6))
-
+  set clipboard=unnamed,unnamedplus
+  call setline(1, ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+  g/^/normal yyp
+  call assert_equal(['a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c'], getline(1, 6))
   set clipboard&
   bwipe!
 endfunc
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_goto.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_goto.vim
index 49095400ef..6d029ffda2 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_goto.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_goto.vim
@@ -122,6 +122,24 @@ func Test_gd()
   call XTest_goto_decl('gd', lines, 3, 14)
 endfunc
 
+" Using gd to jump to a declaration in a fold
+func Test_gd_with_fold()
+  new
+  let lines =<< trim END
+    #define ONE 1
+    #define TWO 2
+    #define THREE 3
+
+    TWO
+  END
+  call setline(1, lines)
+  1,3fold
+  call feedkeys('Ggd', 'xt')
+  call assert_equal(2, line('.'))
+  call assert_equal(-1, foldclosedend(2))
+  bw!
+endfunc
+
 func Test_gd_not_local()
   let lines =<< trim [CODE]
     int func1(void)
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_listdict.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_listdict.vim
index aa66d86af1..2f4e1db4a1 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_listdict.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_listdict.vim
@@ -649,6 +649,8 @@ func Test_reduce()
   call assert_fails("call reduce({}, { acc, val -> acc + val }, 1)", 'E897:')
   call assert_fails("call reduce(0, { acc, val -> acc + val }, 1)", 'E897:')
   call assert_fails("call reduce('', { acc, val -> acc + val }, 1)", 'E897:')
+  call assert_fails("call reduce([1, 2], 'Xdoes_not_exist')", 'E117:')
+  call assert_fails("echo reduce(0z01, { acc, val -> 2 * acc + val }, '')", 'E39:')
 
   let g:lut = [1, 2, 3, 4]
   func EvilRemove()
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_messages.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_messages.vim
index a02d23b409..3a607ff533 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_messages.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_messages.vim
@@ -95,6 +95,65 @@ func Test_echoerr()
   call test_ignore_error('RESET')
 endfunc
 
+func Test_mode_message_at_leaving_insert_by_ctrl_c()
+  if !has('terminal') || has('gui_running')
+    return
+  endif
+
+  " Set custom statusline built by user-defined function.
+  let testfile = 'Xtest.vim'
+  call writefile([
+        \ 'func StatusLine() abort',
+        \ '  return ""',
+        \ 'endfunc',
+        \ 'set statusline=%!StatusLine()',
+        \ 'set laststatus=2',
+        \ ], testfile)
+
+  let rows = 10
+  let buf = term_start([GetVimProg(), '--clean', '-S', testfile], {'term_rows': rows})
+  call term_wait(buf, 200)
+  call assert_equal('run', job_status(term_getjob(buf)))
+
+  call term_sendkeys(buf, "i")
+  call WaitForAssert({-> assert_match('^-- INSERT --\s*$', term_getline(buf, rows))})
+  call term_sendkeys(buf, "\<C-C>")
+  call WaitForAssert({-> assert_match('^\s*$', term_getline(buf, rows))})
+
+  call term_sendkeys(buf, ":qall!\<CR>")
+  call WaitForAssert({-> assert_equal('dead', job_status(term_getjob(buf)))})
+  exe buf . 'bwipe!'
+  call delete(testfile)
+endfunc
+
+func Test_mode_message_at_leaving_insert_with_esc_mapped()
+  if !has('terminal') || has('gui_running')
+    return
+  endif
+
+  " Set custom statusline built by user-defined function.
+  let testfile = 'Xtest.vim'
+  call writefile([
+        \ 'set laststatus=2',
+        \ 'inoremap <Esc> <Esc>00',
+        \ ], testfile)
+
+  let rows = 10
+  let buf = term_start([GetVimProg(), '--clean', '-S', testfile], {'term_rows': rows})
+  call term_wait(buf, 200)
+  call assert_equal('run', job_status(term_getjob(buf)))
+
+  call term_sendkeys(buf, "i")
+  call WaitForAssert({-> assert_match('^-- INSERT --\s*$', term_getline(buf, rows))})
+  call term_sendkeys(buf, "\<Esc>")
+  call WaitForAssert({-> assert_match('^\s*$', term_getline(buf, rows))})
+
+  call term_sendkeys(buf, ":qall!\<CR>")
+  call WaitForAssert({-> assert_equal('dead', job_status(term_getjob(buf)))})
+  exe buf . 'bwipe!'
+  call delete(testfile)
+endfunc
+
 func Test_echospace()
   set noruler noshowcmd laststatus=1
   call assert_equal(&columns - 1, v:echospace)
@@ -317,6 +376,7 @@ func Test_fileinfo_after_echo()
 endfunc
 
 func Test_cmdheight_zero()
+  enew
   set cmdheight=0
   set showcmd
   redraw!
@@ -366,10 +426,13 @@ func Test_cmdheight_zero()
   7
   call feedkeys(":\"\<C-R>=line('w0')\<CR>\<CR>", "xt")
   call assert_equal('"1', @:)
-  bwipe!
 
+  bwipe!
+  bwipe!
   set cmdheight&
   set showcmd&
+  tabnew
+  tabonly
 endfunc
 
 " vim: shiftwidth=2 sts=2 expandtab
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_normal.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_normal.vim
index 7cb70aa2af..347404a579 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_normal.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_normal.vim
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 source shared.vim
 source check.vim
 source view_util.vim
+source screendump.vim
 
 func Setup_NewWindow()
   10new
@@ -123,31 +124,6 @@ func Test_normal01_keymodel()
   bw!
 endfunc
 
-" Test for select mode
-func Test_normal02_selectmode()
-  call Setup_NewWindow()
-  50
-  norm! gHy
-  call assert_equal('y51', getline('.'))
-  call setline(1, range(1,100))
-  50
-  exe ":norm! V9jo\<c-g>y"
-  call assert_equal('y60', getline('.'))
-  " clean up
-  bw!
-endfunc
-
-func Test_normal02_selectmode2()
-  " some basic select mode tests
-  call Setup_NewWindow()
-  50
-  " call feedkeys(":set im\n\<c-o>gHc\<c-o>:set noim\n", 'tx')
-  call feedkeys("i\<c-o>gHc\<esc>", 'tx')
-  call assert_equal('c51', getline('.'))
-  " clean up
-  bw!
-endfunc
-
 func Test_normal03_join()
   " basic join test
   call Setup_NewWindow()
@@ -491,6 +467,18 @@ func Test_normal11_showcmd()
   call assert_equal(3, line('$'))
   exe "norm! 0d3\<del>2l"
   call assert_equal('obar2foobar3', getline('.'))
+  " test for the visual block size displayed in the status line
+  call setline(1, ['aaaaa', 'bbbbb', 'ccccc'])
+  call feedkeys("ggl\<C-V>lljj", 'xt')
+  redraw!
+  call assert_match('3x3$', Screenline(&lines))
+  call feedkeys("\<C-V>", 'xt')
+  " test for visually selecting a multi-byte character
+  call setline(1, ["\U2206"])
+  call feedkeys("ggv", 'xt')
+  redraw!
+  call assert_match('1-3$', Screenline(&lines))
+  call feedkeys("v", 'xt')
   bw!
 endfunc
 
@@ -654,6 +642,19 @@ func Test_normal15_z_scroll_vert()
   call assert_equal(21, winsaveview()['topline'])
   call assert_equal([0, 21, 2, 0, 9], getcurpos())
 
+  " Test for z+ with [count] greater than buffer size
+  1
+  norm! 1000z+
+  call assert_equal('	100', getline('.'))
+  call assert_equal(100, winsaveview()['topline'])
+  call assert_equal([0, 100, 2, 0, 9], getcurpos())
+
+  " Test for z+ from the last buffer line
+  norm! Gz.z+
+  call assert_equal('	100', getline('.'))
+  call assert_equal(100, winsaveview()['topline'])
+  call assert_equal([0, 100, 2, 0, 9], getcurpos())
+
   " Test for z^
   norm! 22z+0
   norm! z^
@@ -661,6 +662,12 @@ func Test_normal15_z_scroll_vert()
   call assert_equal(12, winsaveview()['topline'])
   call assert_equal([0, 21, 2, 0, 9], getcurpos())
 
+  " Test for z^ from first buffer line
+  norm! ggz^
+  call assert_equal('1', getline('.'))
+  call assert_equal(1, winsaveview()['topline'])
+  call assert_equal([0, 1, 1, 0, 1], getcurpos())
+
   " Test for [count]z^
   1
   norm! 30z^
@@ -740,6 +747,19 @@ func Test_normal16_z_scroll_hor()
   norm! yl
   call assert_equal('z', @0)
 
+  " Test for zs and ze with folds
+  %fold
+  norm! $zs
+  call assert_equal(26, col('.'))
+  call assert_equal(0, winsaveview()['leftcol'])
+  norm! yl
+  call assert_equal('z', @0)
+  norm! ze
+  call assert_equal(26, col('.'))
+  call assert_equal(0, winsaveview()['leftcol'])
+  norm! yl
+  call assert_equal('z', @0)
+
   " cleanup
   set wrap listchars=eol:$
   bw!
@@ -833,6 +853,19 @@ func Test_vert_scroll_cmds()
   normal! 4H
   call assert_equal(33, line('.'))
 
+  " Test for using a large count value
+  %d
+  call setline(1, range(1, 4))
+  norm! 6H
+  call assert_equal(4, line('.'))
+
+  " Test for 'M' with folded lines
+  %d
+  call setline(1, range(1, 20))
+  1,5fold
+  norm! LM
+  call assert_equal(12, line('.'))
+
   " Test for the CTRL-E and CTRL-Y commands with folds
   %d
   call setline(1, range(1, 10))
@@ -851,6 +884,18 @@ func Test_vert_scroll_cmds()
   exe "normal \<C-Y>\<C-Y>"
   call assert_equal(h + 1, line('w$'))
 
+  " Test for CTRL-Y from the first line and CTRL-E from the last line
+  %d
+  set scrolloff=2
+  call setline(1, range(1, 4))
+  exe "normal gg\<C-Y>"
+  call assert_equal(1, line('w0'))
+  call assert_equal(1, line('.'))
+  exe "normal G4\<C-E>\<C-E>"
+  call assert_equal(4, line('w$'))
+  call assert_equal(4, line('.'))
+  set scrolloff&
+
   " Using <PageUp> and <PageDown> in an empty buffer should beep
   %d
   call assert_beeps('exe "normal \<PageUp>"')
@@ -899,6 +944,18 @@ func Test_vert_scroll_cmds()
   exe "normal \<C-D>"
   call assert_equal(50, line('w0'))
 
+  " Test for <S-CR>. Page down.
+  %d
+  call setline(1, range(1, 100))
+  call feedkeys("\<S-CR>", 'xt')
+  call assert_equal(14, line('w0'))
+  call assert_equal(28, line('w$'))
+
+  " Test for <S-->. Page up.
+  call feedkeys("\<S-->", 'xt')
+  call assert_equal(1, line('w0'))
+  call assert_equal(15, line('w$'))
+
   set foldenable&
   close!
 endfunc
@@ -1213,6 +1270,13 @@ func Test_normal18_z_fold()
   norm! j
   call assert_equal('55', getline('.'))
 
+  " Test for zm with a count
+  50
+  set foldlevel=2
+  norm! 3zm
+  call assert_equal(0, &foldlevel)
+  call assert_equal(49, foldclosed(line('.')))
+
   " Test for zM
   48
   set nofoldenable foldlevel=99
@@ -1420,6 +1484,15 @@ func Test_normal23_K()
   set iskeyword-=%
   set iskeyword-=\|
 
+  " Currently doesn't work in Nvim, see #19436
+  " Test for specifying a count to K
+  " 1
+  " com! -nargs=* Kprog let g:Kprog_Args = <q-args>
+  " set keywordprg=:Kprog
+  " norm! 3K
+  " call assert_equal('3 version8', g:Kprog_Args)
+  " delcom Kprog
+
   " Only expect "man" to work on Unix
   if !has("unix") || has('nvim')  " Nvim K uses :terminal. #15398
     let &keywordprg = k
@@ -1867,7 +1940,31 @@ func Test_normal29_brace()
   bw!
 endfunc
 
-" Test for ~ command
+" Test for section movements
+func Test_normal_section()
+  new
+  let lines =<< trim [END]
+    int foo()
+    {
+      if (1)
+      {
+        a = 1;
+      }
+    }
+  [END]
+  call setline(1, lines)
+
+  " jumping to a folded line using [[ should open the fold
+  2,3fold
+  call cursor(5, 1)
+  call feedkeys("[[", 'xt')
+  call assert_equal(2, line('.'))
+  call assert_equal(-1, foldclosedend(line('.')))
+
+  close!
+endfunc
+
+" Test for changing case using u, U, gu, gU and ~ (tilde) commands
 func Test_normal30_changecase()
   new
   call append(0, 'This is a simple test: äüöß')
@@ -1887,6 +1984,9 @@ func Test_normal30_changecase()
   call assert_equal('this is a SIMPLE TEST: ÄÜÖSS', getline('.'))
   norm! V~
   call assert_equal('THIS IS A simple test: äüöss', getline('.'))
+  call assert_beeps('norm! c~')
+  %d
+  call assert_beeps('norm! ~')
 
   " Test for changing case across lines using 'whichwrap'
   call setline(1, ['aaaaaa', 'aaaaaa'])
@@ -2038,9 +2138,9 @@ func Test_normal33_g_cmd2()
   call assert_equal(2, line('.'))
   call assert_fails(':norm! g;', 'E662')
   call assert_fails(':norm! g,', 'E663')
-  let &ul=&ul
+  let &ul = &ul
   call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
-  let &ul=&ul
+  let &ul = &ul
   call append('$', ['Z', 'Y', 'X', 'W'])
   let a = execute(':changes')
   call assert_match('2\s\+0\s\+2', a)
@@ -2889,6 +2989,20 @@ func Test_message_when_using_ctrl_c()
   bwipe!
 endfunc
 
+func Test_mode_updated_after_ctrl_c()
+  CheckScreendump
+
+  let buf = RunVimInTerminal('', {'rows': 5})
+  call term_sendkeys(buf, "i")
+  call term_sendkeys(buf, "\<C-O>")
+  " wait a moment so that the "-- (insert) --" message is displayed
+  call TermWait(buf, 50)
+  call term_sendkeys(buf, "\<C-C>")
+  call VerifyScreenDump(buf, 'Test_mode_updated_1', {})
+
+  call StopVimInTerminal(buf)
+endfunc
+
 " Test for '[m', ']m', '[M' and ']M'
 " Jumping to beginning and end of methods in Java-like languages
 func Test_java_motion()
@@ -2897,25 +3011,26 @@ func Test_java_motion()
   call assert_beeps('normal! ]m')
   call assert_beeps('normal! [M')
   call assert_beeps('normal! ]M')
-  a
-Piece of Java
-{
-	tt m1 {
-		t1;
-	} e1
-
-	tt m2 {
-		t2;
-	} e2
-
-	tt m3 {
-		if (x)
-		{
-			t3;
-		}
-	} e3
-}
-.
+  let lines =<< trim [CODE]
+	Piece of Java
+	{
+		tt m1 {
+			t1;
+		} e1
+
+		tt m2 {
+			t2;
+		} e2
+
+		tt m3 {
+			if (x)
+			{
+				t3;
+			}
+		} e3
+	}
+  [CODE]
+  call setline(1, lines)
 
   normal gg
 
@@ -2968,14 +3083,21 @@ Piece of Java
   call assert_equal("{LF", getline('.'))
   call assert_equal([2, 2, 2], [line('.'), col('.'), virtcol('.')])
 
+  call cursor(2, 1)
+  call assert_beeps('norm! 5]m')
+
+  " jumping to a method in a fold should open the fold
+  6,10fold
+  call feedkeys("gg3]m", 'xt')
+  call assert_equal([7, 8, 15], [line('.'), col('.'), virtcol('.')])
+  call assert_equal(-1, foldclosedend(7))
+
   close!
 endfunc
 
+" Tests for g cmds
 func Test_normal_gdollar_cmd()
-  if !has("jumplist")
-    return
-  endif
-  " Tests for g cmds
+  CheckFeature jumplist
   call Setup_NewWindow()
   " Make long lines that will wrap
   %s/$/\=repeat(' foobar', 10)/
@@ -3183,6 +3305,27 @@ func Test_normal_colon_op()
   close!
 endfunc
 
+" Test for deleting or changing characters across lines with 'whichwrap'
+" containing 's'. Should count <EOL> as one character.
+func Test_normal_op_across_lines()
+  new
+  set whichwrap&
+  call setline(1, ['one two', 'three four'])
+  exe "norm! $3d\<Space>"
+  call assert_equal(['one twhree four'], getline(1, '$'))
+
+  call setline(1, ['one two', 'three four'])
+  exe "norm! $3c\<Space>x"
+  call assert_equal(['one twxhree four'], getline(1, '$'))
+
+  set whichwrap+=l
+  call setline(1, ['one two', 'three four'])
+  exe "norm! $3x"
+  call assert_equal(['one twhree four'], getline(1, '$'))
+  close!
+  set whichwrap&
+endfunc
+
 " Test for 'w' and 'b' commands
 func Test_normal_word_move()
   new
@@ -3256,6 +3399,19 @@ func Test_normal_vert_scroll_longline()
   close!
 endfunc
 
+" Test for jumping in a file using %
+func Test_normal_percent_jump()
+  new
+  call setline(1, range(1, 100))
+
+  " jumping to a folded line should open the fold
+  25,75fold
+  call feedkeys('50%', 'xt')
+  call assert_equal(50, line('.'))
+  call assert_equal(-1, foldclosedend(50))
+  close!
+endfunc
+
 " Some commands like yy, cc, dd, >>, << and !! accept a count after
 " typing the first letter of the command.
 func Test_normal_count_after_operator()
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_options.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_options.vim
index b10f0f5030..fdfc1c0f89 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_options.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_options.vim
@@ -368,9 +368,17 @@ func Test_set_errors()
   call assert_fails('set sessionoptions=curdir,sesdir', 'E474:')
   call assert_fails('set foldmarker={{{,', 'E474:')
   call assert_fails('set sessionoptions=sesdir,curdir', 'E474:')
-  call assert_fails('set listchars=trail:· ambiwidth=double', 'E834:')
+  setlocal listchars=trail:·
+  call assert_fails('set ambiwidth=double', 'E834:')
+  setlocal listchars=trail:-
+  setglobal listchars=trail:·
+  call assert_fails('set ambiwidth=double', 'E834:')
   set listchars&
-  call assert_fails('set fillchars=stl:· ambiwidth=double', 'E835:')
+  setlocal fillchars=stl:·
+  call assert_fails('set ambiwidth=double', 'E835:')
+  setlocal fillchars=stl:-
+  setglobal fillchars=stl:·
+  call assert_fails('set ambiwidth=double', 'E835:')
   set fillchars&
   call assert_fails('set fileencoding=latin1,utf-8', 'E474:')
   set nomodifiable
@@ -812,11 +820,16 @@ func Test_rightleftcmd()
   set rightleft&
 endfunc
 
-" Test for the "debug" option
+" Test for the 'debug' option
 func Test_debug_option()
+  " redraw to avoid matching previous messages
+  redraw
   set debug=beep
   exe "normal \<C-c>"
   call assert_equal('Beep!', Screenline(&lines))
+  call assert_equal('line    4:', Screenline(&lines - 1))
+  " only match the final colon in the line that shows the source
+  call assert_match(':$', Screenline(&lines - 2))
   set debug&
 endfunc
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_regexp_utf8.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_regexp_utf8.vim
index 191cd948ac..14b9724d67 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_regexp_utf8.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_regexp_utf8.vim
@@ -522,8 +522,8 @@ endfunc
 func Test_search_with_end_offset()
   new
   call setline(1, ['', 'dog(a', 'cat('])
-  exe "normal /(/e+" .. "\<CR>"
-  normal "ayn
+  exe "normal /(/e+\<CR>"
+  normal n"ayn
   call assert_equal("a\ncat(", @a)
   close!
 endfunc
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_registers.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_registers.vim
index 52e745438d..11dd3badb6 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_registers.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_registers.vim
@@ -279,7 +279,12 @@ func Test_get_register()
   call feedkeys(":\<C-R>r\<Esc>", 'xt')
   call assert_equal("a\rb", histget(':', -1))  " Modified because of #6137
 
+  call assert_fails('let r = getreg("=", [])', 'E745:')
+  call assert_fails('let r = getreg("=", 1, [])', 'E745:')
   enew!
+
+  " Using a register in operator-pending mode should fail
+  call assert_beeps('norm! c"')
 endfunc
 
 func Test_set_register()
@@ -426,6 +431,12 @@ func Test_execute_register()
   @
   call assert_equal(3, i)
 
+  " try to execute expression register and use a backspace to cancel it
+  new
+  call feedkeys("@=\<BS>ax\<CR>y", 'xt')
+  call assert_equal(['x', 'y'], getline(1, '$'))
+  close!
+
   " cannot execute a register in operator pending mode
   call assert_beeps('normal! c@r')
 endfunc
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_selectmode.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_selectmode.vim
index b483841060..f2cab45450 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_selectmode.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_selectmode.vim
@@ -2,6 +2,156 @@
 
 source shared.vim
 
+" Test for select mode
+func Test_selectmode_basic()
+  new
+  call setline(1, range(1,100))
+  50
+  norm! gHy
+  call assert_equal('y51', getline('.'))
+  call setline(1, range(1,100))
+  50
+  exe ":norm! V9jo\<c-g>y"
+  call assert_equal('y60', getline('.'))
+  call setline(1, range(1,100))
+  50
+  " call feedkeys(":set im\n\<c-o>gHc\<c-o>:set noim\n", 'tx')
+  call feedkeys("i\<c-o>gHc\<esc>", 'tx')
+  call assert_equal('c51', getline('.'))
+  " clean up
+  bw!
+endfunc
+
+" Test for starting selectmode
+func Test_selectmode_start()
+  new
+  set selectmode=key keymodel=startsel
+  call setline(1, ['abc', 'def', 'ghi'])
+  call cursor(1, 4)
+  call feedkeys("A\<s-home>start\<esc>", 'txin')
+  call assert_equal(['startdef', 'ghi'], getline(1, '$'))
+  " start select mode again with gv
+  set selectmode=cmd
+  call feedkeys('gvabc', 'xt')
+  call assert_equal('abctdef', getline(1))
+  set selectmode= keymodel=
+  bw!
+endfunc
+
+" Test for characterwise select mode
+func Test_characterwise_select_mode()
+  new
+
+  " Select mode maps
+  snoremap <lt>End> <End>
+  snoremap <lt>Down> <Down>
+  snoremap <lt>Del> <Del>
+
+  " characterwise select mode: delete middle line
+  call deletebufline('', 1, '$')
+  call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+  exe "normal Gkkgh\<End>\<Del>"
+  call assert_equal(['', 'b', 'c'], getline(1, '$'))
+
+  " characterwise select mode: delete middle two lines
+  call deletebufline('', 1, '$')
+  call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+  exe "normal Gkkgh\<Down>\<End>\<Del>"
+  call assert_equal(['', 'c'], getline(1, '$'))
+
+  " characterwise select mode: delete last line
+  call deletebufline('', 1, '$')
+  call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+  exe "normal Ggh\<End>\<Del>"
+  call assert_equal(['', 'a', 'b', ''], getline(1, '$'))
+
+  " characterwise select mode: delete last two lines
+  call deletebufline('', 1, '$')
+  call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+  exe "normal Gkgh\<Down>\<End>\<Del>"
+  call assert_equal(['', 'a', ''], getline(1, '$'))
+
+  " CTRL-H in select mode behaves like 'x'
+  call setline(1, 'abcdef')
+  exe "normal! gggh\<Right>\<Right>\<Right>\<C-H>"
+  call assert_equal('ef', getline(1))
+
+  " CTRL-O in select mode switches to visual mode for one command
+  call setline(1, 'abcdef')
+  exe "normal! gggh\<C-O>3lm"
+  call assert_equal('mef', getline(1))
+
+  sunmap <lt>End>
+  sunmap <lt>Down>
+  sunmap <lt>Del>
+  bwipe!
+endfunc
+
+" Test for linewise select mode
+func Test_linewise_select_mode()
+  new
+
+  " linewise select mode: delete middle line
+  call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+  exe "normal GkkgH\<Del>"
+  call assert_equal(['', 'b', 'c'], getline(1, '$'))
+
+  " linewise select mode: delete middle two lines
+  call deletebufline('', 1, '$')
+  call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+  exe "normal GkkgH\<Down>\<Del>"
+  call assert_equal(['', 'c'], getline(1, '$'))
+
+  " linewise select mode: delete last line
+  call deletebufline('', 1, '$')
+  call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+  exe "normal GgH\<Del>"
+  call assert_equal(['', 'a', 'b'], getline(1, '$'))
+
+  " linewise select mode: delete last two lines
+  call deletebufline('', 1, '$')
+  call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+  exe "normal GkgH\<Down>\<Del>"
+  call assert_equal(['', 'a'], getline(1, '$'))
+
+  bwipe!
+endfunc
+
+" Test for blockwise select mode (g CTRL-H)
+func Test_blockwise_select_mode()
+  new
+  call setline(1, ['foo', 'bar'])
+  call feedkeys("g\<BS>\<Right>\<Down>mm", 'xt')
+  call assert_equal(['mmo', 'mmr'], getline(1, '$'))
+  close!
+endfunc
+
+" Test for using visual mode maps in select mode
+func Test_select_mode_map()
+  new
+  vmap <buffer> <F2> 3l
+  call setline(1, 'Test line')
+  call feedkeys("gh\<F2>map", 'xt')
+  call assert_equal('map line', getline(1))
+
+  vmap <buffer> <F2> ygV
+  call feedkeys("0gh\<Right>\<Right>\<F2>cwabc", 'xt')
+  call assert_equal('abc line', getline(1))
+
+  vmap <buffer> <F2> :<C-U>let v=100<CR>
+  call feedkeys("gggh\<Right>\<Right>\<F2>foo", 'xt')
+  call assert_equal('foo line', getline(1))
+
+  " reselect the select mode using gv from a visual mode map
+  vmap <buffer> <F2> gv
+  set selectmode=cmd
+  call feedkeys("0gh\<F2>map", 'xt')
+  call assert_equal('map line', getline(1))
+  set selectmode&
+
+  close!
+endfunc
+
 " Test for selecting a register with CTRL-R
 func Test_selectmode_register()
   new
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_spell.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_spell.vim
index 7744c5bcca..8ab8204b10 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_spell.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_spell.vim
@@ -474,6 +474,16 @@ func Test_spellsuggest_option_expr()
   bwipe!
 endfunc
 
+func Test_spellsuggest_timeout()
+  set spellsuggest=timeout:30
+  set spellsuggest=timeout:-123
+  set spellsuggest=timeout:999999
+  call assert_fails('set spellsuggest=timeout', 'E474:')
+  call assert_fails('set spellsuggest=timeout:x', 'E474:')
+  call assert_fails('set spellsuggest=timeout:-x', 'E474:')
+  call assert_fails('set spellsuggest=timeout:--9', 'E474:')
+endfunc
+
 func Test_spellinfo()
   throw 'skipped: Nvim does not support enc=latin1'
   new
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_spellfile.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_spellfile.vim
index b028e9d969..dbffbafed9 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_spellfile.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_spellfile.vim
@@ -25,6 +25,18 @@ func Test_spell_normal()
   let cnt=readfile('./Xspellfile.add')
   call assert_equal('goood', cnt[0])
 
+  " zg should fail in operator-pending mode
+  call assert_beeps('norm! czg')
+
+  " zg fails in visual mode when not able to get the visual text
+  call assert_beeps('norm! ggVjzg')
+  norm! V
+
+  " zg fails for a non-identifier word
+  call append(line('$'), '###')
+  call assert_fails('norm! Gzg', 'E349:')
+  $d
+
   " Test for zw
   2
   norm! $zw
@@ -907,6 +919,33 @@ func Test_spellfile_COMMON()
   call delete('XtestCOMMON-utf8.spl')
 endfunc
 
+" Test NOSUGGEST (see :help spell-COMMON)
+func Test_spellfile_NOSUGGEST()
+  call writefile(['2', 'foo/X', 'fog'], 'XtestNOSUGGEST.dic')
+  call writefile(['NOSUGGEST X'], 'XtestNOSUGGEST.aff')
+
+  mkspell! XtestNOSUGGEST-utf8.spl XtestNOSUGGEST
+  set spell spelllang=XtestNOSUGGEST-utf8.spl
+
+  for goodword in ['foo', 'Foo', 'FOO', 'fog', 'Fog', 'FOG']
+    call assert_equal(['', ''], spellbadword(goodword), goodword)
+  endfor
+  for badword in ['foO', 'fOO', 'fooo', 'foog', 'foofog', 'fogfoo']
+    call assert_equal([badword, 'bad'], spellbadword(badword))
+  endfor
+
+  call assert_equal(['fog'], spellsuggest('fooo', 1))
+  call assert_equal(['fog'], spellsuggest('fOo', 1))
+  call assert_equal(['fog'], spellsuggest('foG', 1))
+  call assert_equal(['fog'], spellsuggest('fogg', 1))
+
+  set spell& spelllang&
+  call delete('XtestNOSUGGEST.dic')
+  call delete('XtestNOSUGGEST.aff')
+  call delete('XtestNOSUGGEST-utf8.spl')
+endfunc
+
+
 " Test CIRCUMFIX (see: :help spell-CIRCUMFIX)
 func Test_spellfile_CIRCUMFIX()
   " Example taken verbatim from https://github.com/hunspell/hunspell/tree/master/tests
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_substitute.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_substitute.vim
index f795d1c0cf..b3a80072d9 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_substitute.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_substitute.vim
@@ -858,6 +858,44 @@ func Test_substitute_skipped_range()
   bwipe!
 endfunc
 
+" Test using the 'gdefault' option (when on, flag 'g' is default on).
+func Test_substitute_gdefault()
+  new
+
+  " First check without 'gdefault'
+  call setline(1, 'foo bar foo')
+  s/foo/FOO/
+  call assert_equal('FOO bar foo', getline(1))
+  call setline(1, 'foo bar foo')
+  s/foo/FOO/g
+  call assert_equal('FOO bar FOO', getline(1))
+  call setline(1, 'foo bar foo')
+  s/foo/FOO/gg
+  call assert_equal('FOO bar foo', getline(1))
+
+  " Then check with 'gdefault'
+  set gdefault
+  call setline(1, 'foo bar foo')
+  s/foo/FOO/
+  call assert_equal('FOO bar FOO', getline(1))
+  call setline(1, 'foo bar foo')
+  s/foo/FOO/g
+  call assert_equal('FOO bar foo', getline(1))
+  call setline(1, 'foo bar foo')
+  s/foo/FOO/gg
+  call assert_equal('FOO bar FOO', getline(1))
+
+  " Setting 'compatible' should reset 'gdefault'
+  call assert_equal(1, &gdefault)
+  " set compatible
+  set nogdefault
+  call assert_equal(0, &gdefault)
+  set nocompatible
+  call assert_equal(0, &gdefault)
+
+  bw!
+endfunc
+
 " This was using "old_sub" after it was freed.
 func Test_using_old_sub()
   " set compatible maxfuncdepth=10
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_tabpage.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_tabpage.vim
index 07f35ddb4f..6d468ec9de 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_tabpage.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_tabpage.vim
@@ -670,15 +670,19 @@ func Test_tabline_tabmenu()
   call assert_equal(3, tabpagenr('$'))
 
   " go to tab page 2 in operator-pending mode (should beep)
-  call assert_beeps('call feedkeys("f" .. TabLineSelectPageCode(2), "Lx!")')
+  call assert_beeps('call feedkeys("c" .. TabLineSelectPageCode(2), "Lx!")')
+  call assert_equal(2, tabpagenr())
+  call assert_equal(3, tabpagenr('$'))
 
   " open new tab page before tab page 1 in operator-pending mode (should beep)
-  call assert_beeps('call feedkeys("f" .. TabMenuNewItemCode(1), "Lx!")')
+  call assert_beeps('call feedkeys("c" .. TabMenuNewItemCode(1), "Lx!")')
+  call assert_equal(1, tabpagenr())
+  call assert_equal(4, tabpagenr('$'))
 
   " open new tab page after tab page 3 in normal mode
   call feedkeys(TabMenuNewItemCode(4), "Lx!")
   call assert_equal(4, tabpagenr())
-  call assert_equal(4, tabpagenr('$'))
+  call assert_equal(5, tabpagenr('$'))
 
   " go to tab page 2 in insert mode
   call feedkeys("i" .. TabLineSelectPageCode(2) .. "\<C-C>", "Lx!")
@@ -686,17 +690,17 @@ func Test_tabline_tabmenu()
 
   " close tab page 2 in insert mode
   call feedkeys("i" .. TabMenuCloseItemCode(2) .. "\<C-C>", "Lx!")
-  call assert_equal(3, tabpagenr('$'))
+  call assert_equal(4, tabpagenr('$'))
 
   " open new tab page before tab page 3 in insert mode
   call feedkeys("i" .. TabMenuNewItemCode(3) .. "\<C-C>", "Lx!")
   call assert_equal(3, tabpagenr())
-  call assert_equal(4, tabpagenr('$'))
+  call assert_equal(5, tabpagenr('$'))
 
   " open new tab page after tab page 4 in insert mode
   call feedkeys("i" .. TabMenuNewItemCode(5) .. "\<C-C>", "Lx!")
   call assert_equal(5, tabpagenr())
-  call assert_equal(5, tabpagenr('$'))
+  call assert_equal(6, tabpagenr('$'))
 
   %bw!
 endfunc
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_tagjump.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_tagjump.vim
index 1dd656ece5..04c0218f74 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_tagjump.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_tagjump.vim
@@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ endfunc
 " Test for [i, ]i, [I, ]I, [ CTRL-I, ] CTRL-I and CTRL-W i commands
 func Test_inc_search()
   new
-  call setline(1, ['1:foo', '2:foo', 'foo', '3:foo', '4:foo'])
+  call setline(1, ['1:foo', '2:foo', 'foo', '3:foo', '4:foo', '==='])
   call cursor(3, 1)
 
   " Test for [i and ]i
@@ -1143,6 +1143,9 @@ func Test_inc_search()
   call assert_equal('3:foo', execute('normal ]i'))
   call assert_equal('4:foo', execute('normal 2]i'))
   call assert_fails('normal 3]i', 'E389:')
+  call assert_fails('normal G]i', 'E349:')
+  call assert_fails('normal [i', 'E349:')
+  call cursor(3, 1)
 
   " Test for :isearch
   call assert_equal('1:foo', execute('isearch foo'))
@@ -1163,6 +1166,9 @@ func Test_inc_search()
   call assert_equal([
         \ '  1:    4 3:foo',
         \ '  2:    5 4:foo'], split(execute('normal ]I'), "\n"))
+  call assert_fails('normal G]I', 'E349:')
+  call assert_fails('normal [I', 'E349:')
+  call cursor(3, 1)
 
   " Test for :ilist
   call assert_equal([
@@ -1188,6 +1194,9 @@ func Test_inc_search()
   exe "normal k2]\t"
   call assert_equal([5, 3], [line('.'), col('.')])
   call assert_fails("normal 2k3]\t", 'E389:')
+  call assert_fails("normal G[\t", 'E349:')
+  call assert_fails("normal ]\t", 'E349:')
+  call cursor(3, 1)
 
   " Test for :ijump
   call cursor(3, 1)
@@ -1212,6 +1221,8 @@ func Test_inc_search()
   close
   call assert_fails('3wincmd i', 'E387:')
   call assert_fails('6wincmd i', 'E389:')
+  call assert_fails("normal G\<C-W>i", 'E349:')
+  call cursor(3, 1)
 
   " Test for :isplit
   isplit foo
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_textobjects.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_textobjects.vim
index eeb2946a8b..f21d6fcb99 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_textobjects.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_textobjects.vim
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 " Test for textobjects
 
 source check.vim
-CheckFeature textobjects
 
 func CpoM(line, useM, expected)
   new
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_undo.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_undo.vim
index a9ec405aa4..eb47af08d7 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_undo.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_undo.vim
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ func Test_undofile_earlier()
   " create undofile with timestamps older than Vim startup time.
   let t0 = localtime() - 43200
   call test_settime(t0)
-  new Xfile
+  new XfileEarlier
   call feedkeys("ione\<Esc>", 'xt')
   set ul=100
   call test_settime(t0 + 1)
@@ -350,12 +350,12 @@ func Test_undofile_earlier()
   bwipe!
   " restore normal timestamps.
   call test_settime(0)
-  new Xfile
+  new XfileEarlier
   rundo Xundofile
   earlier 1d
   call assert_equal('', getline(1))
   bwipe!
-  call delete('Xfile')
+  call delete('XfileEarlier')
   call delete('Xundofile')
 endfunc
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_utf8.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_utf8.vim
index 9b010a5dbc..ab3503c282 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_utf8.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_utf8.vim
@@ -140,6 +140,51 @@ func Test_list2str_str2list_latin1()
   call assert_equal(s, sres)
 endfunc
 
+func Test_setcellwidths()
+  call setcellwidths([
+        \ [0x1330, 0x1330, 2],
+        \ [9999, 10000, 1],
+        \ [0x1337, 0x1339, 2],
+        \])
+
+  call assert_equal(2, strwidth("\u1330"))
+  call assert_equal(1, strwidth("\u1336"))
+  call assert_equal(2, strwidth("\u1337"))
+  call assert_equal(2, strwidth("\u1339"))
+  call assert_equal(1, strwidth("\u133a"))
+
+  call setcellwidths([])
+
+  call assert_fails('call setcellwidths(1)', 'E714:')
+
+  call assert_fails('call setcellwidths([1, 2, 0])', 'E1109:')
+
+  call assert_fails('call setcellwidths([[0x101]])', 'E1110:')
+  call assert_fails('call setcellwidths([[0x101, 0x102]])', 'E1110:')
+  call assert_fails('call setcellwidths([[0x101, 0x102, 1, 4]])', 'E1110:')
+  call assert_fails('call setcellwidths([["a"]])', 'E1110:')
+
+  call assert_fails('call setcellwidths([[0x102, 0x101, 1]])', 'E1111:')
+
+  call assert_fails('call setcellwidths([[0x101, 0x102, 0]])', 'E1112:')
+  call assert_fails('call setcellwidths([[0x101, 0x102, 3]])', 'E1112:')
+
+  call assert_fails('call setcellwidths([[0x111, 0x122, 1], [0x115, 0x116, 2]])', 'E1113:')
+  call assert_fails('call setcellwidths([[0x111, 0x122, 1], [0x122, 0x123, 2]])', 'E1113:')
+
+  call assert_fails('call setcellwidths([[0x33, 0x44, 2]])', 'E1114:')
+
+  set listchars=tab:--\\u2192
+  call assert_fails('call setcellwidths([[0x2192, 0x2192, 2]])', 'E834:')
+
+  set fillchars=stl:\\u2501
+  call assert_fails('call setcellwidths([[0x2501, 0x2501, 2]])', 'E835:')
+
+  set listchars&
+  set fillchars&
+  call setcellwidths([])
+endfunc
+
 func Test_print_overlong()
   " Text with more composing characters than MB_MAXBYTES.
   new
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_vimscript.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_vimscript.vim
index de4629451b..0f204cdd0c 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_vimscript.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_vimscript.vim
@@ -1165,10 +1165,10 @@ func Test_type()
     " call assert_equal(0, 0 + v:none)
     call assert_equal(0, 0 + v:null)
 
-    call assert_equal('false', '' . v:false)
-    call assert_equal('true', '' . v:true)
-    " call assert_equal('none', '' . v:none)
-    call assert_equal('null', '' . v:null)
+    call assert_equal('v:false', '' . v:false)
+    call assert_equal('v:true', '' . v:true)
+    " call assert_equal('v:none', '' . v:none)
+    call assert_equal('v:null', '' . v:null)
 
     call assert_true(v:false == 0)
     call assert_false(v:false != 0)
@@ -1573,6 +1573,23 @@ func Test_script_local_func()
   enew! | close
 endfunc
 
+func Test_script_expand_sfile()
+  let lines =<< trim END
+    func s:snr()
+      return expand('<sfile>')
+    endfunc
+    let g:result = s:snr()
+  END
+  call writefile(lines, 'Xexpand')
+  source Xexpand
+  call assert_match('<SNR>\d\+_snr', g:result)
+  source Xexpand
+  call assert_match('<SNR>\d\+_snr', g:result)
+
+  call delete('Xexpand')
+  unlet g:result
+endfunc
+
 func Test_compound_assignment_operators()
     " Test for number
     let x = 1
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_visual.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_visual.vim
index f9ac0e0884..9c1ad0c099 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_visual.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_visual.vim
@@ -378,14 +378,17 @@ endfunc
 
 func Test_Visual_paragraph_textobject()
   new
-  call setline(1, ['First line.',
-  \                '',
-  \                'Second line.',
-  \                'Third line.',
-  \                'Fourth line.',
-  \                'Fifth line.',
-  \                '',
-  \                'Sixth line.'])
+  let lines =<< trim [END]
+    First line.
+
+    Second line.
+    Third line.
+    Fourth line.
+    Fifth line.
+
+    Sixth line.
+  [END]
+  call setline(1, lines)
 
   " When start and end of visual area are identical, 'ap' or 'ip' select
   " the whole paragraph.
@@ -639,6 +642,14 @@ func Test_characterwise_visual_mode()
   normal Gkvj$d
   call assert_equal(['', 'a', ''], getline(1, '$'))
 
+  " characterwise visual mode: use a count with the visual mode from the last
+  " line in the buffer
+  %d _
+  call setline(1, ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four'])
+  norm! vj$y
+  norm! G1vy
+  call assert_equal('four', @")
+
   " characterwise visual mode: replace a single character line and the eol
   %d _
   call setline(1, "a")
@@ -653,92 +664,6 @@ func Test_characterwise_visual_mode()
   bwipe!
 endfunc
 
-func Test_characterwise_select_mode()
-  new
-
-  " Select mode maps
-  snoremap <lt>End> <End>
-  snoremap <lt>Down> <Down>
-  snoremap <lt>Del> <Del>
-
-  " characterwise select mode: delete middle line
-  call deletebufline('', 1, '$')
-  call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
-  exe "normal Gkkgh\<End>\<Del>"
-  call assert_equal(['', 'b', 'c'], getline(1, '$'))
-
-  " characterwise select mode: delete middle two lines
-  call deletebufline('', 1, '$')
-  call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
-  exe "normal Gkkgh\<Down>\<End>\<Del>"
-  call assert_equal(['', 'c'], getline(1, '$'))
-
-  " characterwise select mode: delete last line
-  call deletebufline('', 1, '$')
-  call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
-  exe "normal Ggh\<End>\<Del>"
-  call assert_equal(['', 'a', 'b', ''], getline(1, '$'))
-
-  " characterwise select mode: delete last two lines
-  call deletebufline('', 1, '$')
-  call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
-  exe "normal Gkgh\<Down>\<End>\<Del>"
-  call assert_equal(['', 'a', ''], getline(1, '$'))
-
-  " CTRL-H in select mode behaves like 'x'
-  call setline(1, 'abcdef')
-  exe "normal! gggh\<Right>\<Right>\<Right>\<C-H>"
-  call assert_equal('ef', getline(1))
-
-  " CTRL-O in select mode switches to visual mode for one command
-  call setline(1, 'abcdef')
-  exe "normal! gggh\<C-O>3lm"
-  call assert_equal('mef', getline(1))
-
-  sunmap <lt>End>
-  sunmap <lt>Down>
-  sunmap <lt>Del>
-  bwipe!
-endfunc
-
-func Test_linewise_select_mode()
-  new
-
-  " linewise select mode: delete middle line
-  call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
-  exe "normal GkkgH\<Del>"
-  call assert_equal(['', 'b', 'c'], getline(1, '$'))
-
-  " linewise select mode: delete middle two lines
-  call deletebufline('', 1, '$')
-  call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
-  exe "normal GkkgH\<Down>\<Del>"
-  call assert_equal(['', 'c'], getline(1, '$'))
-
-  " linewise select mode: delete last line
-  call deletebufline('', 1, '$')
-  call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
-  exe "normal GgH\<Del>"
-  call assert_equal(['', 'a', 'b'], getline(1, '$'))
-
-  " linewise select mode: delete last two lines
-  call deletebufline('', 1, '$')
-  call append('$', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
-  exe "normal GkgH\<Down>\<Del>"
-  call assert_equal(['', 'a'], getline(1, '$'))
-
-  bwipe!
-endfunc
-
-" Test for blockwise select mode (g CTRL-H)
-func Test_blockwise_select_mode()
-  new
-  call setline(1, ['foo', 'bar'])
-  call feedkeys("g\<BS>\<Right>\<Down>mm", 'xt')
-  call assert_equal(['mmo', 'mmr'], getline(1, '$'))
-  close!
-endfunc
-
 func Test_visual_mode_put()
   new
 
@@ -778,16 +703,16 @@ func Test_visual_mode_put()
   bwipe!
 endfunc
 
-func Test_select_mode_gv()
+func Test_gv_with_exclusive_selection()
   new
 
-  " gv in exclusive select mode after operation
+  " gv with exclusive selection after an operation
   call append('$', ['zzz ', 'äà '])
   set selection=exclusive
   normal Gkv3lyjv3lpgvcxxx
   call assert_equal(['', 'zzz ', 'xxx '], getline(1, '$'))
 
-  " gv in exclusive select mode without operation
+  " gv with exclusive selection without an operation
   call deletebufline('', 1, '$')
   call append('$', 'zzz ')
   set selection=exclusive
@@ -1136,32 +1061,6 @@ func Test_star_register()
   close!
 endfunc
 
-" Test for using visual mode maps in select mode
-func Test_select_mode_map()
-  new
-  vmap <buffer> <F2> 3l
-  call setline(1, 'Test line')
-  call feedkeys("gh\<F2>map", 'xt')
-  call assert_equal('map line', getline(1))
-
-  vmap <buffer> <F2> ygV
-  call feedkeys("0gh\<Right>\<Right>\<F2>cwabc", 'xt')
-  call assert_equal('abc line', getline(1))
-
-  vmap <buffer> <F2> :<C-U>let v=100<CR>
-  call feedkeys("gggh\<Right>\<Right>\<F2>foo", 'xt')
-  call assert_equal('foo line', getline(1))
-
-  " reselect the select mode using gv from a visual mode map
-  vmap <buffer> <F2> gv
-  set selectmode=cmd
-  call feedkeys("0gh\<F2>map", 'xt')
-  call assert_equal('map line', getline(1))
-  set selectmode&
-
-  close!
-endfunc
-
 " Test for changing text in visual mode with 'exclusive' selection
 func Test_exclusive_selection()
   new
@@ -1178,15 +1077,38 @@ func Test_exclusive_selection()
   close!
 endfunc
 
-" Test for starting visual mode with a count.
-" This test should be run without any previous visual modes. So this should be
-" run as a first test.
-func Test_AAA_start_visual_mode_with_count()
-  new
-  call setline(1, ['aaaaaaa', 'aaaaaaa', 'aaaaaaa', 'aaaaaaa'])
-  normal! gg2Vy
-  call assert_equal("aaaaaaa\naaaaaaa\n", @")
-  close!
+" Test for starting linewise visual with a count.
+" This test needs to be run without any previous visual mode. Otherwise the
+" count will use the count from the previous visual mode.
+func Test_linewise_visual_with_count()
+  let after =<< trim [CODE]
+    call setline(1, ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four'])
+    norm! 3Vy
+    call assert_equal("one\ntwo\nthree\n", @")
+    call writefile(v:errors, 'Xtestout')
+    qall!
+  [CODE]
+  if RunVim([], after, '')
+    call assert_equal([], readfile('Xtestout'))
+    call delete('Xtestout')
+  endif
+endfunc
+
+" Test for starting characterwise visual with a count.
+" This test needs to be run without any previous visual mode. Otherwise the
+" count will use the count from the previous visual mode.
+func Test_characterwise_visual_with_count()
+  let after =<< trim [CODE]
+    call setline(1, ['one two', 'three'])
+    norm! l5vy
+    call assert_equal("ne tw", @")
+    call writefile(v:errors, 'Xtestout')
+    qall!
+  [CODE]
+  if RunVim([], after, '')
+    call assert_equal([], readfile('Xtestout'))
+    call delete('Xtestout')
+  endif
 endfunc
 
 " Test for visually selecting an inner block (iB)
@@ -1550,5 +1472,25 @@ func Test_visual_area_adjusted_when_hiding()
   bwipe!
 endfunc
 
+func Test_switch_buffer_ends_visual_mode()
+  enew
+  call setline(1, 'foo')
+  set hidden
+  set virtualedit=all
+  let buf1 = bufnr()
+  enew
+  let buf2 = bufnr()
+  call setline(1, ['', '', '', ''])
+  call cursor(4, 5)
+  call feedkeys("\<C-V>3k4h", 'xt')
+  exe 'buffer' buf1
+  call assert_equal('n', mode())
+
+  set nohidden
+  set virtualedit=
+  bwipe!
+  exe 'bwipe!' buf2
+endfunc
+
 
 " vim: shiftwidth=2 sts=2 expandtab
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_writefile.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_writefile.vim
index bfbba1f793..a8735bcaf1 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_writefile.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_writefile.vim
@@ -128,6 +128,25 @@ func Test_nowrite_quit_split()
   bwipe Xfile
 endfunc
 
+func Test_writefile_sync_arg()
+  " This doesn't check if fsync() works, only that the argument is accepted.
+  call writefile(['one'], 'Xtest', 's')
+  call writefile(['two'], 'Xtest', 'S')
+  call delete('Xtest')
+endfunc
+
+func Test_writefile_sync_dev_stdout()
+  if !has('unix')
+    return
+  endif
+  if filewritable('/dev/stdout')
+    " Just check that this doesn't cause an error.
+    call writefile(['one'], '/dev/stdout', 's')
+  else
+    throw 'Skipped: /dev/stdout is not writable'
+  endif
+endfunc
+
 func Test_writefile_autowrite()
   set autowrite
   new
@@ -237,29 +256,18 @@ func Test_write_errors()
   call delete('Xfile')
 endfunc
 
-func Test_writefile_sync_dev_stdout()
-  if !has('unix')
-    return
-  endif
-  if filewritable('/dev/stdout')
-    " Just check that this doesn't cause an error.
-    call writefile(['one'], '/dev/stdout', 's')
-  else
-    throw 'Skipped: /dev/stdout is not writable'
-  endif
-endfunc
-
-func Test_writefile_sync_arg()
-  " This doesn't check if fsync() works, only that the argument is accepted.
-  call writefile(['one'], 'Xtest', 's')
-  call writefile(['two'], 'Xtest', 'S')
-  call delete('Xtest')
+" Test for writing a file using invalid file encoding
+func Test_write_invalid_encoding()
+  new
+  call setline(1, 'abc')
+  call assert_fails('write ++enc=axbyc Xfile', 'E213:')
+  close!
 endfunc
 
 " Tests for reading and writing files with conversion for Win32.
 func Test_write_file_encoding()
-  CheckMSWindows
   throw 'skipped: Nvim does not support :w ++enc=cp1251'
+  CheckMSWindows
   let save_encoding = &encoding
   let save_fileencodings = &fileencodings
   set encoding& fileencodings&
diff --git a/src/nvim/testing.c b/src/nvim/testing.c
index 69b687e44f..e70e9f2cbd 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testing.c
+++ b/src/nvim/testing.c
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include "nvim/eval/encode.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/os/os.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/testing.h"
 
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
@@ -17,21 +18,23 @@
 static void prepare_assert_error(garray_T *gap)
 {
   char buf[NUMBUFLEN];
+  char *sname = estack_sfile(ESTACK_NONE);
 
   ga_init(gap, 1, 100);
-  if (sourcing_name != NULL) {
-    ga_concat(gap, (char *)sourcing_name);
-    if (sourcing_lnum > 0) {
+  if (sname != NULL) {
+    ga_concat(gap, sname);
+    if (SOURCING_LNUM > 0) {
       ga_concat(gap, " ");
     }
   }
-  if (sourcing_lnum > 0) {
-    vim_snprintf(buf, ARRAY_SIZE(buf), "line %" PRId64, (int64_t)sourcing_lnum);
+  if (SOURCING_LNUM > 0) {
+    vim_snprintf(buf, ARRAY_SIZE(buf), "line %" PRId64, (int64_t)SOURCING_LNUM);
     ga_concat(gap, buf);
   }
-  if (sourcing_name != NULL || sourcing_lnum > 0) {
+  if (sname != NULL || SOURCING_LNUM > 0) {
     ga_concat(gap, ": ");
   }
+  xfree(sname);
 }
 
 /// Append "p[clen]" to "gap", escaping unprintable characters.
diff --git a/src/nvim/tui/tui.c b/src/nvim/tui/tui.c
index e2289eb9ce..38e8c15762 100644
--- a/src/nvim/tui/tui.c
+++ b/src/nvim/tui/tui.c
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ UI *tui_start(void)
   ui->option_set = tui_option_set;
   ui->raw_line = tui_raw_line;
 
-  memset(ui->ui_ext, 0, sizeof(ui->ui_ext));
+  CLEAR_FIELD(ui->ui_ext);
   ui->ui_ext[kUILinegrid] = true;
   ui->ui_ext[kUITermColors] = true;
 
@@ -875,6 +875,53 @@ safe_move:
   ugrid_goto(grid, row, col);
 }
 
+static void print_spaces(UI *ui, int width)
+{
+  TUIData *data = ui->data;
+  UGrid *grid = &data->grid;
+
+  out(ui, data->space_buf, (size_t)width);
+  grid->col += width;
+  if (data->immediate_wrap_after_last_column) {
+    // Printing at the right margin immediately advances the cursor.
+    final_column_wrap(ui);
+  }
+}
+
+/// Move cursor to the position given by `row` and `col` and print the character in `cell`.
+/// This allows the grid and the host terminal to assume different widths of ambiguous-width chars.
+///
+/// @param is_doublewidth  whether the character is double-width on the grid.
+///                        If true and the character is ambiguous-width, clear two cells.
+static void print_cell_at_pos(UI *ui, int row, int col, UCell *cell, bool is_doublewidth)
+{
+  TUIData *data = ui->data;
+  UGrid *grid = &data->grid;
+
+  if (grid->row == -1 && cell->data[0] == NUL) {
+    // If cursor needs to repositioned and there is nothing to print, don't move cursor.
+    return;
+  }
+
+  cursor_goto(ui, row, col);
+
+  bool is_ambiwidth = utf_ambiguous_width(utf_ptr2char(cell->data));
+  if (is_ambiwidth && is_doublewidth) {
+    // Clear the two screen cells.
+    // If the character is single-width in the host terminal it won't change the second cell.
+    update_attrs(ui, cell->attr);
+    print_spaces(ui, 2);
+    cursor_goto(ui, row, col);
+  }
+
+  print_cell(ui, cell);
+
+  if (is_ambiwidth) {
+    // Force repositioning cursor after printing an ambiguous-width character.
+    grid->row = -1;
+  }
+}
+
 static void clear_region(UI *ui, int top, int bot, int left, int right, int attr_id)
 {
   TUIData *data = ui->data;
@@ -888,7 +935,7 @@ static void clear_region(UI *ui, int top, int bot, int left, int right, int attr
       && left == 0 && right == ui->width && bot == ui->height) {
     if (top == 0) {
       unibi_out(ui, unibi_clear_screen);
-      ugrid_goto(&data->grid, top, left);
+      ugrid_goto(grid, top, left);
     } else {
       cursor_goto(ui, top, 0);
       unibi_out(ui, unibi_clr_eos);
@@ -905,12 +952,7 @@ static void clear_region(UI *ui, int top, int bot, int left, int right, int attr
         UNIBI_SET_NUM_VAR(data->params[0], width);
         unibi_out(ui, unibi_erase_chars);
       } else {
-        out(ui, data->space_buf, (size_t)width);
-        grid->col += width;
-        if (data->immediate_wrap_after_last_column) {
-          // Printing at the right margin immediately advances the cursor.
-          final_column_wrap(ui);
-        }
+        print_spaces(ui, width);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1302,8 +1344,8 @@ static void tui_flush(UI *ui)
       }
 
       UGRID_FOREACH_CELL(grid, row, r.left, clear_col, {
-        cursor_goto(ui, row, curcol);
-        print_cell(ui, cell);
+        print_cell_at_pos(ui, row, curcol, cell,
+                          curcol < clear_col - 1 && (cell + 1)->data[0] == NUL);
       });
       if (clear_col < r.right) {
         clear_region(ui, row, row + 1, clear_col, r.right, clear_attr);
@@ -1439,8 +1481,8 @@ static void tui_raw_line(UI *ui, Integer g, Integer linerow, Integer startcol, I
     grid->cells[linerow][c].attr = attrs[c - startcol];
   }
   UGRID_FOREACH_CELL(grid, (int)linerow, (int)startcol, (int)endcol, {
-    cursor_goto(ui, (int)linerow, curcol);
-    print_cell(ui, cell);
+    print_cell_at_pos(ui, (int)linerow, curcol, cell,
+                      curcol < endcol - 1 && (cell + 1)->data[0] == NUL);
   });
 
   if (clearcol > endcol) {
@@ -1458,8 +1500,8 @@ static void tui_raw_line(UI *ui, Integer g, Integer linerow, Integer startcol, I
     if (endcol != grid->width) {
       // Print the last char of the row, if we haven't already done so.
       int size = grid->cells[linerow][grid->width - 1].data[0] == NUL ? 2 : 1;
-      cursor_goto(ui, (int)linerow, grid->width - size);
-      print_cell(ui, &grid->cells[linerow][grid->width - size]);
+      print_cell_at_pos(ui, (int)linerow, grid->width - size,
+                        &grid->cells[linerow][grid->width - size], size == 2);
     }
 
     // Wrap the cursor over to the next line. The next line will be
diff --git a/src/nvim/types.h b/src/nvim/types.h
index 00b9e6fc09..477102276c 100644
--- a/src/nvim/types.h
+++ b/src/nvim/types.h
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ typedef handle_T NS;
 
 typedef struct expand expand_T;
 
+typedef uint64_t proftime_T;
+
 typedef enum {
   kNone  = -1,
   kFalse = 0,
diff --git a/src/nvim/ui.c b/src/nvim/ui.c
index 4fcfee1192..da671a3ad1 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ui.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ui.c
@@ -13,11 +13,12 @@
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor_shape.h"
 #include "nvim/diff.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/event/loop.h"
-#include "nvim/ex_cmds2.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight.h"
 #include "nvim/log.h"
 #include "nvim/main.h"
@@ -31,8 +32,7 @@
 #include "nvim/os/signal.h"
 #include "nvim/os/time.h"
 #include "nvim/os_unix.h"
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
 #include "nvim/ui_compositor.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
@@ -663,6 +663,6 @@ void ui_grid_resize(handle_T grid_handle, int width, int height, Error *error)
     // non-positive indicates no request
     wp->w_height_request = MAX(height, 0);
     wp->w_width_request = MAX(width, 0);
-    win_set_inner_size(wp);
+    win_set_inner_size(wp, true);
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/nvim/ui_compositor.c b/src/nvim/ui_compositor.c
index 5df70d0d8e..2216e25db9 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ui_compositor.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ui_compositor.c
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight.h"
 #include "nvim/highlight_group.h"
 #include "nvim/lib/kvec.h"
@@ -22,8 +23,7 @@
 #include "nvim/memory.h"
 #include "nvim/message.h"
 #include "nvim/os/os.h"
-#include "nvim/popupmnu.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
+#include "nvim/popupmenu.h"
 #include "nvim/ugrid.h"
 #include "nvim/ui.h"
 #include "nvim/ui_compositor.h"
diff --git a/src/nvim/undo.c b/src/nvim/undo.c
index 45c083b034..75a09b244c 100644
--- a/src/nvim/undo.c
+++ b/src/nvim/undo.c
@@ -1,73 +1,71 @@
 // This is an open source non-commercial project. Dear PVS-Studio, please check
 // it. PVS-Studio Static Code Analyzer for C, C++ and C#: http://www.viva64.com
 
-/*
- * undo.c: multi level undo facility
- *
- * The saved lines are stored in a list of lists (one for each buffer):
- *
- * b_u_oldhead------------------------------------------------+
- *                                                            |
- *                                                            V
- *                +--------------+    +--------------+    +--------------+
- * b_u_newhead--->| u_header     |    | u_header     |    | u_header     |
- *                |     uh_next------>|     uh_next------>|     uh_next---->NULL
- *         NULL<--------uh_prev  |<---------uh_prev  |<---------uh_prev  |
- *                |     uh_entry |    |     uh_entry |    |     uh_entry |
- *                +--------|-----+    +--------|-----+    +--------|-----+
- *                         |                   |                   |
- *                         V                   V                   V
- *                +--------------+    +--------------+    +--------------+
- *                | u_entry      |    | u_entry      |    | u_entry      |
- *                |     ue_next  |    |     ue_next  |    |     ue_next  |
- *                +--------|-----+    +--------|-----+    +--------|-----+
- *                         |                   |                   |
- *                         V                   V                   V
- *                +--------------+            NULL                NULL
- *                | u_entry      |
- *                |     ue_next  |
- *                +--------|-----+
- *                         |
- *                         V
- *                        etc.
- *
- * Each u_entry list contains the information for one undo or redo.
- * curbuf->b_u_curhead points to the header of the last undo (the next redo),
- * or is NULL if nothing has been undone (end of the branch).
- *
- * For keeping alternate undo/redo branches the uh_alt field is used.  Thus at
- * each point in the list a branch may appear for an alternate to redo.  The
- * uh_seq field is numbered sequentially to be able to find a newer or older
- * branch.
- *
- *                 +---------------+    +---------------+
- * b_u_oldhead --->| u_header      |    | u_header      |
- *                 |   uh_alt_next ---->|   uh_alt_next ----> NULL
- *         NULL <----- uh_alt_prev |<------ uh_alt_prev |
- *                 |   uh_prev     |    |   uh_prev     |
- *                 +-----|---------+    +-----|---------+
- *                       |                    |
- *                       V                    V
- *                 +---------------+    +---------------+
- *                 | u_header      |    | u_header      |
- *                 |   uh_alt_next |    |   uh_alt_next |
- * b_u_newhead --->|   uh_alt_prev |    |   uh_alt_prev |
- *                 |   uh_prev     |    |   uh_prev     |
- *                 +-----|---------+    +-----|---------+
- *                       |                    |
- *                       V                    V
- *                     NULL             +---------------+    +---------------+
- *                                      | u_header      |    | u_header      |
- *                                      |   uh_alt_next ---->|   uh_alt_next |
- *                                      |   uh_alt_prev |<------ uh_alt_prev |
- *                                      |   uh_prev     |    |   uh_prev     |
- *                                      +-----|---------+    +-----|---------+
- *                                            |                    |
- *                                           etc.                 etc.
- *
- *
- * All data is allocated and will all be freed when the buffer is unloaded.
- */
+// undo.c: multi level undo facility
+
+// The saved lines are stored in a list of lists (one for each buffer):
+//
+// b_u_oldhead------------------------------------------------+
+//                                                            |
+//                                                            V
+//                +--------------+    +--------------+    +--------------+
+// b_u_newhead--->| u_header     |    | u_header     |    | u_header     |
+//                |     uh_next------>|     uh_next------>|     uh_next---->NULL
+//         NULL<--------uh_prev  |<---------uh_prev  |<---------uh_prev  |
+//                |     uh_entry |    |     uh_entry |    |     uh_entry |
+//                +--------|-----+    +--------|-----+    +--------|-----+
+//                         |                   |                   |
+//                         V                   V                   V
+//                +--------------+    +--------------+    +--------------+
+//                | u_entry      |    | u_entry      |    | u_entry      |
+//                |     ue_next  |    |     ue_next  |    |     ue_next  |
+//                +--------|-----+    +--------|-----+    +--------|-----+
+//                         |                   |                   |
+//                         V                   V                   V
+//                +--------------+            NULL                NULL
+//                | u_entry      |
+//                |     ue_next  |
+//                +--------|-----+
+//                         |
+//                         V
+//                        etc.
+//
+// Each u_entry list contains the information for one undo or redo.
+// curbuf->b_u_curhead points to the header of the last undo (the next redo),
+// or is NULL if nothing has been undone (end of the branch).
+//
+// For keeping alternate undo/redo branches the uh_alt field is used.  Thus at
+// each point in the list a branch may appear for an alternate to redo.  The
+// uh_seq field is numbered sequentially to be able to find a newer or older
+// branch.
+//
+//                 +---------------+    +---------------+
+// b_u_oldhead --->| u_header      |    | u_header      |
+//                 |   uh_alt_next ---->|   uh_alt_next ----> NULL
+//         NULL <----- uh_alt_prev |<------ uh_alt_prev |
+//                 |   uh_prev     |    |   uh_prev     |
+//                 +-----|---------+    +-----|---------+
+//                       |                    |
+//                       V                    V
+//                 +---------------+    +---------------+
+//                 | u_header      |    | u_header      |
+//                 |   uh_alt_next |    |   uh_alt_next |
+// b_u_newhead --->|   uh_alt_prev |    |   uh_alt_prev |
+//                 |   uh_prev     |    |   uh_prev     |
+//                 +-----|---------+    +-----|---------+
+//                       |                    |
+//                       V                    V
+//                     NULL             +---------------+    +---------------+
+//                                      | u_header      |    | u_header      |
+//                                      |   uh_alt_next ---->|   uh_alt_next |
+//                                      |   uh_alt_prev |<------ uh_alt_prev |
+//                                      |   uh_prev     |    |   uh_prev     |
+//                                      +-----|---------+    +-----|---------+
+//                                            |                    |
+//                                           etc.                 etc.
+//
+//
+// All data is allocated and will all be freed when the buffer is unloaded.
 
 // Uncomment the next line for including the u_check() function.  This warns
 // for errors in the debug information.
@@ -88,6 +86,7 @@
 #include "nvim/buffer_updates.h"
 #include "nvim/change.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/extmark.h"
@@ -113,6 +112,12 @@
 #include "nvim/types.h"
 #include "nvim/undo.h"
 
+/// Structure passed around between undofile functions.
+typedef struct {
+  buf_T *bi_buf;
+  FILE *bi_fp;
+} bufinfo_T;
+
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "undo.c.generated.h"
 #endif
@@ -120,31 +125,25 @@
 // used in undo_end() to report number of added and deleted lines
 static long u_newcount, u_oldcount;
 
-/*
- * When 'u' flag included in 'cpoptions', we behave like vi.  Need to remember
- * the action that "u" should do.
- */
+// When 'u' flag included in 'cpoptions', we behave like vi.  Need to remember
+// the action that "u" should do.
 static bool undo_undoes = false;
 
 static int lastmark = 0;
 
 #if defined(U_DEBUG)
-/*
- * Check the undo structures for being valid.  Print a warning when something
- * looks wrong.
- */
+// Check the undo structures for being valid.  Print a warning when something
+// looks wrong.
 static int seen_b_u_curhead;
 static int seen_b_u_newhead;
 static int header_count;
 
 static void u_check_tree(u_header_T *uhp, u_header_T *exp_uh_next, u_header_T *exp_uh_alt_prev)
 {
-  u_entry_T *uep;
-
   if (uhp == NULL) {
     return;
   }
-  ++header_count;
+  header_count++;
   if (uhp == curbuf->b_u_curhead && ++seen_b_u_curhead > 1) {
     emsg("b_u_curhead found twice (looping?)");
     return;
@@ -170,7 +169,7 @@ static void u_check_tree(u_header_T *uhp, u_header_T *exp_uh_next, u_header_T *e
     }
 
     // Check the undo tree at this header.
-    for (uep = uhp->uh_entry; uep != NULL; uep = uep->ue_next) {
+    for (u_entry_T *uep = uhp->uh_entry; uep != NULL; uep = uep->ue_next) {
       if (uep->ue_magic != UE_MAGIC) {
         emsg("ue_magic wrong (may be using freed memory)");
         break;
@@ -209,11 +208,9 @@ static void u_check(int newhead_may_be_NULL)
 
 #endif
 
-/*
- * Save the current line for both the "u" and "U" command.
- * Careful: may trigger autocommands that reload the buffer.
- * Returns OK or FAIL.
- */
+/// Save the current line for both the "u" and "U" command.
+/// Careful: may trigger autocommands that reload the buffer.
+/// Returns OK or FAIL.
 int u_save_cursor(void)
 {
   linenr_T cur = curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
@@ -223,12 +220,10 @@ int u_save_cursor(void)
   return u_save(top, bot);
 }
 
-/*
- * Save the lines between "top" and "bot" for both the "u" and "U" command.
- * "top" may be 0 and bot may be curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count + 1.
- * Careful: may trigger autocommands that reload the buffer.
- * Returns FAIL when lines could not be saved, OK otherwise.
- */
+/// Save the lines between "top" and "bot" for both the "u" and "U" command.
+/// "top" may be 0 and bot may be curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count + 1.
+/// Careful: may trigger autocommands that reload the buffer.
+/// Returns FAIL when lines could not be saved, OK otherwise.
 int u_save(linenr_T top, linenr_T bot)
 {
   if (top >= bot || bot > (curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count + 1)) {
@@ -242,35 +237,29 @@ int u_save(linenr_T top, linenr_T bot)
   return u_savecommon(curbuf, top, bot, (linenr_T)0, false);
 }
 
-/*
- * Save the line "lnum" (used by ":s" and "~" command).
- * The line is replaced, so the new bottom line is lnum + 1.
- * Careful: may trigger autocommands that reload the buffer.
- * Returns FAIL when lines could not be saved, OK otherwise.
- */
+/// Save the line "lnum" (used by ":s" and "~" command).
+/// The line is replaced, so the new bottom line is lnum + 1.
+/// Careful: may trigger autocommands that reload the buffer.
+/// Returns FAIL when lines could not be saved, OK otherwise.
 int u_savesub(linenr_T lnum)
 {
   return u_savecommon(curbuf, lnum - 1, lnum + 1, lnum + 1, false);
 }
 
-/*
- * A new line is inserted before line "lnum" (used by :s command).
- * The line is inserted, so the new bottom line is lnum + 1.
- * Careful: may trigger autocommands that reload the buffer.
- * Returns FAIL when lines could not be saved, OK otherwise.
- */
+/// A new line is inserted before line "lnum" (used by :s command).
+/// The line is inserted, so the new bottom line is lnum + 1.
+/// Careful: may trigger autocommands that reload the buffer.
+/// Returns FAIL when lines could not be saved, OK otherwise.
 int u_inssub(linenr_T lnum)
 {
   return u_savecommon(curbuf, lnum - 1, lnum, lnum + 1, false);
 }
 
-/*
- * Save the lines "lnum" - "lnum" + nlines (used by delete command).
- * The lines are deleted, so the new bottom line is lnum, unless the buffer
- * becomes empty.
- * Careful: may trigger autocommands that reload the buffer.
- * Returns FAIL when lines could not be saved, OK otherwise.
- */
+/// Save the lines "lnum" - "lnum" + nlines (used by delete command).
+/// The lines are deleted, so the new bottom line is lnum, unless the buffer
+/// becomes empty.
+/// Careful: may trigger autocommands that reload the buffer.
+/// Returns FAIL when lines could not be saved, OK otherwise.
 int u_savedel(linenr_T lnum, long nlines)
 {
   return u_savecommon(curbuf, lnum - 1, lnum + (linenr_T)nlines,
@@ -322,25 +311,15 @@ static inline void zero_fmark_additional_data(fmark_T *fmarks)
   }
 }
 
-/*
- * Common code for various ways to save text before a change.
- * "top" is the line above the first changed line.
- * "bot" is the line below the last changed line.
- * "newbot" is the new bottom line.  Use zero when not known.
- * "reload" is TRUE when saving for a buffer reload.
- * Careful: may trigger autocommands that reload the buffer.
- * Returns FAIL when lines could not be saved, OK otherwise.
- */
+/// Common code for various ways to save text before a change.
+/// "top" is the line above the first changed line.
+/// "bot" is the line below the last changed line.
+/// "newbot" is the new bottom line.  Use zero when not known.
+/// "reload" is true when saving for a buffer reload.
+/// Careful: may trigger autocommands that reload the buffer.
+/// Returns FAIL when lines could not be saved, OK otherwise.
 int u_savecommon(buf_T *buf, linenr_T top, linenr_T bot, linenr_T newbot, int reload)
 {
-  linenr_T lnum;
-  long i;
-  u_header_T *uhp;
-  u_header_T *old_curhead;
-  u_entry_T *uep;
-  u_entry_T *prev_uep;
-  long size;
-
   if (!reload) {
     // When making changes is not allowed return FAIL.  It's a crude way
     // to make all change commands fail.
@@ -365,16 +344,19 @@ int u_savecommon(buf_T *buf, linenr_T top, linenr_T bot, linenr_T newbot, int re
   }
 
 #ifdef U_DEBUG
-  u_check(FALSE);
+  u_check(false);
 #endif
 
-  size = bot - top - 1;
+  u_entry_T *uep;
+  u_entry_T *prev_uep;
+  long size = bot - top - 1;
 
   // If curbuf->b_u_synced == true make a new header.
   if (buf->b_u_synced) {
     // Need to create new entry in b_changelist.
     buf->b_new_change = true;
 
+    u_header_T *uhp;
     if (get_undolevel(buf) >= 0) {
       // Make a new header entry.  Do this first so that we don't mess
       // up the undo info when out of memory.
@@ -387,19 +369,15 @@ int u_savecommon(buf_T *buf, linenr_T top, linenr_T bot, linenr_T newbot, int re
       uhp = NULL;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * If we undid more than we redid, move the entry lists before and
-     * including curbuf->b_u_curhead to an alternate branch.
-     */
-    old_curhead = buf->b_u_curhead;
+    // If we undid more than we redid, move the entry lists before and
+    // including curbuf->b_u_curhead to an alternate branch.
+    u_header_T *old_curhead = buf->b_u_curhead;
     if (old_curhead != NULL) {
       buf->b_u_newhead = old_curhead->uh_next.ptr;
       buf->b_u_curhead = NULL;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * free headers to keep the size right
-     */
+    // free headers to keep the size right
     while (buf->b_u_numhead > get_undolevel(buf)
            && buf->b_u_oldhead != NULL) {
       u_header_T *uhfree = buf->b_u_oldhead;
@@ -418,7 +396,7 @@ int u_savecommon(buf_T *buf, linenr_T top, linenr_T bot, linenr_T newbot, int re
         u_freebranch(buf, uhfree, &old_curhead);
       }
 #ifdef U_DEBUG
-      u_check(TRUE);
+      u_check(true);
 #endif
     }
 
@@ -490,19 +468,17 @@ int u_savecommon(buf_T *buf, linenr_T top, linenr_T bot, linenr_T newbot, int re
       return OK;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * When saving a single line, and it has been saved just before, it
-     * doesn't make sense saving it again.  Saves a lot of memory when
-     * making lots of changes inside the same line.
-     * This is only possible if the previous change didn't increase or
-     * decrease the number of lines.
-     * Check the ten last changes.  More doesn't make sense and takes too
-     * long.
-     */
+    // When saving a single line, and it has been saved just before, it
+    // doesn't make sense saving it again.  Saves a lot of memory when
+    // making lots of changes inside the same line.
+    // This is only possible if the previous change didn't increase or
+    // decrease the number of lines.
+    // Check the ten last changes.  More doesn't make sense and takes too
+    // long.
     if (size == 1) {
       uep = u_get_headentry(buf);
       prev_uep = NULL;
-      for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+      for (long i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
         if (uep == NULL) {
           break;
         }
@@ -514,7 +490,7 @@ int u_savecommon(buf_T *buf, linenr_T top, linenr_T bot, linenr_T newbot, int re
                 != (uep->ue_bot == 0
                     ? buf->b_ml.ml_line_count + 1
                     : uep->ue_bot))
-                    : uep->ue_lcount != buf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
+             : uep->ue_lcount != buf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
             || (uep->ue_size > 1
                 && top >= uep->ue_top
                 && top + 2 <= uep->ue_top + uep->ue_size + 1)) {
@@ -561,11 +537,9 @@ int u_savecommon(buf_T *buf, linenr_T top, linenr_T bot, linenr_T newbot, int re
     u_getbot(buf);
   }
 
-  /*
-   * add lines in front of entry list
-   */
+  // add lines in front of entry list
   uep = xmalloc(sizeof(u_entry_T));
-  memset(uep, 0, sizeof(u_entry_T));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(uep);
 #ifdef U_DEBUG
   uep->ue_magic = UE_MAGIC;
 #endif
@@ -585,7 +559,9 @@ int u_savecommon(buf_T *buf, linenr_T top, linenr_T bot, linenr_T newbot, int re
 
   if (size > 0) {
     uep->ue_array = xmalloc(sizeof(char_u *) * (size_t)size);
-    for (i = 0, lnum = top + 1; i < size; ++i) {
+    linenr_T lnum;
+    long i;
+    for (i = 0, lnum = top + 1; i < size; i++) {
       fast_breakcheck();
       if (got_int) {
         u_freeentry(uep, i);
@@ -607,7 +583,7 @@ int u_savecommon(buf_T *buf, linenr_T top, linenr_T bot, linenr_T newbot, int re
   undo_undoes = false;
 
 #ifdef U_DEBUG
-  u_check(FALSE);
+  u_check(false);
 #endif
   return OK;
 }
@@ -643,12 +619,9 @@ static char_u e_not_open[] = N_("E828: Cannot open undo file for writing: %s");
 void u_compute_hash(buf_T *buf, char_u *hash)
 {
   context_sha256_T ctx;
-  linenr_T lnum;
-  char_u *p;
-
   sha256_start(&ctx);
-  for (lnum = 1; lnum <= buf->b_ml.ml_line_count; lnum++) {
-    p = ml_get_buf(buf, lnum, false);
+  for (linenr_T lnum = 1; lnum <= buf->b_ml.ml_line_count; lnum++) {
+    char_u *p = ml_get_buf(buf, lnum, false);
     sha256_update(&ctx, p, (uint32_t)(STRLEN(p) + 1));
   }
   sha256_finish(&ctx, hash);
@@ -668,21 +641,14 @@ void u_compute_hash(buf_T *buf, char_u *hash)
 char *u_get_undo_file_name(const char *const buf_ffname, const bool reading)
   FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
 {
-  char *dirp;
-  char dir_name[MAXPATHL + 1];
-  char *munged_name = NULL;
-  char *undo_file_name = NULL;
   const char *ffname = buf_ffname;
-#ifdef HAVE_READLINK
-  char fname_buf[MAXPATHL];
-#endif
-  char *p;
 
   if (ffname == NULL) {
     return NULL;
   }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_READLINK
+  char fname_buf[MAXPATHL];
   // Expand symlink in the file name, so that we put the undo file with the
   // actual file instead of with the symlink.
   if (resolve_symlink((const char_u *)ffname, (char_u *)fname_buf) == OK) {
@@ -690,9 +656,13 @@ char *u_get_undo_file_name(const char *const buf_ffname, const bool reading)
   }
 #endif
 
+  char dir_name[MAXPATHL + 1];
+  char *munged_name = NULL;
+  char *undo_file_name = NULL;
+
   // Loop over 'undodir'.  When reading find the first file that exists.
   // When not reading use the first directory that exists or ".".
-  dirp = (char *)p_udir;
+  char *dirp = (char *)p_udir;
   while (*dirp != NUL) {
     size_t dir_len = copy_option_part(&dirp, dir_name, MAXPATHL, ",");
     if (dir_len == 1 && dir_name[0] == '.') {
@@ -710,7 +680,7 @@ char *u_get_undo_file_name(const char *const buf_ffname, const bool reading)
       dir_name[dir_len] = NUL;
 
       // Remove trailing pathseps from directory name
-      p = &dir_name[dir_len - 1];
+      char *p = &dir_name[dir_len - 1];
       while (vim_ispathsep(*p)) {
         *p-- = NUL;
       }
@@ -731,9 +701,9 @@ char *u_get_undo_file_name(const char *const buf_ffname, const bool reading)
       if (has_directory) {
         if (munged_name == NULL) {
           munged_name = xstrdup(ffname);
-          for (p = munged_name; *p != NUL; MB_PTR_ADV(p)) {
-            if (vim_ispathsep(*p)) {
-              *p = '%';
+          for (char *c = munged_name; *c != NUL; MB_PTR_ADV(c)) {
+            if (vim_ispathsep(*c)) {
+              *c = '%';
             }
           }
         }
@@ -765,12 +735,9 @@ static void corruption_error(const char *const mesg, const char *const file_name
 
 static void u_free_uhp(u_header_T *uhp)
 {
-  u_entry_T *nuep;
-  u_entry_T *uep;
-
-  uep = uhp->uh_entry;
+  u_entry_T *uep = uhp->uh_entry;
   while (uep != NULL) {
-    nuep = uep->ue_next;
+    u_entry_T *nuep = uep->ue_next;
     u_freeentry(uep, uep->ue_size);
     uep = nuep;
   }
@@ -895,7 +862,7 @@ static bool serialize_uhp(bufinfo_T *bi, u_header_T *uhp)
 static u_header_T *unserialize_uhp(bufinfo_T *bi, const char *file_name)
 {
   u_header_T *uhp = xmalloc(sizeof(u_header_T));
-  memset(uhp, 0, sizeof(u_header_T));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(uhp);
 #ifdef U_DEBUG
   uhp->uh_magic = UH_MAGIC;
 #endif
@@ -1016,23 +983,21 @@ static bool serialize_extmark(bufinfo_T *bi, ExtmarkUndoObject extup)
 
 static ExtmarkUndoObject *unserialize_extmark(bufinfo_T *bi, bool *error, const char *filename)
 {
-  UndoObjectType type;
   uint8_t *buf = NULL;
-  size_t n_elems;
 
   ExtmarkUndoObject *extup = xmalloc(sizeof(ExtmarkUndoObject));
 
-  type = (UndoObjectType)undo_read_4c(bi);
+  UndoObjectType type = (UndoObjectType)undo_read_4c(bi);
   extup->type = type;
   if (type == kExtmarkSplice) {
-    n_elems = (size_t)sizeof(ExtmarkSplice) / sizeof(uint8_t);
+    size_t n_elems = (size_t)sizeof(ExtmarkSplice) / sizeof(uint8_t);
     buf = xcalloc(n_elems, sizeof(uint8_t));
     if (!undo_read(bi, buf, n_elems)) {
       goto error;
     }
     extup->data.splice = *(ExtmarkSplice *)buf;
   } else if (type == kExtmarkMove) {
-    n_elems = (size_t)sizeof(ExtmarkMove) / sizeof(uint8_t);
+    size_t n_elems = (size_t)sizeof(ExtmarkMove) / sizeof(uint8_t);
     buf = xcalloc(n_elems, sizeof(uint8_t));
     if (!undo_read(bi, buf, n_elems)) {
       goto error;
@@ -1083,7 +1048,7 @@ static bool serialize_uep(bufinfo_T *bi, u_entry_T *uep)
 static u_entry_T *unserialize_uep(bufinfo_T *bi, bool *error, const char *file_name)
 {
   u_entry_T *uep = xmalloc(sizeof(u_entry_T));
-  memset(uep, 0, sizeof(u_entry_T));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(uep);
 #ifdef U_DEBUG
   uep->ue_magic = UE_MAGIC;
 #endif
@@ -1173,17 +1138,12 @@ static void unserialize_visualinfo(bufinfo_T *bi, visualinfo_T *info)
 void u_write_undo(const char *const name, const bool forceit, buf_T *const buf, char_u *const hash)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(3, 4)
 {
-  u_header_T *uhp;
   char *file_name;
-  int mark;
 #ifdef U_DEBUG
   int headers_written = 0;
 #endif
-  int fd;
   FILE *fp = NULL;
-  int perm;
   bool write_ok = false;
-  bufinfo_T bi;
 
   if (name == NULL) {
     file_name = u_get_undo_file_name(buf->b_ffname, false);
@@ -1199,12 +1159,10 @@ void u_write_undo(const char *const name, const bool forceit, buf_T *const buf,
     file_name = (char *)name;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Decide about the permission to use for the undo file.  If the buffer
-   * has a name use the permission of the original file.  Otherwise only
-   * allow the user to access the undo file.
-   */
-  perm = 0600;
+  // Decide about the permission to use for the undo file.  If the buffer
+  // has a name use the permission of the original file.  Otherwise only
+  // allow the user to access the undo file.
+  int perm = 0600;
   if (buf->b_ffname != NULL) {
     perm = os_getperm((const char *)buf->b_ffname);
     if (perm < 0) {
@@ -1215,6 +1173,8 @@ void u_write_undo(const char *const name, const bool forceit, buf_T *const buf,
   // Strip any sticky and executable bits.
   perm = perm & 0666;
 
+  int fd;
+
   // If the undo file already exists, verify that it actually is an undo
   // file, and delete it.
   if (os_path_exists((char_u *)file_name)) {
@@ -1279,15 +1239,13 @@ void u_write_undo(const char *const name, const bool forceit, buf_T *const buf,
 
 #ifdef U_DEBUG
   // Check there is no problem in undo info before writing.
-  u_check(FALSE);
+  u_check(false);
 #endif
 
 #ifdef UNIX
-  /*
-   * Try to set the group of the undo file same as the original file. If
-   * this fails, set the protection bits for the group same as the
-   * protection bits for others.
-   */
+  // Try to set the group of the undo file same as the original file. If
+  // this fails, set the protection bits for the group same as the
+  // protection bits for others.
   FileInfo file_info_old;
   FileInfo file_info_new;
   if (buf->b_ffname != NULL
@@ -1310,26 +1268,24 @@ void u_write_undo(const char *const name, const bool forceit, buf_T *const buf,
   // Undo must be synced.
   u_sync(true);
 
-  /*
-   * Write the header.
-   */
-  bi.bi_buf = buf;
-  bi.bi_fp = fp;
+  // Write the header.
+  bufinfo_T bi = {
+    .bi_buf = buf,
+    .bi_fp = fp,
+  };
   if (!serialize_header(&bi, hash)) {
     goto write_error;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * Iteratively serialize UHPs and their UEPs from the top down.
-   */
-  mark = ++lastmark;
-  uhp = buf->b_u_oldhead;
+  // Iteratively serialize UHPs and their UEPs from the top down.
+  int mark = ++lastmark;
+  u_header_T *uhp = buf->b_u_oldhead;
   while (uhp != NULL) {
     // Serialize current UHP if we haven't seen it
     if (uhp->uh_walk != mark) {
       uhp->uh_walk = mark;
 #ifdef U_DEBUG
-      ++headers_written;
+      headers_written++;
 #endif
       if (!serialize_uhp(&bi, uhp)) {
         goto write_error;
@@ -1437,9 +1393,10 @@ void u_read_undo(char *name, const char_u *hash, const char_u *orig_name FUNC_AT
     goto error;
   }
 
-  bufinfo_T bi;
-  bi.bi_buf = curbuf;
-  bi.bi_fp = fp;
+  bufinfo_T bi = {
+    .bi_buf = curbuf,
+    .bi_fp = fp,
+  };
 
   // Read the undo file header.
   char_u magic_buf[UF_START_MAGIC_LEN];
@@ -1568,7 +1525,7 @@ void u_read_undo(char *name, const char_u *hash, const char_u *orig_name FUNC_AT
   // We have put all of the headers into a table. Now we iterate through the
   // table and swizzle each sequence number we have stored in uh_*_seq into
   // a pointer corresponding to the header with that sequence number.
-  short old_idx = -1, new_idx = -1, cur_idx = -1;
+  int16_t old_idx = -1, new_idx = -1, cur_idx = -1;
   for (int i = 0; i < num_head; i++) {
     u_header_T *uhp = uhp_table[i];
     if (uhp == NULL) {
@@ -1614,18 +1571,18 @@ void u_read_undo(char *name, const char_u *hash, const char_u *orig_name FUNC_AT
       }
     }
     if (old_header_seq > 0 && old_idx < 0 && uhp->uh_seq == old_header_seq) {
-      assert(i <= SHRT_MAX);
-      old_idx = (short)i;
+      assert(i <= INT16_MAX);
+      old_idx = (int16_t)i;
       SET_FLAG(i);
     }
     if (new_header_seq > 0 && new_idx < 0 && uhp->uh_seq == new_header_seq) {
-      assert(i <= SHRT_MAX);
-      new_idx = (short)i;
+      assert(i <= INT16_MAX);
+      new_idx = (int16_t)i;
       SET_FLAG(i);
     }
     if (cur_header_seq > 0 && cur_idx < 0 && uhp->uh_seq == cur_header_seq) {
-      assert(i <= SHRT_MAX);
-      cur_idx = (short)i;
+      assert(i <= INT16_MAX);
+      cur_idx = (int16_t)i;
       SET_FLAG(i);
     }
   }
@@ -1656,7 +1613,7 @@ void u_read_undo(char *name, const char_u *hash, const char_u *orig_name FUNC_AT
     }
   }
   xfree(uhp_table_used);
-  u_check(TRUE);
+  u_check(true);
 #endif
 
   if (name != NULL) {
@@ -1781,17 +1738,13 @@ static uint8_t *undo_read_string(bufinfo_T *bi, size_t len)
   return ptr;
 }
 
-/*
- * If 'cpoptions' contains 'u': Undo the previous undo or redo (vi compatible).
- * If 'cpoptions' does not contain 'u': Always undo.
- */
+/// If 'cpoptions' contains 'u': Undo the previous undo or redo (vi compatible).
+/// If 'cpoptions' does not contain 'u': Always undo.
 void u_undo(int count)
 {
-  /*
-   * If we get an undo command while executing a macro, we behave like the
-   * original vi. If this happens twice in one macro the result will not
-   * be compatible.
-   */
+  // If we get an undo command while executing a macro, we behave like the
+  // original vi. If this happens twice in one macro the result will not
+  // be compatible.
   if (curbuf->b_u_synced == false) {
     u_sync(true);
     count = 1;
@@ -1805,10 +1758,8 @@ void u_undo(int count)
   u_doit(count, false, true);
 }
 
-/*
- * If 'cpoptions' contains 'u': Repeat the previous undo or redo.
- * If 'cpoptions' does not contain 'u': Always redo.
- */
+/// If 'cpoptions' contains 'u': Repeat the previous undo or redo.
+/// If 'cpoptions' does not contain 'u': Always redo.
 void u_redo(int count)
 {
   if (vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_UNDO) == NULL) {
@@ -1870,8 +1821,6 @@ bool u_undo_and_forget(int count)
 /// @param do_buf_event If `true`, send the changedtick with the buffer updates
 static void u_doit(int startcount, bool quiet, bool do_buf_event)
 {
-  int count = startcount;
-
   if (!undo_allowed(curbuf)) {
     return;
   }
@@ -1881,6 +1830,8 @@ static void u_doit(int startcount, bool quiet, bool do_buf_event)
   if (curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY) {
     u_oldcount = -1;
   }
+
+  int count = startcount;
   while (count--) {
     // Do the change warning now, so that it triggers FileChangedRO when
     // needed.  This may cause the file to be reloaded, that must happen
@@ -1940,21 +1891,6 @@ static void u_doit(int startcount, bool quiet, bool do_buf_event)
 // "sec" must be false then.
 void undo_time(long step, bool sec, bool file, bool absolute)
 {
-  long target;
-  long closest;
-  long closest_start;
-  long closest_seq = 0;
-  long val;
-  u_header_T *uhp = NULL;
-  u_header_T *last;
-  int mark;
-  int nomark = 0;  // shut up compiler
-  int round;
-  bool dosec = sec;
-  bool dofile = file;
-  bool above = false;
-  bool did_undo = true;
-
   if (text_locked()) {
     text_locked_msg();
     return;
@@ -1971,6 +1907,14 @@ void undo_time(long step, bool sec, bool file, bool absolute)
     u_oldcount = -1;
   }
 
+  long target;
+  long closest;
+  u_header_T *uhp = NULL;
+  bool dosec = sec;
+  bool dofile = file;
+  bool above = false;
+  bool did_undo = true;
+
   // "target" is the node below which we want to be.
   // Init "closest" to a value we can't reach.
   if (absolute) {
@@ -2034,8 +1978,10 @@ void undo_time(long step, bool sec, bool file, bool absolute)
       }
     }
   }
-  closest_start = closest;
-  closest_seq = curbuf->b_u_seq_cur;
+  long closest_start = closest;
+  long closest_seq = curbuf->b_u_seq_cur;
+  int mark;
+  int nomark = 0;  // shut up compiler
 
   // When "target" is 0; Back to origin.
   if (target == 0) {
@@ -2043,15 +1989,13 @@ void undo_time(long step, bool sec, bool file, bool absolute)
     goto target_zero;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * May do this twice:
-   * 1. Search for "target", update "closest" to the best match found.
-   * 2. If "target" not found search for "closest".
-   *
-   * When using the closest time we use the sequence number in the second
-   * round, because there may be several entries with the same time.
-   */
-  for (round = 1; round <= 2; round++) {
+  // May do this twice:
+  // 1. Search for "target", update "closest" to the best match found.
+  // 2. If "target" not found search for "closest".
+  //
+  // When using the closest time we use the sequence number in the second
+  // round, because there may be several entries with the same time.
+  for (int round = 1; round <= 2; round++) {
     // Find the path from the current state to where we want to go.  The
     // desired state can be anywhere in the undo tree, need to go all over
     // it.  We put "nomark" in uh_walk where we have been without success,
@@ -2067,13 +2011,9 @@ void undo_time(long step, bool sec, bool file, bool absolute)
 
     while (uhp != NULL) {
       uhp->uh_walk = mark;
-      if (dosec) {
-        val = (long)(uhp->uh_time);
-      } else if (dofile) {
-        val = uhp->uh_save_nr;
-      } else {
-        val = uhp->uh_seq;
-      }
+      long val = dosec  ? (long)(uhp->uh_time) :
+                 dofile ? uhp->uh_save_nr
+                        : uhp->uh_seq;
 
       if (round == 1 && !(dofile && val == 0)) {
         // Remember the header that is closest to the target.
@@ -2081,17 +2021,17 @@ void undo_time(long step, bool sec, bool file, bool absolute)
         // "b_u_seq_cur").  When the timestamp is equal find the
         // highest/lowest sequence number.
         if ((step < 0 ? uhp->uh_seq <= curbuf->b_u_seq_cur
-                      : uhp->uh_seq > curbuf->b_u_seq_cur)
+             : uhp->uh_seq > curbuf->b_u_seq_cur)
             && ((dosec && val == closest)
                 ? (step < 0
                    ? uhp->uh_seq < closest_seq
                    : uhp->uh_seq > closest_seq)
-                   : closest == closest_start
+                : closest == closest_start
                 || (val > target
                     ? (closest > target
                        ? val - target <= closest - target
                        : val - target <= target - closest)
-                       : (closest > target
+                    : (closest > target
                        ? target - val <= closest - target
                        : target - val <= target - closest)))) {
           closest = val;
@@ -2110,11 +2050,10 @@ void undo_time(long step, bool sec, bool file, bool absolute)
       if (uhp->uh_prev.ptr != NULL && uhp->uh_prev.ptr->uh_walk != nomark
           && uhp->uh_prev.ptr->uh_walk != mark) {
         uhp = uhp->uh_prev.ptr;
-      }
-      // go to alternate branch if we haven't been there
-      else if (uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr != NULL
-               && uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr->uh_walk != nomark
-               && uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr->uh_walk != mark) {
+      } else if (uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr != NULL
+                 && uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr->uh_walk != nomark
+                 && uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr->uh_walk != mark) {
+        // go to alternate branch if we haven't been there
         uhp = uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr;
       } else if (uhp->uh_next.ptr != NULL && uhp->uh_alt_prev.ptr == NULL
                  // go up in the tree if we haven't been there and we are at the
@@ -2208,7 +2147,7 @@ target_zero:
         }
 
         // Find the last branch with a mark, that's the one.
-        last = uhp;
+        u_header_T *last = uhp;
         while (last->uh_alt_next.ptr != NULL
                && last->uh_alt_next.ptr->uh_walk == mark) {
           last = last->uh_alt_next.ptr;
@@ -2285,19 +2224,10 @@ target_zero:
 static void u_undoredo(int undo, bool do_buf_event)
 {
   char_u **newarray = NULL;
-  linenr_T oldsize;
-  linenr_T newsize;
-  linenr_T top, bot;
-  linenr_T lnum;
   linenr_T newlnum = MAXLNUM;
-  long i;
-  u_entry_T *uep, *nuep;
+  u_entry_T *nuep;
   u_entry_T *newlist = NULL;
-  int old_flags;
-  int new_flags;
   fmark_T namedm[NMARKS];
-  visualinfo_T visualinfo;
-  bool empty_buffer;                        // buffer became empty
   u_header_T *curhead = curbuf->b_u_curhead;
 
   // Don't want autocommands using the undo structures here, they are
@@ -2305,28 +2235,26 @@ static void u_undoredo(int undo, bool do_buf_event)
   block_autocmds();
 
 #ifdef U_DEBUG
-  u_check(FALSE);
+  u_check(false);
 #endif
-  old_flags = curhead->uh_flags;
-  new_flags = (curbuf->b_changed ? UH_CHANGED : 0)
-              | ((curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY) ? UH_EMPTYBUF : 0)
-              | (old_flags & UH_RELOAD);
+  int old_flags = curhead->uh_flags;
+  int new_flags = (curbuf->b_changed ? UH_CHANGED : 0)
+                  | ((curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY) ? UH_EMPTYBUF : 0)
+                  | (old_flags & UH_RELOAD);
   setpcmark();
 
-  /*
-   * save marks before undo/redo
-   */
+  // save marks before undo/redo
   zero_fmark_additional_data(curbuf->b_namedm);
   memmove(namedm, curbuf->b_namedm, sizeof(curbuf->b_namedm[0]) * NMARKS);
-  visualinfo = curbuf->b_visual;
+  visualinfo_T visualinfo = curbuf->b_visual;
   curbuf->b_op_start.lnum = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
   curbuf->b_op_start.col = 0;
   curbuf->b_op_end.lnum = 0;
   curbuf->b_op_end.col = 0;
 
-  for (uep = curhead->uh_entry; uep != NULL; uep = nuep) {
-    top = uep->ue_top;
-    bot = uep->ue_bot;
+  for (u_entry_T *uep = curhead->uh_entry; uep != NULL; uep = nuep) {
+    linenr_T top = uep->ue_top;
+    linenr_T bot = uep->ue_bot;
     if (bot == 0) {
       bot = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count + 1;
     }
@@ -2338,21 +2266,22 @@ static void u_undoredo(int undo, bool do_buf_event)
       return;
     }
 
-    oldsize = bot - top - 1;        // number of lines before undo
-    newsize = (linenr_T)uep->ue_size;         // number of lines after undo
+    linenr_T oldsize = bot - top - 1;        // number of lines before undo
+    linenr_T newsize = (linenr_T)uep->ue_size;         // number of lines after undo
 
     if (top < newlnum) {
-      /* If the saved cursor is somewhere in this undo block, move it to
-       * the remembered position.  Makes "gwap" put the cursor back
-       * where it was. */
-      lnum = curhead->uh_cursor.lnum;
+      // If the saved cursor is somewhere in this undo block, move it to
+      // the remembered position.  Makes "gwap" put the cursor back
+      // where it was.
+      linenr_T lnum = curhead->uh_cursor.lnum;
       if (lnum >= top && lnum <= top + newsize + 1) {
         curwin->w_cursor = curhead->uh_cursor;
         newlnum = curwin->w_cursor.lnum - 1;
       } else {
-        /* Use the first line that actually changed.  Avoids that
-         * undoing auto-formatting puts the cursor in the previous
-         * line. */
+        // Use the first line that actually changed.  Avoids that
+        // undoing auto-formatting puts the cursor in the previous
+        // line.
+        long i;
         for (i = 0; i < newsize && i < oldsize; i++) {
           if (STRCMP(uep->ue_array[i], ml_get(top + 1 + (linenr_T)i)) != 0) {
             break;
@@ -2368,17 +2297,19 @@ static void u_undoredo(int undo, bool do_buf_event)
       }
     }
 
-    empty_buffer = false;
+    bool empty_buffer = false;
 
     // delete the lines between top and bot and save them in newarray
     if (oldsize > 0) {
       newarray = xmalloc(sizeof(char_u *) * (size_t)oldsize);
       // delete backwards, it goes faster in most cases
+      long i;
+      linenr_T lnum;
       for (lnum = bot - 1, i = oldsize; --i >= 0; --lnum) {
         // what can we do when we run out of memory?
         newarray[i] = u_save_line(lnum);
-        /* remember we deleted the last line in the buffer, and a
-         * dummy empty line will be inserted */
+        // remember we deleted the last line in the buffer, and a
+        // dummy empty line will be inserted
         if (curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count == 1) {
           empty_buffer = true;
         }
@@ -2390,11 +2321,11 @@ static void u_undoredo(int undo, bool do_buf_event)
 
     // insert the lines in u_array between top and bot
     if (newsize) {
-      for (lnum = top, i = 0; i < newsize; ++i, ++lnum) {
-        /*
-         * If the file is empty, there is an empty line 1 that we
-         * should get rid of, by replacing it with the new line
-         */
+      long i;
+      linenr_T lnum;
+      for (lnum = top, i = 0; i < newsize; i++, lnum++) {
+        // If the file is empty, there is an empty line 1 that we
+        // should get rid of, by replacing it with the new line
         if (empty_buffer && lnum == 0) {
           ml_replace((linenr_T)1, (char *)uep->ue_array[i], true);
         } else {
@@ -2435,9 +2366,7 @@ static void u_undoredo(int undo, bool do_buf_event)
     uep->ue_array = newarray;
     uep->ue_bot = top + newsize + 1;
 
-    /*
-     * insert this entry in front of the new entry list
-     */
+    // insert this entry in front of the new entry list
     nuep = uep->ue_next;
     uep->ue_next = newlist;
     newlist = uep;
@@ -2454,13 +2383,13 @@ static void u_undoredo(int undo, bool do_buf_event)
   // Adjust Extmarks
   ExtmarkUndoObject undo_info;
   if (undo) {
-    for (i = (int)kv_size(curhead->uh_extmark) - 1; i > -1; i--) {
+    for (long i = (int)kv_size(curhead->uh_extmark) - 1; i > -1; i--) {
       undo_info = kv_A(curhead->uh_extmark, i);
       extmark_apply_undo(undo_info, undo);
     }
     // redo
   } else {
-    for (i = 0; i < (int)kv_size(curhead->uh_extmark); i++) {
+    for (long i = 0; i < (int)kv_size(curhead->uh_extmark); i++) {
       undo_info = kv_A(curhead->uh_extmark, i);
       extmark_apply_undo(undo_info, undo);
     }
@@ -2490,10 +2419,8 @@ static void u_undoredo(int undo, bool do_buf_event)
     buf_updates_changedtick(curbuf);
   }
 
-  /*
-   * restore marks from before undo/redo
-   */
-  for (i = 0; i < NMARKS; ++i) {
+  // restore marks from before undo/redo
+  for (long i = 0; i < NMARKS; i++) {
     if (curhead->uh_namedm[i].mark.lnum != 0) {
       free_fmark(curbuf->b_namedm[i]);
       curbuf->b_namedm[i] = curhead->uh_namedm[i];
@@ -2509,14 +2436,12 @@ static void u_undoredo(int undo, bool do_buf_event)
     curhead->uh_visual = visualinfo;
   }
 
-  /*
-   * If the cursor is only off by one line, put it at the same position as
-   * before starting the change (for the "o" command).
-   * Otherwise the cursor should go to the first undone line.
-   */
+  // If the cursor is only off by one line, put it at the same position as
+  // before starting the change (for the "o" command).
+  // Otherwise the cursor should go to the first undone line.
   if (curhead->uh_cursor.lnum + 1 == curwin->w_cursor.lnum
       && curwin->w_cursor.lnum > 1) {
-    --curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
+    curwin->w_cursor.lnum--;
   }
   if (curwin->w_cursor.lnum <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
     if (curhead->uh_cursor.lnum == curwin->w_cursor.lnum) {
@@ -2565,7 +2490,7 @@ static void u_undoredo(int undo, bool do_buf_event)
 
   unblock_autocmds();
 #ifdef U_DEBUG
-  u_check(FALSE);
+  u_check(false);
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -2577,10 +2502,6 @@ static void u_undoredo(int undo, bool do_buf_event)
 /// @param absolute  used ":undo N"
 static void u_undo_end(bool did_undo, bool absolute, bool quiet)
 {
-  char *msgstr;
-  u_header_T *uhp;
-  char_u msgbuf[80];
-
   if ((fdo_flags & FDO_UNDO) && KeyTyped) {
     foldOpenCursor();
   }
@@ -2592,10 +2513,11 @@ static void u_undo_end(bool did_undo, bool absolute, bool quiet)
   }
 
   if (curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY) {
-    --u_newcount;
+    u_newcount--;
   }
 
   u_oldcount -= u_newcount;
+  char *msgstr;
   if (u_oldcount == -1) {
     msgstr = N_("more line");
   } else if (u_oldcount < 0) {
@@ -2613,6 +2535,7 @@ static void u_undo_end(bool did_undo, bool absolute, bool quiet)
     }
   }
 
+  u_header_T *uhp;
   if (curbuf->b_u_curhead != NULL) {
     // For ":undo N" we prefer a "after #N" message.
     if (absolute && curbuf->b_u_curhead->uh_next.ptr != NULL) {
@@ -2627,6 +2550,7 @@ static void u_undo_end(bool did_undo, bool absolute, bool quiet)
     uhp = curbuf->b_u_newhead;
   }
 
+  char_u msgbuf[80];
   if (uhp == NULL) {
     *msgbuf = NUL;
   } else {
@@ -2657,9 +2581,8 @@ static void u_undo_end(bool did_undo, bool absolute, bool quiet)
 /// Put the timestamp of an undo header in "buf[buflen]" in a nice format.
 void undo_fmt_time(char_u *buf, size_t buflen, time_t tt)
 {
-  struct tm curtime;
-
   if (time(NULL) - tt >= 100) {
+    struct tm curtime;
     os_localtime_r(&tt, &curtime);
     if (time(NULL) - tt < (60L * 60L * 12L)) {
       // within 12 hours
@@ -2695,27 +2618,20 @@ void u_sync(bool force)
   }
 }
 
-/*
- * ":undolist": List the leafs of the undo tree
- */
+/// ":undolist": List the leafs of the undo tree
 void ex_undolist(exarg_T *eap)
 {
-  garray_T ga;
-  u_header_T *uhp;
-  int mark;
-  int nomark;
   int changes = 1;
 
-  /*
-   * 1: walk the tree to find all leafs, put the info in "ga".
-   * 2: sort the lines
-   * 3: display the list
-   */
-  mark = ++lastmark;
-  nomark = ++lastmark;
+  // 1: walk the tree to find all leafs, put the info in "ga".
+  // 2: sort the lines
+  // 3: display the list
+  int mark = ++lastmark;
+  int nomark = ++lastmark;
+  garray_T ga;
   ga_init(&ga, (int)sizeof(char *), 20);
 
-  uhp = curbuf->b_u_oldhead;
+  u_header_T *uhp = curbuf->b_u_oldhead;
   while (uhp != NULL) {
     if (uhp->uh_prev.ptr == NULL && uhp->uh_walk != nomark
         && uhp->uh_walk != mark) {
@@ -2736,12 +2652,11 @@ void ex_undolist(exarg_T *eap)
     if (uhp->uh_prev.ptr != NULL && uhp->uh_prev.ptr->uh_walk != nomark
         && uhp->uh_prev.ptr->uh_walk != mark) {
       uhp = uhp->uh_prev.ptr;
-      ++changes;
-    }
-    // go to alternate branch if we haven't been there
-    else if (uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr != NULL
-             && uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr->uh_walk != nomark
-             && uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr->uh_walk != mark) {
+      changes++;
+    } else if (uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr != NULL
+               && uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr->uh_walk != nomark
+               && uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr->uh_walk != mark) {
+      // go to alternate branch if we haven't been there
       uhp = uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr;
     } else if (uhp->uh_next.ptr != NULL && uhp->uh_alt_prev.ptr == NULL
                // go up in the tree if we haven't been there and we are at the
@@ -2749,7 +2664,7 @@ void ex_undolist(exarg_T *eap)
                && uhp->uh_next.ptr->uh_walk != nomark
                && uhp->uh_next.ptr->uh_walk != mark) {
       uhp = uhp->uh_next.ptr;
-      --changes;
+      changes--;
     } else {
       // need to backtrack; mark this node as done
       uhp->uh_walk = nomark;
@@ -2757,7 +2672,7 @@ void ex_undolist(exarg_T *eap)
         uhp = uhp->uh_alt_prev.ptr;
       } else {
         uhp = uhp->uh_next.ptr;
-        --changes;
+        changes--;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -2783,9 +2698,7 @@ void ex_undolist(exarg_T *eap)
   }
 }
 
-/*
- * ":undojoin": continue adding to the last entry list
- */
+/// ":undojoin": continue adding to the last entry list
 void ex_undojoin(exarg_T *eap)
 {
   if (curbuf->b_u_newhead == NULL) {
@@ -2805,35 +2718,30 @@ void ex_undojoin(exarg_T *eap)
   }
 }
 
-/*
- * Called after writing or reloading the file and setting b_changed to FALSE.
- * Now an undo means that the buffer is modified.
- */
+/// Called after writing or reloading the file and setting b_changed to false.
+/// Now an undo means that the buffer is modified.
 void u_unchanged(buf_T *buf)
 {
   u_unch_branch(buf->b_u_oldhead);
   buf->b_did_warn = false;
 }
 
-/*
- * After reloading a buffer which was saved for 'undoreload': Find the first
- * line that was changed and set the cursor there.
- */
+/// After reloading a buffer which was saved for 'undoreload': Find the first
+/// line that was changed and set the cursor there.
 void u_find_first_changed(void)
 {
   u_header_T *uhp = curbuf->b_u_newhead;
-  u_entry_T *uep;
-  linenr_T lnum;
 
   if (curbuf->b_u_curhead != NULL || uhp == NULL) {
     return;      // undid something in an autocmd?
   }
   // Check that the last undo block was for the whole file.
-  uep = uhp->uh_entry;
+  u_entry_T *uep = uhp->uh_entry;
   if (uep->ue_top != 0 || uep->ue_bot != 0) {
     return;
   }
 
+  linenr_T lnum;
   for (lnum = 1; lnum < curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count
        && lnum <= uep->ue_size; lnum++) {
     if (STRCMP(ml_get_buf(curbuf, lnum, false), uep->ue_array[lnum - 1]) != 0) {
@@ -2849,17 +2757,13 @@ void u_find_first_changed(void)
   }
 }
 
-/*
- * Increase the write count, store it in the last undo header, what would be
- * used for "u".
- */
+/// Increase the write count, store it in the last undo header, what would be
+/// used for "u".
 void u_update_save_nr(buf_T *buf)
 {
-  u_header_T *uhp;
-
-  ++buf->b_u_save_nr_last;
+  buf->b_u_save_nr_last++;
   buf->b_u_save_nr_cur = buf->b_u_save_nr_last;
-  uhp = buf->b_u_curhead;
+  u_header_T *uhp = buf->b_u_curhead;
   if (uhp != NULL) {
     uhp = uhp->uh_next.ptr;
   } else {
@@ -2872,9 +2776,7 @@ void u_update_save_nr(buf_T *buf)
 
 static void u_unch_branch(u_header_T *uhp)
 {
-  u_header_T *uh;
-
-  for (uh = uhp; uh != NULL; uh = uh->uh_prev.ptr) {
+  for (u_header_T *uh = uhp; uh != NULL; uh = uh->uh_prev.ptr) {
     uh->uh_flags |= UH_CHANGED;
     if (uh->uh_alt_next.ptr != NULL) {
       u_unch_branch(uh->uh_alt_next.ptr);           // recursive
@@ -2882,10 +2784,8 @@ static void u_unch_branch(u_header_T *uhp)
   }
 }
 
-/*
- * Get pointer to last added entry.
- * If it's not valid, give an error message and return NULL.
- */
+/// Get pointer to last added entry.
+/// If it's not valid, give an error message and return NULL.
 static u_entry_T *u_get_headentry(buf_T *buf)
 {
   if (buf->b_u_newhead == NULL || buf->b_u_newhead->uh_entry == NULL) {
@@ -2895,28 +2795,21 @@ static u_entry_T *u_get_headentry(buf_T *buf)
   return buf->b_u_newhead->uh_entry;
 }
 
-/*
- * u_getbot(): compute the line number of the previous u_save
- *              It is called only when b_u_synced is false.
- */
+/// u_getbot(): compute the line number of the previous u_save
+///              It is called only when b_u_synced is false.
 static void u_getbot(buf_T *buf)
 {
-  u_entry_T *uep;
-  linenr_T extra;
-
-  uep = u_get_headentry(buf);  // check for corrupt undo list
+  u_entry_T *uep = u_get_headentry(buf);  // check for corrupt undo list
   if (uep == NULL) {
     return;
   }
 
   uep = buf->b_u_newhead->uh_getbot_entry;
   if (uep != NULL) {
-    /*
-     * the new ue_bot is computed from the number of lines that has been
-     * inserted (0 - deleted) since calling u_save. This is equal to the
-     * old line count subtracted from the current line count.
-     */
-    extra = buf->b_ml.ml_line_count - uep->ue_lcount;
+    // the new ue_bot is computed from the number of lines that has been
+    // inserted (0 - deleted) since calling u_save. This is equal to the
+    // old line count subtracted from the current line count.
+    linenr_T extra = buf->b_ml.ml_line_count - uep->ue_lcount;
     uep->ue_bot = uep->ue_top + (linenr_T)uep->ue_size + 1 + extra;
     if (uep->ue_bot < 1 || uep->ue_bot > buf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
       iemsg(_("E440: undo line missing"));
@@ -2937,8 +2830,6 @@ static void u_getbot(buf_T *buf)
 /// @param uhpp  if not NULL reset when freeing this header
 static void u_freeheader(buf_T *buf, u_header_T *uhp, u_header_T **uhpp)
 {
-  u_header_T *uhap;
-
   // When there is an alternate redo list free that branch completely,
   // because we can never go there.
   if (uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr != NULL) {
@@ -2959,7 +2850,7 @@ static void u_freeheader(buf_T *buf, u_header_T *uhp, u_header_T **uhpp)
   if (uhp->uh_prev.ptr == NULL) {
     buf->b_u_newhead = uhp->uh_next.ptr;
   } else {
-    for (uhap = uhp->uh_prev.ptr; uhap != NULL;
+    for (u_header_T *uhap = uhp->uh_prev.ptr; uhap != NULL;
          uhap = uhap->uh_alt_next.ptr) {
       uhap->uh_next.ptr = uhp->uh_next.ptr;
     }
@@ -2973,8 +2864,6 @@ static void u_freeheader(buf_T *buf, u_header_T *uhp, u_header_T **uhpp)
 /// @param uhpp  if not NULL reset when freeing this header
 static void u_freebranch(buf_T *buf, u_header_T *uhp, u_header_T **uhpp)
 {
-  u_header_T *tofree, *next;
-
   // If this is the top branch we may need to use u_freeheader() to update
   // all the pointers.
   if (uhp == buf->b_u_oldhead) {
@@ -2988,9 +2877,9 @@ static void u_freebranch(buf_T *buf, u_header_T *uhp, u_header_T **uhpp)
     uhp->uh_alt_prev.ptr->uh_alt_next.ptr = NULL;
   }
 
-  next = uhp;
+  u_header_T *next = uhp;
   while (next != NULL) {
-    tofree = next;
+    u_header_T *tofree = next;
     if (tofree->uh_alt_next.ptr != NULL) {
       u_freebranch(buf, tofree->uh_alt_next.ptr, uhpp);         // recursive
     }
@@ -3029,12 +2918,10 @@ static void u_freeentries(buf_T *buf, u_header_T *uhp, u_header_T **uhpp)
   uhp->uh_magic = 0;
 #endif
   xfree((char_u *)uhp);
-  --buf->b_u_numhead;
+  buf->b_u_numhead--;
 }
 
-/*
- * free entry 'uep' and 'n' lines in uep->ue_array[]
- */
+/// free entry 'uep' and 'n' lines in uep->ue_array[]
 static void u_freeentry(u_entry_T *uep, long n)
 {
   while (n > 0) {
@@ -3047,9 +2934,7 @@ static void u_freeentry(u_entry_T *uep, long n)
   xfree((char_u *)uep);
 }
 
-/*
- * invalidate the undo buffer; called when storage has already been released
- */
+/// invalidate the undo buffer; called when storage has already been released
 void u_clearall(buf_T *buf)
 {
   buf->b_u_newhead = buf->b_u_oldhead = buf->b_u_curhead = NULL;
@@ -3059,9 +2944,7 @@ void u_clearall(buf_T *buf)
   buf->b_u_line_lnum = 0;
 }
 
-/*
- * save the line "lnum" for the "U" command
- */
+/// save the line "lnum" for the "U" command
 void u_saveline(linenr_T lnum)
 {
   if (lnum == curbuf->b_u_line_lnum) {      // line is already saved
@@ -3080,10 +2963,8 @@ void u_saveline(linenr_T lnum)
   curbuf->b_u_line_ptr = u_save_line(lnum);
 }
 
-/*
- * clear the line saved for the "U" command
- * (this is used externally for crossing a line while in insert mode)
- */
+/// clear the line saved for the "U" command
+/// (this is used externally for crossing a line while in insert mode)
 void u_clearline(void)
 {
   if (curbuf->b_u_line_ptr != NULL) {
@@ -3092,17 +2973,12 @@ void u_clearline(void)
   }
 }
 
-/*
- * Implementation of the "U" command.
- * Differentiation from vi: "U" can be undone with the next "U".
- * We also allow the cursor to be in another line.
- * Careful: may trigger autocommands that reload the buffer.
- */
+/// Implementation of the "U" command.
+/// Differentiation from vi: "U" can be undone with the next "U".
+/// We also allow the cursor to be in another line.
+/// Careful: may trigger autocommands that reload the buffer.
 void u_undoline(void)
 {
-  colnr_T t;
-  char_u *oldp;
-
   if (curbuf->b_u_line_ptr == NULL
       || curbuf->b_u_line_lnum > curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
     beep_flush();
@@ -3115,7 +2991,7 @@ void u_undoline(void)
     return;
   }
 
-  oldp = u_save_line(curbuf->b_u_line_lnum);
+  char_u *oldp = u_save_line(curbuf->b_u_line_lnum);
   ml_replace(curbuf->b_u_line_lnum, (char *)curbuf->b_u_line_ptr, true);
   changed_bytes(curbuf->b_u_line_lnum, 0);
   extmark_splice_cols(curbuf, (int)curbuf->b_u_line_lnum - 1, 0, (colnr_T)STRLEN(oldp),
@@ -3123,7 +2999,7 @@ void u_undoline(void)
   xfree(curbuf->b_u_line_ptr);
   curbuf->b_u_line_ptr = oldp;
 
-  t = curbuf->b_u_line_colnr;
+  colnr_T t = curbuf->b_u_line_colnr;
   if (curwin->w_cursor.lnum == curbuf->b_u_line_lnum) {
     curbuf->b_u_line_colnr = curwin->w_cursor.col;
   }
@@ -3132,9 +3008,7 @@ void u_undoline(void)
   check_cursor_col();
 }
 
-/*
- * Free all allocated memory blocks for the buffer 'buf'.
- */
+/// Free all allocated memory blocks for the buffer 'buf'.
 void u_blockfree(buf_T *buf)
 {
   while (buf->b_u_oldhead != NULL) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/undo_defs.h b/src/nvim/undo_defs.h
index d8470b07b1..4b64f97919 100644
--- a/src/nvim/undo_defs.h
+++ b/src/nvim/undo_defs.h
@@ -74,10 +74,4 @@ struct u_header {
 #define UH_EMPTYBUF 0x02        // buffer was empty
 #define UH_RELOAD   0x04        // buffer was reloaded
 
-/// Structure passed around between undofile functions.
-typedef struct {
-  buf_T *bi_buf;
-  FILE *bi_fp;
-} bufinfo_T;
-
 #endif  // NVIM_UNDO_DEFS_H
diff --git a/src/nvim/usercmd.c b/src/nvim/usercmd.c
index 15197dc504..59b8d10200 100644
--- a/src/nvim/usercmd.c
+++ b/src/nvim/usercmd.c
@@ -12,10 +12,12 @@
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
 #include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
 #include "nvim/os/input.h"
+#include "nvim/runtime.h"
 #include "nvim/usercmd.h"
 #include "nvim/window.h"
 
@@ -167,7 +169,7 @@ char *find_ucmd(exarg_T *eap, char *p, int *full, expand_T *xp, int *complp)
             xp->xp_luaref = uc->uc_compl_luaref;
             xp->xp_arg = (char *)uc->uc_compl_arg;
             xp->xp_script_ctx = uc->uc_script_ctx;
-            xp->xp_script_ctx.sc_lnum += sourcing_lnum;
+            xp->xp_script_ctx.sc_lnum += SOURCING_LNUM;
           }
           // Do not search for further abbreviations
           // if this is an exact match.
@@ -889,7 +891,7 @@ int uc_add_command(char *name, size_t name_len, const char *rep, uint32_t argt,
   cmd->uc_def = def;
   cmd->uc_compl = compl;
   cmd->uc_script_ctx = current_sctx;
-  cmd->uc_script_ctx.sc_lnum += sourcing_lnum;
+  cmd->uc_script_ctx.sc_lnum += SOURCING_LNUM;
   nlua_set_sctx(&cmd->uc_script_ctx);
   cmd->uc_compl_arg = (char_u *)compl_arg;
   cmd->uc_compl_luaref = compl_luaref;
@@ -1162,7 +1164,7 @@ static char *uc_split_args(char *arg, char **args, size_t *arglens, size_t argc,
         *q++ = ' ';
         *q++ = '"';
       } else {
-        mb_copy_char((const char_u **)&p, (char_u **)&q);
+        mb_copy_char((const char **)&p, &q);
       }
     }
   } else {
@@ -1175,7 +1177,7 @@ static char *uc_split_args(char *arg, char **args, size_t *arglens, size_t argc,
           *q++ = '\\';
           *q++ = *p++;
         } else {
-          mb_copy_char((const char_u **)&p, (char_u **)&q);
+          mb_copy_char((const char **)&p, &q);
         }
       }
       if (i != argc - 1) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/version.c b/src/nvim/version.c
index 3ffae6592c..0667243bc3 100644
--- a/src/nvim/version.c
+++ b/src/nvim/version.c
@@ -14,12 +14,13 @@
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
 #include "nvim/iconv.h"
 #include "nvim/lua/executor.h"
 #include "nvim/memline.h"
 #include "nvim/memory.h"
 #include "nvim/message.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/version.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
@@ -2063,7 +2064,7 @@ static void list_features(void)
 /// List string items nicely aligned in columns.
 /// When "size" is < 0 then the last entry is marked with NULL.
 /// The entry with index "current" is inclosed in [].
-void list_in_columns(char_u **items, int size, int current)
+void list_in_columns(char **items, int size, int current)
 {
   int item_count = 0;
   int width = 0;
diff --git a/src/nvim/vim.h b/src/nvim/vim.h
index 31ac5a67ff..09b949bb20 100644
--- a/src/nvim/vim.h
+++ b/src/nvim/vim.h
@@ -199,6 +199,7 @@ enum { FOLD_TEXT_LEN = 51, };  //!< buffer size for get_foldtext()
 // Size in bytes of the hash used in the undo file.
 #define UNDO_HASH_SIZE 32
 
+#define CLEAR_FIELD(field)  memset(&(field), 0, sizeof(field))
 #define CLEAR_POINTER(ptr)  memset((ptr), 0, sizeof(*(ptr)))
 
 // defines to avoid typecasts from (char_u *) to (char *) and back
@@ -274,8 +275,8 @@ enum { FOLD_TEXT_LEN = 51, };  //!< buffer size for get_foldtext()
                                           (const char *)(y), \
                                           (size_t)(n))
 
-// Enums need a typecast to be used as array index (for Ultrix).
-#define HL_ATTR(n)      highlight_attr[(int)(n)]
+// Enums need a typecast to be used as array index.
+#define HL_ATTR(n)      hl_attr_active[(int)(n)]
 
 /// Maximum number of bytes in a multi-byte character.  It can be one 32-bit
 /// character of up to 6 bytes, or one 16-bit character of up to three bytes
diff --git a/src/nvim/viml/parser/expressions.c b/src/nvim/viml/parser/expressions.c
index fd7dc17ee3..387b9d61f2 100644
--- a/src/nvim/viml/parser/expressions.c
+++ b/src/nvim/viml/parser/expressions.c
@@ -1828,13 +1828,13 @@ static void parse_quoted_string(ParserState *const pstate, ExprASTNode *const no
             v_p += special_len;
           } else {
             is_unknown = true;
-            mb_copy_char((const char_u **)&p, (char_u **)&v_p);
+            mb_copy_char(&p, &v_p);
           }
           break;
         }
         default:
           is_unknown = true;
-          mb_copy_char((const char_u **)&p, (char_u **)&v_p);
+          mb_copy_char(&p, &v_p);
           break;
         }
         if (pstate->colors) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/window.c b/src/nvim/window.c
index 39346faa14..2d995af00d 100644
--- a/src/nvim/window.c
+++ b/src/nvim/window.c
@@ -6,11 +6,14 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
 #include "nvim/api/private/helpers.h"
+#include "nvim/api/vim.h"
+#include "nvim/arglist.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer.h"
 #include "nvim/charset.h"
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/diff.h"
+#include "nvim/drawscreen.h"
 #include "nvim/edit.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/vars.h"
@@ -25,7 +28,9 @@
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
 #include "nvim/globals.h"
+#include "nvim/grid.h"
 #include "nvim/hashtab.h"
+#include "nvim/highlight.h"
 #include "nvim/main.h"
 #include "nvim/mapping.h"
 #include "nvim/mark.h"
@@ -43,7 +48,6 @@
 #include "nvim/plines.h"
 #include "nvim/quickfix.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
-#include "nvim/screen.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/state.h"
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
@@ -122,7 +126,7 @@ void do_window(int nchar, long Prenum, int xchar)
 {
   long Prenum1;
   win_T *wp;
-  char_u *ptr;
+  char *ptr;
   linenr_T lnum = -1;
   int type = FIND_DEFINE;
   size_t len;
@@ -483,14 +487,14 @@ newwindow:
 wingotofile:
     CHECK_CMDWIN;
 
-    ptr = grab_file_name(Prenum1, &lnum);
+    ptr = (char *)grab_file_name(Prenum1, &lnum);
     if (ptr != NULL) {
       tabpage_T *oldtab = curtab;
       win_T *oldwin = curwin;
       setpcmark();
       if (win_split(0, 0) == OK) {
         RESET_BINDING(curwin);
-        if (do_ecmd(0, (char *)ptr, NULL, NULL, ECMD_LASTL, ECMD_HIDE, NULL) == FAIL) {
+        if (do_ecmd(0, ptr, NULL, NULL, ECMD_LASTL, ECMD_HIDE, NULL) == FAIL) {
           // Failed to open the file, close the window opened for it.
           win_close(curwin, false, false);
           goto_tabpage_win(oldtab, oldwin);
@@ -518,9 +522,9 @@ wingotofile:
     }
 
     // Make a copy, if the line was changed it will be freed.
-    ptr = vim_strnsave(ptr, len);
+    ptr = xstrnsave(ptr, len);
 
-    find_pattern_in_path(ptr, 0, len, true, Prenum == 0,
+    find_pattern_in_path((char_u *)ptr, 0, len, true, Prenum == 0,
                          type, Prenum1, ACTION_SPLIT, 1, MAXLNUM);
     xfree(ptr);
     curwin->w_set_curswant = true;
@@ -698,14 +702,14 @@ win_T *win_new_float(win_T *wp, bool last, FloatConfig fconfig, Error *err)
     win_remove(wp, NULL);
     win_append(lastwin_nofloating(), wp);
   }
-  wp->w_floating = 1;
+  wp->w_floating = true;
   wp->w_status_height = 0;
   wp->w_winbar_height = 0;
   wp->w_hsep_height = 0;
   wp->w_vsep_width = 0;
 
   win_config_float(wp, fconfig);
-  win_set_inner_size(wp);
+  win_set_inner_size(wp, true);
   wp->w_pos_changed = true;
   redraw_later(wp, VALID);
   return wp;
@@ -728,13 +732,15 @@ void win_set_minimal_style(win_T *wp)
                    : concat_str(old, (char_u *)",eob: "));
     free_string_option(old);
   }
-  if (wp->w_hl_ids[HLF_EOB] != -1) {
-    char_u *old = wp->w_p_winhl;
-    wp->w_p_winhl = ((*old == NUL)
-                     ? (char_u *)xstrdup("EndOfBuffer:")
-                     : concat_str(old, (char_u *)",EndOfBuffer:"));
-    free_string_option(old);
-  }
+
+  // TODO(bfredl): this could use a highlight namespace directly,
+  // and avoid pecularities around window options
+  char_u *old = wp->w_p_winhl;
+  wp->w_p_winhl = ((*old == NUL)
+                   ? (char_u *)xstrdup("EndOfBuffer:")
+                   : concat_str(old, (char_u *)",EndOfBuffer:"));
+  free_string_option(old);
+  parse_winhl_opt(wp);
 
   // signcolumn: use 'auto'
   if (wp->w_p_scl[0] != 'a' || STRLEN(wp->w_p_scl) >= 8) {
@@ -789,7 +795,7 @@ void win_config_float(win_T *wp, FloatConfig fconfig)
     wp->w_width = MIN(wp->w_width, Columns - win_border_width(wp));
   }
 
-  win_set_inner_size(wp);
+  win_set_inner_size(wp, true);
   must_redraw = MAX(must_redraw, VALID);
 
   wp->w_pos_changed = true;
@@ -1270,7 +1276,7 @@ int win_split_ins(int size, int flags, win_T *new_wp, int dir)
     wp->w_floating = false;
     // non-floating window doesn't store float config or have a border.
     wp->w_float_config = FLOAT_CONFIG_INIT;
-    memset(wp->w_border_adj, 0, sizeof(wp->w_border_adj));
+    CLEAR_FIELD(wp->w_border_adj);
   }
 
   /*
@@ -1670,7 +1676,7 @@ int win_count(void)
   int count = 0;
 
   FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    ++count;
+    count++;
   }
   return count;
 }
@@ -2459,7 +2465,7 @@ void close_windows(buf_T *buf, bool keep_curwin)
   tabpage_T *tp, *nexttp;
   int h = tabline_height();
 
-  ++RedrawingDisabled;
+  RedrawingDisabled++;
 
   // Start from lastwin to close floating windows with the same buffer first.
   // When the autocommand window is involved win_close() may need to print an error message.
@@ -2496,7 +2502,7 @@ void close_windows(buf_T *buf, bool keep_curwin)
     }
   }
 
-  --RedrawingDisabled;
+  RedrawingDisabled--;
 
   redraw_tabline = true;
   if (h != tabline_height()) {
@@ -3825,7 +3831,7 @@ static int frame_minwidth(frame_T *topfrp, win_T *next_curwin)
       m = (int)p_wmw + topfrp->fr_win->w_vsep_width;
       // Current window is minimal one column wide
       if (p_wmw == 0 && topfrp->fr_win == curwin && next_curwin == NULL) {
-        ++m;
+        m++;
       }
     }
   } else if (topfrp->fr_layout == FR_COL) {
@@ -4098,7 +4104,7 @@ int win_new_tabpage(int after, char_u *filename)
         n = 2;
         for (tp = first_tabpage; tp->tp_next != NULL
              && n < after; tp = tp->tp_next) {
-          ++n;
+          n++;
         }
       }
       newtp->tp_next = tp->tp_next;
@@ -4244,7 +4250,7 @@ tabpage_T *find_tabpage(int n)
   int i = 1;
 
   for (tp = first_tabpage; tp != NULL && i != n; tp = tp->tp_next) {
-    ++i;
+    i++;
   }
   return tp;
 }
@@ -4259,7 +4265,7 @@ int tabpage_index(tabpage_T *ftp)
   tabpage_T *tp;
 
   for (tp = first_tabpage; tp != NULL && tp != ftp; tp = tp->tp_next) {
-    ++i;
+    i++;
   }
   return i;
 }
@@ -4521,7 +4527,7 @@ void tabpage_move(int nr)
   }
 
   for (tp = first_tabpage; tp->tp_next != NULL && n < nr; tp = tp->tp_next) {
-    ++n;
+    n++;
   }
 
   if (tp == curtab || (nr > 0 && tp->tp_next != NULL
@@ -4868,10 +4874,17 @@ static void win_enter_ext(win_T *const wp, const int flags)
     redraw_later(curwin, VALID);  // causes status line redraw
   }
 
-  if (HL_ATTR(HLF_INACTIVE)
-      || (prevwin && prevwin->w_hl_ids[HLF_INACTIVE])
-      || curwin->w_hl_ids[HLF_INACTIVE]) {
-    redraw_all_later(NOT_VALID);
+  // change background color according to NormalNC,
+  // but only if actually defined (otherwise no extra redraw)
+  if (curwin->w_hl_attr_normal != curwin->w_hl_attr_normalnc) {
+    // TODO(bfredl): eventually we should be smart enough
+    // to only recompose the window, not redraw it.
+    redraw_later(curwin, NOT_VALID);
+  }
+  if (prevwin) {
+    if (prevwin->w_hl_attr_normal != prevwin->w_hl_attr_normalnc) {
+      redraw_later(prevwin, NOT_VALID);
+    }
   }
 
   // set window height to desired minimal value
@@ -5040,6 +5053,8 @@ static win_T *win_alloc(win_T *after, bool hidden)
   new_wp->w_float_config = FLOAT_CONFIG_INIT;
   new_wp->w_viewport_invalid = true;
 
+  new_wp->w_ns_hl = -1;
+
   // use global option for global-local options
   new_wp->w_p_so = -1;
   new_wp->w_p_siso = -1;
@@ -5180,7 +5195,7 @@ void win_free_grid(win_T *wp, bool reinit)
   grid_free(&wp->w_grid_alloc);
   if (reinit) {
     // if a float is turned into a split, the grid data structure will be reused
-    memset(&wp->w_grid_alloc, 0, sizeof(wp->w_grid_alloc));
+    CLEAR_FIELD(wp->w_grid_alloc);
   }
 }
 
@@ -5556,7 +5571,7 @@ static void frame_setheight(frame_T *curfrp, int height)
   }
 
   if (curfrp->fr_parent == NULL) {
-    // topframe: can only change the command line
+    // topframe: can only change the command line height
     if (height > ROWS_AVAIL) {
       // If height is greater than the available space, try to create space for
       // the frame by reducing 'cmdheight' if possible, while making sure
@@ -5919,6 +5934,13 @@ void win_drag_status_line(win_T *dragwin, int offset)
   int row;
   bool up;                      // if true, drag status line up, otherwise down
   int n;
+  static bool p_ch_was_zero = false;
+
+  // If the user explicitly set 'cmdheight' to zero, then allow for dragging
+  // the status line making it zero again.
+  if (p_ch == 0) {
+    p_ch_was_zero = true;
+  }
 
   fr = dragwin->w_frame;
   curfr = fr;
@@ -5969,6 +5991,8 @@ void win_drag_status_line(win_T *dragwin, int offset)
     room = Rows - cmdline_row;
     if (curfr->fr_next != NULL) {
       room -= (int)p_ch + global_stl_height();
+    } else if (!p_ch_was_zero) {
+      room--;
     }
     if (room < 0) {
       room = 0;
@@ -6024,7 +6048,7 @@ void win_drag_status_line(win_T *dragwin, int offset)
     clear_cmdline = true;
   }
   cmdline_row = row;
-  p_ch = MAX(Rows - cmdline_row, 0);
+  p_ch = MAX(Rows - cmdline_row, p_ch_was_zero ? 0 : 1);
   curtab->tp_ch_used = p_ch;
   redraw_all_later(SOME_VALID);
   showmode();
@@ -6167,7 +6191,7 @@ void win_new_height(win_T *wp, int height)
 
   wp->w_height = height;
   wp->w_pos_changed = true;
-  win_set_inner_size(wp);
+  win_set_inner_size(wp, true);
 }
 
 void scroll_to_fraction(win_T *wp, int prev_height)
@@ -6230,7 +6254,7 @@ void scroll_to_fraction(win_T *wp, int prev_height)
         if (lnum == 1) {
           // first line in buffer is folded
           line_size = 1;
-          --sline;
+          sline--;
           break;
         }
         lnum--;
@@ -6276,7 +6300,7 @@ void scroll_to_fraction(win_T *wp, int prev_height)
   invalidate_botline_win(wp);
 }
 
-void win_set_inner_size(win_T *wp)
+void win_set_inner_size(win_T *wp, bool valid_cursor)
 {
   int width = wp->w_width_request;
   if (width == 0) {
@@ -6290,7 +6314,7 @@ void win_set_inner_size(win_T *wp)
   }
 
   if (height != prev_height) {
-    if (height > 0) {
+    if (height > 0 && valid_cursor) {
       if (wp == curwin) {
         // w_wrow needs to be valid. When setting 'laststatus' this may
         // call win_new_height() recursively.
@@ -6309,7 +6333,7 @@ void win_set_inner_size(win_T *wp)
     // There is no point in adjusting the scroll position when exiting.  Some
     // values might be invalid.
     // Skip scroll_to_fraction() when 'cmdheight' was set to one from zero.
-    if (!exiting && !made_cmdheight_nonzero) {
+    if (!exiting && !made_cmdheight_nonzero && valid_cursor) {
       scroll_to_fraction(wp, prev_height);
     }
     redraw_later(wp, NOT_VALID);  // SOME_VALID??
@@ -6318,11 +6342,13 @@ void win_set_inner_size(win_T *wp)
   if (width != wp->w_width_inner) {
     wp->w_width_inner = width;
     wp->w_lines_valid = 0;
-    changed_line_abv_curs_win(wp);
-    invalidate_botline_win(wp);
-    if (wp == curwin) {
-      update_topline(wp);
-      curs_columns(wp, true);  // validate w_wrow
+    if (valid_cursor) {
+      changed_line_abv_curs_win(wp);
+      invalidate_botline_win(wp);
+      if (wp == curwin) {
+        update_topline(wp);
+        curs_columns(wp, true);  // validate w_wrow
+      }
     }
     redraw_later(wp, NOT_VALID);
   }
@@ -6351,7 +6377,7 @@ static int win_border_width(win_T *wp)
 void win_new_width(win_T *wp, int width)
 {
   wp->w_width = width;
-  win_set_inner_size(wp);
+  win_set_inner_size(wp, true);
 
   wp->w_redr_status = true;
   wp->w_pos_changed = true;
@@ -6386,6 +6412,19 @@ void command_height(void)
   // p_ch was changed in another tab page.
   curtab->tp_ch_used = p_ch;
 
+  // If the space for the command line is already more than 'cmdheight' there
+  // is nothing to do (window size must have decreased).
+  if (p_ch > old_p_ch && cmdline_row <= Rows - p_ch) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // If cmdline_row is smaller than what it is supposed to be for 'cmdheight'
+  // then set old_p_ch to what it would be, so that the windows get resized
+  // properly for the new value.
+  if (cmdline_row < Rows - p_ch) {
+    old_p_ch = Rows - cmdline_row;
+  }
+
   // Find bottom frame with width of screen.
   frp = lastwin_nofloating()->w_frame;
   while (frp->fr_width != Columns && frp->fr_parent != NULL) {
@@ -6470,17 +6509,17 @@ char_u *grab_file_name(long count, linenr_T *file_lnum)
   int options = FNAME_MESS | FNAME_EXP | FNAME_REL | FNAME_UNESC;
   if (VIsual_active) {
     size_t len;
-    char_u *ptr;
+    char *ptr;
     if (get_visual_text(NULL, &ptr, &len) == FAIL) {
       return NULL;
     }
     // Only recognize ":123" here
     if (file_lnum != NULL && ptr[len] == ':' && isdigit(ptr[len + 1])) {
-      char *p = (char *)ptr + len + 1;
+      char *p = ptr + len + 1;
 
       *file_lnum = (linenr_T)getdigits_long(&p, false, 0);
     }
-    return find_file_name_in_path(ptr, len, options, count, (char_u *)curbuf->b_ffname);
+    return find_file_name_in_path((char_u *)ptr, len, options, count, (char_u *)curbuf->b_ffname);
   }
   return file_name_at_cursor(options | FNAME_HYP, count, file_lnum);
 }
@@ -6566,7 +6605,7 @@ char_u *file_name_in_line(char_u *line, int col, int options, long count, char_u
 
     if (ptr[len] == '\\' && ptr[len + 1] == ' ') {
       // Skip over the "\" in "\ ".
-      ++len;
+      len++;
     }
     len += (size_t)(utfc_ptr2len(ptr + len));
   }
@@ -6577,7 +6616,7 @@ char_u *file_name_in_line(char_u *line, int col, int options, long count, char_u
    */
   if (len > 2 && vim_strchr(".,:;!", ptr[len - 1]) != NULL
       && ptr[len - 2] != '.') {
-    --len;
+    len--;
   }
 
   if (file_lnum != NULL) {
@@ -6743,9 +6782,11 @@ static void last_status_rec(frame_T *fr, bool statusline, bool is_stl_global)
 /// Add or remove window bar from window "wp".
 ///
 /// @param make_room Whether to resize frames to make room for winbar.
+/// @param valid_cursor Whether the cursor is valid and should be used while
+///                     resizing.
 ///
 /// @return Success status.
-int set_winbar_win(win_T *wp, bool make_room)
+int set_winbar_win(win_T *wp, bool make_room, bool valid_cursor)
 {
   // Require the local value to be set in order to show winbar on a floating window.
   int winbar_height = wp->w_floating ? ((*wp->w_p_wbr != NUL) ? 1 : 0)
@@ -6761,7 +6802,7 @@ int set_winbar_win(win_T *wp, bool make_room)
       }
     }
     wp->w_winbar_height = winbar_height;
-    win_set_inner_size(wp);
+    win_set_inner_size(wp, valid_cursor);
     wp->w_redr_status = wp->w_redr_status || winbar_height;
 
     if (winbar_height == 0) {
@@ -6782,7 +6823,7 @@ int set_winbar_win(win_T *wp, bool make_room)
 void set_winbar(bool make_room)
 {
   FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, curtab) {
-    if (set_winbar_win(wp, make_room) == FAIL) {
+    if (set_winbar_win(wp, make_room, true) == FAIL) {
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -7100,7 +7141,7 @@ int switch_win(switchwin_T *switchwin, win_T *win, tabpage_T *tp, bool no_displa
 // As switch_win() but without blocking autocommands.
 int switch_win_noblock(switchwin_T *switchwin, win_T *win, tabpage_T *tp, bool no_display)
 {
-  memset(switchwin, 0, sizeof(switchwin_T));
+  CLEAR_POINTER(switchwin);
   switchwin->sw_curwin = curwin;
   if (win == curwin) {
     switchwin->sw_same_win = true;
@@ -7233,6 +7274,88 @@ static bool frame_check_width(const frame_T *topfrp, int width)
   return true;
 }
 
+/// Simple int comparison function for use with qsort()
+static int int_cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+  return *(const int *)a - *(const int *)b;
+}
+
+/// Handle setting 'colorcolumn' or 'textwidth' in window "wp".
+///
+/// @return error message, NULL if it's OK.
+char *check_colorcolumn(win_T *wp)
+{
+  char *s;
+  int col;
+  unsigned int count = 0;
+  int color_cols[256];
+  int j = 0;
+
+  if (wp->w_buffer == NULL) {
+    return NULL;      // buffer was closed
+  }
+
+  for (s = (char *)wp->w_p_cc; *s != NUL && count < 255;) {
+    if (*s == '-' || *s == '+') {
+      // -N and +N: add to 'textwidth'
+      col = (*s == '-') ? -1 : 1;
+      s++;
+      if (!ascii_isdigit(*s)) {
+        return e_invarg;
+      }
+      col = col * getdigits_int(&s, true, 0);
+      if (wp->w_buffer->b_p_tw == 0) {
+        goto skip;          // 'textwidth' not set, skip this item
+      }
+      assert((col >= 0
+              && wp->w_buffer->b_p_tw <= INT_MAX - col
+              && wp->w_buffer->b_p_tw + col >= INT_MIN)
+             || (col < 0
+                 && wp->w_buffer->b_p_tw >= INT_MIN - col
+                 && wp->w_buffer->b_p_tw + col <= INT_MAX));
+      col += (int)wp->w_buffer->b_p_tw;
+      if (col < 0) {
+        goto skip;
+      }
+    } else if (ascii_isdigit(*s)) {
+      col = getdigits_int(&s, true, 0);
+    } else {
+      return e_invarg;
+    }
+    color_cols[count++] = col - 1;      // 1-based to 0-based
+skip:
+    if (*s == NUL) {
+      break;
+    }
+    if (*s != ',') {
+      return e_invarg;
+    }
+    if (*++s == NUL) {
+      return e_invarg;        // illegal trailing comma as in "set cc=80,"
+    }
+  }
+
+  xfree(wp->w_p_cc_cols);
+  if (count == 0) {
+    wp->w_p_cc_cols = NULL;
+  } else {
+    wp->w_p_cc_cols = xmalloc(sizeof(int) * (count + 1));
+    // sort the columns for faster usage on screen redraw inside
+    // win_line()
+    qsort(color_cols, count, sizeof(int), int_cmp);
+
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      // skip duplicates
+      if (j == 0 || wp->w_p_cc_cols[j - 1] != color_cols[i]) {
+        wp->w_p_cc_cols[j++] = color_cols[i];
+      }
+    }
+    wp->w_p_cc_cols[j] = -1;        // end marker
+  }
+
+  return NULL;    // no error
+}
+
 int win_getid(typval_T *argvars)
 {
   if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {