eval: Split eval.c into smaller files

47 files changed, 2752 insertions, 2316 deletions

diff --git a/src/clint.py b/src/clint.py
index ce31822ada..61c53d128e 100755
--- a/src/clint.py
+++ b/src/clint.py
@@ -2268,11 +2268,14 @@ def CheckSpacing(filename, clean_lines, linenum, nesting_state, error):
                 # //!<  Header comment
                 # or they begin with multiple slashes followed by a space:
                 # //////// Header comment
+                # or they are Vim {{{ fold markers
                 match = (Search(r'[=/-]{4,}\s*$', line[commentend:]) or
                          Search(r'^/$', line[commentend:]) or
                          Search(r'^!< ', line[commentend:]) or
                          Search(r'^/< ', line[commentend:]) or
-                         Search(r'^/+ ', line[commentend:]))
+                         Search(r'^/+ ', line[commentend:]) or
+                         Search(r'^(?:\{{3}|\}{3})\d*(?: |$)',
+                                line[commentend:]))
                 if not match:
                     error(filename, linenum, 'whitespace/comments', 4,
                           'Should have a space between // and comment')
@@ -3575,7 +3578,7 @@ def main():
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     main()
 
-# vim: ts=4 sts=4 sw=4
+# vim: ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 foldmarker=▶,▲
 
 # Ignore "too complex" warnings when using pymode.
 # pylama:ignore=C901
diff --git a/src/nvim/api/private/helpers.c b/src/nvim/api/private/helpers.c
index 7efa086af2..ff45cad8f5 100644
--- a/src/nvim/api/private/helpers.c
+++ b/src/nvim/api/private/helpers.c
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "nvim/window.h"
 #include "nvim/memory.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/map_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/map.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ bool try_end(Error *err)
 /// @param[out] err Details of an error that may have occurred
 Object dict_get_value(dict_T *dict, String key, Error *err)
 {
-  hashitem_T *hi = hash_find(&dict->dv_hashtab, (uint8_t *) key.data);
+  hashitem_T *hi = hash_find(&dict->dv_hashtab, (char_u *)key.data);
 
   if (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
     api_set_error(err, Validation, _("Key not found"));
@@ -177,13 +178,13 @@ Object dict_set_var(dict_T *dict, String key, Object value, bool del,
       if (retval) {
         rv = vim_to_object(&di->di_tv);
       }
-      clear_tv(&di->di_tv);
+      tv_clear(&di->di_tv);
     }
 
     // Update the value
     copy_tv(&tv, &di->di_tv);
     // Clear the temporary variable
-    clear_tv(&tv);
+    tv_clear(&tv);
   }
 
   return rv;
@@ -682,20 +683,20 @@ bool object_to_vim(Object obj, typval_T *tv, Error *err)
       break;
 
     case kObjectTypeArray: {
-      list_T *list = list_alloc();
+      list_T *const list = tv_list_alloc();
 
       for (uint32_t i = 0; i < obj.data.array.size; i++) {
         Object item = obj.data.array.items[i];
-        listitem_T *li = listitem_alloc();
+        listitem_T *li = tv_list_item_alloc();
 
         if (!object_to_vim(item, &li->li_tv, err)) {
           // cleanup
-          listitem_free(li);
-          list_free(list);
+          tv_list_item_free(li);
+          tv_list_free(list);
           return false;
         }
 
-        list_append(list, li);
+        tv_list_append(list, li);
       }
       list->lv_refcount++;
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/api/vim.c b/src/nvim/api/vim.c
index 413456c615..59c0200395 100644
--- a/src/nvim/api/vim.c
+++ b/src/nvim/api/vim.c
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "nvim/memory.h"
 #include "nvim/message.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/option.h"
 #include "nvim/syntax.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
@@ -237,11 +238,11 @@ Object nvim_call_function(String fname, Array args, Error *err)
   if (!try_end(err)) {
     rv = vim_to_object(&rettv);
   }
-  clear_tv(&rettv);
+  tv_clear(&rettv);
 
 free_vim_args:
   while (i > 0) {
-    clear_tv(&vim_args[--i]);
+    tv_clear(&vim_args[--i]);
   }
 
   return rv;
diff --git a/src/nvim/buffer.c b/src/nvim/buffer.c
index 4a07884f98..f7333fead4 100644
--- a/src/nvim/buffer.c
+++ b/src/nvim/buffer.c
@@ -1472,7 +1472,7 @@ static inline void buf_init_changedtick(buf_T *const buf)
 {
   STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof("changedtick") <= sizeof(buf->changedtick_di.di_key),
                 "buf->changedtick_di cannot hold large enough keys");
-  buf->changedtick_di = (dictitem16_T) {
+  buf->changedtick_di = (ChangedtickDictItem) {
     .di_flags = DI_FLAGS_RO|DI_FLAGS_FIX,  // Must not include DI_FLAGS_ALLOC.
     .di_tv = (typval_T) {
       .v_type = VAR_NUMBER,
diff --git a/src/nvim/buffer_defs.h b/src/nvim/buffer_defs.h
index 9d350c763e..20a2b931bd 100644
--- a/src/nvim/buffer_defs.h
+++ b/src/nvim/buffer_defs.h
@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ typedef struct {
 #include "nvim/pos.h"
 // for the number window-local and buffer-local options
 #include "nvim/option_defs.h"
-// for optional iconv support
-#include "nvim/iconv.h"
 // for jump list and tag stack sizes in a buffer and mark types
 #include "nvim/mark_defs.h"
 // for u_header_T; needs buf_T.
@@ -30,7 +28,9 @@ typedef struct {
 // for hashtab_T
 #include "nvim/hashtab.h"
 // for dict_T
-#include "nvim/eval_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
+// for proftime_T
+#include "nvim/profile.h"
 // for String
 #include "nvim/api/private/defs.h"
 // for Map(K, V)
@@ -319,25 +319,6 @@ typedef struct {
 } tasave_T;
 
 /*
- * Used for conversion of terminal I/O and script files.
- */
-typedef struct {
-  int vc_type;                  /* zero or one of the CONV_ values */
-  int vc_factor;                /* max. expansion factor */
-# ifdef USE_ICONV
-  iconv_t vc_fd;                /* for CONV_ICONV */
-# endif
-  bool vc_fail;                 /* fail for invalid char, don't use '?' */
-} vimconv_T;
-
-#define CONV_NONE               0
-#define CONV_TO_UTF8            1
-#define CONV_9_TO_UTF8          2
-#define CONV_TO_LATIN1          3
-#define CONV_TO_LATIN9          4
-#define CONV_ICONV              5
-
-/*
  * Structure used for mappings and abbreviations.
  */
 typedef struct mapblock mapblock_T;
@@ -447,6 +428,10 @@ typedef struct {
   char_u *b_syn_isk;            // iskeyword option
 } synblock_T;
 
+/// Type used for changedtick_di member in buf_T
+///
+/// Primary exists so that literals of relevant type can be made.
+typedef TV_DICTITEM_STRUCT(sizeof("changedtick")) ChangedtickDictItem;
 
 #define BUF_HAS_QF_ENTRY 1
 #define BUF_HAS_LL_ENTRY 2
@@ -491,7 +476,7 @@ struct file_buffer {
                                 // file has been changed and not written out.
 /// Change identifier incremented for each change, including undo
 #define b_changedtick changedtick_di.di_tv.vval.v_number
-  dictitem16_T changedtick_di;  // b:changedtick dictionary item.
+  ChangedtickDictItem changedtick_di;  // b:changedtick dictionary item.
 
   bool b_saving;                /* Set to true if we are in the middle of
                                    saving the buffer. */
@@ -735,8 +720,8 @@ struct file_buffer {
   int b_bad_char;               /* "++bad=" argument when edit started or 0 */
   int b_start_bomb;             /* 'bomb' when it was read */
 
-  dictitem_T b_bufvar;          /* variable for "b:" Dictionary */
-  dict_T      *b_vars;          /* internal variables, local to buffer */
+  ScopeDictDictItem b_bufvar;  ///< Variable for "b:" Dictionary.
+  dict_T *b_vars;  ///< b: scope dictionary.
 
   /* When a buffer is created, it starts without a swap file.  b_may_swap is
    * then set to indicate that a swap file may be opened later.  It is reset
@@ -824,9 +809,9 @@ struct tabpage_S {
   buf_T           *(tp_diffbuf[DB_COUNT]);
   int tp_diff_invalid;              ///< list of diffs is outdated
   frame_T         *(tp_snapshot[SNAP_COUNT]);    ///< window layout snapshots
-  dictitem_T tp_winvar;             ///< variable for "t:" Dictionary
-  dict_T          *tp_vars;         ///< internal variables, local to tab page
-  char_u          *tp_localdir;     ///< Absolute path of local CWD or NULL
+  ScopeDictDictItem tp_winvar;      ///< Variable for "t:" Dictionary.
+  dict_T          *tp_vars;         ///< Internal variables, local to tab page.
+  char_u          *tp_localdir;     ///< Absolute path of local cwd or NULL.
 };
 
 /*
@@ -1118,8 +1103,8 @@ struct window_S {
 
   long w_scbind_pos;
 
-  dictitem_T w_winvar;          /* variable for "w:" Dictionary */
-  dict_T      *w_vars;          /* internal variables, local to window */
+  ScopeDictDictItem w_winvar;  ///< Variable for "w:" dictionary.
+  dict_T *w_vars;  ///< Dictionary with w: variables.
 
   int w_farsi;                  /* for the window dependent Farsi functions */
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/charset.c b/src/nvim/charset.c
index efe32b915f..cb6a9fa43c 100644
--- a/src/nvim/charset.c
+++ b/src/nvim/charset.c
@@ -41,8 +41,10 @@ static bool chartab_initialized = false;
     (buf)->b_chartab[(unsigned)(c) >> 6] |= (1ull << ((c) & 0x3f))
 #define RESET_CHARTAB(buf, c) \
     (buf)->b_chartab[(unsigned)(c) >> 6] &= ~(1ull << ((c) & 0x3f))
+#define GET_CHARTAB_TAB(chartab, c) \
+    ((chartab)[(unsigned)(c) >> 6] & (1ull << ((c) & 0x3f)))
 #define GET_CHARTAB(buf, c) \
-    ((buf)->b_chartab[(unsigned)(c) >> 6] & (1ull << ((c) & 0x3f)))
+    GET_CHARTAB_TAB((buf)->b_chartab, c)
 
 // Table used below, see init_chartab() for an explanation
 static char_u g_chartab[256];
@@ -634,7 +636,7 @@ int char2cells(int c)
 /// @param p
 ///
 /// @return number of display cells.
-int ptr2cells(char_u *p)
+int ptr2cells(const char_u *p)
 {
   // For UTF-8 we need to look at more bytes if the first byte is >= 0x80.
   if (*p >= 0x80) {
@@ -776,6 +778,21 @@ bool vim_iswordc(int c)
   return vim_iswordc_buf(c, curbuf);
 }
 
+/// Check that "c" is a keyword character
+/// Letters and characters from 'iskeyword' option for given buffer.
+/// For multi-byte characters mb_get_class() is used (builtin rules).
+///
+/// @param[in]  c  Character to check.
+/// @param[in]  chartab  Buffer chartab.
+bool vim_iswordc_tab(const int c, const uint64_t *const chartab)
+  FUNC_ATTR_PURE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  if (c >= 0x100) {
+    return utf_class(c) >= 2;
+  }
+  return c > 0 && c < 0x100 && GET_CHARTAB_TAB(chartab, c) != 0;
+}
+
 /// Check that "c" is a keyword character:
 /// Letters and characters from 'iskeyword' option for given buffer.
 /// For multi-byte characters mb_get_class() is used (builtin rules).
@@ -785,10 +802,7 @@ bool vim_iswordc(int c)
 bool vim_iswordc_buf(int c, buf_T *buf)
   FUNC_ATTR_PURE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(2)
 {
-  if (c >= 0x100) {
-    return utf_class(c) >= 2;
-  }
-  return c > 0 && c < 0x100 && GET_CHARTAB(buf, c) != 0;
+  return vim_iswordc_tab(c, buf->b_chartab);
 }
 
 /// Just like vim_iswordc() but uses a pointer to the (multi-byte) character.
diff --git a/src/nvim/cursor.c b/src/nvim/cursor.c
index 82f1bf0a16..45abd314fc 100644
--- a/src/nvim/cursor.c
+++ b/src/nvim/cursor.c
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "nvim/state.h"
 #include "nvim/vim.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
+#include "nvim/mark.h"
 
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "cursor.c.generated.h"
@@ -227,9 +228,10 @@ static int coladvance2(
     }
   }
 
-  /* prevent from moving onto a trail byte */
-  if (has_mbyte)
-    mb_adjustpos(curbuf, pos);
+  // Prevent from moving onto a trail byte.
+  if (has_mbyte) {
+    mark_mb_adjustpos(curbuf, pos);
+  }
 
   if (col < wcol)
     return FAIL;
@@ -361,9 +363,10 @@ void check_cursor_col_win(win_T *win)
       win->w_cursor.col = len;
     } else {
       win->w_cursor.col = len - 1;
-      /* Move the cursor to the head byte. */
-      if (has_mbyte)
-        mb_adjustpos(win->w_buffer, &win->w_cursor);
+      // Move the cursor to the head byte.
+      if (has_mbyte) {
+        mark_mb_adjustpos(win->w_buffer, &win->w_cursor);
+      }
     }
   } else if (win->w_cursor.col < 0) {
     win->w_cursor.col = 0;
diff --git a/src/nvim/edit.c b/src/nvim/edit.c
index 5544f0b163..77d5b2c816 100644
--- a/src/nvim/edit.c
+++ b/src/nvim/edit.c
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "nvim/cursor.h"
 #include "nvim/digraph.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_docmd.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/farsi.h"
@@ -3461,8 +3462,8 @@ expand_by_function (
       matchdict = rettv.vval.v_dict;
       break;
     default:
-      /* TODO: Give error message? */
-      clear_tv(&rettv);
+      // TODO(brammool): Give error message?
+      tv_clear(&rettv);
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -3484,10 +3485,12 @@ expand_by_function (
     ins_compl_add_dict(matchdict);
 
 theend:
-  if (matchdict != NULL)
+  if (matchdict != NULL) {
     dict_unref(matchdict);
-  if (matchlist != NULL)
-    list_unref(matchlist);
+  }
+  if (matchlist != NULL) {
+    tv_list_unref(matchlist);
+  }
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval.c b/src/nvim/eval.c
index 927a1dcb0e..03d6eef9e3 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval.c
+++ b/src/nvim/eval.c
@@ -94,7 +94,11 @@
 #include "nvim/lib/kvec.h"
 #include "nvim/lib/khash.h"
 #include "nvim/lib/queue.h"
-#include "nvim/eval/typval_encode.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/executor.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/gc.h"
+
+// TODO(ZyX-I): Remove DICT_MAXNEST, make users be non-recursive instead
 
 #define DICT_MAXNEST 100        /* maximum nesting of lists and dicts */
 
@@ -150,7 +154,6 @@ typedef struct lval_S {
 
 
 static char *e_letunexp = N_("E18: Unexpected characters in :let");
-static char *e_listidx = N_("E684: list index out of range: %" PRId64);
 static char *e_undefvar = N_("E121: Undefined variable: %s");
 static char *e_missbrac = N_("E111: Missing ']'");
 static char *e_listarg = N_("E686: Argument of %s must be a List");
@@ -167,17 +170,21 @@ static char *e_funcexts = N_(
 static char *e_funcdict = N_("E717: Dictionary entry already exists");
 static char *e_funcref = N_("E718: Funcref required");
 static char *e_dictrange = N_("E719: Cannot use [:] with a Dictionary");
-static char *e_letwrong = N_("E734: Wrong variable type for %s=");
 static char *e_nofunc = N_("E130: Unknown function: %s");
 static char *e_illvar = N_("E461: Illegal variable name: %s");
 static char *e_float_as_string = N_("E806: using Float as a String");
 static const char *e_readonlyvar = N_(
     "E46: Cannot change read-only variable \"%.*s\"");
 
-static char_u * const empty_string = (char_u *)"";
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/executor
+static char *e_letwrong = N_("E734: Wrong variable type for %s=");
+
 static char_u * const namespace_char = (char_u *)"abglstvw";
 
-static dictitem_T globvars_var;                 /* variable used for g: */
+/// Variable used for g:
+static ScopeDictDictItem globvars_var;
+
+/// g: value
 #define globvarht globvardict.dv_hashtab
 
 /*
@@ -188,12 +195,15 @@ static hashtab_T compat_hashtab;
 
 hashtab_T func_hashtab;
 
+// Used for checking if local variables or arguments used in a lambda.
+static int *eval_lavars_used = NULL;
+
 /*
  * Array to hold the hashtab with variables local to each sourced script.
  * Each item holds a variable (nameless) that points to the dict_T.
  */
 typedef struct {
-  dictitem_T sv_var;
+  ScopeDictDictItem sv_var;
   dict_T sv_dict;
 } scriptvar_T;
 
@@ -231,17 +241,44 @@ typedef enum {
 // The names of packages that once were loaded are remembered.
 static garray_T ga_loaded = { 0, 0, sizeof(char_u *), 4, NULL };
 
-// List heads for garbage collection. Although there can be a reference loop
-// from partial to dict to partial, we don't need to keep track of the partial,
-// since it will get freed when the dict is unused and gets freed.
-static dict_T           *first_dict = NULL;     // list of all dicts
-static list_T           *first_list = NULL;     // list of all lists
-
-#define FLEN_FIXED 40
-
 #define FUNCARG(fp, j)  ((char_u **)(fp->uf_args.ga_data))[j]
 #define FUNCLINE(fp, j) ((char_u **)(fp->uf_lines.ga_data))[j]
 
+/// Short variable name length
+#define VAR_SHORT_LEN 20
+/// Number of fixed variables used for arguments
+#define FIXVAR_CNT 12
+
+struct funccall_S {
+  ufunc_T *func;  ///< Function being called.
+  int linenr;  ///< Next line to be executed.
+  int returned;  ///< ":return" used.
+  /// Fixed variables for arguments.
+  TV_DICTITEM_STRUCT(VAR_SHORT_LEN + 1) fixvar[FIXVAR_CNT];
+  dict_T l_vars;  ///< l: local function variables.
+  ScopeDictDictItem l_vars_var;  ///< Variable for l: scope.
+  dict_T l_avars;  ///< a: argument variables.
+  ScopeDictDictItem l_avars_var;  ///< Variable for a: scope.
+  list_T l_varlist;  ///< List for a:000.
+  listitem_T l_listitems[MAX_FUNC_ARGS];  ///< List items for a:000.
+  typval_T *rettv;  ///< Return value.
+  linenr_T breakpoint;  ///< Next line with breakpoint or zero.
+  int dbg_tick;  ///< Debug_tick when breakpoint was set.
+  int level;  ///< Top nesting level of executed function.
+  proftime_T prof_child;  ///< Time spent in a child.
+  funccall_T *caller;  ///< Calling function or NULL.
+  int fc_refcount;  ///< Number of user functions that reference this funccall.
+  int fc_copyID;  ///< CopyID used for garbage collection.
+  garray_T fc_funcs;  ///< List of ufunc_T* which keep a reference to "func".
+};
+
+///< Structure used by trans_function_name()
+typedef struct {
+  dict_T *fd_dict;  ///< Dictionary used.
+  char_u *fd_newkey;  ///< New key in "dict" in allocated memory.
+  dictitem_T  *fd_di;  ///< Dictionary item used.
+} funcdict_T;
+
 /*
  * Info used by a ":for" loop.
  */
@@ -283,8 +320,8 @@ typedef enum {
 // variables with the VV_ defines.
 static struct vimvar {
   char        *vv_name;  ///< Name of the variable, without v:.
-  dictitem16_T vv_di;    ///< Value and name for key (max 16 chars)
-  char vv_flags;         ///< Flags: #VV_COMPAT, #VV_RO, #VV_RO_SBX.
+  TV_DICTITEM_STRUCT(17) vv_di;  ///< Value and name for key (max 16 chars).
+  char vv_flags;  ///< Flags: #VV_COMPAT, #VV_RO, #VV_RO_SBX.
 } vimvars[] =
 {
   // VV_ tails differing from upcased string literals:
@@ -389,7 +426,10 @@ static struct vimvar {
 #define vv_dict         vv_di.di_tv.vval.v_dict
 #define vv_tv           vv_di.di_tv
 
-static dictitem_T vimvars_var;                  // variable used for v:
+/// Variable used for v:
+static ScopeDictDictItem vimvars_var;
+
+/// v: hashtab
 #define vimvarht  vimvardict.dv_hashtab
 
 typedef enum {
@@ -465,6 +505,17 @@ typedef struct fst {
 
 KHASH_MAP_INIT_STR(functions, VimLFuncDef)
 
+/// Type of assert_* check being performed
+typedef enum
+{
+  ASSERT_EQUAL,
+  ASSERT_NOTEQUAL,
+  ASSERT_MATCH,
+  ASSERT_NOTMATCH,
+  ASSERT_INRANGE,
+  ASSERT_OTHER,
+} assert_type_T;
+
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "eval.c.generated.h"
 #endif
@@ -547,7 +598,7 @@ void eval_init(void)
 
   dict_T *const msgpack_types_dict = dict_alloc();
   for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(msgpack_type_names); i++) {
-    list_T *const type_list = list_alloc();
+    list_T *const type_list = tv_list_alloc();
     type_list->lv_lock = VAR_FIXED;
     type_list->lv_refcount = 1;
     dictitem_T *const di = dictitem_alloc((char_u *)msgpack_type_names[i]);
@@ -570,7 +621,7 @@ void eval_init(void)
   dict_T *v_event = dict_alloc();
   v_event->dv_lock = VAR_FIXED;
   set_vim_var_dict(VV_EVENT, v_event);
-  set_vim_var_list(VV_ERRORS, list_alloc());
+  set_vim_var_list(VV_ERRORS, tv_list_alloc());
   set_vim_var_nr(VV_SEARCHFORWARD, 1L);
   set_vim_var_nr(VV_HLSEARCH, 1L);
   set_vim_var_nr(VV_COUNT1, 1);
@@ -601,7 +652,7 @@ void eval_clear(void)
       xfree(p->vv_str);
       p->vv_str = NULL;
     } else if (p->vv_di.di_tv.v_type == VAR_LIST) {
-      list_unref(p->vv_list);
+      tv_list_unref(p->vv_list);
       p->vv_list = NULL;
     }
   }
@@ -832,7 +883,7 @@ void var_redir_stop(void)
 int eval_charconvert(const char *const enc_from, const char *const enc_to,
                      const char *const fname_from, const char *const fname_to)
 {
-  int err = false;
+  bool err = false;
 
   set_vim_var_string(VV_CC_FROM, enc_from, -1);
   set_vim_var_string(VV_CC_TO, enc_to, -1);
@@ -854,7 +905,7 @@ int eval_charconvert(const char *const enc_from, const char *const enc_to,
 
 int eval_printexpr(const char *const fname, const char *const args)
 {
-  int err = false;
+  bool err = false;
 
   set_vim_var_string(VV_FNAME_IN, fname, -1);
   set_vim_var_string(VV_CMDARG, args, -1);
@@ -874,7 +925,7 @@ int eval_printexpr(const char *const fname, const char *const args)
 void eval_diff(const char *const origfile, const char *const newfile,
                const char *const outfile)
 {
-  int err = FALSE;
+  bool err = false;
 
   set_vim_var_string(VV_FNAME_IN, origfile, -1);
   set_vim_var_string(VV_FNAME_NEW, newfile, -1);
@@ -888,7 +939,7 @@ void eval_diff(const char *const origfile, const char *const newfile,
 void eval_patch(const char *const origfile, const char *const difffile,
                 const char *const outfile)
 {
-  int err;
+  bool err = false;
 
   set_vim_var_string(VV_FNAME_IN, origfile, -1);
   set_vim_var_string(VV_FNAME_DIFF, difffile, -1);
@@ -907,27 +958,29 @@ void eval_patch(const char *const origfile, const char *const difffile,
 int 
 eval_to_bool (
     char_u *arg,
-    int *error,
+    bool *error,
     char_u **nextcmd,
     int skip                   /* only parse, don't execute */
 )
 {
   typval_T tv;
-  int retval = FALSE;
+  bool retval = false;
 
-  if (skip)
-    ++emsg_skip;
-  if (eval0(arg, &tv, nextcmd, !skip) == FAIL)
-    *error = TRUE;
-  else {
-    *error = FALSE;
+  if (skip) {
+    emsg_skip++;
+  }
+  if (eval0(arg, &tv, nextcmd, !skip) == FAIL) {
+    *error = true;
+  } else {
+    *error = false;
     if (!skip) {
       retval = (get_tv_number_chk(&tv, error) != 0);
-      clear_tv(&tv);
+      tv_clear(&tv);
     }
   }
-  if (skip)
-    --emsg_skip;
+  if (skip) {
+    emsg_skip--;
+  }
 
   return retval;
 }
@@ -953,7 +1006,7 @@ eval_to_string_skip (
     retval = NULL;
   else {
     retval = vim_strsave(get_tv_string(&tv));
-    clear_tv(&tv);
+    tv_clear(&tv);
   }
   if (skip)
     --emsg_skip;
@@ -992,9 +1045,10 @@ char_u *eval_to_string(char_u *arg, char_u **nextcmd, int convert)
     if (convert && tv.v_type == VAR_LIST) {
       ga_init(&ga, (int)sizeof(char), 80);
       if (tv.vval.v_list != NULL) {
-        list_join(&ga, tv.vval.v_list, "\n");
-        if (tv.vval.v_list->lv_len > 0)
+        tv_list_join(&ga, tv.vval.v_list, "\n");
+        if (tv.vval.v_list->lv_len > 0) {
           ga_append(&ga, NL);
+        }
       }
       ga_append(&ga, NUL);
       retval = (char_u *)ga.ga_data;
@@ -1003,7 +1057,7 @@ char_u *eval_to_string(char_u *arg, char_u **nextcmd, int convert)
       retval = vim_strsave(numbuf);
     } else
       retval = vim_strsave(get_tv_string(&tv));
-    clear_tv(&tv);
+    tv_clear(&tv);
   }
 
   return retval;
@@ -1047,7 +1101,7 @@ int eval_to_number(char_u *expr)
     retval = -1;
   else {
     retval = get_tv_number_chk(&rettv, NULL);
-    clear_tv(&rettv);
+    tv_clear(&rettv);
   }
   --emsg_off;
 
@@ -1104,11 +1158,12 @@ list_T *eval_spell_expr(char_u *badword, char_u *expr)
   if (p_verbose == 0)
     ++emsg_off;
 
-  if (eval1(&p, &rettv, TRUE) == OK) {
-    if (rettv.v_type != VAR_LIST)
-      clear_tv(&rettv);
-    else
+  if (eval1(&p, &rettv, true) == OK) {
+    if (rettv.v_type != VAR_LIST) {
+      tv_clear(&rettv);
+    } else {
       list = rettv.vval.v_list;
+    }
   }
 
   if (p_verbose == 0)
@@ -1207,7 +1262,7 @@ int call_vim_function(
     ++sandbox;
   }
 
-  rettv->v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;                  // clear_tv() uses this
+  rettv->v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;  // tv_clear() uses this.
   ret = call_func(func, (int)STRLEN(func), rettv, argc, argvars, NULL,
                   curwin->w_cursor.lnum, curwin->w_cursor.lnum,
                   &doesrange, true, NULL, NULL);
@@ -1218,7 +1273,7 @@ int call_vim_function(
   xfree(argvars);
 
   if (ret == FAIL) {
-    clear_tv(rettv);
+    tv_clear(rettv);
   }
 
   return ret;
@@ -1245,7 +1300,7 @@ call_func_retnr (
     return -1;
 
   retval = get_tv_number_chk(&rettv, NULL);
-  clear_tv(&rettv);
+  tv_clear(&rettv);
   return retval;
 }
 
@@ -1270,7 +1325,7 @@ call_func_retstr (
     return NULL;
 
   retval = vim_strsave(get_tv_string(&rettv));
-  clear_tv(&rettv);
+  tv_clear(&rettv);
   return retval;
 }
 
@@ -1294,7 +1349,7 @@ call_func_retlist (
     return NULL;
 
   if (rettv.v_type != VAR_LIST) {
-    clear_tv(&rettv);
+    tv_clear(&rettv);
     return NULL;
   }
 
@@ -1392,7 +1447,7 @@ int eval_foldexpr(char_u *arg, int *cp)
         *cp = *s++;
       retval = atol((char *)s);
     }
-    clear_tv(&tv);
+    tv_clear(&tv);
   }
   --emsg_off;
   if (use_sandbox)
@@ -1464,13 +1519,13 @@ void ex_let(exarg_T *eap)
       ++emsg_skip;
     i = eval0(expr, &rettv, &eap->nextcmd, !eap->skip);
     if (eap->skip) {
-      if (i != FAIL)
-        clear_tv(&rettv);
-      --emsg_skip;
+      if (i != FAIL) {
+        tv_clear(&rettv);
+      }
+      emsg_skip--;
     } else if (i != FAIL) {
-      (void)ex_let_vars(eap->arg, &rettv, FALSE, semicolon, var_count,
-          op);
-      clear_tv(&rettv);
+      (void)ex_let_vars(eap->arg, &rettv, false, semicolon, var_count, op);
+      tv_clear(&rettv);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -1516,7 +1571,7 @@ ex_let_vars (
     return FAIL;
   }
 
-  i = list_len(l);
+  i = tv_list_len(l);
   if (semicolon == 0 && var_count < i) {
     EMSG(_("E687: Less targets than List items"));
     return FAIL;
@@ -1538,9 +1593,9 @@ ex_let_vars (
     if (*arg == ';') {
       /* Put the rest of the list (may be empty) in the var after ';'.
        * Create a new list for this. */
-      l = list_alloc();
+      l = tv_list_alloc();
       while (item != NULL) {
-        list_append_tv(l, &item->li_tv);
+        tv_list_append_tv(l, &item->li_tv);
         item = item->li_next;
       }
 
@@ -1549,11 +1604,12 @@ ex_let_vars (
       ltv.vval.v_list = l;
       l->lv_refcount = 1;
 
-      arg = ex_let_one(skipwhite(arg + 1), &ltv, FALSE,
-          (char_u *)"]", nextchars);
-      clear_tv(&ltv);
-      if (arg == NULL)
+      arg = ex_let_one(skipwhite(arg + 1), &ltv, false,
+                       (char_u *)"]", nextchars);
+      tv_clear(&ltv);
+      if (arg == NULL) {
         return FAIL;
+      }
       break;
     } else if (*arg != ',' && *arg != ']') {
       EMSG2(_(e_intern2), "ex_let_vars()");
@@ -1774,7 +1830,7 @@ static const char *list_arg_vars(exarg_T *eap, const char *arg, int *first)
                              tv.v_type, s == NULL ? "" : s, first);
               xfree(s);
             }
-            clear_tv(&tv);
+            tv_clear(&tv);
           }
         }
       }
@@ -1788,6 +1844,8 @@ static const char *list_arg_vars(exarg_T *eap, const char *arg, int *first)
   return arg;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/ex_cmds
+
 /*
  * Set one item of ":let var = expr" or ":let [v1, v2] = list" to its value.
  * Returns a pointer to the char just after the var name.
@@ -1952,6 +2010,8 @@ ex_let_one (
   return arg_end;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/executor
+
 /// Get an lvalue
 ///
 /// Lvalue may be
@@ -2081,8 +2141,8 @@ static char_u *get_lval(char_u *const name, typval_T *const rettv,
         if (eval1(&p, &var1, TRUE) == FAIL)             /* recursive! */
           return NULL;
         if (get_tv_string_chk(&var1) == NULL) {
-          /* not a number or string */
-          clear_tv(&var1);
+          // Not a number or string.
+          tv_clear(&var1);
           return NULL;
         }
       }
@@ -2090,35 +2150,41 @@ static char_u *get_lval(char_u *const name, typval_T *const rettv,
       /* Optionally get the second index [ :expr]. */
       if (*p == ':') {
         if (lp->ll_tv->v_type == VAR_DICT) {
-          if (!quiet)
+          if (!quiet) {
             EMSG(_(e_dictrange));
-          if (!empty1)
-            clear_tv(&var1);
+          }
+          if (!empty1) {
+            tv_clear(&var1);
+          }
           return NULL;
         }
         if (rettv != NULL && (rettv->v_type != VAR_LIST
                               || rettv->vval.v_list == NULL)) {
-          if (!quiet)
-            EMSG(_("E709: [:] requires a List value"));
-          if (!empty1)
-            clear_tv(&var1);
+          if (!quiet) {
+            emsgf(_("E709: [:] requires a List value"));
+          }
+          if (!empty1) {
+            tv_clear(&var1);
+          }
           return NULL;
         }
         p = skipwhite(p + 1);
-        if (*p == ']')
-          lp->ll_empty2 = TRUE;
-        else {
-          lp->ll_empty2 = FALSE;
-          if (eval1(&p, &var2, TRUE) == FAIL) {         /* recursive! */
-            if (!empty1)
-              clear_tv(&var1);
+        if (*p == ']') {
+          lp->ll_empty2 = true;
+        } else {
+          lp->ll_empty2 = false;
+          if (eval1(&p, &var2, true) == FAIL) {  // Recursive!
+            if (!empty1) {
+              tv_clear(&var1);
+            }
             return NULL;
           }
           if (get_tv_string_chk(&var2) == NULL) {
-            /* not a number or string */
-            if (!empty1)
-              clear_tv(&var1);
-            clear_tv(&var2);
+            // Not a number or string.
+            if (!empty1) {
+              tv_clear(&var1);
+            }
+            tv_clear(&var2);
             return NULL;
           }
         }
@@ -2127,12 +2193,15 @@ static char_u *get_lval(char_u *const name, typval_T *const rettv,
         lp->ll_range = FALSE;
 
       if (*p != ']') {
-        if (!quiet)
-          EMSG(_(e_missbrac));
-        if (!empty1)
-          clear_tv(&var1);
-        if (lp->ll_range && !lp->ll_empty2)
-          clear_tv(&var2);
+        if (!quiet) {
+          emsgf(_(e_missbrac));
+        }
+        if (!empty1) {
+          tv_clear(&var1);
+        }
+        if (lp->ll_range && !lp->ll_empty2) {
+          tv_clear(&var2);
+        }
         return NULL;
       }
 
@@ -2145,7 +2214,7 @@ static char_u *get_lval(char_u *const name, typval_T *const rettv,
         // "[key]": get key from "var1"
         key = get_tv_string_chk(&var1);  // is number or string
         if (key == NULL) {
-          clear_tv(&var1);
+          tv_clear(&var1);
           return NULL;
         }
       }
@@ -2184,56 +2253,63 @@ static char_u *get_lval(char_u *const name, typval_T *const rettv,
 
         /* Key does not exist in dict: may need to add it. */
         if (*p == '[' || *p == '.' || unlet) {
-          if (!quiet)
-            EMSG2(_(e_dictkey), key);
-          if (len == -1)
-            clear_tv(&var1);
+          if (!quiet) {
+            emsgf(_(e_dictkey), key);
+          }
+          if (len == -1) {
+            tv_clear(&var1);
+          }
           return NULL;
         }
-        if (len == -1)
+        if (len == -1) {
           lp->ll_newkey = vim_strsave(key);
-        else
+        } else {
           lp->ll_newkey = vim_strnsave(key, len);
-        if (len == -1)
-          clear_tv(&var1);
+        }
+        if (len == -1) {
+          tv_clear(&var1);
+        }
         break;
       // existing variable, need to check if it can be changed
       } else if (!(flags & GLV_READ_ONLY) && var_check_ro(lp->ll_di->di_flags,
                                                           (const char *)name,
                                                           (size_t)(p - name))) {
         if (len == -1) {
-          clear_tv(&var1);
+          tv_clear(&var1);
         }
         return NULL;
       }
 
-      if (len == -1)
-        clear_tv(&var1);
+      if (len == -1) {
+        tv_clear(&var1);
+      }
       lp->ll_tv = &lp->ll_di->di_tv;
     } else {
       /*
        * Get the number and item for the only or first index of the List.
        */
-      if (empty1)
+      if (empty1) {
         lp->ll_n1 = 0;
-      else {
-        lp->ll_n1 = get_tv_number(&var1);           /* is number or string */
-        clear_tv(&var1);
+      } else {
+        lp->ll_n1 = get_tv_number(&var1);  // Is number or string.
+        tv_clear(&var1);
       }
       lp->ll_dict = NULL;
       lp->ll_list = lp->ll_tv->vval.v_list;
-      lp->ll_li = list_find(lp->ll_list, lp->ll_n1);
+      lp->ll_li = tv_list_find(lp->ll_list, lp->ll_n1);
       if (lp->ll_li == NULL) {
         if (lp->ll_n1 < 0) {
           lp->ll_n1 = 0;
-          lp->ll_li = list_find(lp->ll_list, lp->ll_n1);
+          lp->ll_li = tv_list_find(lp->ll_list, lp->ll_n1);
         }
       }
       if (lp->ll_li == NULL) {
-        if (lp->ll_range && !lp->ll_empty2)
-          clear_tv(&var2);
-        if (!quiet)
+        if (lp->ll_range && !lp->ll_empty2) {
+          tv_clear(&var2);
+        }
+        if (!quiet) {
           EMSGN(_(e_listidx), lp->ll_n1);
+        }
         return NULL;
       }
 
@@ -2244,24 +2320,26 @@ static char_u *get_lval(char_u *const name, typval_T *const rettv,
        * Otherwise "lp->ll_n2" is set to the second index.
        */
       if (lp->ll_range && !lp->ll_empty2) {
-        lp->ll_n2 = get_tv_number(&var2);           /* is number or string */
-        clear_tv(&var2);
+        lp->ll_n2 = get_tv_number(&var2);  // Is number or string.
+        tv_clear(&var2);
         if (lp->ll_n2 < 0) {
-          ni = list_find(lp->ll_list, lp->ll_n2);
+          ni = tv_list_find(lp->ll_list, lp->ll_n2);
           if (ni == NULL) {
             if (!quiet)
               EMSGN(_(e_listidx), lp->ll_n2);
             return NULL;
           }
-          lp->ll_n2 = list_idx_of_item(lp->ll_list, ni);
+          lp->ll_n2 = tv_list_idx_of_item(lp->ll_list, ni);
         }
 
-        /* Check that lp->ll_n2 isn't before lp->ll_n1. */
-        if (lp->ll_n1 < 0)
-          lp->ll_n1 = list_idx_of_item(lp->ll_list, lp->ll_li);
+        // Check that lp->ll_n2 isn't before lp->ll_n1.
+        if (lp->ll_n1 < 0) {
+          lp->ll_n1 = tv_list_idx_of_item(lp->ll_list, lp->ll_li);
+        }
         if (lp->ll_n2 < lp->ll_n1) {
-          if (!quiet)
+          if (!quiet) {
             EMSGN(_(e_listidx), lp->ll_n2);
+          }
           return NULL;
         }
       }
@@ -2273,6 +2351,8 @@ static char_u *get_lval(char_u *const name, typval_T *const rettv,
   return p;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/executor
+
 /*
  * Clear lval "lp" that was filled by get_lval().
  */
@@ -2282,6 +2362,8 @@ static void clear_lval(lval_T *lp)
   xfree(lp->ll_newkey);
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/executor
+
 /*
  * Set a variable that was parsed by get_lval() to "rettv".
  * "endp" points to just after the parsed name.
@@ -2308,10 +2390,10 @@ static void set_var_lval(lval_T *lp, char_u *endp, typval_T *rettv, int copy, ch
                                STRLEN(lp->ll_name))
                  && !tv_check_lock(di->di_tv.v_lock, (const char *)lp->ll_name,
                                    STRLEN(lp->ll_name))))
-            && tv_op(&tv, rettv, op) == OK) {
+            && eexe_mod_op(&tv, rettv, (const char *)op) == OK) {
           set_var(lp->ll_name, &tv, false);
         }
-        clear_tv(&tv);
+        tv_clear(&tv);
       }
     } else {
       set_var(lp->ll_name, rettv, copy);
@@ -2344,18 +2426,18 @@ static void set_var_lval(lval_T *lp, char_u *endp, typval_T *rettv, int copy, ch
      * Assign the List values to the list items.
      */
     for (ri = rettv->vval.v_list->lv_first; ri != NULL; ) {
-      if (op != NULL && *op != '=')
-        tv_op(&lp->ll_li->li_tv, &ri->li_tv, op);
-      else {
-        clear_tv(&lp->ll_li->li_tv);
+      if (op != NULL && *op != '=') {
+        eexe_mod_op(&lp->ll_li->li_tv, &ri->li_tv, (const char *)op);
+      } else {
+        tv_clear(&lp->ll_li->li_tv);
         copy_tv(&ri->li_tv, &lp->ll_li->li_tv);
       }
       ri = ri->li_next;
       if (ri == NULL || (!lp->ll_empty2 && lp->ll_n2 == lp->ll_n1))
         break;
       if (lp->ll_li->li_next == NULL) {
-        /* Need to add an empty item. */
-        list_append_number(lp->ll_list, 0);
+        // Need to add an empty item.
+        tv_list_append_number(lp->ll_list, 0);
         assert(lp->ll_li->li_next);
       }
       lp->ll_li = lp->ll_li->li_next;
@@ -2398,10 +2480,10 @@ static void set_var_lval(lval_T *lp, char_u *endp, typval_T *rettv, int copy, ch
       }
 
       if (op != NULL && *op != '=') {
-        tv_op(lp->ll_tv, rettv, op);
+        eexe_mod_op(lp->ll_tv, rettv, (const char *)op);
         goto notify;
       } else {
-        clear_tv(lp->ll_tv);
+        tv_clear(lp->ll_tv);
       }
     }
 
@@ -2421,145 +2503,13 @@ notify:
       } else {
         dictitem_T *di = lp->ll_di;
         dictwatcher_notify(dict, (char *)di->di_key, lp->ll_tv, &oldtv);
-        clear_tv(&oldtv);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/*
- * Handle "tv1 += tv2", "tv1 -= tv2" and "tv1 .= tv2"
- * Returns OK or FAIL.
- */
-static int tv_op(typval_T *tv1, typval_T *tv2, char_u *op)
-{
-  long n;
-  char_u numbuf[NUMBUFLEN];
-  char_u      *s;
-
-  // Can't do anything with a Funcref, a Dict or special value on the right.
-  if (tv2->v_type != VAR_FUNC && tv2->v_type != VAR_DICT) {
-    switch (tv1->v_type) {
-    case VAR_DICT:
-    case VAR_FUNC:
-    case VAR_PARTIAL:
-    case VAR_SPECIAL:
-      break;
-
-    case VAR_LIST:
-      if (*op != '+' || tv2->v_type != VAR_LIST)
-        break;
-      /* List += List */
-      if (tv1->vval.v_list != NULL && tv2->vval.v_list != NULL)
-        list_extend(tv1->vval.v_list, tv2->vval.v_list, NULL);
-      return OK;
-
-    case VAR_NUMBER:
-    case VAR_STRING:
-      if (tv2->v_type == VAR_LIST)
-        break;
-      if (*op == '+' || *op == '-') {
-        /* nr += nr  or  nr -= nr*/
-        n = get_tv_number(tv1);
-        if (tv2->v_type == VAR_FLOAT) {
-          float_T f = n;
-
-          if (*op == '+')
-            f += tv2->vval.v_float;
-          else
-            f -= tv2->vval.v_float;
-          clear_tv(tv1);
-          tv1->v_type = VAR_FLOAT;
-          tv1->vval.v_float = f;
-        } else {
-          if (*op == '+')
-            n += get_tv_number(tv2);
-          else
-            n -= get_tv_number(tv2);
-          clear_tv(tv1);
-          tv1->v_type = VAR_NUMBER;
-          tv1->vval.v_number = n;
-        }
-      } else {
-        if (tv2->v_type == VAR_FLOAT)
-          break;
-
-        /* str .= str */
-        s = get_tv_string(tv1);
-        s = concat_str(s, get_tv_string_buf(tv2, numbuf));
-        clear_tv(tv1);
-        tv1->v_type = VAR_STRING;
-        tv1->vval.v_string = s;
+        tv_clear(&oldtv);
       }
-      return OK;
-
-    case VAR_FLOAT:
-    {
-      float_T f;
-
-      if (*op == '.' || (tv2->v_type != VAR_FLOAT
-                         && tv2->v_type != VAR_NUMBER
-                         && tv2->v_type != VAR_STRING))
-        break;
-      if (tv2->v_type == VAR_FLOAT)
-        f = tv2->vval.v_float;
-      else
-        f = get_tv_number(tv2);
-      if (*op == '+')
-        tv1->vval.v_float += f;
-      else
-        tv1->vval.v_float -= f;
-    }
-      return OK;
-
-    case VAR_UNKNOWN:
-      assert(false);
-    }
-  }
-
-  EMSG2(_(e_letwrong), op);
-  return FAIL;
-}
-
-/*
- * Add a watcher to a list.
- */
-void list_add_watch(list_T *l, listwatch_T *lw)
-{
-  lw->lw_next = l->lv_watch;
-  l->lv_watch = lw;
-}
-
-/*
- * Remove a watcher from a list.
- * No warning when it isn't found...
- */
-void list_rem_watch(list_T *l, listwatch_T *lwrem)
-{
-  listwatch_T *lw, **lwp;
-
-  lwp = &l->lv_watch;
-  for (lw = l->lv_watch; lw != NULL; lw = lw->lw_next) {
-    if (lw == lwrem) {
-      *lwp = lw->lw_next;
-      break;
     }
-    lwp = &lw->lw_next;
   }
 }
 
-/*
- * Just before removing an item from a list: advance watchers to the next
- * item.
- */
-static void list_fix_watch(list_T *l, listitem_T *item)
-{
-  listwatch_T *lw;
-
-  for (lw = l->lv_watch; lw != NULL; lw = lw->lw_next)
-    if (lw->lw_item == item)
-      lw->lw_item = item->li_next;
-}
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/ex_cmds
 
 /*
  * Evaluate the expression used in a ":for var in expr" command.
@@ -2567,14 +2517,14 @@ static void list_fix_watch(list_T *l, listitem_T *item)
  * Set "*errp" to TRUE for an error, FALSE otherwise;
  * Return a pointer that holds the info.  Null when there is an error.
  */
-void *eval_for_line(char_u *arg, int *errp, char_u **nextcmdp, int skip)
+void *eval_for_line(char_u *arg, bool *errp, char_u **nextcmdp, int skip)
 {
   forinfo_T   *fi = xcalloc(1, sizeof(forinfo_T));
   char_u      *expr;
   typval_T tv;
   list_T      *l;
 
-  *errp = TRUE;         /* default: there is an error */
+  *errp = true;  // Default: there is an error.
 
   expr = skip_var_list(arg, &fi->fi_varcount, &fi->fi_semicolon);
   if (expr == NULL)
@@ -2589,20 +2539,20 @@ void *eval_for_line(char_u *arg, int *errp, char_u **nextcmdp, int skip)
   if (skip)
     ++emsg_skip;
   if (eval0(skipwhite(expr + 2), &tv, nextcmdp, !skip) == OK) {
-    *errp = FALSE;
+    *errp = false;
     if (!skip) {
       l = tv.vval.v_list;
       if (tv.v_type != VAR_LIST) {
         EMSG(_(e_listreq));
-        clear_tv(&tv);
+        tv_clear(&tv);
       } else if (l == NULL) {
         // a null list is like an empty list: do nothing
-        clear_tv(&tv);
+        tv_clear(&tv);
       } else {
         /* No need to increment the refcount, it's already set for the
          * list being used in "tv". */
         fi->fi_list = l;
-        list_add_watch(l, &fi->fi_lw);
+        tv_list_watch_add(l, &fi->fi_lw);
         fi->fi_lw.lw_item = l->lv_first;
       }
     }
@@ -2613,6 +2563,8 @@ void *eval_for_line(char_u *arg, int *errp, char_u **nextcmdp, int skip)
   return fi;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/ex_cmds
+
 /*
  * Use the first item in a ":for" list.  Advance to the next.
  * Assign the values to the variable (list).  "arg" points to the first one.
@@ -2636,6 +2588,8 @@ int next_for_item(void *fi_void, char_u *arg)
   return result;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/ex_cmds
+
 /*
  * Free the structure used to store info used by ":for".
  */
@@ -2644,8 +2598,8 @@ void free_for_info(void *fi_void)
   forinfo_T    *fi = (forinfo_T *)fi_void;
 
   if (fi != NULL && fi->fi_list != NULL) {
-    list_rem_watch(fi->fi_list, &fi->fi_lw);
-    list_unref(fi->fi_list);
+    tv_list_watch_remove(fi->fi_list, &fi->fi_lw);
+    tv_list_unref(fi->fi_list);
   }
   xfree(fi);
 }
@@ -2733,6 +2687,7 @@ void set_context_for_expression(expand_T *xp, char_u *arg, cmdidx_T cmdidx)
   xp->xp_pattern = arg;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/ex_cmds
 
 /*
  * ":1,25call func(arg1, arg2)"	function call.
@@ -2752,13 +2707,14 @@ void ex_call(exarg_T *eap)
   partial_T *partial = NULL;
 
   if (eap->skip) {
-    /* trans_function_name() doesn't work well when skipping, use eval0()
-     * instead to skip to any following command, e.g. for:
-     *   :if 0 | call dict.foo().bar() | endif  */
-    ++emsg_skip;
-    if (eval0(eap->arg, &rettv, &eap->nextcmd, FALSE) != FAIL)
-      clear_tv(&rettv);
-    --emsg_skip;
+    // trans_function_name() doesn't work well when skipping, use eval0()
+    // instead to skip to any following command, e.g. for:
+    //   :if 0 | call dict.foo().bar() | endif.
+    emsg_skip++;
+    if (eval0(eap->arg, &rettv, &eap->nextcmd, false) != FAIL) {
+      tv_clear(&rettv);
+    }
+    emsg_skip--;
     return;
   }
 
@@ -2786,7 +2742,7 @@ void ex_call(exarg_T *eap)
   /* Skip white space to allow ":call func ()".  Not good, but required for
    * backward compatibility. */
   startarg = skipwhite(arg);
-  rettv.v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;   /* clear_tv() uses this */
+  rettv.v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;  // tv_clear() uses this.
 
   if (*startarg != '(') {
     EMSG2(_("E107: Missing parentheses: %s"), eap->arg);
@@ -2825,9 +2781,10 @@ void ex_call(exarg_T *eap)
       break;
     }
 
-    clear_tv(&rettv);
-    if (doesrange || eap->skip)
+    tv_clear(&rettv);
+    if (doesrange || eap->skip) {
       break;
+    }
 
     /* Stop when immediately aborting on error, or when an interrupt
      * occurred or an exception was thrown but not caught.
@@ -2853,6 +2810,8 @@ end:
   xfree(tofree);
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/ex_cmds
+
 /*
  * ":unlet[!] var1 ... " command.
  */
@@ -2861,6 +2820,8 @@ void ex_unlet(exarg_T *eap)
   ex_unletlock(eap, eap->arg, 0);
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/ex_cmds
+
 /*
  * ":lockvar" and ":unlockvar" commands
  */
@@ -2879,6 +2840,8 @@ void ex_lockvar(exarg_T *eap)
   ex_unletlock(eap, arg, deep);
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/ex_cmds
+
 /*
  * ":unlet", ":lockvar" and ":unlockvar" are quite similar.
  */
@@ -2912,8 +2875,9 @@ static void ex_unletlock(exarg_T *eap, char_u *argstart, int deep)
           error = TRUE;
       } else {
         if (do_lock_var(&lv, name_end, deep,
-                eap->cmdidx == CMD_lockvar) == FAIL)
-          error = TRUE;
+                        eap->cmdidx == CMD_lockvar) == FAIL) {
+          error = true;
+        }
       }
     }
 
@@ -2926,6 +2890,8 @@ static void ex_unletlock(exarg_T *eap, char_u *argstart, int deep)
   eap->nextcmd = check_nextcmd(arg);
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/ex_cmds
+
 static int do_unlet_var(lval_T *lp, char_u *name_end, int forceit)
 {
   int ret = OK;
@@ -2966,14 +2932,14 @@ static int do_unlet_var(lval_T *lp, char_u *name_end, int forceit)
     /* Delete a range of List items. */
     while (lp->ll_li != NULL && (lp->ll_empty2 || lp->ll_n2 >= lp->ll_n1)) {
       li = lp->ll_li->li_next;
-      listitem_remove(lp->ll_list, lp->ll_li);
+      tv_list_item_remove(lp->ll_list, lp->ll_li);
       lp->ll_li = li;
       ++lp->ll_n1;
     }
   } else {
     if (lp->ll_list != NULL) {
       // unlet a List item.
-      listitem_remove(lp->ll_list, lp->ll_li);
+      tv_list_item_remove(lp->ll_list, lp->ll_li);
     } else {
       // unlet a Dictionary item.
       dict_T *d = lp->ll_dict;
@@ -2992,7 +2958,7 @@ static int do_unlet_var(lval_T *lp, char_u *name_end, int forceit)
 
       if (watched) {
         dictwatcher_notify(d, key, NULL, &oldtv);
-        clear_tv(&oldtv);
+        tv_clear(&oldtv);
         xfree(key);
       }
     }
@@ -3001,6 +2967,8 @@ static int do_unlet_var(lval_T *lp, char_u *name_end, int forceit)
   return ret;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/ex_cmds
+
 /*
  * "unlet" a variable.  Return OK if it existed, FAIL if not.
  * When "forceit" is TRUE don't complain if the variable doesn't exist.
@@ -3060,7 +3028,7 @@ int do_unlet(char_u *name, int forceit)
 
       if (watched) {
         dictwatcher_notify(dict, (char *)varname, NULL, &oldtv);
-        clear_tv(&oldtv);
+        tv_clear(&oldtv);
       }
       return OK;
     }
@@ -3071,12 +3039,15 @@ int do_unlet(char_u *name, int forceit)
   return FAIL;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/ex_cmds
+
 /*
  * Lock or unlock variable indicated by "lp".
  * "deep" is the levels to go (-1 for unlimited);
  * "lock" is TRUE for ":lockvar", FALSE for ":unlockvar".
  */
-static int do_lock_var(lval_T *lp, char_u *name_end, int deep, int lock)
+static int do_lock_var(lval_T *lp, char_u *name_end, const int deep,
+                       const bool lock)
 {
   int ret = OK;
 
@@ -3104,118 +3075,29 @@ static int do_lock_var(lval_T *lp, char_u *name_end, int deep, int lock)
       } else {
         di->di_flags &= ~DI_FLAGS_LOCK;
       }
-      item_lock(&di->di_tv, deep, lock);
+      tv_item_lock(&di->di_tv, deep, lock);
     }
   } else if (lp->ll_range) {
     listitem_T    *li = lp->ll_li;
 
     /* (un)lock a range of List items. */
     while (li != NULL && (lp->ll_empty2 || lp->ll_n2 >= lp->ll_n1)) {
-      item_lock(&li->li_tv, deep, lock);
+      tv_item_lock(&li->li_tv, deep, lock);
       li = li->li_next;
       ++lp->ll_n1;
     }
   } else if (lp->ll_list != NULL) {
     // (un)lock a List item.
-    item_lock(&lp->ll_li->li_tv, deep, lock);
+    tv_item_lock(&lp->ll_li->li_tv, deep, lock);
   } else {
     // (un)lock a Dictionary item.
-    item_lock(&lp->ll_di->di_tv, deep, lock);
+    tv_item_lock(&lp->ll_di->di_tv, deep, lock);
   }
 
   return ret;
 }
 
 /*
- * Lock or unlock an item.  "deep" is nr of levels to go.
- */
-static void item_lock(typval_T *tv, int deep, int lock)
-{
-  static int recurse = 0;
-
-  if (recurse >= DICT_MAXNEST) {
-    EMSG(_("E743: variable nested too deep for (un)lock"));
-    return;
-  }
-  if (deep == 0) {
-    return;
-  }
-  recurse++;
-
-  // lock/unlock the item itself
-#define CHANGE_LOCK(var, lock) \
-  do { \
-    var = ((VarLockStatus[]) { \
-      [VAR_UNLOCKED] = (lock ? VAR_LOCKED : VAR_UNLOCKED), \
-      [VAR_LOCKED] = (lock ? VAR_LOCKED : VAR_UNLOCKED), \
-      [VAR_FIXED] = VAR_FIXED, \
-    })[var]; \
-  } while (0)
-  CHANGE_LOCK(tv->v_lock, lock);
-
-  switch (tv->v_type) {
-    case VAR_LIST: {
-      list_T *const l = tv->vval.v_list;
-      if (l != NULL) {
-        CHANGE_LOCK(l->lv_lock, lock);
-        if (deep < 0 || deep > 1) {
-          // Recursive: lock/unlock the items the List contains.
-          for (listitem_T *li = l->lv_first; li != NULL; li = li->li_next) {
-            item_lock(&li->li_tv, deep - 1, lock);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-    case VAR_DICT: {
-      dict_T *const d = tv->vval.v_dict;
-      if (d != NULL) {
-        CHANGE_LOCK(d->dv_lock, lock);
-        if (deep < 0 || deep > 1) {
-          // Recursive: lock/unlock the items the List contains.
-          int todo = (int)d->dv_hashtab.ht_used;
-          for (hashitem_T *hi = d->dv_hashtab.ht_array; todo > 0; hi++) {
-            if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-              todo--;
-              item_lock(&HI2DI(hi)->di_tv, deep - 1, lock);
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-    case VAR_NUMBER:
-    case VAR_FLOAT:
-    case VAR_STRING:
-    case VAR_FUNC:
-    case VAR_PARTIAL:
-    case VAR_SPECIAL: {
-      break;
-    }
-    case VAR_UNKNOWN: {
-      assert(false);
-    }
-  }
-#undef CHANGE_LOCK
-  recurse--;
-}
-
-/*
- * Return TRUE if typeval "tv" is locked: Either that value is locked itself
- * or it refers to a List or Dictionary that is locked.
- */
-static int tv_islocked(typval_T *tv)
-{
-  return (tv->v_lock & VAR_LOCKED)
-         || (tv->v_type == VAR_LIST
-             && tv->vval.v_list != NULL
-             && (tv->vval.v_list->lv_lock & VAR_LOCKED))
-         || (tv->v_type == VAR_DICT
-             && tv->vval.v_dict != NULL
-             && (tv->vval.v_dict->dv_lock & VAR_LOCKED));
-}
-
-/*
  * Delete all "menutrans_" variables.
  */
 void del_menutrans_vars(void)
@@ -3343,6 +3225,7 @@ char_u *get_user_var_name(expand_T *xp, int idx)
   return NULL;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/expressions
 
 /// Return TRUE if "pat" matches "text".
 /// Does not use 'cpo' and always uses 'magic'.
@@ -3379,6 +3262,8 @@ typedef enum {
   , TYPE_NOMATCH        /* !~ */
 } exptype_T;
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/expressions
+
 /*
  * The "evaluate" argument: When FALSE, the argument is only parsed but not
  * executed.  The function may return OK, but the rettv will be of type
@@ -3400,15 +3285,15 @@ static int eval0(char_u *arg, typval_T *rettv, char_u **nextcmd, int evaluate)
   p = skipwhite(arg);
   ret = eval1(&p, rettv, evaluate);
   if (ret == FAIL || !ends_excmd(*p)) {
-    if (ret != FAIL)
-      clear_tv(rettv);
-    /*
-     * Report the invalid expression unless the expression evaluation has
-     * been cancelled due to an aborting error, an interrupt, or an
-     * exception.
-     */
-    if (!aborting())
-      EMSG2(_(e_invexpr2), arg);
+    if (ret != FAIL) {
+      tv_clear(rettv);
+    }
+    // Report the invalid expression unless the expression evaluation has
+    // been cancelled due to an aborting error, an interrupt, or an
+    // exception.
+    if (!aborting()) {
+      emsgf(_(e_invexpr2), arg);
+    }
     ret = FAIL;
   }
   if (nextcmd != NULL)
@@ -3417,6 +3302,8 @@ static int eval0(char_u *arg, typval_T *rettv, char_u **nextcmd, int evaluate)
   return ret;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/expressions
+
 /*
  * Handle top level expression:
  *	expr2 ? expr1 : expr1
@@ -3442,13 +3329,15 @@ static int eval1(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
   if ((*arg)[0] == '?') {
     result = FALSE;
     if (evaluate) {
-      int error = FALSE;
+      bool error = false;
 
-      if (get_tv_number_chk(rettv, &error) != 0)
-        result = TRUE;
-      clear_tv(rettv);
-      if (error)
+      if (get_tv_number_chk(rettv, &error) != 0) {
+        result = true;
+      }
+      tv_clear(rettv);
+      if (error) {
         return FAIL;
+      }
     }
 
     /*
@@ -3462,9 +3351,10 @@ static int eval1(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
      * Check for the ":".
      */
     if ((*arg)[0] != ':') {
-      EMSG(_("E109: Missing ':' after '?'"));
-      if (evaluate && result)
-        clear_tv(rettv);
+      emsgf(_("E109: Missing ':' after '?'"));
+      if (evaluate && result) {
+        tv_clear(rettv);
+      }
       return FAIL;
     }
 
@@ -3472,9 +3362,10 @@ static int eval1(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
      * Get the third variable.
      */
     *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
-    if (eval1(arg, &var2, evaluate && !result) == FAIL) {   /* recursive! */
-      if (evaluate && result)
-        clear_tv(rettv);
+    if (eval1(arg, &var2, evaluate && !result) == FAIL) {  // Recursive!
+      if (evaluate && result) {
+        tv_clear(rettv);
+      }
       return FAIL;
     }
     if (evaluate && !result)
@@ -3484,6 +3375,8 @@ static int eval1(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
   return OK;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/expressions
+
 /*
  * Handle first level expression:
  *	expr2 || expr2 || expr2	    logical OR
@@ -3498,7 +3391,7 @@ static int eval2(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
   typval_T var2;
   long result;
   int first;
-  int error = FALSE;
+  bool error = false;
 
   /*
    * Get the first variable.
@@ -3513,12 +3406,14 @@ static int eval2(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
   result = FALSE;
   while ((*arg)[0] == '|' && (*arg)[1] == '|') {
     if (evaluate && first) {
-      if (get_tv_number_chk(rettv, &error) != 0)
-        result = TRUE;
-      clear_tv(rettv);
-      if (error)
+      if (get_tv_number_chk(rettv, &error) != 0) {
+        result = true;
+      }
+      tv_clear(rettv);
+      if (error) {
         return FAIL;
-      first = FALSE;
+      }
+      first = false;
     }
 
     /*
@@ -3532,11 +3427,13 @@ static int eval2(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
      * Compute the result.
      */
     if (evaluate && !result) {
-      if (get_tv_number_chk(&var2, &error) != 0)
-        result = TRUE;
-      clear_tv(&var2);
-      if (error)
+      if (get_tv_number_chk(&var2, &error) != 0) {
+        result = true;
+      }
+      tv_clear(&var2);
+      if (error) {
         return FAIL;
+      }
     }
     if (evaluate) {
       rettv->v_type = VAR_NUMBER;
@@ -3547,6 +3444,8 @@ static int eval2(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
   return OK;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/expressions
+
 /*
  * Handle second level expression:
  *	expr3 && expr3 && expr3	    logical AND
@@ -3561,7 +3460,7 @@ static int eval3(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
   typval_T var2;
   long result;
   int first;
-  int error = FALSE;
+  bool error = false;
 
   /*
    * Get the first variable.
@@ -3576,12 +3475,14 @@ static int eval3(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
   result = TRUE;
   while ((*arg)[0] == '&' && (*arg)[1] == '&') {
     if (evaluate && first) {
-      if (get_tv_number_chk(rettv, &error) == 0)
-        result = FALSE;
-      clear_tv(rettv);
-      if (error)
+      if (get_tv_number_chk(rettv, &error) == 0) {
+        result = false;
+      }
+      tv_clear(rettv);
+      if (error) {
         return FAIL;
-      first = FALSE;
+      }
+      first = false;
     }
 
     /*
@@ -3595,11 +3496,13 @@ static int eval3(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
      * Compute the result.
      */
     if (evaluate && result) {
-      if (get_tv_number_chk(&var2, &error) == 0)
-        result = FALSE;
-      clear_tv(&var2);
-      if (error)
+      if (get_tv_number_chk(&var2, &error) == 0) {
+        result = false;
+      }
+      tv_clear(&var2);
+      if (error) {
         return FAIL;
+      }
     }
     if (evaluate) {
       rettv->v_type = VAR_NUMBER;
@@ -3610,6 +3513,8 @@ static int eval3(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
   return OK;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/expressions
+
 /*
  * Handle third level expression:
  *	var1 == var2
@@ -3706,7 +3611,7 @@ static int eval4(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
      */
     *arg = skipwhite(p + len);
     if (eval5(arg, &var2, evaluate) == FAIL) {
-      clear_tv(rettv);
+      tv_clear(rettv);
       return FAIL;
     }
 
@@ -3728,15 +3633,15 @@ static int eval4(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
           } else {
             EMSG(_("E692: Invalid operation for List"));
           }
-          clear_tv(rettv);
-          clear_tv(&var2);
+          tv_clear(rettv);
+          tv_clear(&var2);
           return FAIL;
         } else {
-          /* Compare two Lists for being equal or unequal. */
-          n1 = list_equal(rettv->vval.v_list, var2.vval.v_list,
-              ic, FALSE);
-          if (type == TYPE_NEQUAL)
+          // Compare two Lists for being equal or unequal.
+          n1 = tv_list_equal(rettv->vval.v_list, var2.vval.v_list, ic, false);
+          if (type == TYPE_NEQUAL) {
             n1 = !n1;
+          }
         }
       } else if (rettv->v_type == VAR_DICT || var2.v_type == VAR_DICT) {
         if (type_is) {
@@ -3750,8 +3655,8 @@ static int eval4(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
             EMSG(_("E735: Can only compare Dictionary with Dictionary"));
           else
             EMSG(_("E736: Invalid operation for Dictionary"));
-          clear_tv(rettv);
-          clear_tv(&var2);
+          tv_clear(rettv);
+          tv_clear(&var2);
           return FAIL;
         } else {
           /* Compare two Dictionaries for being equal or unequal. */
@@ -3765,8 +3670,8 @@ static int eval4(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
                  || var2.v_type == VAR_PARTIAL) {
         if (type != TYPE_EQUAL && type != TYPE_NEQUAL) {
           EMSG(_("E694: Invalid operation for Funcrefs"));
-          clear_tv(rettv);
-          clear_tv(&var2);
+          tv_clear(rettv);
+          tv_clear(&var2);
           return FAIL;
         }
         if ((rettv->v_type == VAR_PARTIAL
@@ -3868,8 +3773,8 @@ static int eval4(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
         case TYPE_UNKNOWN:  break;              /* avoid gcc warning */
         }
       }
-      clear_tv(rettv);
-      clear_tv(&var2);
+      tv_clear(rettv);
+      tv_clear(&var2);
       rettv->v_type = VAR_NUMBER;
       rettv->vval.v_number = n1;
     }
@@ -3878,6 +3783,8 @@ static int eval4(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
   return OK;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/expressions
+
 /*
  * Handle fourth level expression:
  *	+	number addition
@@ -3925,7 +3832,7 @@ static int eval5(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
        * without evaluating the 2nd operand.  So check before to avoid
        * side effects after an error. */
       if (evaluate && get_tv_string_chk(rettv) == NULL) {
-        clear_tv(rettv);
+        tv_clear(rettv);
         return FAIL;
       }
     }
@@ -3935,7 +3842,7 @@ static int eval5(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
      */
     *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
     if (eval6(arg, &var2, evaluate, op == '.') == FAIL) {
-      clear_tv(rettv);
+      tv_clear(rettv);
       return FAIL;
     }
 
@@ -3946,28 +3853,28 @@ static int eval5(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
       if (op == '.') {
         s1 = get_tv_string_buf(rettv, buf1);            /* already checked */
         s2 = get_tv_string_buf_chk(&var2, buf2);
-        if (s2 == NULL) {               /* type error ? */
-          clear_tv(rettv);
-          clear_tv(&var2);
+        if (s2 == NULL) {  // Type error ?
+          tv_clear(rettv);
+          tv_clear(&var2);
           return FAIL;
         }
         p = concat_str(s1, s2);
-        clear_tv(rettv);
+        tv_clear(rettv);
         rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
         rettv->vval.v_string = p;
       } else if (op == '+' && rettv->v_type == VAR_LIST
                  && var2.v_type == VAR_LIST) {
-        /* concatenate Lists */
-        if (list_concat(rettv->vval.v_list, var2.vval.v_list,
-                &var3) == FAIL) {
-          clear_tv(rettv);
-          clear_tv(&var2);
+        // Concatenate Lists.
+        if (tv_list_concat(rettv->vval.v_list, var2.vval.v_list, &var3)
+            == FAIL) {
+          tv_clear(rettv);
+          tv_clear(&var2);
           return FAIL;
         }
-        clear_tv(rettv);
+        tv_clear(rettv);
         *rettv = var3;
       } else {
-        int error = FALSE;
+        bool error = false;
 
         if (rettv->v_type == VAR_FLOAT) {
           f1 = rettv->vval.v_float;
@@ -3978,7 +3885,7 @@ static int eval5(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
             /* This can only happen for "list + non-list".  For
              * "non-list + ..." or "something - ...", we returned
              * before evaluating the 2nd operand. */
-            clear_tv(rettv);
+            tv_clear(rettv);
             return FAIL;
           }
           if (var2.v_type == VAR_FLOAT)
@@ -3990,14 +3897,14 @@ static int eval5(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
         } else {
           n2 = get_tv_number_chk(&var2, &error);
           if (error) {
-            clear_tv(rettv);
-            clear_tv(&var2);
+            tv_clear(rettv);
+            tv_clear(&var2);
             return FAIL;
           }
           if (rettv->v_type == VAR_FLOAT)
             f2 = n2;
         }
-        clear_tv(rettv);
+        tv_clear(rettv);
 
         /* If there is a float on either side the result is a float. */
         if (rettv->v_type == VAR_FLOAT || var2.v_type == VAR_FLOAT) {
@@ -4016,12 +3923,14 @@ static int eval5(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
           rettv->vval.v_number = n1;
         }
       }
-      clear_tv(&var2);
+      tv_clear(&var2);
     }
   }
   return OK;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/expressions
+
 /*
  * Handle fifth level expression:
  *	*	number multiplication
@@ -4046,7 +3955,7 @@ eval6 (
   long n1, n2;
   int use_float = FALSE;
   float_T f1 = 0, f2;
-  int error = FALSE;
+  bool error = false;
 
   /*
    * Get the first variable.
@@ -4069,11 +3978,13 @@ eval6 (
         n1 = 0;
       } else
         n1 = get_tv_number_chk(rettv, &error);
-      clear_tv(rettv);
-      if (error)
+      tv_clear(rettv);
+      if (error) {
         return FAIL;
-    } else
+      }
+    } else {
       n1 = 0;
+    }
 
     /*
      * Get the second variable.
@@ -4092,11 +4003,13 @@ eval6 (
         n2 = 0;
       } else {
         n2 = get_tv_number_chk(&var2, &error);
-        clear_tv(&var2);
-        if (error)
+        tv_clear(&var2);
+        if (error) {
           return FAIL;
-        if (use_float)
+        }
+        if (use_float) {
           f2 = n2;
+        }
       }
 
       /*
@@ -4154,6 +4067,8 @@ eval6 (
   return OK;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/expressions
+
 // Handle sixth level expression:
 //  number  number constant
 //  "string"  string constant
@@ -4192,7 +4107,7 @@ static int eval7(
   int ret = OK;
   char_u      *alias;
 
-  // Initialise variable so that clear_tv() can't mistake this for a
+  // Initialise variable so that tv_clear() can't mistake this for a
   // string and free a string that isn't there.
   rettv->v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
 
@@ -4308,7 +4223,7 @@ static int eval7(
       ++*arg;
     } else if (ret == OK) {
       EMSG(_("E110: Missing ')'"));
-      clear_tv(rettv);
+      tv_clear(rettv);
       ret = FAIL;
     }
     break;
@@ -4349,7 +4264,7 @@ static int eval7(
         // get_func_tv, but it's needed in handle_subscript() to parse
         // what follows. So set it here.
         if (rettv->v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN && !evaluate && **arg == '(') {
-          rettv->vval.v_string = empty_string;
+          rettv->vval.v_string = (char_u *)tv_empty_string;
           rettv->v_type = VAR_FUNC;
         }
 
@@ -4358,7 +4273,7 @@ static int eval7(
         // an exception was thrown but not caught.
         if (aborting()) {
           if (ret == OK) {
-            clear_tv(rettv);
+            tv_clear(rettv);
           }
           ret = FAIL;
         }
@@ -4382,7 +4297,7 @@ static int eval7(
 
   // Apply logical NOT and unary '-', from right to left, ignore '+'.
   if (ret == OK && evaluate && end_leader > start_leader) {
-    int error = false;
+    bool error = false;
     int val = 0;
     float_T f = 0.0;
 
@@ -4392,7 +4307,7 @@ static int eval7(
       val = get_tv_number_chk(rettv, &error);
     }
     if (error) {
-      clear_tv(rettv);
+      tv_clear(rettv);
       ret = FAIL;
     } else {
       while (end_leader > start_leader) {
@@ -4412,10 +4327,10 @@ static int eval7(
         }
       }
       if (rettv->v_type == VAR_FLOAT) {
-        clear_tv(rettv);
+        tv_clear(rettv);
         rettv->vval.v_float = f;
       } else {
-        clear_tv(rettv);
+        tv_clear(rettv);
         rettv->v_type = VAR_NUMBER;
         rettv->vval.v_number = val;
       }
@@ -4425,6 +4340,8 @@ static int eval7(
   return ret;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/expressions
+
 /*
  * Evaluate an "[expr]" or "[expr:expr]" index.  Also "dict.key".
  * "*arg" points to the '[' or '.'.
@@ -4499,13 +4416,13 @@ eval_index (
      * Get the (first) variable from inside the [].
      */
     *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
-    if (**arg == ':')
-      empty1 = TRUE;
-    else if (eval1(arg, &var1, evaluate) == FAIL)       /* recursive! */
+    if (**arg == ':') {
+      empty1 = true;
+    } else if (eval1(arg, &var1, evaluate) == FAIL) {  // Recursive!
       return FAIL;
-    else if (evaluate && get_tv_string_chk(&var1) == NULL) {
-      /* not a number or string */
-      clear_tv(&var1);
+    } else if (evaluate && get_tv_string_chk(&var1) == NULL) {
+      // Not a number or string.
+      tv_clear(&var1);
       return FAIL;
     }
 
@@ -4515,28 +4432,32 @@ eval_index (
     if (**arg == ':') {
       range = TRUE;
       *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
-      if (**arg == ']')
-        empty2 = TRUE;
-      else if (eval1(arg, &var2, evaluate) == FAIL) {           /* recursive! */
-        if (!empty1)
-          clear_tv(&var1);
+      if (**arg == ']') {
+        empty2 = true;
+      } else if (eval1(arg, &var2, evaluate) == FAIL) {  // Recursive!
+        if (!empty1) {
+          tv_clear(&var1);
+        }
         return FAIL;
       } else if (evaluate && get_tv_string_chk(&var2) == NULL) {
-        /* not a number or string */
-        if (!empty1)
-          clear_tv(&var1);
-        clear_tv(&var2);
+        // Not a number or string.
+        if (!empty1) {
+          tv_clear(&var1);
+        }
+        tv_clear(&var2);
         return FAIL;
       }
     }
 
     /* Check for the ']'. */
     if (**arg != ']') {
-      if (verbose)
-        EMSG(_(e_missbrac));
-      clear_tv(&var1);
-      if (range)
-        clear_tv(&var2);
+      if (verbose) {
+        emsgf(_(e_missbrac));
+      }
+      tv_clear(&var1);
+      if (range) {
+        tv_clear(&var2);
+      }
       return FAIL;
     }
     *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);         /* skip the ']' */
@@ -4546,14 +4467,14 @@ eval_index (
     n1 = 0;
     if (!empty1 && rettv->v_type != VAR_DICT) {
       n1 = get_tv_number(&var1);
-      clear_tv(&var1);
+      tv_clear(&var1);
     }
     if (range) {
       if (empty2)
         n2 = -1;
       else {
         n2 = get_tv_number(&var2);
-        clear_tv(&var2);
+        tv_clear(&var2);
       }
     }
 
@@ -4587,15 +4508,16 @@ eval_index (
         else
           s = vim_strnsave(s + n1, 1);
       }
-      clear_tv(rettv);
+      tv_clear(rettv);
       rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
       rettv->vval.v_string = s;
       break;
 
     case VAR_LIST:
-      len = list_len(rettv->vval.v_list);
-      if (n1 < 0)
+      len = tv_list_len(rettv->vval.v_list);
+      if (n1 < 0) {
         n1 = len + n1;
+      }
       if (!empty1 && (n1 < 0 || n1 >= len)) {
         /* For a range we allow invalid values and return an empty
          * list.  A list index out of range is an error. */
@@ -4616,29 +4538,31 @@ eval_index (
           n2 = len - 1;
         if (!empty2 && (n2 < 0 || n2 + 1 < n1))
           n2 = -1;
-        l = list_alloc();
-        item = list_find(rettv->vval.v_list, n1);
+        l = tv_list_alloc();
+        item = tv_list_find(rettv->vval.v_list, n1);
         while (n1++ <= n2) {
-          list_append_tv(l, &item->li_tv);
+          tv_list_append_tv(l, &item->li_tv);
           item = item->li_next;
         }
-        clear_tv(rettv);
+        tv_clear(rettv);
         rettv->v_type = VAR_LIST;
         rettv->vval.v_list = l;
         ++l->lv_refcount;
       } else {
-        copy_tv(&list_find(rettv->vval.v_list, n1)->li_tv, &var1);
-        clear_tv(rettv);
+        copy_tv(&tv_list_find(rettv->vval.v_list, n1)->li_tv, &var1);
+        tv_clear(rettv);
         *rettv = var1;
       }
       break;
 
     case VAR_DICT:
       if (range) {
-        if (verbose)
-          EMSG(_(e_dictrange));
-        if (len == -1)
-          clear_tv(&var1);
+        if (verbose) {
+          emsgf(_(e_dictrange));
+        }
+        if (len == -1) {
+          tv_clear(&var1);
+        }
         return FAIL;
       }
       {
@@ -4647,22 +4571,25 @@ eval_index (
         if (len == -1) {
           key = get_tv_string_chk(&var1);
           if (key == NULL) {
-            clear_tv(&var1);
+            tv_clear(&var1);
             return FAIL;
           }
         }
 
         item = dict_find(rettv->vval.v_dict, key, (int)len);
 
-        if (item == NULL && verbose)
-          EMSG2(_(e_dictkey), key);
-        if (len == -1)
-          clear_tv(&var1);
-        if (item == NULL)
+        if (item == NULL && verbose) {
+          emsgf(_(e_dictkey), key);
+        }
+        if (len == -1) {
+          tv_clear(&var1);
+        }
+        if (item == NULL) {
           return FAIL;
+        }
 
         copy_tv(&item->di_tv, &var1);
-        clear_tv(rettv);
+        tv_clear(rettv);
         *rettv = var1;
       }
       break;
@@ -4678,6 +4605,8 @@ eval_index (
   return OK;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/executor
+
 /// Get an option value
 ///
 /// @param[in,out]  arg  Points to the '&' or '+' before the option name. Is
@@ -4931,10 +4860,12 @@ char_u *partial_name(partial_T *pt)
   return pt->pt_func->uf_name;
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): Move to eval/typval.h
+
 static void partial_free(partial_T *pt)
 {
   for (int i = 0; i < pt->pt_argc; i++) {
-    clear_tv(&pt->pt_argv[i]);
+    tv_clear(&pt->pt_argv[i]);
   }
   xfree(pt->pt_argv);
   dict_unref(pt->pt_dict);
@@ -4947,6 +4878,8 @@ static void partial_free(partial_T *pt)
   xfree(pt);
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): Move to eval/typval.h
+
 /// Unreference a closure: decrement the reference count and free it when it
 /// becomes zero.
 void partial_unref(partial_T *pt)
@@ -4965,7 +4898,7 @@ static int get_list_tv(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
   listitem_T  *item;
 
   if (evaluate) {
-    l = list_alloc();
+    l = tv_list_alloc();
   }
 
   *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
@@ -4973,10 +4906,10 @@ static int get_list_tv(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
     if (eval1(arg, &tv, evaluate) == FAIL)      /* recursive! */
       goto failret;
     if (evaluate) {
-      item = listitem_alloc();
+      item = tv_list_item_alloc();
       item->li_tv = tv;
       item->li_tv.v_lock = 0;
-      list_append(l, item);
+      tv_list_append(l, item);
     }
 
     if (**arg == ']')
@@ -4992,7 +4925,7 @@ static int get_list_tv(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
     EMSG2(_("E697: Missing end of List ']': %s"), *arg);
 failret:
     if (evaluate) {
-      list_free(l);
+      tv_list_free(l);
     }
     return FAIL;
   }
@@ -5007,142 +4940,8 @@ failret:
   return OK;
 }
 
-/*
- * Allocate an empty header for a list.
- * Caller should take care of the reference count.
- */
-list_T *list_alloc(void) FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_RET
-{
-  list_T *list = xcalloc(1, sizeof(list_T));
 
-  /* Prepend the list to the list of lists for garbage collection. */
-  if (first_list != NULL)
-    first_list->lv_used_prev = list;
-  list->lv_used_prev = NULL;
-  list->lv_used_next = first_list;
-  first_list = list;
-  return list;
-}
-
-/*
- * Allocate an empty list for a return value.
- */
-static list_T *rettv_list_alloc(typval_T *rettv)
-{
-  list_T *l = list_alloc();
-  rettv->vval.v_list = l;
-  rettv->v_type = VAR_LIST;
-  rettv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED;
-  l->lv_refcount++;
-  return l;
-}
-
-/// Unreference a list: decrement the reference count and free it when it
-/// becomes zero.
-void list_unref(list_T *l) {
-  if (l != NULL && --l->lv_refcount <= 0) {
-    list_free(l);
-  }
-}
-
-/// Free a list, including all items it points to.
-/// Ignores the reference count.
-static void list_free_contents(list_T *l) {
-  listitem_T *item;
-
-  for (item = l->lv_first; item != NULL; item = l->lv_first) {
-    // Remove the item before deleting it.
-    l->lv_first = item->li_next;
-    clear_tv(&item->li_tv);
-    xfree(item);
-  }
-}
-
-static void list_free_list(list_T *l) {
-  // Remove the list from the list of lists for garbage collection.
-  if (l->lv_used_prev == NULL) {
-    first_list = l->lv_used_next;
-  } else {
-    l->lv_used_prev->lv_used_next = l->lv_used_next;
-  }
-  if (l->lv_used_next != NULL) {
-    l->lv_used_next->lv_used_prev = l->lv_used_prev;
-  }
-
-  xfree(l);
-}
-
-void list_free(list_T *l) {
-  if (!in_free_unref_items) {
-    list_free_contents(l);
-    list_free_list(l);
-  }
-}
-
-/*
- * Allocate a list item.
- * It is not initialized, don't forget to set v_lock.
- */
-listitem_T *listitem_alloc(void) FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_RET
-{
-  return xmalloc(sizeof(listitem_T));
-}
-
-/*
- * Free a list item.  Also clears the value.  Does not notify watchers.
- */
-void listitem_free(listitem_T *item)
-{
-  clear_tv(&item->li_tv);
-  xfree(item);
-}
-
-/*
- * Remove a list item from a List and free it.  Also clears the value.
- */
-void listitem_remove(list_T *l, listitem_T *item)
-{
-  vim_list_remove(l, item, item);
-  listitem_free(item);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the number of items in a list.
- */
-static long list_len(list_T *l)
-{
-  if (l == NULL)
-    return 0L;
-  return l->lv_len;
-}
-
-/*
- * Return TRUE when two lists have exactly the same values.
- */
-static int 
-list_equal (
-    list_T *l1,
-    list_T *l2,
-    int ic,                 /* ignore case for strings */
-    int recursive              /* TRUE when used recursively */
-)
-{
-  listitem_T  *item1, *item2;
-
-  if (l1 == NULL || l2 == NULL)
-    return FALSE;
-  if (l1 == l2)
-    return TRUE;
-  if (list_len(l1) != list_len(l2))
-    return FALSE;
-
-  for (item1 = l1->lv_first, item2 = l2->lv_first;
-       item1 != NULL && item2 != NULL;
-       item1 = item1->li_next, item2 = item2->li_next)
-    if (!tv_equal(&item1->li_tv, &item2->li_tv, ic, recursive))
-      return FALSE;
-  return item1 == NULL && item2 == NULL;
-}
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/typval
 
 /*
  * Return the dictitem that an entry in a hashtable points to.
@@ -5152,6 +4951,8 @@ dictitem_T *dict_lookup(hashitem_T *hi)
   return HI2DI(hi);
 }
 
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/typval
+
 /*
  * Return TRUE when two dictionaries have exactly the same key/values.
  */
@@ -5255,8 +5056,7 @@ static bool func_equal(
  * Compares the items just like "==" would compare them, but strings and
  * numbers are different.  Floats and numbers are also different.
  */
-static int 
-tv_equal (
+int tv_equal(
     typval_T *tv1,
     typval_T *tv2,
     int ic,                     /* ignore case */
@@ -5298,9 +5098,9 @@ tv_equal (
 
   switch (tv1->v_type) {
   case VAR_LIST:
-    ++recursive_cnt;
-    r = list_equal(tv1->vval.v_list, tv2->vval.v_list, ic, TRUE);
-    --recursive_cnt;
+    recursive_cnt++;
+    r = tv_list_equal(tv1->vval.v_list, tv2->vval.v_list, ic, true);
+    recursive_cnt--;
     return r;
 
   case VAR_DICT:
@@ -5335,466 +5135,6 @@ tv_equal (
   return false;
 }
 
-/*
- * Locate item with index "n" in list "l" and return it.
- * A negative index is counted from the end; -1 is the last item.
- * Returns NULL when "n" is out of range.
- */
-listitem_T *list_find(list_T *l, long n)
-{
-  listitem_T  *item;
-  long idx;
-
-  if (l == NULL)
-    return NULL;
-
-  /* Negative index is relative to the end. */
-  if (n < 0)
-    n = l->lv_len + n;
-
-  /* Check for index out of range. */
-  if (n < 0 || n >= l->lv_len)
-    return NULL;
-
-  /* When there is a cached index may start search from there. */
-  if (l->lv_idx_item != NULL) {
-    if (n < l->lv_idx / 2) {
-      /* closest to the start of the list */
-      item = l->lv_first;
-      idx = 0;
-    } else if (n > (l->lv_idx + l->lv_len) / 2) {
-      /* closest to the end of the list */
-      item = l->lv_last;
-      idx = l->lv_len - 1;
-    } else {
-      /* closest to the cached index */
-      item = l->lv_idx_item;
-      idx = l->lv_idx;
-    }
-  } else {
-    if (n < l->lv_len / 2) {
-      /* closest to the start of the list */
-      item = l->lv_first;
-      idx = 0;
-    } else {
-      /* closest to the end of the list */
-      item = l->lv_last;
-      idx = l->lv_len - 1;
-    }
-  }
-
-  while (n > idx) {
-    /* search forward */
-    item = item->li_next;
-    ++idx;
-  }
-  while (n < idx) {
-    /* search backward */
-    item = item->li_prev;
-    --idx;
-  }
-
-  /* cache the used index */
-  l->lv_idx = idx;
-  l->lv_idx_item = item;
-
-  return item;
-}
-
-/*
- * Get list item "l[idx]" as a number.
- */
-static long 
-list_find_nr (
-    list_T *l,
-    long idx,
-    int *errorp            /* set to TRUE when something wrong */
-)
-{
-  listitem_T  *li;
-
-  li = list_find(l, idx);
-  if (li == NULL) {
-    if (errorp != NULL)
-      *errorp = TRUE;
-    return -1L;
-  }
-  return get_tv_number_chk(&li->li_tv, errorp);
-}
-
-/*
- * Get list item "l[idx - 1]" as a string.  Returns NULL for failure.
- */
-char_u *list_find_str(list_T *l, long idx)
-{
-  listitem_T  *li;
-
-  li = list_find(l, idx - 1);
-  if (li == NULL) {
-    EMSGN(_(e_listidx), idx);
-    return NULL;
-  }
-  return get_tv_string(&li->li_tv);
-}
-
-/*
- * Locate "item" list "l" and return its index.
- * Returns -1 when "item" is not in the list.
- */
-static long list_idx_of_item(list_T *l, listitem_T *item)
-{
-  long idx = 0;
-  listitem_T  *li;
-
-  if (l == NULL)
-    return -1;
-  idx = 0;
-  for (li = l->lv_first; li != NULL && li != item; li = li->li_next)
-    ++idx;
-  if (li == NULL)
-    return -1;
-  return idx;
-}
-
-/*
- * Append item "item" to the end of list "l".
- */
-void list_append(list_T *l, listitem_T *item)
-{
-  if (l->lv_last == NULL) {
-    /* empty list */
-    l->lv_first = item;
-    l->lv_last = item;
-    item->li_prev = NULL;
-  } else {
-    l->lv_last->li_next = item;
-    item->li_prev = l->lv_last;
-    l->lv_last = item;
-  }
-  ++l->lv_len;
-  item->li_next = NULL;
-}
-
-/*
- * Append typval_T "tv" to the end of list "l".
- */
-void list_append_tv(list_T *l, typval_T *tv)
-{
-  listitem_T  *li = listitem_alloc();
-  copy_tv(tv, &li->li_tv);
-  list_append(l, li);
-}
-
-/*
- * Add a list to a list.
- */
-void list_append_list(list_T *list, list_T *itemlist)
-{
-  listitem_T  *li = listitem_alloc();
-
-  li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_LIST;
-  li->li_tv.v_lock = 0;
-  li->li_tv.vval.v_list = itemlist;
-  list_append(list, li);
-  ++itemlist->lv_refcount;
-}
-
-/*
- * Add a dictionary to a list.  Used by getqflist().
- */
-void list_append_dict(list_T *list, dict_T *dict)
-{
-  listitem_T  *li = listitem_alloc();
-
-  li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_DICT;
-  li->li_tv.v_lock = 0;
-  li->li_tv.vval.v_dict = dict;
-  list_append(list, li);
-  ++dict->dv_refcount;
-}
-
-/// Make a copy of "str" and append it as an item to list "l"
-///
-/// @param[out]  l    List to append to.
-/// @param[in]   str  String to append.
-/// @param[in]   len  Length of the appended string. May be negative, in this
-///                   case string is considered to be usual zero-terminated
-///                   string.
-void list_append_string(list_T *l, const char_u *str, int len)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
-{
-  if (str == NULL) {
-    list_append_allocated_string(l, NULL);
-  } else {
-    list_append_allocated_string(l, (len >= 0
-                                     ? xmemdupz((char *) str, len)
-                                     : xstrdup((char *) str)));
-  }
-}
-
-/// Append given string to the list
-///
-/// Unlike list_append_string this function does not copy the string.
-///
-/// @param[out]  l    List to append to.
-/// @param[in]   str  String to append.
-void list_append_allocated_string(list_T *l, char *const str)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
-{
-  listitem_T *li = listitem_alloc();
-
-  list_append(l, li);
-  li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_STRING;
-  li->li_tv.v_lock = 0;
-  li->li_tv.vval.v_string = (char_u *) str;
-}
-
-/*
- * Append "n" to list "l".
- */
-void list_append_number(list_T *l, varnumber_T n)
-{
-  listitem_T *li = listitem_alloc();
-  li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_NUMBER;
-  li->li_tv.v_lock = 0;
-  li->li_tv.vval.v_number = n;
-  list_append(l, li);
-}
-
-/*
- * Insert typval_T "tv" in list "l" before "item".
- * If "item" is NULL append at the end.
- */
-void list_insert_tv(list_T *l, typval_T *tv, listitem_T *item)
-{
-  listitem_T  *ni = listitem_alloc();
-
-  copy_tv(tv, &ni->li_tv);
-  list_insert(l, ni, item);
-}
-
-void list_insert(list_T *l, listitem_T *ni, listitem_T *item)
-{
-  if (item == NULL)
-    /* Append new item at end of list. */
-    list_append(l, ni);
-  else {
-    /* Insert new item before existing item. */
-    ni->li_prev = item->li_prev;
-    ni->li_next = item;
-    if (item->li_prev == NULL) {
-      l->lv_first = ni;
-      ++l->lv_idx;
-    } else {
-      item->li_prev->li_next = ni;
-      l->lv_idx_item = NULL;
-    }
-    item->li_prev = ni;
-    ++l->lv_len;
-  }
-}
-
-/*
- * Extend "l1" with "l2".
- * If "bef" is NULL append at the end, otherwise insert before this item.
- */
-static void list_extend(list_T *l1, list_T *l2, listitem_T *bef)
-{
-  listitem_T  *item;
-  int todo = l2->lv_len;
-
-  /* We also quit the loop when we have inserted the original item count of
-   * the list, avoid a hang when we extend a list with itself. */
-  for (item = l2->lv_first; item != NULL && --todo >= 0; item = item->li_next) {
-    list_insert_tv(l1, &item->li_tv, bef);
-  }
-}
-
-/*
- * Concatenate lists "l1" and "l2" into a new list, stored in "tv".
- * Return FAIL on failure to copy.
- */
-static int list_concat(list_T *l1, list_T *l2, typval_T *tv)
-{
-  list_T      *l;
-
-  if (l1 == NULL || l2 == NULL)
-    return FAIL;
-
-  /* make a copy of the first list. */
-  l = list_copy(NULL, l1, false, 0);
-  if (l == NULL)
-    return FAIL;
-  tv->v_type = VAR_LIST;
-  tv->vval.v_list = l;
-
-  /* append all items from the second list */
-  list_extend(l, l2, NULL);
-  return OK;
-}
-
-/// Make a copy of list
-///
-/// @param[in]  conv  If non-NULL, then all internal strings will be converted.
-/// @param[in]  orig  Original list to copy.
-/// @param[in]  deep  If false, then shallow copy will be done.
-/// @param[in]  copyID  See var_item_copy().
-///
-/// @return Copied list. May be NULL in case original list is NULL or some
-///         failure happens. The refcount of the new list is set to 1.
-static list_T *list_copy(const vimconv_T *const conv,
-                         list_T *const orig,
-                         const bool deep,
-                         const int copyID)
-  FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-{
-  listitem_T  *item;
-  listitem_T  *ni;
-
-  if (orig == NULL)
-    return NULL;
-
-  list_T *copy = list_alloc();
-  if (copyID != 0) {
-    /* Do this before adding the items, because one of the items may
-     * refer back to this list. */
-    orig->lv_copyID = copyID;
-    orig->lv_copylist = copy;
-  }
-  for (item = orig->lv_first; item != NULL && !got_int;
-       item = item->li_next) {
-    ni = listitem_alloc();
-    if (deep) {
-      if (var_item_copy(conv, &item->li_tv, &ni->li_tv, deep, copyID) == FAIL) {
-        xfree(ni);
-        break;
-      }
-    } else
-      copy_tv(&item->li_tv, &ni->li_tv);
-    list_append(copy, ni);
-  }
-  ++copy->lv_refcount;
-  if (item != NULL) {
-    list_unref(copy);
-    copy = NULL;
-  }
-
-  return copy;
-}
-
-/// Remove items "item" to "item2" from list "l".
-/// @warning Does not free the listitem or the value!
-void vim_list_remove(list_T *l, listitem_T *item, listitem_T *item2)
-{
-  // notify watchers
-  for (listitem_T *ip = item; ip != NULL; ip = ip->li_next) {
-    --l->lv_len;
-    list_fix_watch(l, ip);
-    if (ip == item2) {
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (item2->li_next == NULL) {
-    l->lv_last = item->li_prev;
-  } else {
-    item2->li_next->li_prev = item->li_prev;
-  }
-  if (item->li_prev == NULL) {
-    l->lv_first = item2->li_next;
-  } else {
-    item->li_prev->li_next = item2->li_next;
-  }
-  l->lv_idx_item = NULL;
-}
-
-typedef struct join_S {
-  char_u      *s;
-  char_u      *tofree;
-} join_T;
-
-/// Join list into a string, helper function
-///
-/// @param[out]  gap  Garray where result will be saved.
-/// @param[in]  l  List to join.
-/// @param[in]  sep  Used separator.
-/// @param[in]  join_gap  Garray to keep each list item string.
-///
-/// @return OK in case of success, FAIL otherwise.
-static int list_join_inner(garray_T *const gap, list_T *const l,
-                           const char *const sep, garray_T *const join_gap)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  int sumlen = 0;
-  bool first = true;
-  listitem_T  *item;
-
-  /* Stringify each item in the list. */
-  for (item = l->lv_first; item != NULL && !got_int; item = item->li_next) {
-    char *s;
-    size_t len;
-    s = encode_tv2echo(&item->li_tv, &len);
-    if (s == NULL) {
-      return FAIL;
-    }
-
-    sumlen += (int) len;
-
-    join_T *const p = GA_APPEND_VIA_PTR(join_T, join_gap);
-    p->tofree = p->s = (char_u *) s;
-
-    line_breakcheck();
-  }
-
-  /* Allocate result buffer with its total size, avoid re-allocation and
-   * multiple copy operations.  Add 2 for a tailing ']' and NUL. */
-  if (join_gap->ga_len >= 2)
-    sumlen += (int)STRLEN(sep) * (join_gap->ga_len - 1);
-  ga_grow(gap, sumlen + 2);
-
-  for (int i = 0; i < join_gap->ga_len && !got_int; ++i) {
-    if (first) {
-      first = false;
-    } else {
-      ga_concat(gap, (const char_u *) sep);
-    }
-    const join_T *const p = ((const join_T *)join_gap->ga_data) + i;
-
-    if (p->s != NULL)
-      ga_concat(gap, p->s);
-    line_breakcheck();
-  }
-
-  return OK;
-}
-
-/// Join list into a string using given separator
-///
-/// @param[out]  gap  Garray where result will be saved.
-/// @param[in]  l  Joined list.
-/// @param[in]  sep  Separator.
-///
-/// @return OK in case of success, FAIL otherwise.
-static int list_join(garray_T *const gap, list_T *const l,
-                     const char *const sep)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  if (l->lv_len < 1) {
-    return OK;
-  }
-
-  garray_T join_ga;
-  int retval;
-
-  ga_init(&join_ga, (int)sizeof(join_T), l->lv_len);
-  retval = list_join_inner(gap, l, sep, &join_ga);
-
-# define FREE_JOIN_TOFREE(join) xfree((join)->tofree)
-  GA_DEEP_CLEAR(&join_ga, join_T, FREE_JOIN_TOFREE);
-
-  return retval;
-}
-
 /// Get next (unique) copy ID
 ///
 /// Used for traversing nested structures e.g. when serializing them or garbage
@@ -6035,7 +5375,7 @@ bool garbage_collect(bool testing)
 
 /// Free lists and dictionaries that are no longer referenced.
 ///
-/// Note: This function may only be called from garbage_collect().
+/// @note This function may only be called from garbage_collect().
 ///
 /// @param copyID Free lists/dictionaries that don't have this ID.
 /// @return true, if something was freed.
@@ -6048,14 +5388,14 @@ static int free_unref_items(int copyID)
   // Let all "free" functions know that we are here. This means no
   // dictionaries, lists, or jobs are to be freed, because we will
   // do that here.
-  in_free_unref_items = true;
+  tv_in_free_unref_items = true;
 
   // PASS 1: free the contents of the items. We don't free the items
   // themselves yet, so that it is possible to decrement refcount counters.
 
   // Go through the list of dicts and free items without the copyID.
   // Don't free dicts that are referenced internally.
-  for (dict_T *dd = first_dict; dd != NULL; dd = dd->dv_used_next) {
+  for (dict_T *dd = gc_first_dict; dd != NULL; dd = dd->dv_used_next) {
     if ((dd->dv_copyID & COPYID_MASK) != (copyID & COPYID_MASK)) {
       // Free the Dictionary and ordinary items it contains, but don't
       // recurse into Lists and Dictionaries, they will be in the list
@@ -6068,36 +5408,36 @@ static int free_unref_items(int copyID)
   // Go through the list of lists and free items without the copyID.
   // But don't free a list that has a watcher (used in a for loop), these
   // are not referenced anywhere.
-  for (list_T *ll = first_list; ll != NULL; ll = ll->lv_used_next) {
+  for (list_T *ll = gc_first_list; ll != NULL; ll = ll->lv_used_next) {
     if ((ll->lv_copyID & COPYID_MASK) != (copyID & COPYID_MASK)
         && ll->lv_watch == NULL) {
       // Free the List and ordinary items it contains, but don't recurse
       // into Lists and Dictionaries, they will be in the list of dicts
       // or list of lists.
-      list_free_contents(ll);
+      tv_list_free_contents(ll);
       did_free = true;
     }
   }
 
   // PASS 2: free the items themselves.
-  for (dd = first_dict; dd != NULL; dd = dd_next) {
+  for (dd = gc_first_dict; dd != NULL; dd = dd_next) {
     dd_next = dd->dv_used_next;
     if ((dd->dv_copyID & COPYID_MASK) != (copyID & COPYID_MASK)) {
       dict_free_dict(dd);
     }
   }
 
-  for (ll = first_list; ll != NULL; ll = ll_next) {
+  for (ll = gc_first_list; ll != NULL; ll = ll_next) {
     ll_next = ll->lv_used_next;
     if ((ll->lv_copyID & COPYID_MASK) != (copyID & COPYID_MASK)
         && ll->lv_watch == NULL) {
       // Free the List and ordinary items it contains, but don't recurse
       // into Lists and Dictionaries, they will be in the list of dicts
       // or list of lists.
-      list_free_list(ll);
+      tv_list_free_list(ll);
     }
   }
-  in_free_unref_items = false;
+  tv_in_free_unref_items = false;
   return did_free;
 }
 
@@ -6369,12 +5709,13 @@ dict_T *dict_alloc(void) FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_RET
 {
   dict_T *d = xmalloc(sizeof(dict_T));
 
-  /* Add the dict to the list of dicts for garbage collection. */
-  if (first_dict != NULL)
-    first_dict->dv_used_prev = d;
-  d->dv_used_next = first_dict;
+  // Add the dict to the list of dicts for garbage collection.
+  if (gc_first_dict != NULL) {
+    gc_first_dict->dv_used_prev = d;
+  }
+  d->dv_used_next = gc_first_dict;
   d->dv_used_prev = NULL;
-  first_dict = d;
+  gc_first_dict = d;
 
   hash_init(&d->dv_hashtab);
   d->dv_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED;
@@ -6434,21 +5775,18 @@ void dict_unref(dict_T *d)
 
 /// Free a Dictionary, including all items it contains.
 /// Ignores the reference count.
-static void dict_free_contents(dict_T *d) {
-  int todo;
-  hashitem_T  *hi;
-  dictitem_T  *di;
-
-
-  /* Lock the hashtab, we don't want it to resize while freeing items. */
+static void dict_free_contents(dict_T *const d)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  // Lock the hashtab, we don't want it to resize while freeing items.
   hash_lock(&d->dv_hashtab);
   assert(d->dv_hashtab.ht_locked > 0);
-  todo = (int)d->dv_hashtab.ht_used;
-  for (hi = d->dv_hashtab.ht_array; todo > 0; ++hi) {
+  size_t todo = (int)d->dv_hashtab.ht_used;
+  for (hashitem_T *hi = d->dv_hashtab.ht_array; todo > 0; hi++) {
     if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
-      /* Remove the item before deleting it, just in case there is
-       * something recursive causing trouble. */
-      di = HI2DI(hi);
+      // Remove the item before deleting it, just in case there is
+      // something recursive causing trouble.
+      dictitem_T *const di = HI2DI(hi);
       hash_remove(&d->dv_hashtab, hi);
       dictitem_free(di);
       todo--;
@@ -6465,10 +5803,12 @@ static void dict_free_contents(dict_T *d) {
   hash_clear(&d->dv_hashtab);
 }
 
-static void dict_free_dict(dict_T *d) {
+static void dict_free_dict(dict_T *d)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
   // Remove the dict from the list of dicts for garbage collection.
   if (d->dv_used_prev == NULL) {
-    first_dict = d->dv_used_next;
+    gc_first_dict = d->dv_used_next;
   } else {
     d->dv_used_prev->dv_used_next = d->dv_used_next;
   }
@@ -6479,8 +5819,10 @@ static void dict_free_dict(dict_T *d) {
   xfree(d);
 }
 
-void dict_free(dict_T *d) {
-  if (!in_free_unref_items) {
+void dict_free(dict_T *d)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  if (!tv_in_free_unref_items) {
     dict_free_contents(d);
     dict_free_dict(d);
   }
@@ -6536,7 +5878,7 @@ static void dictitem_remove(dict_T *dict, dictitem_T *item)
  */
 void dictitem_free(dictitem_T *item)
 {
-  clear_tv(&item->di_tv);
+  tv_clear(&item->di_tv);
   if (item->di_flags & DI_FLAGS_ALLOC) {
     xfree(item);
   }
@@ -6767,7 +6109,7 @@ static bool get_dict_callback(dict_T *d, char *key, Callback *result)
   copy_tv(&di->di_tv, &tv);
   set_selfdict(&tv, d);
   bool res = callback_from_typval(result, &tv);
-  clear_tv(&tv);
+  tv_clear(&tv);
   return res;
 }
 
@@ -6845,34 +6187,35 @@ static int get_dict_tv(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, int evaluate)
       goto failret;
     if (**arg != ':') {
       EMSG2(_("E720: Missing colon in Dictionary: %s"), *arg);
-      clear_tv(&tvkey);
+      tv_clear(&tvkey);
       goto failret;
     }
     if (evaluate) {
       key = get_tv_string_buf_chk(&tvkey, buf);
       if (key == NULL) {
         // "key" is NULL when get_tv_string_buf_chk() gave an errmsg
-        clear_tv(&tvkey);
+        tv_clear(&tvkey);
         goto failret;
       }
     }
 
     *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
-    if (eval1(arg, &tv, evaluate) == FAIL) {    /* recursive! */
-      if (evaluate)
-        clear_tv(&tvkey);
+    if (eval1(arg, &tv, evaluate) == FAIL) {  // Recursive!
+      if (evaluate) {
+        tv_clear(&tvkey);
+      }
       goto failret;
     }
     if (evaluate) {
       item = dict_find(d, key, -1);
       if (item != NULL) {
         EMSG2(_("E721: Duplicate key in Dictionary: \"%s\""), key);
-        clear_tv(&tvkey);
-        clear_tv(&tv);
+        tv_clear(&tvkey);
+        tv_clear(&tv);
         goto failret;
       }
       item = dictitem_alloc(key);
-      clear_tv(&tvkey);
+      tv_clear(&tvkey);
       item->di_tv = tv;
       item->di_tv.v_lock = 0;
       if (dict_add(d, item) == FAIL) {
@@ -7391,8 +6734,9 @@ get_func_tv (
     }
   }
 
-  while (--argcount >= 0)
-    clear_tv(&argvars[argcount]);
+  while (--argcount >= 0) {
+    tv_clear(&argvars[argcount]);
+  }
 
   *arg = skipwhite(argp);
   return ret;
@@ -7688,7 +7032,7 @@ call_func(
   }
 
   while (argv_clear > 0) {
-    clear_tv(&argv[--argv_clear]);
+    tv_clear(&argv[--argv_clear]);
   }
   xfree(tofree);
   xfree(name);
@@ -7804,7 +7148,7 @@ static void f_abs(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     float_op_wrapper(argvars, rettv, (FunPtr)&fabs);
   } else {
     varnumber_T n;
-    int error = FALSE;
+    bool error = false;
 
     n = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[0], &error);
     if (error)
@@ -7829,7 +7173,7 @@ static void f_add(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     const size_t arg_errmsg_len = strlen(arg_errmsg);
     if ((l = argvars[0].vval.v_list) != NULL
         && !tv_check_lock(l->lv_lock, arg_errmsg, arg_errmsg_len)) {
-      list_append_tv(l, &argvars[1]);
+      tv_list_append_tv(l, &argvars[1]);
       copy_tv(&argvars[0], rettv);
     }
   } else
@@ -7950,9 +7294,10 @@ static void f_argv(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
     rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
   } else {
-    rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
-    for (idx = 0; idx < ARGCOUNT; ++idx) {
-      list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, alist_name(&ARGLIST[idx]), -1);
+    tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
+    for (idx = 0; idx < ARGCOUNT; idx++) {
+      tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list,
+                            (const char *)alist_name(&ARGLIST[idx]), -1);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -8024,10 +7369,10 @@ static void assert_error(garray_T *gap)
 
   if (vp->vv_type != VAR_LIST || vimvars[VV_ERRORS].vv_list == NULL) {
     // Make sure v:errors is a list.
-    set_vim_var_list(VV_ERRORS, list_alloc());
+    set_vim_var_list(VV_ERRORS, tv_list_alloc());
   }
-  list_append_string(vimvars[VV_ERRORS].vv_list,
-                     gap->ga_data, gap->ga_len);
+  tv_list_append_string(vimvars[VV_ERRORS].vv_list,
+                        (const char *)gap->ga_data, (ptrdiff_t)gap->ga_len);
 }
 
 static void assert_equal_common(typval_T *argvars, assert_type_T atype)
@@ -8116,10 +7461,10 @@ static void f_assert_fails(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 
 void assert_inrange(typval_T *argvars)
 {
-  int error = (int)false;
-  varnumber_T lower = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[0], &error);
-  varnumber_T upper = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[1], &error);
-  varnumber_T actual = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[2], &error);
+  bool error = false;
+  const varnumber_T lower = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[0], &error);
+  const varnumber_T upper = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[1], &error);
+  const varnumber_T actual = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[2], &error);
 
   if (error) {
     return;
@@ -8129,8 +7474,9 @@ void assert_inrange(typval_T *argvars)
     prepare_assert_error(&ga);
 
     char msg[55];
-    vim_snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "range %" PRId64 " - %" PRId64 ",",
-                 (int64_t)lower, (int64_t)upper);
+    vim_snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg),
+                 "range %" PRIdVARNUMBER " - %" PRIdVARNUMBER ",",
+                 lower, upper);
     fill_assert_error(&ga, &argvars[3], (char_u *)msg, NULL, &argvars[2],
                       ASSERT_INRANGE);
     assert_error(&ga);
@@ -8141,7 +7487,7 @@ void assert_inrange(typval_T *argvars)
 // Common for assert_true() and assert_false().
 static void assert_bool(typval_T *argvars, bool is_true)
 {
-  int error = (int)false;
+  bool error = false;
   garray_T ga;
 
   if ((argvars[0].v_type != VAR_NUMBER
@@ -8363,7 +7709,7 @@ static void f_bufname(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
  */
 static void f_bufnr(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  int error = false;
+  bool error = false;
   char_u *name;
 
   rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
@@ -8512,9 +7858,10 @@ int func_call(char_u *name, typval_T *args, partial_T *partial,
                   &dummy, true, partial, selfdict);
   }
 
-  /* Free the arguments. */
-  while (argc > 0)
-    clear_tv(&argv[--argc]);
+  // Free the arguments.
+  while (argc > 0) {
+    tv_clear(&argv[--argc]);
+  }
 
   return r;
 }
@@ -8707,8 +8054,8 @@ static void f_confirm(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   char_u buf2[NUMBUFLEN];
   int def = 1;
   int type = VIM_GENERIC;
-  char_u      *typestr;
-  int error = FALSE;
+  char_u *typestr;
+  bool error = false;
 
   message = get_tv_string_chk(&argvars[0]);
   if (message == NULL)
@@ -8768,15 +8115,16 @@ static void f_count(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     if ((l = argvars[0].vval.v_list) != NULL) {
       li = l->lv_first;
       if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-        int error = FALSE;
+        bool error = false;
 
         ic = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[2], &error);
         if (argvars[3].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
           idx = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[3], &error);
           if (!error) {
-            li = list_find(l, idx);
-            if (li == NULL)
+            li = tv_list_find(l, idx);
+            if (li == NULL) {
               EMSGN(_(e_listidx), idx);
+            }
           }
         }
         if (error)
@@ -8793,7 +8141,7 @@ static void f_count(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     hashitem_T      *hi;
 
     if ((d = argvars[0].vval.v_dict) != NULL) {
-      int error = FALSE;
+      bool error = false;
 
       if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
         ic = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[2], &error);
@@ -9349,7 +8697,7 @@ static void f_exists(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
         // Handle d.key, l[idx], f(expr).
         n = (handle_subscript((const char **)&p, &tv, true, false) == OK);
         if (n) {
-          clear_tv(&tv);
+          tv_clear(&tv);
         }
       }
     }
@@ -9372,8 +8720,8 @@ static void f_expand(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   char_u      *errormsg;
   int options = WILD_SILENT|WILD_USE_NL|WILD_LIST_NOTFOUND;
   expand_T xpc;
-  int error = FALSE;
-  char_u      *result;
+  bool error = false;
+  char_u *result;
 
   rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
   if (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN
@@ -9390,9 +8738,9 @@ static void f_expand(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     result = eval_vars(s, s, &len, NULL, &errormsg, NULL);
     --emsg_off;
     if (rettv->v_type == VAR_LIST) {
-      rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+      tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
       if (result != NULL) {
-        list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, result, -1);
+        tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, (const char *)result, -1);
       }
     } else
       rettv->vval.v_string = result;
@@ -9407,14 +8755,14 @@ static void f_expand(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       xpc.xp_context = EXPAND_FILES;
       if (p_wic)
         options += WILD_ICASE;
-      if (rettv->v_type == VAR_STRING)
-        rettv->vval.v_string = ExpandOne(&xpc, s, NULL,
-            options, WILD_ALL);
-      else {
-        rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+      if (rettv->v_type == VAR_STRING) {
+        rettv->vval.v_string = ExpandOne(&xpc, s, NULL, options, WILD_ALL);
+      } else {
+        tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
         ExpandOne(&xpc, s, NULL, options, WILD_ALL_KEEP);
         for (int i = 0; i < xpc.xp_numfiles; i++) {
-          list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, xpc.xp_files[i], -1);
+          tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list,
+                                (const char *)xpc.xp_files[i], -1);
         }
         ExpandCleanup(&xpc);
       }
@@ -9479,12 +8827,12 @@ void dict_extend(dict_T *d1, dict_T *d2, char_u *action)
           copy_tv(&di1->di_tv, &oldtv);
         }
 
-        clear_tv(&di1->di_tv);
+        tv_clear(&di1->di_tv);
         copy_tv(&HI2DI(hi2)->di_tv, &di1->di_tv);
 
         if (watched) {
           dictwatcher_notify(d1, (char *)di1->di_key, &di1->di_tv, &oldtv);
-          clear_tv(&oldtv);
+          tv_clear(&oldtv);
         }
       }
     }
@@ -9504,7 +8852,7 @@ static void f_extend(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     list_T          *l1, *l2;
     listitem_T      *item;
     long before;
-    int error = FALSE;
+    bool error = false;
 
     l1 = argvars[0].vval.v_list;
     l2 = argvars[1].vval.v_list;
@@ -9515,10 +8863,10 @@ static void f_extend(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
         if (error)
           return;                       /* type error; errmsg already given */
 
-        if (before == l1->lv_len)
+        if (before == l1->lv_len) {
           item = NULL;
-        else {
-          item = list_find(l1, before);
+        } else {
+          item = tv_list_find(l1, before);
           if (item == NULL) {
             EMSGN(_(e_listidx), before);
             return;
@@ -9526,7 +8874,7 @@ static void f_extend(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
         }
       } else
         item = NULL;
-      list_extend(l1, l2, item);
+      tv_list_extend(l1, l2, item);
 
       copy_tv(&argvars[0], rettv);
     }
@@ -9616,8 +8964,8 @@ static void findfilendir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int find_what)
   char_u      *p;
   char_u pathbuf[NUMBUFLEN];
   int count = 1;
-  int first = TRUE;
-  int error = FALSE;
+  bool first = true;
+  bool error = false;
 
   rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
   rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
@@ -9632,13 +8980,14 @@ static void findfilendir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int find_what)
       if (*p != NUL)
         path = p;
 
-      if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+      if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
         count = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[2], &error);
+      }
     }
   }
 
   if (count < 0) {
-    rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+    tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
   }
 
   if (*fname != NUL && !error) {
@@ -9652,11 +9001,11 @@ static void findfilendir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int find_what)
                                          (find_what == FINDFILE_DIR
                                           ? (char_u *)""
                                           : curbuf->b_p_sua));
-      first = FALSE;
-
-      if (fresult != NULL && rettv->v_type == VAR_LIST)
-        list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, fresult, -1);
+      first = false;
 
+      if (fresult != NULL && rettv->v_type == VAR_LIST) {
+        tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, (const char *)fresult, -1);
+      }
     } while ((rettv->v_type == VAR_LIST || --count > 0) && fresult != NULL);
   }
 
@@ -9736,9 +9085,10 @@ static void filter_map(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int map)
 
           vimvars[VV_KEY].vv_str = vim_strsave(di->di_key);
           int r = filter_map_one(&di->di_tv, expr, map, &rem);
-          clear_tv(&vimvars[VV_KEY].vv_tv);
-          if (r == FAIL || did_emsg)
+          tv_clear(&vimvars[VV_KEY].vv_tv);
+          if (r == FAIL || did_emsg) {
             break;
+          }
           if (!map && rem) {
             if (var_check_fixed(di->di_flags, arg_errmsg, arg_errmsg_len)
                 || var_check_ro(di->di_flags, arg_errmsg, arg_errmsg_len)) {
@@ -9762,9 +9112,10 @@ static void filter_map(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int map)
         if (filter_map_one(&li->li_tv, expr, map, &rem) == FAIL
             || did_emsg)
           break;
-        if (!map && rem)
-          listitem_remove(l, li);
-        ++idx;
+        if (!map && rem) {
+          tv_list_item_remove(l, li);
+        }
+        idx++;
       }
     }
 
@@ -9819,24 +9170,25 @@ static int filter_map_one(typval_T *tv, typval_T *expr, int map, int *remp)
     }
   }
   if (map) {
-    /* map(): replace the list item value */
-    clear_tv(tv);
+    // map(): replace the list item value.
+    tv_clear(tv);
     rettv.v_lock = 0;
     *tv = rettv;
   } else {
-    int error = FALSE;
+    bool error = false;
 
-    /* filter(): when expr is zero remove the item */
+    // filter(): when expr is zero remove the item
     *remp = (get_tv_number_chk(&rettv, &error) == 0);
-    clear_tv(&rettv);
-    /* On type error, nothing has been removed; return FAIL to stop the
-     * loop.  The error message was given by get_tv_number_chk(). */
-    if (error)
+    tv_clear(&rettv);
+    // On type error, nothing has been removed; return FAIL to stop the
+    // loop.  The error message was given by get_tv_number_chk().
+    if (error) {
       goto theend;
+    }
   }
   retval = OK;
 theend:
-  clear_tv(&vimvars[VV_VAL].vv_tv);
+  tv_clear(&vimvars[VV_VAL].vv_tv);
   return retval;
 }
 
@@ -10278,11 +9630,12 @@ static void f_get(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 
   if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_LIST) {
     if ((l = argvars[0].vval.v_list) != NULL) {
-      int error = FALSE;
+      bool error = false;
 
-      li = list_find(l, get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[1], &error));
-      if (!error && li != NULL)
+      li = tv_list_find(l, get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[1], &error));
+      if (!error && li != NULL) {
         tv = &li->li_tv;
+      }
     }
   } else if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_DICT) {
     if ((d = argvars[0].vval.v_dict) != NULL) {
@@ -10326,11 +9679,9 @@ static void f_get(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
         }
       } else if (STRCMP(what, "args") == 0) {
         rettv->v_type = VAR_LIST;
-        if (rettv_list_alloc(rettv) != NULL) {
-          int i;
-
-          for (i = 0; i < pt->pt_argc; i++) {
-            list_append_tv(rettv->vval.v_list, &pt->pt_argv[i]);
+        if (tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv) != NULL) {
+          for (int i = 0; i < pt->pt_argc; i++) {
+            tv_list_append_tv(rettv->vval.v_list, &pt->pt_argv[i]);
           }
         }
       } else {
@@ -10353,13 +9704,13 @@ static void f_get(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 static void get_buffer_signs(buf_T *buf, list_T *l)
 {
   for (signlist_T *sign = buf->b_signlist; sign; sign = sign->next) {
-    dict_T *d = dict_alloc();
+    dict_T *const d = dict_alloc();
 
     dict_add_nr_str(d, "id", sign->id, NULL);
     dict_add_nr_str(d, "lnum", sign->lnum, NULL);
     dict_add_nr_str(d, "name", 0L, sign_typenr2name(sign->typenr));
 
-    list_append_dict(l, d);
+    tv_list_append_dict(l, d);
   }
 }
 
@@ -10384,17 +9735,17 @@ static dict_T *get_buffer_info(buf_T *buf)
   dict_add_dict(dict, "variables", buf->b_vars);
 
   // List of windows displaying this buffer
-  list_T *windows = list_alloc();
+  list_T *const windows = tv_list_alloc();
   FOR_ALL_TAB_WINDOWS(tp, wp) {
     if (wp->w_buffer == buf) {
-      list_append_number(windows, (varnumber_T)wp->handle);
+      tv_list_append_number(windows, (varnumber_T)wp->handle);
     }
   }
   dict_add_list(dict, "windows", windows);
 
   if (buf->b_signlist != NULL) {
     // List of signs placed in this buffer
-    list_T *signs = list_alloc();
+    list_T *const signs = tv_list_alloc();
     get_buffer_signs(buf, signs);
     dict_add_list(dict, "signs", signs);
   }
@@ -10410,7 +9761,7 @@ static void f_getbufinfo(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   bool sel_buflisted = false;
   bool sel_bufloaded = false;
 
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
 
   // List of all the buffers or selected buffers
   if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_DICT) {
@@ -10452,9 +9803,9 @@ static void f_getbufinfo(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       continue;
     }
 
-    dict_T *d = get_buffer_info(buf);
+    dict_T *const d = get_buffer_info(buf);
     if (d != NULL) {
-      list_append_dict(rettv->vval.v_list, d);
+      tv_list_append_dict(rettv->vval.v_list, d);
     }
     if (argbuf != NULL) {
       return;
@@ -10475,7 +9826,7 @@ static void get_buffer_lines(buf_T *buf, linenr_T start, linenr_T end, int retli
   rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
   rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
   if (retlist) {
-    rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+    tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
   }
 
   if (buf == NULL || buf->b_ml.ml_mfp == NULL || start < 0)
@@ -10496,8 +9847,8 @@ static void get_buffer_lines(buf_T *buf, linenr_T start, linenr_T end, int retli
     if (end > buf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
       end = buf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
     while (start <= end) {
-      list_append_string(
-        rettv->vval.v_list, ml_get_buf(buf, start++, FALSE), -1);
+      tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list,
+                            (const char *)ml_get_buf(buf, start++, false), -1);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -10594,7 +9945,7 @@ f_getbufvar_end:
 static void f_getchar(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
   varnumber_T n;
-  int error = FALSE;
+  bool error = false;
 
   no_mapping++;
   for (;; ) {
@@ -10802,12 +10153,13 @@ static void f_getcompletion(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 
 theend:
   pat = addstar(xpc.xp_pattern, xpc.xp_pattern_len, xpc.xp_context);
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
   if (pat != NULL) {
     ExpandOne(&xpc, pat, NULL, options, WILD_ALL_KEEP);
 
     for (int i = 0; i < xpc.xp_numfiles; i++) {
-      list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, xpc.xp_files[i], -1);
+      tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, (const char *)xpc.xp_files[i],
+                            -1);
     }
   }
   xfree(pat);
@@ -11110,7 +10462,7 @@ static void get_qf_loc_list(int is_qf, win_T *wp, typval_T *what_arg,
                             typval_T *rettv)
 {
   if (what_arg->v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-    rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+    tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
     if (is_qf || wp != NULL) {
       (void)get_errorlist(wp, -1, rettv->vval.v_list);
     }
@@ -11145,7 +10497,7 @@ static void f_getmatches(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   matchitem_T *cur = curwin->w_match_head;
   int i;
 
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
   while (cur != NULL) {
     dict_T *dict = dict_alloc();
     if (cur->match.regprog == NULL) {
@@ -11158,11 +10510,11 @@ static void f_getmatches(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
         if (llpos->lnum == 0) {
           break;
         }
-        list_T *l = list_alloc();
-        list_append_number(l, (varnumber_T)llpos->lnum);
+        list_T *l = tv_list_alloc();
+        tv_list_append_number(l, (varnumber_T)llpos->lnum);
         if (llpos->col > 0) {
-          list_append_number(l, (varnumber_T)llpos->col);
-          list_append_number(l, (varnumber_T)llpos->len);
+          tv_list_append_number(l, (varnumber_T)llpos->col);
+          tv_list_append_number(l, (varnumber_T)llpos->len);
         }
         sprintf(buf, "pos%d", i + 1);
         dict_add_list(dict, buf, l);
@@ -11181,7 +10533,7 @@ static void f_getmatches(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       dict_add_nr_str(dict, "conceal", 0L, (char_u *)&buf);
     }
 
-    list_append_dict(rettv->vval.v_list, dict);
+    tv_list_append_dict(rettv->vval.v_list, dict);
     cur = cur->next;
   }
 }
@@ -11205,20 +10557,22 @@ static void getpos_both(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, bool getcurpos)
     fp = var2fpos(&argvars[0], true, &fnum);
   }
 
-  list_T *l = rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
-  list_append_number(l, (fnum != -1) ? (varnumber_T)fnum : (varnumber_T)0);
-  list_append_number(l, (fp != NULL) ? (varnumber_T)fp->lnum : (varnumber_T)0);
-  list_append_number(l,
-                     (fp != NULL)
-                       ? (varnumber_T)(fp->col == MAXCOL ? MAXCOL : fp->col + 1)
-                       : (varnumber_T)0);
-  list_append_number(l,
-                     (fp != NULL) ? (varnumber_T)fp->coladd : (varnumber_T)0);
+  list_T *l = tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
+  tv_list_append_number(l, (fnum != -1) ? (varnumber_T)fnum : (varnumber_T)0);
+  tv_list_append_number(l, ((fp != NULL)
+                            ? (varnumber_T)fp->lnum
+                            : (varnumber_T)0));
+  tv_list_append_number(
+      l, ((fp != NULL)
+          ? (varnumber_T)(fp->col == MAXCOL ? MAXCOL : fp->col + 1)
+          : (varnumber_T)0));
+  tv_list_append_number(
+      l, (fp != NULL) ? (varnumber_T)fp->coladd : (varnumber_T)0);
   if (getcurpos) {
     update_curswant();
-    list_append_number(l, curwin->w_curswant == MAXCOL
+    tv_list_append_number(l, (curwin->w_curswant == MAXCOL
                               ? (varnumber_T)MAXCOL
-                              : (varnumber_T)curwin->w_curswant + 1);
+                              : (varnumber_T)curwin->w_curswant + 1));
   }
 }
 
@@ -11251,7 +10605,7 @@ static void f_getreg(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   int regname;
   int arg2 = false;
   bool return_list = false;
-  int error = false;
+  bool error = false;
 
   if (argvars[0].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
     strregname = get_tv_string_chk(&argvars[0]);
@@ -11279,7 +10633,7 @@ static void f_getreg(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     rettv->vval.v_list = 
       get_reg_contents(regname, (arg2 ? kGRegExprSrc : 0) | kGRegList);
     if (rettv->vval.v_list == NULL) {
-      rettv->vval.v_list = list_alloc();
+      rettv->vval.v_list = tv_list_alloc();
     }
     rettv->vval.v_list->lv_refcount++;
   } else {
@@ -11328,9 +10682,9 @@ static dict_T *get_tabpage_info(tabpage_T *tp, int tp_idx)
 
   dict_add_nr_str(dict, "tabnr", tp_idx, NULL);
 
-  list_T *l = list_alloc();
+  list_T *const l = tv_list_alloc();
   FOR_ALL_WINDOWS_IN_TAB(wp, tp) {
-    list_append_number(l, (varnumber_T)wp->handle);
+    tv_list_append_number(l, (varnumber_T)wp->handle);
   }
   dict_add_list(dict, "windows", l);
 
@@ -11345,7 +10699,7 @@ static void f_gettabinfo(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
   tabpage_T *tparg = NULL;
 
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
 
   if (argvars[0].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
     // Information about one tab page
@@ -11362,9 +10716,9 @@ static void f_gettabinfo(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     if (tparg != NULL && tp != tparg) {
       continue;
     }
-    dict_T *d = get_tabpage_info(tp, tpnr);
+    dict_T *const d = get_tabpage_info(tp, tpnr);
     if (d != NULL) {
-      list_append_dict(rettv->vval.v_list, d);
+      tv_list_append_dict(rettv->vval.v_list, d);
     }
     if (tparg != NULL) {
       return;
@@ -11447,7 +10801,7 @@ static void f_getwininfo(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
   win_T *wparg = NULL;
 
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
 
   if (argvars[0].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
     wparg = win_id2wp(argvars);
@@ -11467,9 +10821,9 @@ static void f_getwininfo(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
         continue;
       }
       winnr++;
-      dict_T *d = get_win_info(wp, tabnr, winnr);
+      dict_T *const d = get_win_info(wp, tabnr, winnr);
       if (d != NULL) {
-        list_append_dict(rettv->vval.v_list, d);
+        tv_list_append_dict(rettv->vval.v_list, d);
       }
       if (wparg != NULL) {
         // found information about a specific window
@@ -11504,7 +10858,7 @@ find_win_by_nr (
     tabpage_T *tp         /* NULL for current tab page */
 )
 {
-  int nr = get_tv_number_chk(vp, NULL);
+  int nr = (int)get_tv_number_chk(vp, NULL);
 
   if (nr < 0) {
     return NULL;
@@ -11645,7 +10999,7 @@ static void f_glob(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
   int options = WILD_SILENT|WILD_USE_NL;
   expand_T xpc;
-  int error = FALSE;
+  bool error = false;
 
   /* When the optional second argument is non-zero, don't remove matches
   * for 'wildignore' and don't put matches for 'suffixes' at the end. */
@@ -11669,14 +11023,15 @@ static void f_glob(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     xpc.xp_context = EXPAND_FILES;
     if (p_wic)
       options += WILD_ICASE;
-    if (rettv->v_type == VAR_STRING)
-      rettv->vval.v_string = ExpandOne(&xpc, get_tv_string(&argvars[0]),
-          NULL, options, WILD_ALL);
-    else {
-      rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+    if (rettv->v_type == VAR_STRING) {
+      rettv->vval.v_string = ExpandOne(&xpc, get_tv_string(&argvars[0]), NULL,
+                                       options, WILD_ALL);
+    } else {
+      tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
       ExpandOne(&xpc, get_tv_string(&argvars[0]), NULL, options, WILD_ALL_KEEP);
       for (int i = 0; i < xpc.xp_numfiles; i++) {
-        list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, xpc.xp_files[i], -1);
+        tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, (const char *)xpc.xp_files[i],
+                              -1);
       }
       ExpandCleanup(&xpc);
     }
@@ -11688,7 +11043,7 @@ static void f_glob(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 static void f_globpath(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
   int flags = 0;  // Flags for globpath.
-  int error = false;
+  bool error = false;
 
   // Return a string, or a list if the optional third argument is non-zero.
   rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
@@ -11722,10 +11077,10 @@ static void f_globpath(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     if (rettv->v_type == VAR_STRING) {
       rettv->vval.v_string = ga_concat_strings_sep(&ga, "\n");
     } else {
-      rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+      tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
       for (int i = 0; i < ga.ga_len; i++) {
-        list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list,
-                           ((char_u **)(ga.ga_data))[i], -1);
+        tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list,
+                              ((const char **)(ga.ga_data))[i], -1);
       }
     }
 
@@ -12249,11 +11604,11 @@ static void f_index(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   if (l != NULL) {
     item = l->lv_first;
     if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-      int error = FALSE;
+      bool error = false;
 
-      /* Start at specified item.  Use the cached index that list_find()
-       * sets, so that a negative number also works. */
-      item = list_find(l, get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[2], &error));
+      // Start at specified item.  Use the cached index that tv_list_find()
+      // sets, so that a negative number also works.
+      item = tv_list_find(l, get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[2], &error));
       idx = l->lv_idx;
       if (argvars[3].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
         ic = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[3], &error);
@@ -12456,10 +11811,8 @@ static void f_inputsecret(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
  */
 static void f_insert(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  long before = 0;
-  listitem_T  *item;
-  list_T      *l;
-  int error = false;
+  list_T *l;
+  bool error = false;
   const char *const arg_errmsg = _("insert() argument");
   const size_t arg_errmsg_len = strlen(arg_errmsg);
 
@@ -12467,6 +11820,7 @@ static void f_insert(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     EMSG2(_(e_listarg), "insert()");
   } else if ((l = argvars[0].vval.v_list) != NULL
              && !tv_check_lock(l->lv_lock, arg_errmsg, arg_errmsg_len)) {
+    long before = 0;
     if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
       before = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[2], &error);
     }
@@ -12475,17 +11829,16 @@ static void f_insert(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       return;
     }
 
-    if (before == l->lv_len)
-      item = NULL;
-    else {
-      item = list_find(l, before);
+    listitem_T *item = NULL;
+    if (before != l->lv_len) {
+      item = tv_list_find(l, before);
       if (item == NULL) {
         EMSGN(_(e_listidx), before);
         l = NULL;
       }
     }
     if (l != NULL) {
-      list_insert_tv(l, &argvars[1], item);
+      tv_list_insert_tv(l, &argvars[1], item);
       copy_tv(&argvars[0], rettv);
     }
   }
@@ -12574,7 +11927,7 @@ static void dict_list(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int what)
   if ((d = argvars[0].vval.v_dict) == NULL)
     return;
 
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
 
   todo = (int)d->dv_hashtab.ht_used;
   for (hi = d->dv_hashtab.ht_array; todo > 0; ++hi) {
@@ -12582,8 +11935,8 @@ static void dict_list(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int what)
       --todo;
       di = HI2DI(hi);
 
-      li = listitem_alloc();
-      list_append(rettv->vval.v_list, li);
+      li = tv_list_item_alloc();
+      tv_list_append(rettv->vval.v_list, li);
 
       if (what == 0) {
         /* keys() */
@@ -12594,21 +11947,21 @@ static void dict_list(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int what)
         /* values() */
         copy_tv(&di->di_tv, &li->li_tv);
       } else {
-        /* items() */
-        l2 = list_alloc();
+        // items()
+        l2 = tv_list_alloc();
         li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_LIST;
         li->li_tv.v_lock = 0;
         li->li_tv.vval.v_list = l2;
         ++l2->lv_refcount;
 
-        li2 = listitem_alloc();
-        list_append(l2, li2);
+        li2 = tv_list_item_alloc();
+        tv_list_append(l2, li2);
         li2->li_tv.v_type = VAR_STRING;
         li2->li_tv.v_lock = 0;
         li2->li_tv.vval.v_string = vim_strsave(di->di_key);
 
-        li2 = listitem_alloc();
-        list_append(l2, li2);
+        li2 = tv_list_item_alloc();
+        tv_list_append(l2, li2);
         copy_tv(&di->di_tv, &li2->li_tv);
       }
     }
@@ -12983,7 +12336,7 @@ static void f_jobwait(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   }
 
   list_T *args = argvars[0].vval.v_list;
-  list_T *rv = list_alloc();
+  list_T *rv = tv_list_alloc();
 
   ui_busy_start();
   MultiQueue *waiting_jobs = multiqueue_new_parent(loop_on_put, &main_loop);
@@ -12994,11 +12347,11 @@ static void f_jobwait(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     TerminalJobData *data = NULL;
     if (arg->li_tv.v_type != VAR_NUMBER
         || !(data = find_job(arg->li_tv.vval.v_number))) {
-      list_append_number(rv, -3);
+      tv_list_append_number(rv, -3);
     } else {
       // append the list item and set the status pointer so we'll collect the
       // status code when the job exits
-      list_append_number(rv, -1);
+      tv_list_append_number(rv, -1);
       data->status_ptr = &rv->lv_last->li_tv.vval.v_number;
       // Process any pending events for the job because we'll temporarily
       // replace the parent queue
@@ -13097,7 +12450,7 @@ static void f_join(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 
   if (sep != NULL) {
     ga_init(&ga, (int)sizeof(char), 80);
-    list_join(&ga, argvars[0].vval.v_list, (char *) sep);
+    tv_list_join(&ga, argvars[0].vval.v_list, (const char *)sep);
     ga_append(&ga, NUL);
     rettv->vval.v_string = (char_u *)ga.ga_data;
   } else
@@ -13181,7 +12534,7 @@ static void f_len(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
         get_tv_string(&argvars[0]));
     break;
   case VAR_LIST:
-    rettv->vval.v_number = list_len(argvars[0].vval.v_list);
+    rettv->vval.v_number = tv_list_len(argvars[0].vval.v_list);
     break;
   case VAR_DICT:
     rettv->vval.v_number = dict_len(argvars[0].vval.v_dict);
@@ -13435,12 +12788,12 @@ static void find_some_match(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int type)
   if (type == 3 || type == 4) {
     // type 3: return empty list when there are no matches.
     // type 4: return ["", -1, -1, -1]
-    rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+    tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
     if (type == 4) {
-      list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, (char_u *)"", 0);
-      list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (varnumber_T)-1);
-      list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (varnumber_T)-1);
-      list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (varnumber_T)-1);
+      tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, "", 0);
+      tv_list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, -1);
+      tv_list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, -1);
+      tv_list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, -1);
     }
   } else if (type == 2) {
     rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
@@ -13461,16 +12814,17 @@ static void find_some_match(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int type)
     goto theend;
 
   if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-    int error = FALSE;
+    bool error = false;
 
     start = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[2], &error);
     if (error)
       goto theend;
     if (l != NULL) {
-      li = list_find(l, start);
-      if (li == NULL)
+      li = tv_list_find(l, start);
+      if (li == NULL) {
         goto theend;
-      idx = l->lv_idx;          /* use the cached index */
+      }
+      idx = l->lv_idx;  // Use the cached index.
     } else {
       if (start < 0)
         start = 0;
@@ -13552,11 +12906,11 @@ static void find_some_match(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int type)
         /* return list with matched string and submatches */
         for (i = 0; i < NSUBEXP; ++i) {
           if (regmatch.endp[i] == NULL) {
-            list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, (char_u *)"", 0);
+            tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, NULL, 0);
           } else {
-            list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list,
-                               regmatch.startp[i],
-                               (int)(regmatch.endp[i] - regmatch.startp[i]));
+            tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list,
+                                  (const char *)regmatch.startp[i],
+                                  (regmatch.endp[i] - regmatch.startp[i]));
           }
         }
       } else if (type == 2) {
@@ -13583,7 +12937,8 @@ static void find_some_match(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int type)
 
   if (type == 4 && l == NULL) {
     // matchstrpos() without a list: drop the second item
-    listitem_remove(rettv->vval.v_list, rettv->vval.v_list->lv_first->li_next);
+    tv_list_item_remove(rettv->vval.v_list,
+                        rettv->vval.v_list->lv_first->li_next);
   }
 
 theend:
@@ -13609,7 +12964,7 @@ static void f_matchadd(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   char_u      *pat = get_tv_string_buf_chk(&argvars[1], buf);   /* pattern */
   int prio = 10;                /* default priority */
   int id = -1;
-  int error = false;
+  bool error = false;
   char_u *conceal_char = NULL;
 
   rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
@@ -13667,7 +13022,7 @@ static void f_matchaddpos(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
         return;
     }
 
-    int error = false;
+    bool error = false;
     int prio = 10;
     int id = -1;
     char_u *conceal_char = NULL;
@@ -13708,7 +13063,7 @@ static void f_matchaddpos(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
  */
 static void f_matcharg(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
 
   int id = get_tv_number(&argvars[0]);
 
@@ -13716,11 +13071,12 @@ static void f_matcharg(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     matchitem_T *m;
 
     if ((m = (matchitem_T *)get_match(curwin, id)) != NULL) {
-      list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, syn_id2name(m->hlg_id), -1);
-      list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, m->pattern, -1);
+      tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list,
+                            (const char *)syn_id2name(m->hlg_id), -1);
+      tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, (const char *)m->pattern, -1);
     } else {
-      list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, NULL, -1);
-      list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, NULL, -1);
+      tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, NULL, 0);
+      tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, NULL, 0);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -13768,7 +13124,7 @@ static void max_min(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int domax)
 {
   long n = 0;
   long i;
-  int error = FALSE;
+  bool error = false;
 
   if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_LIST) {
     list_T          *l;
@@ -13938,7 +13294,7 @@ static void f_msgpackdump(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     EMSG2(_(e_listarg), "msgpackdump()");
     return;
   }
-  list_T *ret_list = rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  list_T *ret_list = tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
   const list_T *list = argvars[0].vval.v_list;
   if (list == NULL) {
     return;
@@ -13966,7 +13322,7 @@ static void f_msgpackparse(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     EMSG2(_(e_listarg), "msgpackparse()");
     return;
   }
-  list_T *ret_list = rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  list_T *ret_list = tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
   const list_T *list = argvars[0].vval.v_list;
   if (list == NULL || list->lv_first == NULL) {
     return;
@@ -14011,9 +13367,9 @@ static void f_msgpackparse(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
         goto f_msgpackparse_exit;
       }
       if (result == MSGPACK_UNPACK_SUCCESS) {
-        listitem_T *li = listitem_alloc();
+        listitem_T *li = tv_list_item_alloc();
         li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
-        list_append(ret_list, li);
+        tv_list_append(ret_list, li);
         if (msgpack_to_vim(unpacked.data, &li->li_tv) == FAIL) {
           EMSG2(_(e_invarg2), "Failed to convert msgpack string");
           goto f_msgpackparse_exit;
@@ -14188,11 +13544,11 @@ static void f_py3eval(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
  */
 static void f_range(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  long start;
-  long end;
-  long stride = 1;
+  varnumber_T start;
+  varnumber_T end;
+  varnumber_T stride = 1;
   long i;
-  int error = FALSE;
+  bool error = false;
 
   start = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[0], &error);
   if (argvars[1].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
@@ -14204,16 +13560,17 @@ static void f_range(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       stride = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[2], &error);
   }
 
-  if (error)
-    return;             /* type error; errmsg already given */
-  if (stride == 0)
-    EMSG(_("E726: Stride is zero"));
-  else if (stride > 0 ? end + 1 < start : end - 1 > start)
-    EMSG(_("E727: Start past end"));
-  else {
-    rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  if (error) {
+    return;  // Type error; errmsg already given.
+  }
+  if (stride == 0) {
+    emsgf(_("E726: Stride is zero"));
+  } else if (stride > 0 ? end + 1 < start : end - 1 > start) {
+    emsgf(_("E727: Start past end"));
+  } else {
+    tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
     for (i = start; stride > 0 ? i <= end : i >= end; i += stride) {
-      list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (varnumber_T)i);
+      tv_list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (varnumber_T)i);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -14244,7 +13601,7 @@ static void f_readfile(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       maxline = get_tv_number(&argvars[2]);
   }
 
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
 
   /* Always open the file in binary mode, library functions have a mind of
    * their own about CR-LF conversion. */
@@ -14293,11 +13650,11 @@ static void f_readfile(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
           prevlen = prevsize = 0;
         }
 
-        li = listitem_alloc();
+        li = tv_list_item_alloc();
         li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_STRING;
         li->li_tv.v_lock = 0;
         li->li_tv.vval.v_string = s;
-        list_append(rettv->vval.v_list, li);
+        tv_list_append(rettv->vval.v_list, li);
 
         start = p + 1;         /* step over newline */
         if ((++cnt >= maxline && maxline >= 0) || readlen <= 0)
@@ -14372,8 +13729,8 @@ static void f_readfile(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
    */
   if (maxline < 0)
     while (cnt > -maxline) {
-      listitem_remove(rettv->vval.v_list, rettv->vval.v_list->lv_first);
-      --cnt;
+      tv_list_item_remove(rettv->vval.v_list, rettv->vval.v_list->lv_first);
+      cnt--;
     }
 
   xfree(prev);
@@ -14395,9 +13752,9 @@ static int list2proftime(typval_T *arg, proftime_T *tm) FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
     return FAIL;
   }
 
-  int error = false;
-  varnumber_T n1 = list_find_nr(arg->vval.v_list, 0L, &error);
-  varnumber_T n2 = list_find_nr(arg->vval.v_list, 1L, &error);
+  bool error = false;
+  varnumber_T n1 = tv_list_find_nr(arg->vval.v_list, 0L, &error);
+  varnumber_T n2 = tv_list_find_nr(arg->vval.v_list, 1L, &error);
   if (error) {
     return FAIL;
   }
@@ -14456,9 +13813,9 @@ static void f_reltime(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(u.prof) == sizeof(u) && sizeof(u.split) == sizeof(u),
       "type punning will produce incorrect results on this platform");
 
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
-  list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, u.split.high);
-  list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, u.split.low);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
+  tv_list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, u.split.high);
+  tv_list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, u.split.low);
 }
 
 /// f_reltimestr - return a string that represents the value of {time}
@@ -14519,27 +13876,27 @@ static void f_remove(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     EMSG2(_(e_listdictarg), "remove()");
   } else if ((l = argvars[0].vval.v_list) != NULL
              && !tv_check_lock(l->lv_lock, arg_errmsg, arg_errmsg_len)) {
-    int error = (int)false;
+    bool error = false;
 
     idx = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[1], &error);
-    if (error)
-      ;                 /* type error: do nothing, errmsg already given */
-    else if ((item = list_find(l, idx)) == NULL)
+    if (error) {
+      // Type error: do nothing, errmsg already given.
+    } else if ((item = tv_list_find(l, idx)) == NULL) {
       EMSGN(_(e_listidx), idx);
-    else {
+    } else {
       if (argvars[2].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
         // Remove one item, return its value.
-        vim_list_remove(l, item, item);
+        tv_list_remove_items(l, item, item);
         *rettv = item->li_tv;
         xfree(item);
       } else {
         /* Remove range of items, return list with values. */
         end = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[2], &error);
-        if (error)
-          ;                     /* type error: do nothing */
-        else if ((item2 = list_find(l, end)) == NULL)
+        if (error) {
+          // Type error: do nothing.
+        } else if ((item2 = tv_list_find(l, end)) == NULL) {
           EMSGN(_(e_listidx), end);
-        else {
+        } else {
           int cnt = 0;
 
           for (li = item; li != NULL; li = li->li_next) {
@@ -14547,11 +13904,11 @@ static void f_remove(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
             if (li == item2)
               break;
           }
-          if (li == NULL)            /* didn't find "item2" after "item" */
-            EMSG(_(e_invrange));
-          else {
-            vim_list_remove(l, item, item2);
-            l = rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+          if (li == NULL) {  // Didn't find "item2" after "item".
+            emsgf(_(e_invrange));
+          } else {
+            tv_list_remove_items(l, item, item2);
+            l = tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
             l->lv_first = item;
             l->lv_last = item2;
             item->li_prev = NULL;
@@ -14588,10 +13945,10 @@ static void f_repeat(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 
   n = get_tv_number(&argvars[1]);
   if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_LIST) {
-    rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+    tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
     if (argvars[0].vval.v_list != NULL) {
       while (n-- > 0) {
-        list_extend(rettv->vval.v_list, argvars[0].vval.v_list, NULL);
+        tv_list_extend(rettv->vval.v_list, argvars[0].vval.v_list, NULL);
       }
     }
   } else {
@@ -14802,12 +14159,12 @@ static void f_reverse(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     l->lv_len = 0;
     while (li != NULL) {
       listitem_T *const ni = li->li_prev;
-      list_append(l, li);
+      tv_list_append(l, li);
       li = ni;
     }
     rettv->vval.v_list = l;
     rettv->v_type = VAR_LIST;
-    ++l->lv_refcount;
+    l->lv_refcount++;
     l->lv_idx = l->lv_len - l->lv_idx - 1;
   }
 }
@@ -15243,7 +14600,7 @@ static void f_searchdecl(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
   int locally = 1;
   int thisblock = 0;
-  int error = FALSE;
+  bool error = false;
 
   rettv->vval.v_number = 1;     /* default: FAIL */
 
@@ -15346,15 +14703,15 @@ static void f_searchpairpos(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   int lnum = 0;
   int col = 0;
 
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
 
   if (searchpair_cmn(argvars, &match_pos) > 0) {
     lnum = match_pos.lnum;
     col = match_pos.col;
   }
 
-  list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (varnumber_T)lnum);
-  list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (varnumber_T)col);
+  tv_list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (varnumber_T)lnum);
+  tv_list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (varnumber_T)col);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -15386,7 +14743,6 @@ do_searchpair (
   int n;
   int r;
   int nest = 1;
-  int err;
   int options = SEARCH_KEEP;
   proftime_T tm;
 
@@ -15442,7 +14798,8 @@ do_searchpair (
     if (*skip != NUL) {
       save_pos = curwin->w_cursor;
       curwin->w_cursor = pos;
-      r = eval_to_bool(skip, &err, NULL, FALSE);
+      bool err;
+      r = eval_to_bool(skip, &err, NULL, false);
       curwin->w_cursor = save_pos;
       if (err) {
         /* Evaluating {skip} caused an error, break here. */
@@ -15513,7 +14870,7 @@ static void f_searchpos(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   int n;
   int flags = 0;
 
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
 
   n = search_cmn(argvars, &match_pos, &flags);
   if (n > 0) {
@@ -15521,10 +14878,11 @@ static void f_searchpos(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     col = match_pos.col;
   }
 
-  list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (varnumber_T)lnum);
-  list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (varnumber_T)col);
-  if (flags & SP_SUBPAT)
-    list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (varnumber_T)n);
+  tv_list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (varnumber_T)lnum);
+  tv_list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (varnumber_T)col);
+  if (flags & SP_SUBPAT) {
+    tv_list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (varnumber_T)n);
+  }
 }
 
 /// "serverlist()" function
@@ -15534,13 +14892,13 @@ static void f_serverlist(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   char **addrs = server_address_list(&n);
 
   // Copy addrs into a linked list.
-  list_T *l = rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  list_T *l = tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
   for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    listitem_T *li = listitem_alloc();
+    listitem_T *li = tv_list_item_alloc();
     li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_STRING;
     li->li_tv.v_lock = 0;
-    li->li_tv.vval.v_string = (char_u *) addrs[i];
-    list_append(l, li);
+    li->li_tv.vval.v_string = (char_u *)addrs[i];
+    tv_list_append(l, li);
   }
   xfree(addrs);
 }
@@ -15610,7 +14968,7 @@ static void f_setbufvar(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     if (*varname == '&') {
       long numval;
       char_u *strval;
-      int error = false;
+      bool error = false;
       aco_save_T aco;
 
       // set curbuf to be our buf, temporarily
@@ -15915,7 +15273,7 @@ static void f_setmatches(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       d = li->li_tv.vval.v_dict;
       if (dict_find(d, (char_u *)"pattern", -1) == NULL) {
         if (s == NULL) {
-          s = list_alloc();
+          s = tv_list_alloc();
           if (s == NULL) {
             return;
           }
@@ -15929,7 +15287,7 @@ static void f_setmatches(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
               return;
             }
 
-            list_append_tv(s, &di->di_tv);
+            tv_list_append_tv(s, &di->di_tv);
             s->lv_refcount++;
           } else {
             break;
@@ -15949,7 +15307,7 @@ static void f_setmatches(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
                   priority, id, NULL, conceal);
       } else {
         match_add(curwin, group, NULL, priority, id, s, conceal);
-        list_unref(s);
+        tv_list_unref(s);
         s = NULL;
       }
       xfree(group);
@@ -16193,7 +15551,7 @@ static void setwinvar(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, int off)
       if (*varname == '&') {
         long numval;
         char_u *strval;
-        int error = false;
+        bool error = false;
 
         ++varname;
         numval = get_tv_number_chk(varp, &error);
@@ -16272,7 +15630,7 @@ typedef struct {
   char_u *item_compare_func;
   partial_T *item_compare_partial;
   dict_T *item_compare_selfdict;
-  int item_compare_func_err;
+  bool item_compare_func_err;
 } sortinfo_T;
 static sortinfo_T *sortinfo = NULL;
 
@@ -16399,13 +15757,13 @@ static int item_compare2(const void *s1, const void *s2, bool keep_zero)
   copy_tv(&si1->item->li_tv, &argv[0]);
   copy_tv(&si2->item->li_tv, &argv[1]);
 
-  rettv.v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;  // clear_tv() uses this
+  rettv.v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;  // tv_clear() uses this
   res = call_func(func_name,
                   (int)STRLEN(func_name),
                   &rettv, 2, argv, NULL, 0L, 0L, &dummy, true,
                   partial, sortinfo->item_compare_selfdict);
-  clear_tv(&argv[0]);
-  clear_tv(&argv[1]);
+  tv_clear(&argv[0]);
+  tv_clear(&argv[1]);
 
   if (res == FAIL) {
     res = ITEM_COMPARE_FAIL;
@@ -16415,7 +15773,7 @@ static int item_compare2(const void *s1, const void *s2, bool keep_zero)
   if (sortinfo->item_compare_func_err) {
     res = ITEM_COMPARE_FAIL;  // return value has wrong type
   }
-  clear_tv(&rettv);
+  tv_clear(&rettv);
 
   // When the result would be zero, compare the pointers themselves.  Makes
   // the sort stable.
@@ -16470,7 +15828,7 @@ static void do_sort_uniq(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, bool sort)
     rettv->v_type = VAR_LIST;
     ++l->lv_refcount;
 
-    len = list_len(l);
+    len = tv_list_len(l);
     if (len <= 1) {
       goto theend;  // short list sorts pretty quickly
     }
@@ -16490,7 +15848,7 @@ static void do_sort_uniq(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, bool sort)
       } else if (argvars[1].v_type == VAR_PARTIAL) {
         info.item_compare_partial = argvars[1].vval.v_partial;
       } else {
-        int error = FALSE;
+        bool error = false;
 
         i = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[1], &error);
         if (error) {
@@ -16569,7 +15927,7 @@ static void do_sort_uniq(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, bool sort)
           l->lv_len      = 0;
 
           for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-            list_append(l, ptrs[i].item);
+            tv_list_append(l, ptrs[i].item);
           }
         }
       }
@@ -16605,8 +15963,8 @@ static void do_sort_uniq(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, bool sort)
           } else {
             l->lv_last = ptrs[i].item;
           }
-          list_fix_watch(l, li);
-          listitem_free(li);
+          tv_list_watch_fix(l, li);
+          tv_list_item_free(li);
           l->lv_len--;
         }
       }
@@ -16667,7 +16025,7 @@ static void f_spellbadword(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   hlf_T attr = HLF_COUNT;
   size_t len = 0;
 
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
 
   if (argvars[0].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
     /* Find the start and length of the badly spelled word. */
@@ -16692,14 +16050,13 @@ static void f_spellbadword(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   }
 
   assert(len <= INT_MAX);
-  list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, word, (int)len);
-  list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list,
-                     (char_u *)(attr == HLF_SPB ? "bad" :
-                                attr == HLF_SPR ? "rare" :
-                                attr == HLF_SPL ? "local" :
-                                attr == HLF_SPC ? "caps" :
-                                ""),
-                     -1);
+  tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, (const char *)word, len);
+  tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list,
+                        (attr == HLF_SPB ? "bad"
+                         : attr == HLF_SPR ? "rare"
+                         : attr == HLF_SPL ? "local"
+                         : attr == HLF_SPC ? "caps"
+                         : NULL), -1);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -16708,13 +16065,13 @@ static void f_spellbadword(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 static void f_spellsuggest(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
   char_u      *str;
-  int typeerr = FALSE;
+  bool typeerr = false;
   int maxcount;
   garray_T ga;
   listitem_T  *li;
   bool need_capital = false;
 
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
 
   if (curwin->w_p_spell && *curwin->w_s->b_p_spl != NUL) {
     str = get_tv_string(&argvars[0]);
@@ -16735,11 +16092,11 @@ static void f_spellsuggest(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     for (int i = 0; i < ga.ga_len; ++i) {
       str = ((char_u **)ga.ga_data)[i];
 
-      li = listitem_alloc();
+      li = tv_list_item_alloc();
       li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_STRING;
       li->li_tv.v_lock = 0;
       li->li_tv.vval.v_string = str;
-      list_append(rettv->vval.v_list, li);
+      tv_list_append(rettv->vval.v_list, li);
     }
     ga_clear(&ga);
   }
@@ -16755,8 +16112,8 @@ static void f_split(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   char_u      *save_cpo;
   int match;
   colnr_T col = 0;
-  int keepempty = FALSE;
-  int typeerr = FALSE;
+  bool keepempty = false;
+  bool typeerr = false;
 
   /* Make 'cpoptions' empty, the 'l' flag should not be used here. */
   save_cpo = p_cpo;
@@ -16765,15 +16122,17 @@ static void f_split(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   str = get_tv_string(&argvars[0]);
   if (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
     pat = get_tv_string_buf_chk(&argvars[1], patbuf);
-    if (pat == NULL)
-      typeerr = TRUE;
-    if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
-      keepempty = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[2], &typeerr);
+    if (pat == NULL) {
+      typeerr = true;
+    }
+    if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
+      keepempty = (bool)get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[2], &typeerr);
+    }
   }
   if (pat == NULL || *pat == NUL)
     pat = (char_u *)"[\\x01- ]\\+";
 
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
 
   if (typeerr)
     return;
@@ -16793,7 +16152,7 @@ static void f_split(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       if (keepempty || end > str || (rettv->vval.v_list->lv_len > 0
                                      && *str != NUL && match && end <
                                      regmatch.endp[0])) {
-        list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, str, (int)(end - str));
+        tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, (const char *)str, end - str);
       }
       if (!match)
         break;
@@ -16917,33 +16276,29 @@ static void f_strftime(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 // "strgetchar()" function
 static void f_strgetchar(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  char_u *str;
-  int len;
-  int error = false;
-  int charidx;
-
   rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
-  str = get_tv_string_chk(&argvars[0]);
+
+  char_u *str = get_tv_string_chk(&argvars[0]);
   if (str == NULL) {
     return;
   }
-  len = (int)STRLEN(str);
-  charidx = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[1], &error);
+
+  bool error = false;
+  varnumber_T charidx = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[1], &error);
   if (error) {
     return;
   }
 
-  {
-    int byteidx = 0;
+  const size_t len = STRLEN(str);
+  size_t byteidx = 0;
 
-    while (charidx >= 0 && byteidx < len) {
-      if (charidx == 0) {
-        rettv->vval.v_number = mb_ptr2char(str + byteidx);
-        break;
-      }
-      charidx--;
-      byteidx += MB_CPTR2LEN(str + byteidx);
+  while (charidx >= 0 && byteidx < len) {
+    if (charidx == 0) {
+      rettv->vval.v_number = mb_ptr2char(str + byteidx);
+      break;
     }
+    charidx--;
+    byteidx += MB_CPTR2LEN(str + byteidx);
   }
 }
 
@@ -16966,7 +16321,7 @@ static void f_stridx(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     return;             /* type error; errmsg already given */
 
   if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-    int error = FALSE;
+    bool error = false;
 
     start_idx = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[2], &error);
     if (error || start_idx >= (int)STRLEN(haystack))
@@ -17048,22 +16403,17 @@ static void f_strwidth(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 }
 
 // "strcharpart()" function
-static void f_strcharpart(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr) {
-  char_u *p;
-  int nchar;
-  int nbyte = 0;
-  int charlen;
-  int len = 0;
-  int slen;
-  int error = false;
-
-  p = get_tv_string(&argvars[0]);
-  slen = (int)STRLEN(p);
+static void f_strcharpart(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  char_u *const p = get_tv_string(&argvars[0]);
+  const size_t slen = STRLEN(p);
 
-  nchar = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[1], &error);
+  int nbyte = 0;
+  bool error = false;
+  varnumber_T nchar = get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[1], &error);
   if (!error) {
     if (nchar > 0) {
-      while (nchar > 0 && nbyte < slen) {
+      while (nchar > 0 && (size_t)nbyte < slen) {
         nbyte += MB_CPTR2LEN(p + nbyte);
         nchar--;
       }
@@ -17071,9 +16421,10 @@ static void f_strcharpart(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr) {
       nbyte = nchar;
     }
   }
+  int len = 0;
   if (argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-    charlen = get_tv_number(&argvars[2]);
-    while (charlen > 0 && nbyte + len < slen) {
+    int charlen = get_tv_number(&argvars[2]);
+    while (charlen > 0 && nbyte + len < (int)slen) {
       int off = nbyte + len;
 
       if (off < 0) {
@@ -17092,12 +16443,12 @@ static void f_strcharpart(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr) {
   if (nbyte < 0) {
     len += nbyte;
     nbyte = 0;
-  } else if (nbyte > slen) {
+  } else if ((size_t)nbyte > slen) {
     nbyte = slen;
   }
   if (len < 0) {
     len = 0;
-  } else if (nbyte + len > slen) {
+  } else if (nbyte + len > (int)slen) {
     len = slen - nbyte;
   }
 
@@ -17114,7 +16465,7 @@ static void f_strpart(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   int n;
   int len;
   int slen;
-  int error = FALSE;
+  bool error = false;
 
   p = get_tv_string(&argvars[0]);
   slen = (int)STRLEN(p);
@@ -17205,7 +16556,7 @@ static void f_strtrans(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
  */
 static void f_submatch(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  int error = FALSE;
+  bool error = false;
   int no = (int)get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[0], &error);
   if (error) {
     return;
@@ -17270,7 +16621,7 @@ static void f_synID(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   long lnum;
   long col;
   int trans;
-  int transerr = FALSE;
+  bool transerr = false;
 
   lnum = get_tv_lnum(argvars);                  /* -1 on type error */
   col = get_tv_number(&argvars[1]) - 1;         /* -1 on type error */
@@ -17396,7 +16747,7 @@ static void f_synconcealed(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 
   memset(str, NUL, sizeof(str));
 
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
   if (lnum >= 1 && lnum <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count && col >= 0
       && col <= (long)STRLEN(ml_get(lnum)) && curwin->w_p_cole > 0) {
     (void)syn_get_id(curwin, lnum, col, FALSE, NULL, FALSE);
@@ -17417,10 +16768,10 @@ static void f_synconcealed(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     }
   }
 
-  list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (syntax_flags & HL_CONCEAL) != 0);
+  tv_list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, (syntax_flags & HL_CONCEAL) != 0);
   // -1 to auto-determine strlen
-  list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, str, -1);
-  list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, matchid);
+  tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, (const char *)str, -1);
+  tv_list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, matchid);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -17441,43 +16792,24 @@ static void f_synstack(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       && lnum <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count
       && col >= 0
       && col <= (long)STRLEN(ml_get(lnum))) {
-    rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
-    (void)syn_get_id(curwin, lnum, (colnr_T)col, FALSE, NULL, TRUE);
+    tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
+    (void)syn_get_id(curwin, lnum, (colnr_T)col, false, NULL, true);
 
     int id;
     int i = 0;
     while ((id = syn_get_stack_item(i++)) >= 0) {
-      list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, id);
+      tv_list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, id);
     }
   }
 }
 
-static list_T* string_to_list(char_u *str, size_t len, bool keepempty)
+static list_T *string_to_list(const char *str, size_t len, const bool keepempty)
 {
-  list_T *list = list_alloc();
-
-  // Copy each line to a list element using NL as the delimiter.
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-    char_u *start = str + i;
-    size_t line_len = (char_u *) xmemscan(start, NL, len - i) - start;
-    i += line_len;
-
-    // Don't use a str function to copy res as it may contains NULs.
-    char_u *s = xmemdupz(start, line_len);
-    memchrsub(s, NUL, NL, line_len);  // Replace NUL with NL to avoid truncation
-
-    listitem_T  *li = listitem_alloc();
-    li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_STRING;
-    li->li_tv.v_lock = 0;
-    li->li_tv.vval.v_string = s;
-    list_append(list, li);
-  }
-
-  // Optionally retain final newline, if present
-  if (keepempty && str[len-1] == NL) {
-      list_append_string(list, (char_u*)"", 0);
+  if (!keepempty && str[len - 1] == NL) {
+    len--;
   }
-
+  list_T *const list = tv_list_alloc();
+  encode_list_write(list, str, len);
   return list;
 }
 
@@ -17522,7 +16854,7 @@ static void get_system_output_as_rettv(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv,
   if (res == NULL) {
     if (retlist) {
       // return an empty list when there's no output
-      rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+      tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
     } else {
       rettv->vval.v_string = (char_u *) xstrdup("");
     }
@@ -17534,7 +16866,7 @@ static void get_system_output_as_rettv(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv,
     if (argvars[1].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN && argvars[2].v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
       keepempty = get_tv_number(&argvars[2]);
     }
-    rettv->vval.v_list = string_to_list((char_u *) res, nread, keepempty != 0);
+    rettv->vval.v_list = string_to_list(res, nread, (bool)keepempty);
     rettv->vval.v_list->lv_refcount++;
     rettv->v_type = VAR_LIST;
 
@@ -17588,9 +16920,9 @@ static void f_tabpagebuflist(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       wp = (tp == curtab) ? firstwin : tp->tp_firstwin;
   }
   if (wp != NULL) {
-    rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+    tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
     while (wp != NULL) {
-      list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, wp->w_buffer->b_fnum);
+      tv_list_append_number(rettv->vval.v_list, wp->w_buffer->b_fnum);
       wp = wp->w_next;
     }
   }
@@ -17683,16 +17015,16 @@ static void f_tabpagewinnr(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
  */
 static void f_tagfiles(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  char_u      *fname;
+  char *fname;
   tagname_T tn;
 
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
   fname = xmalloc(MAXPATHL);
 
-  int first = TRUE;
-  while (get_tagfname(&tn, first, fname) == OK) {
-    list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, fname, -1);
-    first = FALSE;
+  bool first = true;
+  while (get_tagfname(&tn, first, (char_u *)fname) == OK) {
+    tv_list_append_string(rettv->vval.v_list, fname, -1);
+    first = false;
   }
 
   tagname_free(&tn);
@@ -17712,7 +17044,7 @@ static void f_taglist(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   if (*tag_pattern == NUL)
     return;
 
-  (void)get_tags(rettv_list_alloc(rettv), tag_pattern);
+  (void)get_tags(tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv), tag_pattern);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -18029,7 +17361,7 @@ static void timer_due_cb(TimeWatcher *tw, void *data)
 
   init_tv(&rettv);
   callback_call(&timer->callback, 1, argv, &rettv);
-  clear_tv(&rettv);
+  tv_clear(&rettv);
 
   if (!timer->stopped && timer->timeout == 0) {
     // special case: timeout=0 means the callback will be
@@ -18295,7 +17627,7 @@ static void f_undotree(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   dict_add_nr_str(dict, "time_cur", (long)curbuf->b_u_time_cur, NULL);
   dict_add_nr_str(dict, "save_cur", (long)curbuf->b_u_save_nr_cur, NULL);
 
-  list = list_alloc();
+  list = tv_list_alloc();
   u_eval_tree(curbuf->b_u_oldhead, list);
   dict_add_list(dict, "entries", list);
 }
@@ -18356,7 +17688,7 @@ static void f_wildmenumode(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "win_findbuf()" function
 static void f_win_findbuf(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
   win_findbuf(argvars, rettv->vval.v_list);
 }
 
@@ -18375,7 +17707,7 @@ static void f_win_gotoid(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 /// "win_id2tabwin()" function
 static void f_win_id2tabwin(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 {
-  rettv_list_alloc(rettv);
+  tv_list_alloc_ret(rettv);
   win_id2tabwin(argvars, rettv->vval.v_list);
 }
 
@@ -18786,40 +18118,47 @@ var2fpos (
   if (varp->v_type == VAR_LIST) {
     list_T          *l;
     int len;
-    int error = FALSE;
-    listitem_T      *li;
+    bool error = false;
+    listitem_T *li;
 
     l = varp->vval.v_list;
     if (l == NULL)
       return NULL;
 
-    /* Get the line number */
-    pos.lnum = list_find_nr(l, 0L, &error);
-    if (error || pos.lnum <= 0 || pos.lnum > curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
-      return NULL;              /* invalid line number */
+    // Get the line number.
+    pos.lnum = tv_list_find_nr(l, 0L, &error);
+    if (error || pos.lnum <= 0 || pos.lnum > curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count) {
+      // Invalid line number.
+      return NULL;
+    }
 
-    /* Get the column number */
-    pos.col = list_find_nr(l, 1L, &error);
-    if (error)
+    // Get the column number.
+    pos.col = tv_list_find_nr(l, 1L, &error);
+    if (error) {
       return NULL;
+    }
     len = (long)STRLEN(ml_get(pos.lnum));
 
-    /* We accept "$" for the column number: last column. */
-    li = list_find(l, 1L);
+    // We accept "$" for the column number: last column.
+    li = tv_list_find(l, 1L);
     if (li != NULL && li->li_tv.v_type == VAR_STRING
         && li->li_tv.vval.v_string != NULL
-        && STRCMP(li->li_tv.vval.v_string, "$") == 0)
+        && STRCMP(li->li_tv.vval.v_string, "$") == 0) {
       pos.col = len + 1;
+    }
 
-    /* Accept a position up to the NUL after the line. */
-    if (pos.col == 0 || (int)pos.col > len + 1)
-      return NULL;              /* invalid column number */
-    --pos.col;
+    // Accept a position up to the NUL after the line.
+    if (pos.col == 0 || (int)pos.col > len + 1) {
+      // Invalid column number.
+      return NULL;
+    }
+    pos.col--;
 
-    /* Get the virtual offset.  Defaults to zero. */
-    pos.coladd = list_find_nr(l, 2L, &error);
-    if (error)
+    // Get the virtual offset.  Defaults to zero.
+    pos.coladd = tv_list_find_nr(l, 2L, &error);
+    if (error) {
       pos.coladd = 0;
+    }
 
     return &pos;
   }
@@ -18890,32 +18229,37 @@ static int list2fpos(typval_T *arg, pos_T *posp, int *fnump, colnr_T *curswantp)
     return FAIL;
 
   if (fnump != NULL) {
-    n = list_find_nr(l, i++, NULL);     /* fnum */
-    if (n < 0)
+    n = tv_list_find_nr(l, i++, NULL);  // fnum
+    if (n < 0) {
       return FAIL;
-    if (n == 0)
-      n = curbuf->b_fnum;               /* current buffer */
+    }
+    if (n == 0) {
+      n = curbuf->b_fnum;  // Current buffer.
+    }
     *fnump = n;
   }
 
-  n = list_find_nr(l, i++, NULL);       /* lnum */
-  if (n < 0)
+  n = tv_list_find_nr(l, i++, NULL);  // lnum
+  if (n < 0) {
     return FAIL;
+  }
   posp->lnum = n;
 
-  n = list_find_nr(l, i++, NULL);       /* col */
-  if (n < 0)
+  n = tv_list_find_nr(l, i++, NULL);  // col
+  if (n < 0) {
     return FAIL;
+  }
   posp->col = n;
 
-  n = list_find_nr(l, i, NULL);         // off
-  if (n < 0)
+  n = tv_list_find_nr(l, i, NULL);  // off
+  if (n < 0) {
     posp->coladd = 0;
-  else
+  } else {
     posp->coladd = n;
+  }
 
   if (curswantp != NULL) {
-    *curswantp = list_find_nr(l, i + 1, NULL);  // curswant
+    *curswantp = tv_list_find_nr(l, i + 1, NULL);  // curswant
   }
 
   return OK;
@@ -19259,7 +18603,7 @@ void set_vcount(long count, long count1, int set_prevcount)
 /// @param[in]  val  Value to set to.
 void set_vim_var_nr(const VimVarIndex idx, const varnumber_T val)
 {
-  clear_tv(&vimvars[idx].vv_tv);
+  tv_clear(&vimvars[idx].vv_tv);
   vimvars[idx].vv_type = VAR_NUMBER;
   vimvars[idx].vv_nr = val;
 }
@@ -19270,7 +18614,7 @@ void set_vim_var_nr(const VimVarIndex idx, const varnumber_T val)
 /// @param[in]  val  Value to set to.
 void set_vim_var_special(const VimVarIndex idx, const SpecialVarValue val)
 {
-  clear_tv(&vimvars[idx].vv_tv);
+  tv_clear(&vimvars[idx].vv_tv);
   vimvars[idx].vv_type = VAR_SPECIAL;
   vimvars[idx].vv_special = val;
 }
@@ -19284,7 +18628,7 @@ void set_vim_var_special(const VimVarIndex idx, const SpecialVarValue val)
 void set_vim_var_string(const VimVarIndex idx, const char *const val,
                         const ptrdiff_t len)
 {
-  clear_tv(&vimvars[idx].vv_di.di_tv);
+  tv_clear(&vimvars[idx].vv_di.di_tv);
   vimvars[idx].vv_type = VAR_STRING;
   if (val == NULL) {
     vimvars[idx].vv_str = NULL;
@@ -19301,7 +18645,7 @@ void set_vim_var_string(const VimVarIndex idx, const char *const val,
 /// @param[in,out]  val  Value to set to. Reference count will be incremented.
 void set_vim_var_list(const VimVarIndex idx, list_T *const val)
 {
-  clear_tv(&vimvars[idx].vv_di.di_tv);
+  tv_clear(&vimvars[idx].vv_di.di_tv);
   vimvars[idx].vv_type = VAR_LIST;
   vimvars[idx].vv_list = val;
   if (val != NULL) {
@@ -19316,7 +18660,7 @@ void set_vim_var_list(const VimVarIndex idx, list_T *const val)
 ///                      Also keys of the dictionary will be made read-only.
 void set_vim_var_dict(const VimVarIndex idx, dict_T *const val)
 {
-  clear_tv(&vimvars[idx].vv_di.di_tv);
+  tv_clear(&vimvars[idx].vv_di.di_tv);
   vimvars[idx].vv_type = VAR_DICT;
   vimvars[idx].vv_dict = val;
 
@@ -19536,17 +18880,19 @@ handle_subscript(
                         curwin->w_cursor.lnum, curwin->w_cursor.lnum,
                         &len, evaluate, pt, selfdict);
 
-      /* Clear the funcref afterwards, so that deleting it while
-       * evaluating the arguments is possible (see test55). */
-      if (evaluate)
-        clear_tv(&functv);
+      // Clear the funcref afterwards, so that deleting it while
+      // evaluating the arguments is possible (see test55).
+      if (evaluate) {
+        tv_clear(&functv);
+      }
 
       /* Stop the expression evaluation when immediately aborting on
        * error, or when an interrupt occurred or an exception was thrown
        * but not caught. */
       if (aborting()) {
-        if (ret == OK)
-          clear_tv(rettv);
+        if (ret == OK) {
+          tv_clear(rettv);
+        }
         ret = FAIL;
       }
       dict_unref(selfdict);
@@ -19560,7 +18906,7 @@ handle_subscript(
       } else
         selfdict = NULL;
       if (eval_index((char_u **)arg, rettv, evaluate, verbose) == FAIL) {
-        clear_tv(rettv);
+        tv_clear(rettv);
         ret = FAIL;
       }
     }
@@ -19667,7 +19013,7 @@ void free_tv(typval_T *varp)
         partial_unref(varp->vval.v_partial);
         break;
       case VAR_LIST:
-        list_unref(varp->vval.v_list);
+        tv_list_unref(varp->vval.v_list);
         break;
       case VAR_DICT:
         dict_unref(varp->vval.v_dict);
@@ -19682,247 +19028,6 @@ void free_tv(typval_T *varp)
   }
 }
 
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_ALLOW_SPECIALS false
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_NIL(tv) \
-    do { \
-      tv->vval.v_special = kSpecialVarFalse; \
-      tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED; \
-    } while (0)
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_BOOL(tv, num) \
-    TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_NIL(tv)
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_NUMBER(tv, num) \
-    do { \
-      (void)num; \
-      tv->vval.v_number = 0; \
-      tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED; \
-    } while (0)
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_UNSIGNED_NUMBER(tv, num)
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FLOAT(tv, flt) \
-    do { \
-      tv->vval.v_float = 0; \
-      tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED; \
-    } while (0)
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_STRING(tv, buf, len) \
-    do { \
-      xfree(buf); \
-      tv->vval.v_string = NULL; \
-      tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED; \
-    } while (0)
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_STR_STRING(tv, buf, len)
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_EXT_STRING(tv, buf, len, type)
-
-static inline int _nothing_conv_func_start(typval_T *const tv,
-                                           char_u *const fun)
-  FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_ALWAYS_INLINE FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
-{
-  tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED;
-  if (tv->v_type == VAR_PARTIAL) {
-    partial_T *const pt_ = tv->vval.v_partial;
-    if (pt_ != NULL && pt_->pt_refcount > 1) {
-      pt_->pt_refcount--;
-      tv->vval.v_partial = NULL;
-      return OK;
-    }
-  } else {
-    func_unref(fun);
-    if (fun != empty_string) {
-      xfree(fun);
-    }
-    tv->vval.v_string = NULL;
-  }
-  return NOTDONE;
-}
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FUNC_START(tv, fun) \
-    do { \
-      if (_nothing_conv_func_start(tv, fun) != NOTDONE) { \
-        return OK; \
-      } \
-    } while (0)
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FUNC_BEFORE_ARGS(tv, len)
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FUNC_BEFORE_SELF(tv, len)
-
-static inline void _nothing_conv_func_end(typval_T *const tv, const int copyID)
-  FUNC_ATTR_ALWAYS_INLINE FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
-{
-  if (tv->v_type == VAR_PARTIAL) {
-    partial_T *const pt = tv->vval.v_partial;
-    if (pt == NULL) {
-      return;
-    }
-    // Dictionary should already be freed by the time.
-    // If it was not freed then it is a part of the reference cycle.
-    assert(pt->pt_dict == NULL || pt->pt_dict->dv_copyID == copyID);
-    pt->pt_dict = NULL;
-    // As well as all arguments.
-    pt->pt_argc = 0;
-    assert(pt->pt_refcount <= 1);
-    partial_unref(pt);
-    tv->vval.v_partial = NULL;
-    assert(tv->v_lock == VAR_UNLOCKED);
-  }
-}
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FUNC_END(tv) _nothing_conv_func_end(tv, copyID)
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_EMPTY_LIST(tv) \
-    do { \
-      list_unref(tv->vval.v_list); \
-      tv->vval.v_list = NULL; \
-      tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED; \
-    } while (0)
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_EMPTY_DICT(tv, dict) \
-    do { \
-      assert((void *)&dict != (void *)&TYPVAL_ENCODE_NODICT_VAR); \
-      dict_unref((dict_T *)dict); \
-      *((dict_T **)&dict) = NULL; \
-      if (tv != NULL) { \
-        ((typval_T *)tv)->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED; \
-      } \
-    } while (0)
-
-static inline int _nothing_conv_real_list_after_start(
-    typval_T *const tv, MPConvStackVal *const mpsv)
-  FUNC_ATTR_ALWAYS_INLINE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-{
-  assert(tv != NULL);
-  tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED;
-  if (tv->vval.v_list->lv_refcount > 1) {
-    tv->vval.v_list->lv_refcount--;
-    tv->vval.v_list = NULL;
-    mpsv->data.l.li = NULL;
-    return OK;
-  }
-  return NOTDONE;
-}
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_LIST_START(tv, len)
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_REAL_LIST_AFTER_START(tv, mpsv) \
-    do { \
-      if (_nothing_conv_real_list_after_start(tv, &mpsv) != NOTDONE) { \
-        goto typval_encode_stop_converting_one_item; \
-      } \
-    } while (0)
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_LIST_BETWEEN_ITEMS(tv)
-
-static inline void _nothing_conv_list_end(typval_T *const tv)
-  FUNC_ATTR_ALWAYS_INLINE
-{
-  if (tv == NULL) {
-    return;
-  }
-  assert(tv->v_type == VAR_LIST);
-  list_T *const list = tv->vval.v_list;
-  list_unref(list);
-  tv->vval.v_list = NULL;
-}
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_LIST_END(tv) _nothing_conv_list_end(tv)
-
-static inline int _nothing_conv_real_dict_after_start(
-    typval_T *const tv, dict_T **const dictp, const void *const nodictvar,
-    MPConvStackVal *const mpsv)
-  FUNC_ATTR_ALWAYS_INLINE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
-{
-  if (tv != NULL) {
-    tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED;
-  }
-  if ((const void *)dictp != nodictvar && (*dictp)->dv_refcount > 1) {
-    (*dictp)->dv_refcount--;
-    *dictp = NULL;
-    mpsv->data.d.todo = 0;
-    return OK;
-  }
-  return NOTDONE;
-}
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_DICT_START(tv, dict, len)
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_REAL_DICT_AFTER_START(tv, dict, mpsv) \
-    do { \
-      if (_nothing_conv_real_dict_after_start( \
-          tv, (dict_T **)&dict, (void *)&TYPVAL_ENCODE_NODICT_VAR, \
-          &mpsv) != NOTDONE) { \
-        goto typval_encode_stop_converting_one_item; \
-      } \
-    } while (0)
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_SPECIAL_DICT_KEY_CHECK(tv, dict)
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_DICT_AFTER_KEY(tv, dict)
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_DICT_BETWEEN_ITEMS(tv, dict)
-
-static inline void _nothing_conv_dict_end(typval_T *const tv,
-                                          dict_T **const dictp,
-                                          const void *const nodictvar)
-  FUNC_ATTR_ALWAYS_INLINE
-{
-  if ((const void *)dictp != nodictvar) {
-    dict_unref(*dictp);
-    *dictp = NULL;
-  }
-}
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_DICT_END(tv, dict) \
-    _nothing_conv_dict_end(tv, (dict_T **)&dict, \
-                           (void *)&TYPVAL_ENCODE_NODICT_VAR)
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_RECURSE(val, conv_type)
-
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_SCOPE static
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_NAME nothing
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_FIRST_ARG_TYPE const void *const
-#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_FIRST_ARG_NAME ignored
-#include "nvim/eval/typval_encode.c.h"
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_SCOPE
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_NAME
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_FIRST_ARG_TYPE
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_FIRST_ARG_NAME
-
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_ALLOW_SPECIALS
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_NIL
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_BOOL
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_NUMBER
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_UNSIGNED_NUMBER
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FLOAT
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_STRING
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_STR_STRING
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_EXT_STRING
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FUNC_START
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FUNC_BEFORE_ARGS
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FUNC_BEFORE_SELF
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FUNC_END
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_EMPTY_LIST
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_EMPTY_DICT
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_LIST_START
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_REAL_LIST_AFTER_START
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_LIST_BETWEEN_ITEMS
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_LIST_END
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_DICT_START
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_REAL_DICT_AFTER_START
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_SPECIAL_DICT_KEY_CHECK
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_DICT_AFTER_KEY
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_DICT_BETWEEN_ITEMS
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_DICT_END
-#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_RECURSE
-
-/// Free memory for a variable value and set the value to NULL or 0
-///
-/// @param[in,out]  varp  Value to free.
-void clear_tv(typval_T *varp)
-{
-  if (varp != NULL && varp->v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-    const int evn_ret = encode_vim_to_nothing(varp, varp, "clear_tv argument");
-    (void)evn_ret;
-    assert(evn_ret == OK);
-  }
-}
-
 /*
  * Set the value of a variable to NULL without freeing items.
  */
@@ -19932,69 +19037,25 @@ static void init_tv(typval_T *varp)
     memset(varp, 0, sizeof(typval_T));
 }
 
-/// Check that given value is a number or string
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/typval
+
+/// Get the number value of a variable
 ///
-/// Error messages are compatible with get_tv_number() previously used for the
-/// same purpose in buf*() functions. Special values are not accepted (previous
-/// behaviour: silently fail to find buffer).
+/// @note Use get_tv_number_chk() if you need to determine whether there was an
+///       error.
 ///
-/// @param[in]  tv  Value to check.
+/// @param[in]  varp  Variable to get value from.
 ///
-/// @return true if everything is OK, false otherwise.
-bool tv_check_str_or_nr(const typval_T *const tv)
-  FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_PURE
-{
-    switch (tv->v_type) {
-      case VAR_NUMBER:
-      case VAR_STRING: {
-        return true;
-      }
-      case VAR_FLOAT: {
-        EMSG(_("E805: Expected a Number or a String, Float found"));
-        return false;
-      }
-      case VAR_PARTIAL:
-      case VAR_FUNC: {
-        EMSG(_("E703: Expected a Number or a String, Funcref found"));
-        return false;
-      }
-      case VAR_LIST: {
-        EMSG(_("E745: Expected a Number or a String, List found"));
-        return false;
-      }
-      case VAR_DICT: {
-        EMSG(_("E728: Expected a Number or a String, Dictionary found"));
-        return false;
-      }
-      case VAR_SPECIAL: {
-        EMSG(_("E5300: Expected a Number or a String"));
-        return false;
-      }
-      case VAR_UNKNOWN: {
-        EMSG2(_(e_intern2), "tv_check_str_or_nr(UNKNOWN)");
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-    assert(false);
-    return false;
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the number value of a variable.
- * If it is a String variable, uses vim_str2nr().
- * For incompatible types, return 0.
- * get_tv_number_chk() is similar to get_tv_number(), but informs the
- * caller of incompatible types: it sets *denote to TRUE if "denote"
- * is not NULL or returns -1 otherwise.
- */
-long get_tv_number(typval_T *varp)
+/// @return Number value: vim_str2nr() output for VAR_STRING variables, value
+///         for VAR_NUMBER variables, -1 for other types.
+varnumber_T get_tv_number(const typval_T *const varp)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
 {
-  int error = FALSE;
-
-  return get_tv_number_chk(varp, &error);       /* return 0L on error */
+  bool error = false;
+  return get_tv_number_chk(varp, &error);
 }
 
-long get_tv_number_chk(typval_T *varp, int *denote)
+varnumber_T get_tv_number_chk(const typval_T *const varp, bool *const denote)
 {
   long n = 0L;
 
@@ -20087,7 +19148,7 @@ static linenr_T get_tv_lnum(typval_T *argvars)
     rettv.v_type = VAR_NUMBER;
     f_line(argvars, &rettv, NULL);
     lnum = rettv.vval.v_number;
-    clear_tv(&rettv);
+    tv_clear(&rettv);
   }
   return lnum;
 }
@@ -20107,35 +19168,41 @@ static linenr_T get_tv_lnum_buf(typval_T *argvars, buf_T *buf)
   return get_tv_number_chk(&argvars[0], NULL);
 }
 
-/*
- * Get the string value of a variable.
- * If it is a Number variable, the number is converted into a string.
- * get_tv_string() uses a single, static buffer.  YOU CAN ONLY USE IT ONCE!
- * get_tv_string_buf() uses a given buffer.
- * If the String variable has never been set, return an empty string.
- * Never returns NULL;
- * get_tv_string_chk() and get_tv_string_buf_chk() are similar, but return
- * NULL on error.
- */
-static char_u *get_tv_string(const typval_T *varp)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_RET
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/typval
+
+/// Get the string value of a variable
+///
+/// @warning For number and special values it uses a single, static buffer. It
+///          may be used only once, next call to get_tv_string may reuse it. Use
+///          get_tv_string_buf() if you need to use get_tv_string() output after
+///          calling it again.
+///
+/// @note get_tv_string_chk() and get_tv_string_buf_chk() are similar, but
+///       return NULL on error.
+///
+/// @param[in]  varp  Varible to get value of.
+///
+/// @return Variable value if it is VAR_STRING variable, number converted to
+///         a string for VAR_NUMBER, v: variable name for VAR_SPECIAL or empty
+///         string.
+char_u *get_tv_string(const typval_T *const varp)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_RET FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
 {
   static char_u mybuf[NUMBUFLEN];
-
   return get_tv_string_buf(varp, mybuf);
 }
 
-static char_u *get_tv_string_buf(const typval_T *varp, char_u *buf)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_RET
+char_u *get_tv_string_buf(const typval_T *varp, char_u *buf)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_RET FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
 {
-  char_u      *res =  get_tv_string_buf_chk(varp, buf);
+  char_u *const res = get_tv_string_buf_chk(varp, buf);
 
   return res != NULL ? res : (char_u *)"";
 }
 
 /// Careful: This uses a single, static buffer.  YOU CAN ONLY USE IT ONCE!
 char_u *get_tv_string_chk(const typval_T *varp)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
 {
   static char_u mybuf[NUMBUFLEN];
 
@@ -20143,7 +19210,7 @@ char_u *get_tv_string_chk(const typval_T *varp)
 }
 
 char_u *get_tv_string_buf_chk(const typval_T *varp, char_u *buf)
-  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
 {
   switch (varp->v_type) {
   case VAR_NUMBER:
@@ -20438,7 +19505,7 @@ void new_script_vars(scid_T id)
  * Initialize dictionary "dict" as a scope and set variable "dict_var" to
  * point to it.
  */
-void init_var_dict(dict_T *dict, dictitem_T *dict_var, int scope)
+void init_var_dict(dict_T *dict, ScopeDictDictItem *dict_var, int scope)
 {
   hash_init(&dict->dv_hashtab);
   dict->dv_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED;
@@ -20494,7 +19561,7 @@ static void vars_clear_ext(hashtab_T *ht, int free_val)
       // later.
       v = HI2DI(hi);
       if (free_val) {
-        clear_tv(&v->di_tv);
+        tv_clear(&v->di_tv);
       }
       if (v->di_flags & DI_FLAGS_ALLOC) {
         xfree(v);
@@ -20514,7 +19581,7 @@ static void delete_var(hashtab_T *ht, hashitem_T *hi)
   dictitem_T  *di = HI2DI(hi);
 
   hash_remove(ht, hi);
-  clear_tv(&di->di_tv);
+  tv_clear(&di->di_tv);
   xfree(di);
 }
 
@@ -20652,11 +19719,11 @@ set_var (
     if (watched) {
       copy_tv(&v->di_tv, &oldtv);
     }
-    clear_tv(&v->di_tv);
-  } else {                /* add a new variable */
-    /* Can't add "v:" variable. */
+    tv_clear(&v->di_tv);
+  } else {  // Add a new variable.
+    // Can't add "v:" variable.
     if (ht == &vimvarht) {
-      EMSG2(_(e_illvar), name);
+      emsgf(_(e_illvar), name);
       return;
     }
 
@@ -20686,7 +19753,7 @@ set_var (
       dictwatcher_notify(dict, (char *)v->di_key, &v->di_tv, NULL);
     } else {
       dictwatcher_notify(dict, (char *)v->di_key, &v->di_tv, &oldtv);
-      clear_tv(&oldtv);
+      tv_clear(&oldtv);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -20934,7 +20001,7 @@ int var_item_copy(const vimconv_T *const conv,
       to->vval.v_list = from->vval.v_list->lv_copylist;
       ++to->vval.v_list->lv_refcount;
     } else {
-      to->vval.v_list = list_copy(conv, from->vval.v_list, deep, copyID);
+      to->vval.v_list = tv_list_copy(conv, from->vval.v_list, deep, copyID);
     }
     if (to->vval.v_list == NULL)
       ret = FAIL;
@@ -21036,7 +20103,7 @@ void ex_echo(exarg_T *eap)
       }
       xfree(tofree);
     }
-    clear_tv(&rettv);
+    tv_clear(&rettv);
     arg = skipwhite(arg);
   }
   eap->nextcmd = check_nextcmd(arg);
@@ -21111,7 +20178,7 @@ void ex_execute(exarg_T *eap)
       ga.ga_len += len;
     }
 
-    clear_tv(&rettv);
+    tv_clear(&rettv);
     arg = skipwhite(arg);
   }
 
@@ -21670,9 +20737,10 @@ void ex_function(exarg_T *eap)
           xfree(fp);
           goto erret;
         }
-      } else
-        /* overwrite existing dict entry */
-        clear_tv(&fudi.fd_di->di_tv);
+      } else {
+        // Overwrite existing dict entry.
+        tv_clear(&fudi.fd_di->di_tv);
+      }
       fudi.fd_di->di_tv.v_type = VAR_FUNC;
       fudi.fd_di->di_tv.v_lock = 0;
       fudi.fd_di->di_tv.vval.v_string = vim_strsave(name);
@@ -21733,7 +20801,7 @@ ret_free:
 /// Advances "pp" to just after the function name (if no error).
 ///
 /// @return the function name in allocated memory, or NULL for failure.
-char_u *
+static char_u *
 trans_function_name(
     char_u **pp,
     int skip,                       /* only find the end, don't evaluate */
@@ -22720,9 +21788,9 @@ call_user_func(
   // Init l: variables.
   init_var_dict(&fc->l_vars, &fc->l_vars_var, VAR_DEF_SCOPE);
   if (selfdict != NULL) {
-    /* Set l:self to "selfdict".  Use "name" to avoid a warning from
-     * some compiler that checks the destination size. */
-    v = &fc->fixvar[fixvar_idx++].var;
+    // Set l:self to "selfdict".  Use "name" to avoid a warning from
+    // some compiler that checks the destination size.
+    v = (dictitem_T *)&fc->fixvar[fixvar_idx++];
 #ifndef __clang_analyzer__
     name = v->di_key;
     STRCPY(name, "self");
@@ -22741,11 +21809,11 @@ call_user_func(
    * Set a:000 to a list with room for the "..." arguments.
    */
   init_var_dict(&fc->l_avars, &fc->l_avars_var, VAR_SCOPE);
-  add_nr_var(&fc->l_avars, &fc->fixvar[fixvar_idx++].var, "0",
-      (varnumber_T)(argcount - fp->uf_args.ga_len));
-  /* Use "name" to avoid a warning from some compiler that checks the
-   * destination size. */
-  v = &fc->fixvar[fixvar_idx++].var;
+  add_nr_var(&fc->l_avars, (dictitem_T *)&fc->fixvar[fixvar_idx++], "0",
+             (varnumber_T)(argcount - fp->uf_args.ga_len));
+  // Use "name" to avoid a warning from some compiler that checks the
+  // destination size.
+  v = (dictitem_T *)&fc->fixvar[fixvar_idx++];
 #ifndef __clang_analyzer__
   name = v->di_key;
   STRCPY(name, "000");
@@ -22762,10 +21830,10 @@ call_user_func(
   // Set a:firstline to "firstline" and a:lastline to "lastline".
   // Set a:name to named arguments.
   // Set a:N to the "..." arguments.
-  add_nr_var(&fc->l_avars, &fc->fixvar[fixvar_idx++].var, "firstline",
-             (varnumber_T)firstline);
-  add_nr_var(&fc->l_avars, &fc->fixvar[fixvar_idx++].var, "lastline",
-             (varnumber_T)lastline);
+  add_nr_var(&fc->l_avars, (dictitem_T *)&fc->fixvar[fixvar_idx++],
+             "firstline", (varnumber_T)firstline);
+  add_nr_var(&fc->l_avars, (dictitem_T *)&fc->fixvar[fixvar_idx++],
+             "lastline", (varnumber_T)lastline);
   for (int i = 0; i < argcount; i++) {
     bool addlocal = false;
 
@@ -22782,7 +21850,7 @@ call_user_func(
       name = numbuf;
     }
     if (fixvar_idx < FIXVAR_CNT && STRLEN(name) <= VAR_SHORT_LEN) {
-      v = &fc->fixvar[fixvar_idx++].var;
+      v = (dictitem_T *)&fc->fixvar[fixvar_idx++];
       v->di_flags = DI_FLAGS_RO | DI_FLAGS_FIX;
     } else {
       v = xmalloc(sizeof(dictitem_T) + STRLEN(name));
@@ -22805,7 +21873,7 @@ call_user_func(
     }
 
     if (ai >= 0 && ai < MAX_FUNC_ARGS) {
-      list_append(&fc->l_varlist, &fc->l_listitems[ai]);
+      tv_list_append(&fc->l_varlist, &fc->l_listitems[ai]);
       fc->l_listitems[ai].li_tv = argvars[i];
       fc->l_listitems[ai].li_tv.v_lock = VAR_FIXED;
     }
@@ -22913,7 +21981,7 @@ call_user_func(
   // when the function was aborted because of an error, return -1
   if ((did_emsg
        && (fp->uf_flags & FC_ABORT)) || rettv->v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN) {
-    clear_tv(rettv);
+    tv_clear(rettv);
     rettv->v_type = VAR_NUMBER;
     rettv->vval.v_number = -1;
   }
@@ -23109,7 +22177,7 @@ free_funccal (
   // Free the a:000 variables if they were allocated.
   if (free_val) {
     for (li = fc->l_varlist.lv_first; li != NULL; li = li->li_next) {
-      clear_tv(&li->li_tv);
+      tv_clear(&li->li_tv);
     }
   }
 
@@ -23152,10 +22220,11 @@ void ex_return(exarg_T *eap)
   eap->nextcmd = NULL;
   if ((*arg != NUL && *arg != '|' && *arg != '\n')
       && eval0(arg, &rettv, &eap->nextcmd, !eap->skip) != FAIL) {
-    if (!eap->skip)
-      returning = do_return(eap, FALSE, TRUE, &rettv);
-    else
-      clear_tv(&rettv);
+    if (!eap->skip) {
+      returning = do_return(eap, false, true, &rettv);
+    } else {
+      tv_clear(&rettv);
+    }
   }
   /* It's safer to return also on error. */
   else if (!eap->skip) {
@@ -23242,7 +22311,7 @@ int do_return(exarg_T *eap, int reanimate, int is_cmd, void *rettv)
      * a return immediately after reanimation, the value is already
      * there. */
     if (!reanimate && rettv != NULL) {
-      clear_tv(current_funccal->rettv);
+      tv_clear(current_funccal->rettv);
       *current_funccal->rettv = *(typval_T *)rettv;
       if (!is_cmd)
         xfree(rettv);
@@ -23652,12 +22721,12 @@ void ex_oldfiles(exarg_T *eap)
       nr = prompt_for_number(false);
       msg_starthere();
       if (nr > 0 && nr <= l->lv_len) {
-        char_u *p = list_find_str(l, nr);
+        char *p = tv_list_find_str(l, nr);
         if (p == NULL) {
           return;
         }
-        p = expand_env_save(p);
-        eap->arg = p;
+        p = (char *)expand_env_save((char_u *)p);
+        eap->arg = (char_u *)p;
         eap->cmdidx = CMD_edit;
         do_exedit(eap, NULL);
         xfree(p);
@@ -24148,7 +23217,7 @@ static inline void process_job_event(TerminalJobData *data, Callback *callback,
   JobEvent event_data;
   event_data.received = NULL;
   if (buf) {
-    event_data.received = list_alloc();
+    event_data.received = tv_list_alloc();
     char *ptr = buf;
     size_t remaining = count;
     size_t off = 0;
@@ -24156,7 +23225,7 @@ static inline void process_job_event(TerminalJobData *data, Callback *callback,
     while (off < remaining) {
       // append the line
       if (ptr[off] == NL) {
-        list_append_string(event_data.received, (uint8_t *)ptr, off);
+        tv_list_append_string(event_data.received, ptr, off);
         size_t skip = off + 1;
         ptr += skip;
         remaining -= skip;
@@ -24169,7 +23238,7 @@ static inline void process_job_event(TerminalJobData *data, Callback *callback,
       }
       off++;
     }
-    list_append_string(event_data.received, (uint8_t *)ptr, off);
+    tv_list_append_string(event_data.received, ptr, off);
   } else {
     event_data.status = status;
   }
@@ -24318,7 +23387,7 @@ static void on_job_event(JobEvent *ev)
   typval_T rettv;
   init_tv(&rettv);
   callback_call(ev->callback, 3, argv, &rettv);
-  clear_tv(&rettv);
+  tv_clear(&rettv);
 }
 
 static TerminalJobData *find_job(uint64_t id)
@@ -24341,8 +23410,8 @@ static void script_host_eval(char *name, typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
     return;
   }
 
-  list_T *args = list_alloc();
-  list_append_string(args, argvars[0].vval.v_string, -1);
+  list_T *args = tv_list_alloc();
+  tv_list_append_string(args, (const char *)argvars[0].vval.v_string, -1);
   *rettv = eval_call_provider(name, "eval", args);
 }
 
@@ -24387,7 +23456,7 @@ typval_T eval_call_provider(char *provider, char *method, list_T *arguments)
                   NULL,
                   NULL);
 
-  list_unref(arguments);
+  tv_list_unref(arguments);
   // Restore caller scope information
   restore_funccal(provider_caller_scope.funccalp);
   provider_caller_scope = saved_provider_caller_scope;
@@ -24479,12 +23548,12 @@ static void dictwatcher_notify(dict_T *dict, const char *key, typval_T *newtv,
       watcher->busy = true;
       callback_call(&watcher->callback, 3, argv, &rettv);
       watcher->busy = false;
-      clear_tv(&rettv);
+      tv_clear(&rettv);
     }
   }
 
   for (size_t i = 1; i < ARRAY_SIZE(argv); i++) {
-    clear_tv(argv + i);
+    tv_clear(argv + i);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/decode.c b/src/nvim/eval/decode.c
index 43e9f76c0f..1d30f51f55 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval/decode.c
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/decode.c
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 #include <msgpack.h>
 
-#include "nvim/eval_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/encode.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
@@ -118,18 +118,18 @@ static inline int json_decoder_pop(ValuesStackItem obj,
     if (last_container.container.vval.v_list->lv_len != 0
         && !obj.didcomma) {
       EMSG2(_("E474: Expected comma before list item: %s"), val_location);
-      clear_tv(&obj.val);
+      tv_clear(&obj.val);
       return FAIL;
     }
     assert(last_container.special_val == NULL);
-    listitem_T *obj_li = listitem_alloc();
+    listitem_T *obj_li = tv_list_item_alloc();
     obj_li->li_tv = obj.val;
-    list_append(last_container.container.vval.v_list, obj_li);
+    tv_list_append(last_container.container.vval.v_list, obj_li);
   } else if (last_container.stack_index == kv_size(*stack) - 2) {
     if (!obj.didcolon) {
       EMSG2(_("E474: Expected colon before dictionary value: %s"),
             val_location);
-      clear_tv(&obj.val);
+      tv_clear(&obj.val);
       return FAIL;
     }
     ValuesStackItem key = kv_pop(*stack);
@@ -139,33 +139,33 @@ static inline int json_decoder_pop(ValuesStackItem obj,
                || key.val.vval.v_string == NULL
                || *key.val.vval.v_string == NUL));
       dictitem_T *obj_di = dictitem_alloc(key.val.vval.v_string);
-      clear_tv(&key.val);
+      tv_clear(&key.val);
       if (dict_add(last_container.container.vval.v_dict, obj_di)
           == FAIL) {
         assert(false);
       }
       obj_di->di_tv = obj.val;
     } else {
-      list_T *const kv_pair = list_alloc();
-      list_append_list(last_container.special_val, kv_pair);
-      listitem_T *const key_li = listitem_alloc();
+      list_T *const kv_pair = tv_list_alloc();
+      tv_list_append_list(last_container.special_val, kv_pair);
+      listitem_T *const key_li = tv_list_item_alloc();
       key_li->li_tv = key.val;
-      list_append(kv_pair, key_li);
-      listitem_T *const val_li = listitem_alloc();
+      tv_list_append(kv_pair, key_li);
+      listitem_T *const val_li = tv_list_item_alloc();
       val_li->li_tv = obj.val;
-      list_append(kv_pair, val_li);
+      tv_list_append(kv_pair, val_li);
     }
   } else {
     // Object with key only
     if (!obj.is_special_string && obj.val.v_type != VAR_STRING) {
       EMSG2(_("E474: Expected string key: %s"), *pp);
-      clear_tv(&obj.val);
+      tv_clear(&obj.val);
       return FAIL;
     } else if (!obj.didcomma
                && (last_container.special_val == NULL
                    && (DICT_LEN(last_container.container.vval.v_dict) != 0))) {
       EMSG2(_("E474: Expected comma before dictionary key: %s"), val_location);
-      clear_tv(&obj.val);
+      tv_clear(&obj.val);
       return FAIL;
     }
     // Handle empty key and key represented as special dictionary
@@ -175,14 +175,14 @@ static inline int json_decoder_pop(ValuesStackItem obj,
             || *obj.val.vval.v_string == NUL
             || dict_find(last_container.container.vval.v_dict,
                          obj.val.vval.v_string, -1))) {
-      clear_tv(&obj.val);
+      tv_clear(&obj.val);
 
       // Restart
       (void) kv_pop(*container_stack);
       ValuesStackItem last_container_val =
           kv_A(*stack, last_container.stack_index);
       while (kv_size(*stack) > last_container.stack_index) {
-        clear_tv(&(kv_pop(*stack).val));
+        tv_clear(&(kv_pop(*stack).val));
       }
       *pp = last_container.s;
       *didcomma = last_container_val.didcomma;
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ static inline int parse_json_string(vimconv_T *const conv,
   }
   if (hasnul) {
     typval_T obj;
-    list_T *const list = list_alloc();
+    list_T *const list = tv_list_alloc();
     list->lv_refcount++;
     create_special_dict(&obj, kMPString, ((typval_T) {
       .v_type = VAR_LIST,
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ static inline int parse_json_string(vimconv_T *const conv,
     }));
     if (encode_list_write((void *) list, str, (size_t) (str_end - str))
         == -1) {
-      clear_tv(&obj);
+      tv_clear(&obj);
       goto parse_json_string_fail;
     }
     xfree(str);
@@ -806,7 +806,7 @@ json_decode_string_cycle_start:
         break;
       }
       case '[': {
-        list_T *list = list_alloc();
+        list_T *list = tv_list_alloc();
         list->lv_refcount++;
         typval_T tv = {
           .v_type = VAR_LIST,
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ json_decode_string_cycle_start:
         list_T *val_list = NULL;
         if (next_map_special) {
           next_map_special = false;
-          val_list = list_alloc();
+          val_list = tv_list_alloc();
           val_list->lv_refcount++;
           create_special_dict(&tv, kMPMap, ((typval_T) {
             .v_type = VAR_LIST,
@@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ json_decode_string_after_cycle:
 json_decode_string_fail:
   ret = FAIL;
   while (kv_size(stack)) {
-    clear_tv(&(kv_pop(stack).val));
+    tv_clear(&(kv_pop(stack).val));
   }
 json_decode_string_ret:
   kv_destroy(stack);
@@ -933,7 +933,7 @@ int msgpack_to_vim(const msgpack_object mobj, typval_T *const rettv)
           .vval = { .v_number = (varnumber_T) mobj.via.u64 },
         };
       } else {
-        list_T *const list = list_alloc();
+        list_T *const list = tv_list_alloc();
         list->lv_refcount++;
         create_special_dict(rettv, kMPInteger, ((typval_T) {
           .v_type = VAR_LIST,
@@ -941,10 +941,10 @@ int msgpack_to_vim(const msgpack_object mobj, typval_T *const rettv)
           .vval = { .v_list = list },
         }));
         uint64_t n = mobj.via.u64;
-        list_append_number(list, 1);
-        list_append_number(list, (varnumber_T) ((n >> 62) & 0x3));
-        list_append_number(list, (varnumber_T) ((n >> 31) & 0x7FFFFFFF));
-        list_append_number(list, (varnumber_T) (n & 0x7FFFFFFF));
+        tv_list_append_number(list, 1);
+        tv_list_append_number(list, (varnumber_T)((n >> 62) & 0x3));
+        tv_list_append_number(list, (varnumber_T)((n >> 31) & 0x7FFFFFFF));
+        tv_list_append_number(list, (varnumber_T)(n & 0x7FFFFFFF));
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -956,18 +956,18 @@ int msgpack_to_vim(const msgpack_object mobj, typval_T *const rettv)
           .vval = { .v_number = (varnumber_T) mobj.via.i64 },
         };
       } else {
-        list_T *const list = list_alloc();
+        list_T *const list = tv_list_alloc();
         list->lv_refcount++;
         create_special_dict(rettv, kMPInteger, ((typval_T) {
           .v_type = VAR_LIST,
           .v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED,
           .vval = { .v_list = list },
         }));
-        uint64_t n = -((uint64_t) mobj.via.i64);
-        list_append_number(list, -1);
-        list_append_number(list, (varnumber_T) ((n >> 62) & 0x3));
-        list_append_number(list, (varnumber_T) ((n >> 31) & 0x7FFFFFFF));
-        list_append_number(list, (varnumber_T) (n & 0x7FFFFFFF));
+        uint64_t n = -((uint64_t)mobj.via.i64);
+        tv_list_append_number(list, -1);
+        tv_list_append_number(list, (varnumber_T)((n >> 62) & 0x3));
+        tv_list_append_number(list, (varnumber_T)((n >> 31) & 0x7FFFFFFF));
+        tv_list_append_number(list, (varnumber_T)(n & 0x7FFFFFFF));
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -980,7 +980,7 @@ int msgpack_to_vim(const msgpack_object mobj, typval_T *const rettv)
       break;
     }
     case MSGPACK_OBJECT_STR: {
-      list_T *const list = list_alloc();
+      list_T *const list = tv_list_alloc();
       list->lv_refcount++;
       create_special_dict(rettv, kMPString, ((typval_T) {
         .v_type = VAR_LIST,
@@ -1002,7 +1002,7 @@ int msgpack_to_vim(const msgpack_object mobj, typval_T *const rettv)
         };
         break;
       }
-      list_T *const list = list_alloc();
+      list_T *const list = tv_list_alloc();
       list->lv_refcount++;
       create_special_dict(rettv, kMPBinary, ((typval_T) {
         .v_type = VAR_LIST,
@@ -1016,7 +1016,7 @@ int msgpack_to_vim(const msgpack_object mobj, typval_T *const rettv)
       break;
     }
     case MSGPACK_OBJECT_ARRAY: {
-      list_T *const list = list_alloc();
+      list_T *const list = tv_list_alloc();
       list->lv_refcount++;
       *rettv = (typval_T) {
         .v_type = VAR_LIST,
@@ -1024,9 +1024,9 @@ int msgpack_to_vim(const msgpack_object mobj, typval_T *const rettv)
         .vval = { .v_list = list },
       };
       for (size_t i = 0; i < mobj.via.array.size; i++) {
-        listitem_T *const li = listitem_alloc();
+        listitem_T *const li = tv_list_item_alloc();
         li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
-        list_append(list, li);
+        tv_list_append(list, li);
         if (msgpack_to_vim(mobj.via.array.ptr[i], &li->li_tv) == FAIL) {
           return FAIL;
         }
@@ -1057,7 +1057,7 @@ int msgpack_to_vim(const msgpack_object mobj, typval_T *const rettv)
         di->di_tv.v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
         if (dict_add(dict, di) == FAIL) {
           // Duplicate key: fallback to generic map
-          clear_tv(rettv);
+          tv_clear(rettv);
           xfree(di);
           goto msgpack_to_vim_generic_map;
         }
@@ -1067,7 +1067,7 @@ int msgpack_to_vim(const msgpack_object mobj, typval_T *const rettv)
       }
       break;
 msgpack_to_vim_generic_map: {}
-      list_T *const list = list_alloc();
+      list_T *const list = tv_list_alloc();
       list->lv_refcount++;
       create_special_dict(rettv, kMPMap, ((typval_T) {
         .v_type = VAR_LIST,
@@ -1075,14 +1075,14 @@ msgpack_to_vim_generic_map: {}
         .vval = { .v_list = list },
       }));
       for (size_t i = 0; i < mobj.via.map.size; i++) {
-        list_T *const kv_pair = list_alloc();
-        list_append_list(list, kv_pair);
-        listitem_T *const key_li = listitem_alloc();
+        list_T *const kv_pair = tv_list_alloc();
+        tv_list_append_list(list, kv_pair);
+        listitem_T *const key_li = tv_list_item_alloc();
         key_li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
-        list_append(kv_pair, key_li);
-        listitem_T *const val_li = listitem_alloc();
+        tv_list_append(kv_pair, key_li);
+        listitem_T *const val_li = tv_list_item_alloc();
         val_li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
-        list_append(kv_pair, val_li);
+        tv_list_append(kv_pair, val_li);
         if (msgpack_to_vim(mobj.via.map.ptr[i].key, &key_li->li_tv) == FAIL) {
           return FAIL;
         }
@@ -1093,11 +1093,11 @@ msgpack_to_vim_generic_map: {}
       break;
     }
     case MSGPACK_OBJECT_EXT: {
-      list_T *const list = list_alloc();
+      list_T *const list = tv_list_alloc();
       list->lv_refcount++;
-      list_append_number(list, mobj.via.ext.type);
-      list_T *const ext_val_list = list_alloc();
-      list_append_list(list, ext_val_list);
+      tv_list_append_number(list, mobj.via.ext.type);
+      list_T *const ext_val_list = tv_list_alloc();
+      tv_list_append_list(list, ext_val_list);
       create_special_dict(rettv, kMPExt, ((typval_T) {
         .v_type = VAR_LIST,
         .v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED,
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/decode.h b/src/nvim/eval/decode.h
index 5c25a64f7a..c8e7a189e3 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval/decode.h
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/decode.h
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 #include <msgpack.h>
 
-#include "nvim/eval_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "eval/decode.h.generated.h"
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/encode.c b/src/nvim/eval/encode.c
index ee66b7cf09..1416806ca6 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval/encode.c
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/encode.c
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #include "nvim/eval/encode.h"
 #include "nvim/buffer_defs.h"  // vimconv_T
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
-#include "nvim/eval_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
 #include "nvim/mbyte.h"
 #include "nvim/message.h"
@@ -45,7 +45,8 @@ const char *const encode_special_var_names[] = {
 #endif
 
 /// Msgpack callback for writing to readfile()-style list
-int encode_list_write(void *data, const char *buf, size_t len)
+int encode_list_write(void *const data, const char *const buf, const size_t len)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
 {
   if (len == 0) {
     return 0;
@@ -80,11 +81,11 @@ int encode_list_write(void *data, const char *buf, size_t len)
       str = xmemdupz(line_start, line_length);
       memchrsub(str, NUL, NL, line_length);
     }
-    list_append_allocated_string(list, str);
+    tv_list_append_allocated_string(list, str);
     line_end++;
   }
   if (line_end == end) {
-    list_append_allocated_string(list, NULL);
+    tv_list_append_allocated_string(list, NULL);
   }
   return 0;
 }
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/executor.c b/src/nvim/eval/executor.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ab48ace400
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/executor.c
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/executor.h"
+#include "nvim/eval.h"
+#include "nvim/message.h"
+#include "nvim/vim.h"
+#include "nvim/globals.h"
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "eval/executor.c.generated.h"
+#endif
+
+static char *e_letwrong = N_("E734: Wrong variable type for %s=");
+
+char *e_listidx = N_("E684: list index out of range: %" PRId64);
+
+/// Hanle tv1 += tv2, -=, .=
+///
+/// @param[in,out]  tv1  First operand, modified typval.
+/// @param[in]  tv2  Second operand.
+/// @param[in]  op  Used operator.
+///
+/// @return OK or FAIL.
+int eexe_mod_op(typval_T *const tv1, const typval_T *const tv2,
+                const char *const op)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  // Can't do anything with a Funcref, a Dict or special value on the right.
+  if (tv2->v_type != VAR_FUNC && tv2->v_type != VAR_DICT) {
+    switch (tv1->v_type) {
+      case VAR_DICT:
+      case VAR_FUNC:
+      case VAR_PARTIAL:
+      case VAR_SPECIAL: {
+        break;
+      }
+      case VAR_LIST: {
+        if (*op != '+' || tv2->v_type != VAR_LIST) {
+          break;
+        }
+        // List += List
+        if (tv1->vval.v_list != NULL && tv2->vval.v_list != NULL) {
+          tv_list_extend(tv1->vval.v_list, tv2->vval.v_list, NULL);
+        }
+        return OK;
+      }
+      case VAR_NUMBER:
+      case VAR_STRING: {
+        if (tv2->v_type == VAR_LIST) {
+          break;
+        }
+        if (*op == '+' || *op == '-') {
+          // nr += nr  or  nr -= nr
+          varnumber_T n = get_tv_number(tv1);
+          if (tv2->v_type == VAR_FLOAT) {
+            float_T f = n;
+
+            if (*op == '+') {
+              f += tv2->vval.v_float;
+            } else {
+              f -= tv2->vval.v_float;
+            }
+            tv_clear(tv1);
+            tv1->v_type = VAR_FLOAT;
+            tv1->vval.v_float = f;
+          } else {
+            if (*op == '+') {
+              n += get_tv_number(tv2);
+            } else {
+              n -= get_tv_number(tv2);
+            }
+            tv_clear(tv1);
+            tv1->v_type = VAR_NUMBER;
+            tv1->vval.v_number = n;
+          }
+        } else {
+          // str .= str
+          if (tv2->v_type == VAR_FLOAT) {
+            break;
+          }
+          char *s = (char *)get_tv_string(tv1);
+          char numbuf[NUMBUFLEN];
+          s = (char *)concat_str((char_u *)s,
+                                 get_tv_string_buf(tv2, (char_u *)numbuf));
+          tv_clear(tv1);
+          tv1->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+          tv1->vval.v_string = (char_u *)s;
+        }
+        return OK;
+      }
+      case VAR_FLOAT: {
+        if (*op == '.' || (tv2->v_type != VAR_FLOAT
+                           && tv2->v_type != VAR_NUMBER
+                           && tv2->v_type != VAR_STRING)) {
+          break;
+        }
+        const float_T f = (tv2->v_type == VAR_FLOAT
+                           ? tv2->vval.v_float
+                           : get_tv_number(tv2));
+        if (*op == '+') {
+          tv1->vval.v_float += f;
+        } else {
+          tv1->vval.v_float -= f;
+        }
+        return OK;
+      }
+      case VAR_UNKNOWN: {
+        assert(false);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  EMSG2(_(e_letwrong), op);
+  return FAIL;
+}
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/executor.h b/src/nvim/eval/executor.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..19e2a75914
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/executor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#ifndef NVIM_EVAL_EXECUTOR_H
+#define NVIM_EVAL_EXECUTOR_H
+
+extern char *e_listidx;
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "eval/executor.h.generated.h"
+#endif
+#endif  // NVIM_EVAL_EXECUTOR_H
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/gc.c b/src/nvim/eval/gc.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5ce52ddd70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/gc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/gc.h"
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "eval/gc.c.generated.h"
+#endif
+
+/// Head of list of all dictionaries
+dict_T *gc_first_dict = NULL;
+/// Head of list of all lists
+list_T *gc_first_list = NULL;
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/gc.h b/src/nvim/eval/gc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c2e862e469
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/gc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#ifndef NVIM_EVAL_GC_H
+#define NVIM_EVAL_GC_H
+
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
+
+extern dict_T *gc_first_dict;
+extern list_T *gc_first_list;
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "eval/gc.h.generated.h"
+#endif
+#endif  // NVIM_EVAL_GC_H
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/typval.c b/src/nvim/eval/typval.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7726e106a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/typval.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1171 @@
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/gc.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/executor.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/encode.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval_encode.h"
+#include "nvim/eval.h"
+#include "nvim/types.h"
+#include "nvim/assert.h"
+#include "nvim/memory.h"
+#include "nvim/globals.h"
+// TODO(ZyX-I): Move line_breakcheck out of misc1
+#include "nvim/misc1.h"  // For line_breakcheck
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "eval/typval.c.generated.h"
+#endif
+
+bool tv_in_free_unref_items = false;
+
+// TODO(ZyX-I): Remove DICT_MAXNEST, make users be non-recursive instead
+
+#define DICT_MAXNEST 100
+
+const char *const tv_empty_string = "";
+
+//{{{1 Lists
+//{{{2 List item
+
+/// Allocate a list item
+///
+/// @warning Allocated item is not initialized, do not forget to initialize it
+///          and specifically set lv_lock.
+///
+/// @return [allocated] new list item.
+listitem_T *tv_list_item_alloc(void)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_RET FUNC_ATTR_MALLOC
+{
+  return xmalloc(sizeof(listitem_T));
+}
+
+/// Free a list item
+///
+/// Also clears the value. Does not touch watchers.
+///
+/// @param[out]  item  Item to free.
+void tv_list_item_free(listitem_T *const item)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  tv_clear(&item->li_tv);
+  xfree(item);
+}
+
+/// Remove a list item from a List and free it
+///
+/// Also clears the value.
+///
+/// @param[out]  l  List to remove item from.
+/// @param[in,out]  item  Item to remove.
+void tv_list_item_remove(list_T *const l, listitem_T *const item)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  tv_list_remove_items(l, item, item);
+  tv_list_item_free(item);
+}
+
+//{{{2 List watchers
+
+/// Add a watcher to a list
+///
+/// @param[out]  l  List to add watcher to.
+/// @param[in]  lw  Watcher to add.
+void tv_list_watch_add(list_T *const l, listwatch_T *const lw)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  lw->lw_next = l->lv_watch;
+  l->lv_watch = lw;
+}
+
+/// Remove a watcher from a list
+///
+/// Does not give a warning if watcher was not found.
+///
+/// @param[out]  l  List to remove watcher from.
+/// @param[in]  lwrem  Watcher to remove.
+void tv_list_watch_remove(list_T *const l, listwatch_T *const lwrem)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  listwatch_T **lwp = &l->lv_watch;
+  for (listwatch_T *lw = l->lv_watch; lw != NULL; lw = lw->lw_next) {
+    if (lw == lwrem) {
+      *lwp = lw->lw_next;
+      break;
+    }
+    lwp = &lw->lw_next;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Advance watchers to the next item
+///
+/// Used just before removing an item from a list.
+///
+/// @param[out]  l  List from which item is removed.
+/// @param[in]  item  List item being removed.
+void tv_list_watch_fix(list_T *const l, const listitem_T *const item)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  for (listwatch_T *lw = l->lv_watch; lw != NULL; lw = lw->lw_next) {
+    if (lw->lw_item == item) {
+      lw->lw_item = item->li_next;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+//{{{2 Lists
+//{{{3 Alloc/free
+
+/// Allocate an empty list
+///
+/// Caller should take care of the reference count.
+///
+/// @return [allocated] new list.
+list_T *tv_list_alloc(void)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_RET FUNC_ATTR_MALLOC
+{
+  list_T *const list = xcalloc(1, sizeof(list_T));
+
+  // Prepend the list to the list of lists for garbage collection.
+  if (gc_first_list != NULL) {
+    gc_first_list->lv_used_prev = list;
+  }
+  list->lv_used_prev = NULL;
+  list->lv_used_next = gc_first_list;
+  gc_first_list = list;
+  return list;
+}
+
+/// Free items contained in a list
+///
+/// @param[in,out]  l  List to clear.
+void tv_list_free_contents(list_T *const l)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  for (listitem_T *item = l->lv_first; item != NULL; item = l->lv_first) {
+    // Remove the item before deleting it.
+    l->lv_first = item->li_next;
+    tv_clear(&item->li_tv);
+    xfree(item);
+  }
+  l->lv_len = 0;
+  l->lv_idx_item = NULL;
+  for (listwatch_T *lw = l->lv_watch; lw != NULL; lw = lw->lw_next) {
+    lw->lw_item = NULL;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Free a list itself, ignoring items it contains
+///
+/// Ignores the reference count.
+///
+/// @param[in,out]  l  List to free.
+void tv_list_free_list(list_T *const l)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  // Remove the list from the list of lists for garbage collection.
+  if (l->lv_used_prev == NULL) {
+    gc_first_list = l->lv_used_next;
+  } else {
+    l->lv_used_prev->lv_used_next = l->lv_used_next;
+  }
+  if (l->lv_used_next != NULL) {
+    l->lv_used_next->lv_used_prev = l->lv_used_prev;
+  }
+
+  xfree(l);
+}
+
+/// Free a list, including all items it points to
+///
+/// Ignores the reference count. Does not do anything if
+/// tv_in_free_unref_items is true.
+///
+/// @param[in,out]  l  List to free.
+void tv_list_free(list_T *const l)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  if (!tv_in_free_unref_items) {
+    tv_list_free_contents(l);
+    tv_list_free_list(l);
+  }
+}
+
+/// Unreference a list
+///
+/// Decrements the reference count and frees when it becomes zero or less.
+///
+/// @param[in,out]  l  List to unreference.
+void tv_list_unref(list_T *const l)
+{
+  if (l != NULL && --l->lv_refcount <= 0) {
+    tv_list_free(l);
+  }
+}
+
+//{{{3 Add/remove
+
+/// Remove items "item" to "item2" from list "l".
+///
+/// @warning Does not free the listitem or the value!
+///
+/// @param[out]  l  List to remove from.
+/// @param[in]  item  First item to remove.
+/// @param[in]  item2  Last item to remove.
+void tv_list_remove_items(list_T *const l, listitem_T *const item,
+                          listitem_T *const item2)
+{
+  // notify watchers
+  for (listitem_T *ip = item; ip != NULL; ip = ip->li_next) {
+    l->lv_len--;
+    tv_list_watch_fix(l, ip);
+    if (ip == item2) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (item2->li_next == NULL) {
+    l->lv_last = item->li_prev;
+  } else {
+    item2->li_next->li_prev = item->li_prev;
+  }
+  if (item->li_prev == NULL) {
+    l->lv_first = item2->li_next;
+  } else {
+    item->li_prev->li_next = item2->li_next;
+  }
+  l->lv_idx_item = NULL;
+}
+
+/// Insert list item
+///
+/// @param[out]  l  List to insert to.
+/// @param[in,out]  ni  Item to insert.
+/// @param[in]  item  Item to insert before. If NULL, inserts at the end of the
+///                   list.
+void tv_list_insert(list_T *const l, listitem_T *const ni,
+                    listitem_T *const item)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1, 2)
+{
+  if (item == NULL) {
+    // Append new item at end of list.
+    tv_list_append(l, ni);
+  } else {
+    // Insert new item before existing item.
+    ni->li_prev = item->li_prev;
+    ni->li_next = item;
+    if (item->li_prev == NULL) {
+      l->lv_first = ni;
+      l->lv_idx++;
+    } else {
+      item->li_prev->li_next = ni;
+      l->lv_idx_item = NULL;
+    }
+    item->li_prev = ni;
+    l->lv_len++;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Insert VimL value into a list
+///
+/// @param[out]  l  List to insert to.
+/// @param[in,out]  tv  Value to insert. Is copied (@see copy_tv()) to an
+///                     allocated listitem_T and inserted.
+/// @param[in]  item  Item to insert before. If NULL, inserts at the end of the
+///                   list.
+void tv_list_insert_tv(list_T *const l, typval_T *const tv,
+                       listitem_T *const item)
+{
+  listitem_T *const ni = tv_list_item_alloc();
+
+  copy_tv(tv, &ni->li_tv);
+  tv_list_insert(l, ni, item);
+}
+
+/// Append item to the end of list
+///
+/// @param[out]  l  List to append to.
+/// @param[in,out]  item  Item to append.
+void tv_list_append(list_T *const l, listitem_T *const item)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  if (l->lv_last == NULL) {
+    // empty list
+    l->lv_first = item;
+    l->lv_last = item;
+    item->li_prev = NULL;
+  } else {
+    l->lv_last->li_next = item;
+    item->li_prev = l->lv_last;
+    l->lv_last = item;
+  }
+  l->lv_len++;
+  item->li_next = NULL;
+}
+
+/// Append VimL value to the end of list
+///
+/// @param[out]  l  List to append to.
+/// @param[in,out]  tv  Value to append. Is copied (@see copy_tv()) to an
+///                     allocated listitem_T.
+void tv_list_append_tv(list_T *const l, typval_T *const tv)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  listitem_T *const li = tv_list_item_alloc();
+  copy_tv(tv, &li->li_tv);
+  tv_list_append(l, li);
+}
+
+/// Append a list to a list as one item
+///
+/// @param[out]  l  List to append to.
+/// @param[in,out]  itemlist  List to append. Reference count is increased.
+void tv_list_append_list(list_T *const list, list_T *const itemlist)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
+{
+  listitem_T *const li = tv_list_item_alloc();
+
+  li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_LIST;
+  li->li_tv.v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED;
+  li->li_tv.vval.v_list = itemlist;
+  tv_list_append(list, li);
+  if (itemlist != NULL) {
+    itemlist->lv_refcount++;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Append a dictionary to a list
+///
+/// @param[out]  l  List to append to.
+/// @param[in,out]  dict  Dictionary to append. Reference count is increased.
+void tv_list_append_dict(list_T *const list, dict_T *const dict)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
+{
+  listitem_T *const li = tv_list_item_alloc();
+
+  li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_DICT;
+  li->li_tv.v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED;
+  li->li_tv.vval.v_dict = dict;
+  tv_list_append(list, li);
+  if (dict != NULL) {
+    dict->dv_refcount++;
+  }
+}
+
+/// Make a copy of "str" and append it as an item to list "l"
+///
+/// @param[out]  l  List to append to.
+/// @param[in]  str  String to append.
+/// @param[in]  len  Length of the appended string. May be -1, in this
+///                  case string is considered to be usual zero-terminated
+///                  string or NULL “empty” string.
+void tv_list_append_string(list_T *const l, const char *const str,
+                           const ptrdiff_t len)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
+{
+  if (str == NULL) {
+    assert(len == 0 || len == -1);
+    tv_list_append_allocated_string(l, NULL);
+  } else {
+    tv_list_append_allocated_string(l, (len >= 0
+                                        ? xmemdupz(str, (size_t)len)
+                                        : xstrdup(str)));
+  }
+}
+
+/// Append given string to the list
+///
+/// Unlike list_append_string this function does not copy the string.
+///
+/// @param[out]  l    List to append to.
+/// @param[in]   str  String to append.
+void tv_list_append_allocated_string(list_T *const l, char *const str)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
+{
+  listitem_T *const li = tv_list_item_alloc();
+
+  tv_list_append(l, li);
+  li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_STRING;
+  li->li_tv.v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED;
+  li->li_tv.vval.v_string = (char_u *)str;
+}
+
+/// Append number to the list
+///
+/// @param[out]  l  List to append to.
+/// @param[in]  n  Number to append. Will be recorded in the allocated
+///                listitem_T.
+void tv_list_append_number(list_T *const l, const varnumber_T n)
+{
+  listitem_T *const li = tv_list_item_alloc();
+  li->li_tv.v_type = VAR_NUMBER;
+  li->li_tv.v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED;
+  li->li_tv.vval.v_number = n;
+  tv_list_append(l, li);
+}
+
+//{{{3 Operations on the whole list
+
+/// Make a copy of list
+///
+/// @param[in]  conv  If non-NULL, then all internal strings will be converted.
+/// @param[in]  orig  Original list to copy.
+/// @param[in]  deep  If false, then shallow copy will be done.
+/// @param[in]  copyID  See var_item_copy().
+///
+/// @return Copied list. May be NULL in case original list is NULL or some
+///         failure happens. The refcount of the new list is set to 1.
+list_T *tv_list_copy(const vimconv_T *const conv, list_T *const orig,
+                     const bool deep, const int copyID)
+  FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+{
+  if (orig == NULL) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  list_T *copy = tv_list_alloc();
+  if (copyID != 0) {
+    // Do this before adding the items, because one of the items may
+    // refer back to this list.
+    orig->lv_copyID = copyID;
+    orig->lv_copylist = copy;
+  }
+  listitem_T *item;
+  for (item = orig->lv_first; item != NULL && !got_int;
+       item = item->li_next) {
+    listitem_T *const ni = tv_list_item_alloc();
+    if (deep) {
+      if (var_item_copy(conv, &item->li_tv, &ni->li_tv, deep, copyID) == FAIL) {
+        xfree(ni);
+        break;
+      }
+    } else {
+      copy_tv(&item->li_tv, &ni->li_tv);
+    }
+    tv_list_append(copy, ni);
+  }
+  copy->lv_refcount++;
+  if (item != NULL) {
+    tv_list_unref(copy);
+    copy = NULL;
+  }
+
+  return copy;
+}
+
+/// Extend first list with the second
+///
+/// @param[out]  l1  List to extend.
+/// @param[in]  l2  List to extend with.
+/// @param[in]  bef  If not NULL, extends before this item.
+void tv_list_extend(list_T *const l1, list_T *const l2,
+                    listitem_T *const bef)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1, 2)
+{
+  int todo = l2->lv_len;
+  // We also quit the loop when we have inserted the original item count of
+  // the list, avoid a hang when we extend a list with itself.
+  for (listitem_T  *item = l2->lv_first
+       ; item != NULL && --todo >= 0
+       ; item = item->li_next) {
+    tv_list_insert_tv(l1, &item->li_tv, bef);
+  }
+}
+
+/// Concatenate lists into a new list
+///
+/// @param[in]  l1  First list.
+/// @param[in]  l2  Second list.
+/// @param[out]  ret_tv  Location where new list is saved.
+///
+/// @return OK or FAIL.
+int tv_list_concat(list_T *const l1, list_T *const l2, typval_T *const tv)
+  FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+{
+  if (l1 == NULL || l2 == NULL) {
+    return FAIL;
+  }
+
+  // make a copy of the first list.
+  list_T *const l = tv_list_copy(NULL, l1, false, 0);
+  if (l == NULL) {
+    return FAIL;
+  }
+  tv->v_type = VAR_LIST;
+  tv->vval.v_list = l;
+
+  // append all items from the second list
+  tv_list_extend(l, l2, NULL);
+  return OK;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+  char_u *s;
+  char_u *tofree;
+} Join;
+
+/// Join list into a string, helper function
+///
+/// @param[out]  gap  Garray where result will be saved.
+/// @param[in]  l  List to join.
+/// @param[in]  sep  Used separator.
+/// @param[in]  join_gap  Garray to keep each list item string.
+///
+/// @return OK in case of success, FAIL otherwise.
+static int list_join_inner(garray_T *const gap, list_T *const l,
+                           const char *const sep, garray_T *const join_gap)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  size_t sumlen = 0;
+  bool first = true;
+  listitem_T  *item;
+
+  // Stringify each item in the list.
+  for (item = l->lv_first; item != NULL && !got_int; item = item->li_next) {
+    char *s;
+    size_t len;
+    s = encode_tv2echo(&item->li_tv, &len);
+    if (s == NULL) {
+      return FAIL;
+    }
+
+    sumlen += len;
+
+    Join *const p = GA_APPEND_VIA_PTR(Join, join_gap);
+    p->tofree = p->s = (char_u *)s;
+
+    line_breakcheck();
+  }
+
+  // Allocate result buffer with its total size, avoid re-allocation and
+  // multiple copy operations.  Add 2 for a tailing ']' and NUL.
+  if (join_gap->ga_len >= 2) {
+    sumlen += strlen(sep) * (size_t)(join_gap->ga_len - 1);
+  }
+  ga_grow(gap, (int)sumlen + 2);
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < join_gap->ga_len && !got_int; i++) {
+    if (first) {
+      first = false;
+    } else {
+      ga_concat(gap, (const char_u *)sep);
+    }
+    const Join *const p = ((const Join *)join_gap->ga_data) + i;
+
+    if (p->s != NULL) {
+      ga_concat(gap, p->s);
+    }
+    line_breakcheck();
+  }
+
+  return OK;
+}
+
+/// Join list into a string using given separator
+///
+/// @param[out]  gap  Garray where result will be saved.
+/// @param[in]  l  Joined list.
+/// @param[in]  sep  Separator.
+///
+/// @return OK in case of success, FAIL otherwise.
+int tv_list_join(garray_T *const gap, list_T *const l, const char *const sep)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  if (l->lv_len < 1) {
+    return OK;
+  }
+
+  garray_T join_ga;
+  int retval;
+
+  ga_init(&join_ga, (int)sizeof(Join), l->lv_len);
+  retval = list_join_inner(gap, l, sep, &join_ga);
+
+#define FREE_JOIN_TOFREE(join) xfree((join)->tofree)
+  GA_DEEP_CLEAR(&join_ga, Join, FREE_JOIN_TOFREE);
+#undef FREE_JOIN_TOFREE
+
+  return retval;
+}
+
+/// Chech whether two lists are equal
+///
+/// @param[in]  l1  First list to compare.
+/// @param[in]  l2  Second list to compare.
+/// @param[in]  ic  True if case is to be ignored.
+/// @param[in]  recursive  True when used recursively.
+bool tv_list_equal(list_T *const l1, list_T *const l2, const bool ic,
+                   const bool recursive)
+  FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+{
+  if (l1 == NULL || l2 == NULL) {
+    // FIXME? compare empty list with NULL list equal
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (l1 == l2) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (tv_list_len(l1) != tv_list_len(l2)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  listitem_T *item1 = l1->lv_first;
+  listitem_T *item2 = l2->lv_first;
+  for (; item1 != NULL && item2 != NULL
+       ; item1 = item1->li_next, item2 = item2->li_next) {
+    if (!tv_equal(&item1->li_tv, &item2->li_tv, ic, recursive)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  assert(item1 == NULL && item2 == NULL);
+  return true;
+}
+
+//{{{3 Indexing/searching
+
+/// Locate item with a given index in a list and return it
+///
+/// @param[in]  l  List to index.
+/// @param[in]  n  Index. Negative index is counted from the end, -1 is the last
+///                item.
+///
+/// @return Item at the given index or NULL if `n` is out of range.
+listitem_T *tv_list_find(list_T *const l, int n)
+  FUNC_ATTR_PURE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+{
+  STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(n) == sizeof(l->lv_idx),
+                "n and lv_idx sizes do not match");
+  if (l == NULL) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  // Negative index is relative to the end.
+  if (n < 0) {
+    n = l->lv_len + n;
+  }
+
+  // Check for index out of range.
+  if (n < 0 || n >= l->lv_len) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  int idx;
+  listitem_T  *item;
+
+  // When there is a cached index may start search from there.
+  if (l->lv_idx_item != NULL) {
+    if (n < l->lv_idx / 2) {
+      // Closest to the start of the list.
+      item = l->lv_first;
+      idx = 0;
+    } else if (n > (l->lv_idx + l->lv_len) / 2) {
+      // Closest to the end of the list.
+      item = l->lv_last;
+      idx = l->lv_len - 1;
+    } else {
+      // Closest to the cached index.
+      item = l->lv_idx_item;
+      idx = l->lv_idx;
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (n < l->lv_len / 2) {
+      // Closest to the start of the list.
+      item = l->lv_first;
+      idx = 0;
+    } else {
+      // Closest to the end of the list.
+      item = l->lv_last;
+      idx = l->lv_len - 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  while (n > idx) {
+    // Search forward.
+    item = item->li_next;
+    idx++;
+  }
+  while (n < idx) {
+    // Search backward.
+    item = item->li_prev;
+    idx--;
+  }
+
+  assert(idx == n);
+  // Cache the used index.
+  l->lv_idx = idx;
+  l->lv_idx_item = item;
+
+  return item;
+}
+
+/// Get list item l[n] as a number
+///
+/// @param[in]  l  List to index.
+/// @param[in]  n  Index in a list.
+/// @param[out]  ret_error  Location where 1 will be saved if index was not
+///                         found. May be NULL. If everything is OK,
+///                         `*ret_error` is not touched.
+///
+/// @return Integer value at the given index or -1.
+varnumber_T tv_list_find_nr(list_T *const l, const int n, bool *ret_error)
+  FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+{
+  const listitem_T *const li = tv_list_find(l, n);
+  if (li == NULL) {
+    if (ret_error != NULL) {
+      *ret_error = true;
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+  return get_tv_number_chk(&li->li_tv, ret_error);
+}
+
+/// Get list item l[n - 1] as a string
+///
+/// @param[in]  l  List to index.
+/// @param[in]  n  Index in a list.
+///
+/// @return [allocated] Copy of the list item string value.
+char *tv_list_find_str(list_T *l, int n)
+  FUNC_ATTR_MALLOC
+{
+  const listitem_T *const li = tv_list_find(l, n - 1);
+  if (li == NULL) {
+    EMSGN(_(e_listidx), n);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  return (char *)get_tv_string(&li->li_tv);
+}
+
+/// Locate item in a list and return its index
+///
+/// @param[in]  l  List to search.
+/// @param[in]  item  Item to search for.
+///
+/// @return Index of an item or -1 if item is not in the list.
+long tv_list_idx_of_item(const list_T *const l, const listitem_T *const item)
+  FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_PURE
+{
+  if (l == NULL) {
+    return -1;
+  }
+  long idx = 0;
+  listitem_T *li;
+  for (li = l->lv_first; li != NULL && li != item; li = li->li_next) {
+    idx++;
+  }
+  if (li == NULL) {
+    return -1;
+  }
+  return idx;
+}
+//{{{1 Generic typval operations
+//{{{2 Init/alloc/clear
+//{{{3 Alloc
+
+/// Allocate an empty list for a return value
+///
+/// Also sets reference count.
+///
+/// @param[out]  ret_tv  Structure where list is saved.
+///
+/// @return [allocated] pointer to the created list.
+list_T *tv_list_alloc_ret(typval_T *const ret_tv)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_MALLOC
+{
+  list_T *const l = tv_list_alloc();
+  ret_tv->vval.v_list = l;
+  ret_tv->v_type = VAR_LIST;
+  ret_tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED;
+  l->lv_refcount++;
+  return l;
+}
+
+//{{{3 Clear
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_ALLOW_SPECIALS false
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_NIL(tv) \
+    do { \
+      tv->vval.v_special = kSpecialVarFalse; \
+      tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED; \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_BOOL(tv, num) \
+    TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_NIL(tv)
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_NUMBER(tv, num) \
+    do { \
+      (void)num; \
+      tv->vval.v_number = 0; \
+      tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED; \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_UNSIGNED_NUMBER(tv, num)
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FLOAT(tv, flt) \
+    do { \
+      tv->vval.v_float = 0; \
+      tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED; \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_STRING(tv, buf, len) \
+    do { \
+      xfree(buf); \
+      tv->vval.v_string = NULL; \
+      tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED; \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_STR_STRING(tv, buf, len)
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_EXT_STRING(tv, buf, len, type)
+
+static inline int _nothing_conv_func_start(typval_T *const tv,
+                                           char_u *const fun)
+  FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_ALWAYS_INLINE FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ARG(1)
+{
+  tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED;
+  if (tv->v_type == VAR_PARTIAL) {
+    partial_T *const pt_ = tv->vval.v_partial;
+    if (pt_ != NULL && pt_->pt_refcount > 1) {
+      pt_->pt_refcount--;
+      tv->vval.v_partial = NULL;
+      return OK;
+    }
+  } else {
+    func_unref(fun);
+    if ((const char *)fun != tv_empty_string) {
+      xfree(fun);
+    }
+    tv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+  }
+  return NOTDONE;
+}
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FUNC_START(tv, fun) \
+    do { \
+      if (_nothing_conv_func_start(tv, fun) != NOTDONE) { \
+        return OK; \
+      } \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FUNC_BEFORE_ARGS(tv, len)
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FUNC_BEFORE_SELF(tv, len)
+
+static inline void _nothing_conv_func_end(typval_T *const tv, const int copyID)
+  FUNC_ATTR_ALWAYS_INLINE FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  if (tv->v_type == VAR_PARTIAL) {
+    partial_T *const pt = tv->vval.v_partial;
+    if (pt == NULL) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // Dictionary should already be freed by the time.
+    // If it was not freed then it is a part of the reference cycle.
+    assert(pt->pt_dict == NULL || pt->pt_dict->dv_copyID == copyID);
+    pt->pt_dict = NULL;
+    // As well as all arguments.
+    pt->pt_argc = 0;
+    assert(pt->pt_refcount <= 1);
+    partial_unref(pt);
+    tv->vval.v_partial = NULL;
+    assert(tv->v_lock == VAR_UNLOCKED);
+  }
+}
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FUNC_END(tv) _nothing_conv_func_end(tv, copyID)
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_EMPTY_LIST(tv) \
+    do { \
+      tv_list_unref(tv->vval.v_list); \
+      tv->vval.v_list = NULL; \
+      tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED; \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_EMPTY_DICT(tv, dict) \
+    do { \
+      assert((void *)&dict != (void *)&TYPVAL_ENCODE_NODICT_VAR); \
+      dict_unref((dict_T *)dict); \
+      *((dict_T **)&dict) = NULL; \
+      if (tv != NULL) { \
+        ((typval_T *)tv)->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED; \
+      } \
+    } while (0)
+
+static inline int _nothing_conv_real_list_after_start(
+    typval_T *const tv, MPConvStackVal *const mpsv)
+  FUNC_ATTR_ALWAYS_INLINE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+{
+  assert(tv != NULL);
+  tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED;
+  if (tv->vval.v_list->lv_refcount > 1) {
+    tv->vval.v_list->lv_refcount--;
+    tv->vval.v_list = NULL;
+    mpsv->data.l.li = NULL;
+    return OK;
+  }
+  return NOTDONE;
+}
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_LIST_START(tv, len)
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_REAL_LIST_AFTER_START(tv, mpsv) \
+    do { \
+      if (_nothing_conv_real_list_after_start(tv, &mpsv) != NOTDONE) { \
+        goto typval_encode_stop_converting_one_item; \
+      } \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_LIST_BETWEEN_ITEMS(tv)
+
+static inline void _nothing_conv_list_end(typval_T *const tv)
+  FUNC_ATTR_ALWAYS_INLINE
+{
+  if (tv == NULL) {
+    return;
+  }
+  assert(tv->v_type == VAR_LIST);
+  list_T *const list = tv->vval.v_list;
+  tv_list_unref(list);
+  tv->vval.v_list = NULL;
+}
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_LIST_END(tv) _nothing_conv_list_end(tv)
+
+static inline int _nothing_conv_real_dict_after_start(
+    typval_T *const tv, dict_T **const dictp, const void *const nodictvar,
+    MPConvStackVal *const mpsv)
+  FUNC_ATTR_ALWAYS_INLINE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
+{
+  if (tv != NULL) {
+    tv->v_lock = VAR_UNLOCKED;
+  }
+  if ((const void *)dictp != nodictvar && (*dictp)->dv_refcount > 1) {
+    (*dictp)->dv_refcount--;
+    *dictp = NULL;
+    mpsv->data.d.todo = 0;
+    return OK;
+  }
+  return NOTDONE;
+}
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_DICT_START(tv, dict, len)
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_REAL_DICT_AFTER_START(tv, dict, mpsv) \
+    do { \
+      if (_nothing_conv_real_dict_after_start( \
+          tv, (dict_T **)&dict, (void *)&TYPVAL_ENCODE_NODICT_VAR, \
+          &mpsv) != NOTDONE) { \
+        goto typval_encode_stop_converting_one_item; \
+      } \
+    } while (0)
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_SPECIAL_DICT_KEY_CHECK(tv, dict)
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_DICT_AFTER_KEY(tv, dict)
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_DICT_BETWEEN_ITEMS(tv, dict)
+
+static inline void _nothing_conv_dict_end(typval_T *const tv,
+                                          dict_T **const dictp,
+                                          const void *const nodictvar)
+  FUNC_ATTR_ALWAYS_INLINE
+{
+  if ((const void *)dictp != nodictvar) {
+    dict_unref(*dictp);
+    *dictp = NULL;
+  }
+}
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_DICT_END(tv, dict) \
+    _nothing_conv_dict_end(tv, (dict_T **)&dict, \
+                           (void *)&TYPVAL_ENCODE_NODICT_VAR)
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_RECURSE(val, conv_type)
+
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_SCOPE static
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_NAME nothing
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_FIRST_ARG_TYPE const void *const
+#define TYPVAL_ENCODE_FIRST_ARG_NAME ignored
+#include "nvim/eval/typval_encode.c.h"
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_SCOPE
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_NAME
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_FIRST_ARG_TYPE
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_FIRST_ARG_NAME
+
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_ALLOW_SPECIALS
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_NIL
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_BOOL
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_NUMBER
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_UNSIGNED_NUMBER
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FLOAT
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_STRING
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_STR_STRING
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_EXT_STRING
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FUNC_START
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FUNC_BEFORE_ARGS
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FUNC_BEFORE_SELF
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_FUNC_END
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_EMPTY_LIST
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_EMPTY_DICT
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_LIST_START
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_REAL_LIST_AFTER_START
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_LIST_BETWEEN_ITEMS
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_LIST_END
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_DICT_START
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_REAL_DICT_AFTER_START
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_SPECIAL_DICT_KEY_CHECK
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_DICT_AFTER_KEY
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_DICT_BETWEEN_ITEMS
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_DICT_END
+#undef TYPVAL_ENCODE_CONV_RECURSE
+
+/// Free memory for a variable value and set the value to NULL or 0
+///
+/// @param[in,out]  varp  Value to free.
+void tv_clear(typval_T *varp)
+{
+  if (varp != NULL && varp->v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN) {
+    const int evn_ret = encode_vim_to_nothing(varp, varp, "tv_clear argument");
+    (void)evn_ret;
+    assert(evn_ret == OK);
+  }
+}
+
+//{{{2 Locks
+
+/// Lock or unlock an item
+///
+/// @param[out]  tv  Item to (un)lock.
+/// @param[in]  deep  Levels to (un)lock, -1 to (un)lock everything.
+/// @param[in]  lock  True if it is needed to lock an item, false to unlock.
+void tv_item_lock(typval_T *const tv, const int deep, const bool lock)
+{
+  // TODO(ZyX-I): Make this not recursive
+  static int recurse = 0;
+
+  if (recurse >= DICT_MAXNEST) {
+    emsgf(_("E743: variable nested too deep for (un)lock"));
+    return;
+  }
+  if (deep == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+  recurse++;
+
+  // lock/unlock the item itself
+#define CHANGE_LOCK(lock, var) \
+  do { \
+    var = ((VarLockStatus[]) { \
+      [VAR_UNLOCKED] = (lock ? VAR_LOCKED : VAR_UNLOCKED), \
+      [VAR_LOCKED] = (lock ? VAR_LOCKED : VAR_UNLOCKED), \
+      [VAR_FIXED] = VAR_FIXED, \
+    })[var]; \
+  } while (0)
+  CHANGE_LOCK(lock, tv->v_lock);
+
+  switch (tv->v_type) {
+    case VAR_LIST: {
+      list_T *const l = tv->vval.v_list;
+      if (l != NULL) {
+        CHANGE_LOCK(lock, l->lv_lock);
+        if (deep < 0 || deep > 1) {
+          // Recursive: lock/unlock the items the List contains.
+          for (listitem_T *li = l->lv_first; li != NULL; li = li->li_next) {
+            tv_item_lock(&li->li_tv, deep - 1, lock);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case VAR_DICT: {
+      dict_T *const d = tv->vval.v_dict;
+      if (d != NULL) {
+        CHANGE_LOCK(lock, d->dv_lock);
+        if (deep < 0 || deep > 1) {
+          // recursive: lock/unlock the items the List contains
+          int todo = (int)d->dv_hashtab.ht_used;
+          for (hashitem_T *hi = d->dv_hashtab.ht_array; todo > 0; hi++) {
+            if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi)) {
+              todo--;
+              tv_item_lock(&HI2DI(hi)->di_tv, deep - 1, lock);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case VAR_NUMBER:
+    case VAR_FLOAT:
+    case VAR_STRING:
+    case VAR_FUNC:
+    case VAR_PARTIAL:
+    case VAR_SPECIAL: {
+      break;
+    }
+    case VAR_UNKNOWN: {
+      assert(false);
+    }
+  }
+#undef CHANGE_LOCK
+  recurse--;
+}
+
+/// Check whether VimL value is locked itself or refers to a locked container
+///
+/// @param[in]  tv  Value to check.
+///
+/// @return True if value is locked, false otherwise.
+bool tv_islocked(const typval_T *const tv)
+  FUNC_ATTR_PURE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  return ((tv->v_lock & VAR_LOCKED)
+          || (tv->v_type == VAR_LIST
+              && tv->vval.v_list != NULL
+              && (tv->vval.v_list->lv_lock & VAR_LOCKED))
+          || (tv->v_type == VAR_DICT
+              && tv->vval.v_dict != NULL
+              && (tv->vval.v_dict->dv_lock & VAR_LOCKED)));
+}
+
+//{{{2 Type checks
+
+/// Check that given value is a number or string
+///
+/// Error messages are compatible with get_tv_number() previously used for the
+/// same purpose in buf*() functions. Special values are not accepted (previous
+/// behaviour: silently fail to find buffer).
+///
+/// @param[in]  tv  Value to check.
+///
+/// @return true if everything is OK, false otherwise.
+bool tv_check_str_or_nr(const typval_T *const tv)
+  FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL FUNC_ATTR_PURE
+{
+    switch (tv->v_type) {
+      case VAR_NUMBER:
+      case VAR_STRING: {
+        return true;
+      }
+      case VAR_FLOAT: {
+        EMSG(_("E805: Expected a Number or a String, Float found"));
+        return false;
+      }
+      case VAR_PARTIAL:
+      case VAR_FUNC: {
+        EMSG(_("E703: Expected a Number or a String, Funcref found"));
+        return false;
+      }
+      case VAR_LIST: {
+        EMSG(_("E745: Expected a Number or a String, List found"));
+        return false;
+      }
+      case VAR_DICT: {
+        EMSG(_("E728: Expected a Number or a String, Dictionary found"));
+        return false;
+      }
+      case VAR_SPECIAL: {
+        EMSG(_("E5300: Expected a Number or a String"));
+        return false;
+      }
+      case VAR_UNKNOWN: {
+        EMSG2(_(e_intern2), "tv_check_str_or_nr(UNKNOWN)");
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    assert(false);
+    return false;
+}
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval_defs.h b/src/nvim/eval/typval.h
index 8f5e1a897d..cf83904ffc 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval_defs.h
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/typval.h
@@ -1,22 +1,32 @@
-#ifndef NVIM_EVAL_DEFS_H
-#define NVIM_EVAL_DEFS_H
+#ifndef NVIM_EVAL_TYPVAL_H
+#define NVIM_EVAL_TYPVAL_H
 
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
 #include "nvim/hashtab.h"
+#include "nvim/garray.h"
+#include "nvim/mbyte.h"
 #include "nvim/lib/queue.h"
-#include "nvim/garray.h"   // for garray_T
 #include "nvim/profile.h"  // for proftime_T
 #include "nvim/pos.h"      // for linenr_T
 
+/// Type used for VimL VAR_NUMBER values
 typedef int varnumber_T;
+
+/// Type used for VimL VAR_FLOAT values
 typedef double float_T;
 
+/// Maximal possible value of varnumber_T variable
 #define VARNUMBER_MAX INT_MAX
+
+/// Mimimal possible value of varnumber_T variable
 #define VARNUMBER_MIN INT_MIN
 
+/// %d printf format specifier for varnumber_T
+#define PRIdVARNUMBER "d"
+
 typedef struct listvar_S list_T;
 typedef struct dictvar_S dict_T;
 typedef struct partial_S partial_T;
@@ -64,35 +74,32 @@ typedef struct {
   }           vval;  ///< Actual value.
 } typval_T;
 
-/* Values for "dv_scope". */
-#define VAR_SCOPE     1 /* a:, v:, s:, etc. scope dictionaries */
-#define VAR_DEF_SCOPE 2 /* l:, g: scope dictionaries: here funcrefs are not
-                           allowed to mask existing functions */
+/// Values for (struct dictvar_S).dv_scope
+typedef enum {
+  VAR_NO_SCOPE = 0,  ///< Not a scope dictionary.
+  VAR_SCOPE = 1,  ///< Scope dictionary which requires prefix (a:, v:, …).
+  VAR_DEF_SCOPE = 2,  ///< Scope dictionary which may be accessed without prefix
+                      ///< (l:, g:).
+} ScopeType;
 
-/*
- * Structure to hold an item of a list: an internal variable without a name.
- */
+/// Structure to hold an item of a list
 typedef struct listitem_S listitem_T;
 
 struct listitem_S {
-  listitem_T  *li_next;         /* next item in list */
-  listitem_T  *li_prev;         /* previous item in list */
-  typval_T li_tv;               /* type and value of the variable */
+  listitem_T  *li_next;  ///< Next item in list.
+  listitem_T  *li_prev;  ///< Previous item in list.
+  typval_T li_tv;  ///< Item value.
 };
 
-/*
- * Struct used by those that are using an item in a list.
- */
+/// Structure used by those that are using an item in a list
 typedef struct listwatch_S listwatch_T;
 
 struct listwatch_S {
-  listitem_T          *lw_item;         /* item being watched */
-  listwatch_T         *lw_next;         /* next watcher */
+  listitem_T *lw_item;  ///< Item being watched.
+  listwatch_T *lw_next;  ///< Next watcher.
 };
 
-/*
- * Structure to hold info about a list.
- */
+/// Structure to hold info about a list
 struct listvar_S {
   listitem_T *lv_first;  ///< First item, NULL if none.
   listitem_T *lv_last;  ///< Last item, NULL if none.
@@ -123,28 +130,41 @@ struct dictitem_S {
   char_u di_key[1];             ///< key (actually longer!)
 };
 
-typedef struct dictitem_S dictitem_T;
-
-/// A dictitem with a 16 character key (plus NUL)
-struct dictitem16_S {
-  typval_T di_tv;     ///< type and value of the variable
-  char_u di_flags;    ///< flags (only used for variable)
-  char_u di_key[17];  ///< key
-};
-
-typedef struct dictitem16_S dictitem16_T;
-
-
-#define DI_FLAGS_RO     1   // "di_flags" value: read-only variable
-#define DI_FLAGS_RO_SBX 2   // "di_flags" value: read-only in the sandbox
-#define DI_FLAGS_FIX    4   // "di_flags" value: fixed: no :unlet or remove()
-#define DI_FLAGS_LOCK   8   // "di_flags" value: locked variable
-#define DI_FLAGS_ALLOC  16  // "di_flags" value: separately allocated
+#define TV_DICTITEM_STRUCT(KEY_LEN) \
+    struct { \
+      typval_T di_tv;  /* Structure that holds scope dictionary itself. */ \
+      uint8_t di_flags;  /* Flags. */ \
+      char_u di_key[KEY_LEN];  /* NUL. */ \
+    }
+
+/// Structure to hold a scope dictionary
+///
+/// @warning Must be compatible with dictitem_T.
+///
+/// For use in find_var_in_ht to pretend that it found dictionary item when it
+/// finds scope dictionary.
+typedef TV_DICTITEM_STRUCT(1) ScopeDictDictItem;
+
+/// Structure to hold an item of a Dictionary
+///
+/// @warning Must be compatible with ScopeDictDictItem.
+///
+/// Also used for a variable.
+typedef TV_DICTITEM_STRUCT() dictitem_T;
+
+/// Flags for dictitem_T.di_flags
+typedef enum {
+  DI_FLAGS_RO = 1,  ///< Read-only value
+  DI_FLAGS_RO_SBX = 2,  ///< Value, read-only in the sandbox
+  DI_FLAGS_FIX = 4,  ///< Fixed value: cannot be :unlet or remove()d.
+  DI_FLAGS_LOCK = 8,  ///< Locked value.
+  DI_FLAGS_ALLOC = 16,  ///< Separately allocated.
+} DictItemFlags;
 
 /// Structure representing a Dictionary
 struct dictvar_S {
   VarLockStatus dv_lock;  ///< Whole dictionary lock status.
-  char dv_scope;          ///< Non-zero (#VAR_SCOPE, #VAR_DEF_SCOPE) if
+  ScopeType dv_scope;     ///< Non-zero (#VAR_SCOPE, #VAR_DEF_SCOPE) if
                           ///< dictionary represents a scope (i.e. g:, l: …).
   int dv_refcount;        ///< Reference count.
   int dv_copyID;          ///< ID used when recursivery traversing a value.
@@ -155,7 +175,10 @@ struct dictvar_S {
   QUEUE watchers;         ///< Dictionary key watchers set by user code.
 };
 
-typedef int scid_T;                     // script ID
+/// Type used for script ID
+typedef int scid_T;
+
+// Structure to hold info for a function that is currently being executed.
 typedef struct funccall_S funccall_T;
 
 // Structure to hold info for a user function.
@@ -194,63 +217,26 @@ struct ufunc {
 
 /// Maximum number of function arguments
 #define MAX_FUNC_ARGS   20
-#define VAR_SHORT_LEN   20      // short variable name length
-#define FIXVAR_CNT      12      // number of fixed variables
-
-// structure to hold info for a function that is currently being executed.
-struct funccall_S {
-  ufunc_T     *func;            ///< function being called
-  int linenr;                   ///< next line to be executed
-  int returned;                 ///< ":return" used
-  struct {                      ///< fixed variables for arguments
-    dictitem_T var;                     ///< variable (without room for name)
-    char_u room[VAR_SHORT_LEN];         ///< room for the name
-  } fixvar[FIXVAR_CNT];
-  dict_T l_vars;                ///< l: local function variables
-  dictitem_T l_vars_var;        ///< variable for l: scope
-  dict_T l_avars;               ///< a: argument variables
-  dictitem_T l_avars_var;       ///< variable for a: scope
-  list_T l_varlist;             ///< list for a:000
-  listitem_T l_listitems[MAX_FUNC_ARGS];        ///< listitems for a:000
-  typval_T    *rettv;           ///< return value
-  linenr_T breakpoint;          ///< next line with breakpoint or zero
-  int dbg_tick;                 ///< debug_tick when breakpoint was set
-  int level;                    ///< top nesting level of executed function
-  proftime_T prof_child;        ///< time spent in a child
-  funccall_T  *caller;          ///< calling function or NULL
-  int fc_refcount;              ///< number of user functions that reference
-                                // this funccal
-  int fc_copyID;                ///< for garbage collection
-  garray_T fc_funcs;            ///< list of ufunc_T* which keep a reference
-                                // to "func"
-};
-
-// structure used by trans_function_name()
-typedef struct {
-  dict_T      *fd_dict;         ///< Dictionary used.
-  char_u      *fd_newkey;       ///< New key in "dict" in allocated memory.
-  dictitem_T  *fd_di;           ///< Dictionary item used.
-} funcdict_T;
 
 struct partial_S {
-  int pt_refcount;        ///< Reference count.
-  char_u *pt_name;        ///< Function name; when NULL use pt_func->name.
-  ufunc_T *pt_func;       ///< Function pointer; when NULL lookup function
-                          ///< with pt_name.
-  bool pt_auto;           ///< when true the partial was created for using
-                          ///< dict.member in handle_subscript().
-  int pt_argc;            ///< Number of arguments.
-  typval_T *pt_argv;      ///< Arguments in allocated array.
-  dict_T *pt_dict;        ///< Dict for "self".
+  int pt_refcount;  ///< Reference count.
+  char_u *pt_name;  ///< Function name; when NULL use pt_func->name.
+  ufunc_T *pt_func;  ///< Function pointer; when NULL lookup function with
+                     ///< pt_name.
+  bool pt_auto;  ///< When true the partial was created by using dict.member
+                 ///< in handle_subscript().
+  int pt_argc;  ///< Number of arguments.
+  typval_T *pt_argv;  ///< Arguments in allocated array.
+  dict_T *pt_dict;  ///< Dict for "self".
 };
 
-// structure used for explicit stack while garbage collecting hash tables
+/// Structure used for explicit stack while garbage collecting hash tables
 typedef struct ht_stack_S {
   hashtab_T *ht;
   struct ht_stack_S *prev;
 } ht_stack_T;
 
-// structure used for explicit stack while garbage collecting lists
+/// Structure used for explicit stack while garbage collecting lists
 typedef struct list_stack_S {
   list_T *list;
   struct list_stack_S *prev;
@@ -272,15 +258,28 @@ typedef struct list_stack_S {
 /// Convert a hashitem pointer to a dictitem pointer
 #define HI2DI(hi)     HIKEY2DI((hi)->hi_key)
 
-/// Type of assert_* check being performed
-typedef enum
+/// Get the number of items in a list
+///
+/// @param[in]  l  List to check.
+static inline long tv_list_len(list_T *const l)
+  FUNC_ATTR_PURE FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
 {
-  ASSERT_EQUAL,
-  ASSERT_NOTEQUAL,
-  ASSERT_MATCH,
-  ASSERT_NOTMATCH,
-  ASSERT_INRANGE,
-  ASSERT_OTHER,
-} assert_type_T;
-
-#endif  // NVIM_EVAL_DEFS_H
+  if (l == NULL) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return l->lv_len;
+}
+
+/// Empty string
+///
+/// Needed for hack which allows not allocating empty string and still not
+/// crashing when freeing it.
+extern const char *const tv_empty_string;
+
+/// Specifies that free_unref_items() function has (not) been entered
+extern bool tv_in_free_unref_items;
+
+#ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
+# include "eval/typval.h.generated.h"
+#endif
+#endif  // NVIM_EVAL_TYPVAL_H
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/typval_encode.c.h b/src/nvim/eval/typval_encode.c.h
index 4ff5589887..eb89a601ff 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval/typval_encode.c.h
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/typval_encode.c.h
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@
 #include <assert.h>
 
 #include "nvim/lib/kvec.h"
-#include "nvim/eval_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/encode.h"
 #include "nvim/func_attr.h"
 #include "nvim/eval/typval_encode.h"
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/typval_encode.h b/src/nvim/eval/typval_encode.h
index 46145c5d03..3475f6d8b3 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval/typval_encode.h
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/typval_encode.h
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 #include <assert.h>
 
 #include "nvim/lib/kvec.h"
-#include "nvim/eval_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/func_attr.h"
 
 /// Type of the stack entry
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_cmds.c b/src/nvim/ex_cmds.c
index 678102daf6..151a4d375f 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_cmds.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_cmds.c
@@ -2958,7 +2958,7 @@ void sub_set_replacement(SubReplacementString sub)
 {
   xfree(old_sub.sub);
   if (sub.additional_elements != old_sub.additional_elements) {
-    list_unref(old_sub.additional_elements);
+    tv_list_unref(old_sub.additional_elements);
   }
   old_sub = sub;
 }
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_cmds.h b/src/nvim/ex_cmds.h
index 243b11255e..65bbd8a99e 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_cmds.h
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_cmds.h
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
 #include "nvim/os/time.h"
-#include "nvim/eval_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/pos.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 
 // flags for do_ecmd()
 #define ECMD_HIDE            0x01    // don't free the current buffer
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_cmds2.c b/src/nvim/ex_cmds2.c
index 9fc4ef2a02..e59a87b335 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_cmds2.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_cmds2.c
@@ -3698,12 +3698,12 @@ static void script_host_execute(char *name, exarg_T *eap)
   uint8_t *script = script_get(eap, eap->arg);
 
   if (!eap->skip) {
-    list_T *args = list_alloc();
+    list_T *args = tv_list_alloc();
     // script
-    list_append_string(args, script ? script : eap->arg, -1);
+    tv_list_append_string(args, (const char *)(script ? script : eap->arg), -1);
     // current range
-    list_append_number(args, (int)eap->line1);
-    list_append_number(args, (int)eap->line2);
+    tv_list_append_number(args, (int)eap->line1);
+    tv_list_append_number(args, (int)eap->line2);
     (void)eval_call_provider(name, "execute", args);
   }
 
@@ -3715,21 +3715,21 @@ static void script_host_execute_file(char *name, exarg_T *eap)
   uint8_t buffer[MAXPATHL];
   vim_FullName((char *)eap->arg, (char *)buffer, sizeof(buffer), false);
 
-  list_T *args = list_alloc();
+  list_T *args = tv_list_alloc();
   // filename
-  list_append_string(args, buffer, -1);
+  tv_list_append_string(args, (const char *)buffer, -1);
   // current range
-  list_append_number(args, (int)eap->line1);
-  list_append_number(args, (int)eap->line2);
+  tv_list_append_number(args, (int)eap->line1);
+  tv_list_append_number(args, (int)eap->line2);
   (void)eval_call_provider(name, "execute_file", args);
 }
 
 static void script_host_do_range(char *name, exarg_T *eap)
 {
-  list_T *args = list_alloc();
-  list_append_number(args, (int)eap->line1);
-  list_append_number(args, (int)eap->line2);
-  list_append_string(args, eap->arg, -1);
+  list_T *args = tv_list_alloc();
+  tv_list_append_number(args, (int)eap->line1);
+  tv_list_append_number(args, (int)eap->line2);
+  tv_list_append_string(args, (const char *)eap->arg, -1);
   (void)eval_call_provider(name, "do_range", args);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_docmd.c b/src/nvim/ex_docmd.c
index d1557f9c82..dc99c0771d 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_docmd.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_docmd.c
@@ -8416,8 +8416,8 @@ eval_vars (
           *usedlen = 1;
           return NULL;
         }
-        result = list_find_str(get_vim_var_list(VV_OLDFILES),
-            (long)i);
+        result = (char_u *)tv_list_find_str(get_vim_var_list(VV_OLDFILES),
+                                            (long)i);
         if (result == NULL) {
           *errormsg = (char_u *)"";
           return NULL;
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_eval.c b/src/nvim/ex_eval.c
index 4bb6f97035..7a34a181e2 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_eval.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_eval.c
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-/*
- * ex_eval.c: functions for Ex command line for the +eval feature.
- */
+// TODO(ZyX-I): move to eval/executor
+
+/// @file ex_eval.c
+///
+/// Functions for Ex command line for the +eval feature.
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
@@ -779,7 +781,6 @@ void report_discard_pending(int pending, void *value)
  */
 void ex_if(exarg_T *eap)
 {
-  int error;
   int skip;
   int result;
   struct condstack    *cstack = eap->cstack;
@@ -800,6 +801,7 @@ void ex_if(exarg_T *eap)
                                                                       1] &
                                                      CSF_ACTIVE));
 
+    bool error;
     result = eval_to_bool(eap->arg, &error, &eap->nextcmd, skip);
 
     if (!skip && !error) {
@@ -844,7 +846,6 @@ void ex_endif(exarg_T *eap)
  */
 void ex_else(exarg_T *eap)
 {
-  int error;
   int skip;
   int result;
   struct condstack    *cstack = eap->cstack;
@@ -901,6 +902,7 @@ void ex_else(exarg_T *eap)
   }
 
   if (eap->cmdidx == CMD_elseif) {
+    bool error;
     result = eval_to_bool(eap->arg, &error, &eap->nextcmd, skip);
     /* When throwing error exceptions, we want to throw always the first
      * of several errors in a row.  This is what actually happens when
@@ -925,7 +927,7 @@ void ex_else(exarg_T *eap)
  */
 void ex_while(exarg_T *eap)
 {
-  int error;
+  bool error;
   int skip;
   int result;
   struct condstack    *cstack = eap->cstack;
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_getln.c b/src/nvim/ex_getln.c
index 8758a63bce..9851ed5396 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_getln.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_getln.c
@@ -4249,7 +4249,7 @@ static int ExpandUserList(expand_T *xp, int *num_file, char_u ***file)
 
     GA_APPEND(char_u *, &ga, vim_strsave(li->li_tv.vval.v_string));
   }
-  list_unref(retlist);
+  tv_list_unref(retlist);
 
   *file = ga.ga_data;
   *num_file = ga.ga_len;
@@ -4545,7 +4545,7 @@ static inline void hist_free_entry(histentry_T *hisptr)
   FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
 {
   xfree(hisptr->hisstr);
-  list_unref(hisptr->additional_elements);
+  tv_list_unref(hisptr->additional_elements);
   clear_hist_entry(hisptr);
 }
 
@@ -4601,7 +4601,7 @@ in_history (
       history[type][last_i] = history[type][i];
       last_i = i;
     }
-    list_unref(list);
+    tv_list_unref(list);
     history[type][i].hisnum = ++hisnum[type];
     history[type][i].hisstr = str;
     history[type][i].timestamp = os_time();
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_getln.h b/src/nvim/ex_getln.h
index 24eebdc303..5a1ca5213a 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_getln.h
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_getln.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef NVIM_EX_GETLN_H
 #define NVIM_EX_GETLN_H
 
-#include "nvim/eval_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/ex_cmds.h"
 
 /* Values for nextwild() and ExpandOne().  See ExpandOne() for meaning. */
diff --git a/src/nvim/globals.h b/src/nvim/globals.h
index de79ee2469..d87407f099 100644
--- a/src/nvim/globals.h
+++ b/src/nvim/globals.h
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "nvim/syntax_defs.h"
 #include "nvim/types.h"
 #include "nvim/event/loop.h"
+#include "nvim/os/os_defs.h"
 
 #define IOSIZE         (1024+1)          // file I/O and sprintf buffer size
 
@@ -21,16 +22,6 @@
 # define MSG_BUF_CLEN  (MSG_BUF_LEN / 6) // cell length (worst case: utf-8
                                          // takes 6 bytes for one cell)
 
-// Maximum length of a file path.  Make it a bit long, to stay
-// on the safe side.  But not too long to put on the stack.
-#ifndef MAXPATHL
-# ifdef MAXPATHLEN
-#  define MAXPATHL  MAXPATHLEN
-# else
-#  define MAXPATHL  256
-# endif
-#endif
-
 #ifdef WIN32
 # define _PATHSEPSTR "\\"
 #else
@@ -1226,11 +1217,6 @@ EXTERN FILE *time_fd INIT(= NULL);  /* where to write startup timing */
 EXTERN int ignored;
 EXTERN char *ignoredp;
 
-EXTERN bool in_free_unref_items INIT(= false);
-
-// Used for checking if local variables or arguments used in a lambda.
-EXTERN int *eval_lavars_used INIT(= NULL);
-
 // If a msgpack-rpc channel should be started over stdin/stdout
 EXTERN bool embedded_mode INIT(= false);
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/main.c b/src/nvim/main.c
index 7b1c912f4b..0c978dc47d 100644
--- a/src/nvim/main.c
+++ b/src/nvim/main.c
@@ -391,9 +391,10 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     shada_read_everything(NULL, false, true);
     TIME_MSG("reading ShaDa");
   }
-  /* It's better to make v:oldfiles an empty list than NULL. */
-  if (get_vim_var_list(VV_OLDFILES) == NULL)
-    set_vim_var_list(VV_OLDFILES, list_alloc());
+  // It's better to make v:oldfiles an empty list than NULL.
+  if (get_vim_var_list(VV_OLDFILES) == NULL) {
+    set_vim_var_list(VV_OLDFILES, tv_list_alloc());
+  }
 
   /*
    * "-q errorfile": Load the error file now.
diff --git a/src/nvim/mark.c b/src/nvim/mark.c
index de2fdd7f13..1d1e13e7e0 100644
--- a/src/nvim/mark.c
+++ b/src/nvim/mark.c
@@ -1431,3 +1431,26 @@ void free_all_marks(void)
   memset(&namedfm[0], 0, sizeof(namedfm));
 }
 #endif
+
+/// Adjust position to point to the first byte of a multi-byte character
+///
+/// If it points to a tail byte it is move backwards to the head byte.
+///
+/// @param[in]  buf  Buffer to adjust position in.
+/// @param[out]  lp  Position to adjust.
+void mark_mb_adjustpos(buf_T *buf, pos_T *lp)
+  FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_ALL
+{
+  if (lp->col > 0 || lp->coladd > 1) {
+    const char_u *const p = ml_get_buf(buf, lp->lnum, false);
+    lp->col -= (*mb_head_off)(p, p + lp->col);
+    // Reset "coladd" when the cursor would be on the right half of a
+    // double-wide character.
+    if (lp->coladd == 1
+        && p[lp->col] != TAB
+        && vim_isprintc((*mb_ptr2char)(p + lp->col))
+        && ptr2cells(p + lp->col) > 1) {
+      lp->coladd = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/nvim/mark_defs.h b/src/nvim/mark_defs.h
index 720b2475ed..2cb489501e 100644
--- a/src/nvim/mark_defs.h
+++ b/src/nvim/mark_defs.h
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 #include "nvim/pos.h"
 #include "nvim/os/time.h"
-#include "nvim/eval_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 
 /*
  * marks: positions in a file
diff --git a/src/nvim/mbyte.c b/src/nvim/mbyte.c
index 0ab133a545..57518a9535 100644
--- a/src/nvim/mbyte.c
+++ b/src/nvim/mbyte.c
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 #include "nvim/strings.h"
 #include "nvim/os/os.h"
 #include "nvim/arabic.h"
+#include "nvim/mark.h"
 
 typedef struct {
   int rangeStart;
@@ -375,16 +376,18 @@ void remove_bom(char_u *s)
  */
 int mb_get_class(const char_u *p)
 {
-  return mb_get_class_buf(p, curbuf);
+  return mb_get_class_tab(p, curbuf->b_chartab);
 }
 
-int mb_get_class_buf(const char_u *p, buf_T *buf)
+int mb_get_class_tab(const char_u *p, const uint64_t *const chartab)
 {
   if (MB_BYTE2LEN(p[0]) == 1) {
-    if (p[0] == NUL || ascii_iswhite(p[0]))
+    if (p[0] == NUL || ascii_iswhite(p[0])) {
       return 0;
-    if (vim_iswordc_buf(p[0], buf))
+    }
+    if (vim_iswordc_tab(p[0], chartab)) {
       return 2;
+    }
     return 1;
   }
   return utf_class(utf_ptr2char(p));
@@ -1639,38 +1642,16 @@ theend:
  */
 void mb_adjust_cursor(void)
 {
-  mb_adjustpos(curbuf, &curwin->w_cursor);
-}
-
-/*
- * Adjust position "*lp" to point to the first byte of a multi-byte character.
- * If it points to a tail byte it's moved backwards to the head byte.
- */
-void mb_adjustpos(buf_T *buf, pos_T *lp)
-{
-  char_u      *p;
-
-  if (lp->col > 0
-      || lp->coladd > 1
-     ) {
-    p = ml_get_buf(buf, lp->lnum, FALSE);
-    lp->col -= (*mb_head_off)(p, p + lp->col);
-    /* Reset "coladd" when the cursor would be on the right half of a
-     * double-wide character. */
-    if (lp->coladd == 1
-        && p[lp->col] != TAB
-        && vim_isprintc((*mb_ptr2char)(p + lp->col))
-        && ptr2cells(p + lp->col) > 1)
-      lp->coladd = 0;
-  }
+  mark_mb_adjustpos(curbuf, &curwin->w_cursor);
 }
 
 /// Checks and adjusts cursor column. Not mode-dependent.
 /// @see check_cursor_col_win
 ///
-/// @param win Places cursor on a valid column for this window.
-void mb_check_adjust_col(win_T *win)
+/// @param  win_  Places cursor on a valid column for this window.
+void mb_check_adjust_col(void *win_)
 {
+  win_T *win = (win_T *)win_;
   colnr_T oldcol = win->w_cursor.col;
 
   // Column 0 is always valid.
diff --git a/src/nvim/mbyte.h b/src/nvim/mbyte.h
index 2c92a0fbb2..5f5bab9fcd 100644
--- a/src/nvim/mbyte.h
+++ b/src/nvim/mbyte.h
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
+#include "nvim/iconv.h"
+
 /*
  * Return byte length of character that starts with byte "b".
  * Returns 1 for a single-byte character.
@@ -40,6 +42,27 @@
 #define mb_ptr2char utf_ptr2char
 #define mb_head_off utf_head_off
 
+/// Flags for vimconv_T
+typedef enum {
+  CONV_NONE      = 0,
+  CONV_TO_UTF8   = 1,
+  CONV_9_TO_UTF8 = 2,
+  CONV_TO_LATIN1 = 3,
+  CONV_TO_LATIN9 = 4,
+  CONV_ICONV     = 5,
+} ConvFlags;
+
+/// Structure used for string conversions
+typedef struct {
+  int vc_type;  ///< Zero or more ConvFlags.
+  int vc_factor;  ///< Maximal expansion factor.
+# ifdef USE_ICONV
+  iconv_t vc_fd;  ///< Value for CONV_ICONV.
+# endif
+  bool vc_fail;  ///< What to do with invalid characters: if true, fail,
+                 ///< otherwise use '?'.
+} vimconv_T;
+
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "mbyte.h.generated.h"
 #endif
diff --git a/src/nvim/memory.c b/src/nvim/memory.c
index 58c01fbe7a..b4fdd86a6d 100644
--- a/src/nvim/memory.c
+++ b/src/nvim/memory.c
@@ -430,6 +430,19 @@ char *xstrdup(const char *str)
   return xmemdupz(str, strlen(str));
 }
 
+/// strdup() wrapper
+///
+/// Unlike xstrdup() allocates a new empty string if it receives NULL.
+char *xstrdupnul(const char *const str)
+  FUNC_ATTR_MALLOC FUNC_ATTR_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT FUNC_ATTR_NONNULL_RET
+{
+  if (str == NULL) {
+    return xmallocz(0);
+  } else {
+    return xstrdup(str);
+  }
+}
+
 /// A version of memchr that starts the search at `src + len`.
 ///
 /// Based on glibc's memrchr.
diff --git a/src/nvim/normal.c b/src/nvim/normal.c
index 2ade9cb87d..4cca5ec948 100644
--- a/src/nvim/normal.c
+++ b/src/nvim/normal.c
@@ -2465,7 +2465,7 @@ do_mouse (
                           &rettv, ARRAY_SIZE(argv), argv, NULL,
                           curwin->w_cursor.lnum, curwin->w_cursor.lnum,
                           &doesrange, true, NULL, NULL);
-          clear_tv(&rettv);
+          tv_clear(&rettv);
           break;
         }
       }
@@ -7290,11 +7290,11 @@ static bool unadjust_for_sel(void)
       pp = &curwin->w_cursor;
     else
       pp = &VIsual;
-    if (pp->coladd > 0)
-      --pp->coladd;
-    else if (pp->col > 0) {
-      --pp->col;
-      mb_adjustpos(curbuf, pp);
+    if (pp->coladd > 0) {
+      pp->coladd--;
+    } else if (pp->col > 0) {
+      pp->col--;
+      mark_mb_adjustpos(curbuf, pp);
     } else if (pp->lnum > 1) {
       --pp->lnum;
       pp->col = (colnr_T)STRLEN(ml_get(pp->lnum));
@@ -7829,7 +7829,7 @@ static void get_op_vcol(
 
   // prevent from moving onto a trail byte
   if (has_mbyte) {
-    mb_adjustpos(curwin->w_buffer, &oap->end);
+    mark_mb_adjustpos(curwin->w_buffer, &oap->end);
   }
 
   getvvcol(curwin, &(oap->start), &oap->start_vcol, NULL, &oap->end_vcol);
diff --git a/src/nvim/ops.c b/src/nvim/ops.c
index c13b6f736a..85cef59aec 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ops.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ops.c
@@ -2555,9 +2555,9 @@ static void do_autocmd_textyankpost(oparg_T *oap, yankreg_T *reg)
   dict_T *dict = get_vim_var_dict(VV_EVENT);
 
   // the yanked text
-  list_T *list = list_alloc();
+  list_T *list = tv_list_alloc();
   for (size_t i = 0; i < reg->y_size; i++) {
-    list_append_string(list, reg->y_array[i], -1);
+    tv_list_append_string(list, (const char *)reg->y_array[i], -1);
   }
   list->lv_lock = VAR_FIXED;
   dict_add_list(dict, "regcontents", list);
@@ -4844,8 +4844,8 @@ static void *get_reg_wrap_one_line(char_u *s, int flags)
   if (!(flags & kGRegList)) {
     return s;
   }
-  list_T *list = list_alloc();
-  list_append_string(list, NULL, -1);
+  list_T *list = tv_list_alloc();
+  tv_list_append_string(list, NULL, 0);
   list->lv_first->li_tv.vval.v_string = s;
   return list;
 }
@@ -4895,9 +4895,9 @@ void *get_reg_contents(int regname, int flags)
     return NULL;
 
   if (flags & kGRegList) {
-    list_T *list = list_alloc();
+    list_T *list = tv_list_alloc();
     for (size_t i = 0; i < reg->y_size; i++) {
-      list_append_string(list, reg->y_array[i], -1);
+      tv_list_append_string(list, (const char *)reg->y_array[i], -1);
     }
 
     return list;
@@ -5570,9 +5570,9 @@ static bool get_clipboard(int name, yankreg_T **target, bool quiet)
   }
   free_register(reg);
 
-  list_T *args = list_alloc();
-  char_u regname = (char_u)name;
-  list_append_string(args, &regname, 1);
+  list_T *const args = tv_list_alloc();
+  const char regname = (char)name;
+  tv_list_append_string(args, &regname, 1);
 
   typval_T result = eval_call_provider("clipboard", "get", args);
 
@@ -5584,7 +5584,8 @@ static bool get_clipboard(int name, yankreg_T **target, bool quiet)
     goto err;
   }
 
-  list_T *res = result.vval.v_list, *lines = NULL;
+  list_T *res = result.vval.v_list;
+  list_T *lines = NULL;
   if (res->lv_len == 2 && res->lv_first->li_tv.v_type == VAR_LIST) {
     lines = res->lv_first->li_tv.vval.v_list;
     if (res->lv_last->li_tv.v_type != VAR_STRING) {
@@ -5628,7 +5629,7 @@ static bool get_clipboard(int name, yankreg_T **target, bool quiet)
     if (li->li_tv.v_type != VAR_STRING) {
       goto err;
     }
-    reg->y_array[i++] = (uint8_t *)xstrdup((char *)li->li_tv.vval.v_string);
+    reg->y_array[i++] = (char_u *)xstrdupnul((char *)li->li_tv.vval.v_string);
   }
 
   if (reg->y_size > 0 && strlen((char*)reg->y_array[reg->y_size-1]) == 0) {
@@ -5686,35 +5687,39 @@ static void set_clipboard(int name, yankreg_T *reg)
     return;
   }
 
-  list_T *lines = list_alloc();
+  list_T *lines = tv_list_alloc();
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < reg->y_size; i++) {
-    list_append_string(lines, reg->y_array[i], -1);
+    tv_list_append_string(lines, (const char *)reg->y_array[i], -1);
   }
 
-  list_T *args = list_alloc();
-  list_append_list(args, lines);
+  list_T *args = tv_list_alloc();
+  tv_list_append_list(args, lines);
 
-  char_u regtype;
+  char regtype;
   switch (reg->y_type) {
-  case kMTLineWise:
-    regtype = 'V';
-    list_append_string(lines, (char_u*)"", 0);
-    break;
-  case kMTCharWise:
-    regtype = 'v';
-    break;
-  case kMTBlockWise:
-    regtype = 'b';
-    list_append_string(lines, (char_u*)"", 0);
-    break;
-  case kMTUnknown:
-    assert(false);
-  }
-  list_append_string(args, &regtype, 1);
-
-  char_u regname = (char_u)name;
-  list_append_string(args, &regname, 1);
+    case kMTLineWise: {
+      regtype = 'V';
+      tv_list_append_string(lines, NULL, 0);
+      break;
+    }
+    case kMTCharWise: {
+      regtype = 'v';
+      break;
+    }
+    case kMTBlockWise: {
+      regtype = 'b';
+      tv_list_append_string(lines, NULL, 0);
+      break;
+    }
+    case kMTUnknown: {
+      assert(false);
+    }
+  }
+  tv_list_append_string(args, &regtype, 1);
+
+  const char regname = (char)name;
+  tv_list_append_string(args, &regname, 1);
 
   (void)eval_call_provider("clipboard", "set", args);
 }
diff --git a/src/nvim/ops.h b/src/nvim/ops.h
index 44df2e9e0c..13d0142343 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ops.h
+++ b/src/nvim/ops.h
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include "nvim/macros.h"
 #include "nvim/ascii.h"
 #include "nvim/types.h"
-#include "nvim/eval_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/os/time.h"
 
 typedef int (*Indenter)(void);
diff --git a/src/nvim/quickfix.c b/src/nvim/quickfix.c
index 8d8c20c1d0..323503c4f5 100644
--- a/src/nvim/quickfix.c
+++ b/src/nvim/quickfix.c
@@ -4003,7 +4003,7 @@ int get_errorlist(win_T *wp, int qf_idx, list_T *list)
       bufnum = 0;
 
     dict = dict_alloc();
-    list_append_dict(list, dict);
+    tv_list_append_dict(list, dict);
 
     buf[0] = qfp->qf_type;
     buf[1] = NUL;
diff --git a/src/nvim/regexp.c b/src/nvim/regexp.c
index 1cd334abcd..9c6f02f778 100644
--- a/src/nvim/regexp.c
+++ b/src/nvim/regexp.c
@@ -3650,9 +3650,11 @@ static long regtry(bt_regprog_T *prog, colnr_T col)
  */
 static int reg_prev_class(void)
 {
-  if (reginput > regline)
-    return mb_get_class_buf(reginput - 1
-        - (*mb_head_off)(regline, reginput - 1), reg_buf);
+  if (reginput > regline) {
+    return mb_get_class_tab(reginput - 1 - (*mb_head_off)(regline,
+                                                          reginput - 1),
+                            reg_buf->b_chartab);
+  }
   return -1;
 }
 
@@ -3918,12 +3920,13 @@ regmatch (
           else if (has_mbyte) {
             int this_class;
 
-            /* Get class of current and previous char (if it exists). */
-            this_class = mb_get_class_buf(reginput, reg_buf);
-            if (this_class <= 1)
-              status = RA_NOMATCH;        /* not on a word at all */
-            else if (reg_prev_class() == this_class)
-              status = RA_NOMATCH;        /* previous char is in same word */
+            // Get class of current and previous char (if it exists).
+            this_class = mb_get_class_tab(reginput, reg_buf->b_chartab);
+            if (this_class <= 1) {
+              status = RA_NOMATCH;  // Not on a word at all.
+            } else if (reg_prev_class() == this_class) {
+              status = RA_NOMATCH;  // Previous char is in same word.
+            }
           } else {
             if (!vim_iswordc_buf(c, reg_buf) || (reginput > regline
                                                  && vim_iswordc_buf(reginput[-1
@@ -3938,8 +3941,8 @@ regmatch (
           else if (has_mbyte) {
             int this_class, prev_class;
 
-            /* Get class of current and previous char (if it exists). */
-            this_class = mb_get_class_buf(reginput, reg_buf);
+            // Get class of current and previous char (if it exists).
+            this_class = mb_get_class_tab(reginput, reg_buf->b_chartab);
             prev_class = reg_prev_class();
             if (this_class == prev_class
                 || prev_class == 0 || prev_class == 1)
@@ -6617,7 +6620,7 @@ static int vim_regsub_both(char_u *source, typval_T *expr, char_u *dest,
         if (eval_result != NULL) {
           eval_result = vim_strsave(eval_result);
         }
-        clear_tv(&rettv);
+        tv_clear(&rettv);
       } else {
         eval_result = eval_to_string(source + 2, NULL, true);
       }
@@ -6976,7 +6979,7 @@ list_T *reg_submatch_list(int no)
   linenr_T slnum;
   linenr_T elnum;
   list_T *list;
-  char_u *s;
+  const char *s;
 
   if (submatch_match == NULL) {
     slnum = submatch_mmatch->startpos[no].lnum;
@@ -6988,27 +6991,27 @@ list_T *reg_submatch_list(int no)
     colnr_T scol = submatch_mmatch->startpos[no].col;
     colnr_T ecol = submatch_mmatch->endpos[no].col;
 
-    list = list_alloc();
+    list = tv_list_alloc();
 
-    s = reg_getline_submatch(slnum) + scol;
+    s = (const char *)reg_getline_submatch(slnum) + scol;
     if (slnum == elnum) {
-      list_append_string(list, s, ecol - scol);
+      tv_list_append_string(list, s, ecol - scol);
     } else {
-      list_append_string(list, s, -1);
+      tv_list_append_string(list, s, -1);
       for (int i = 1; i < elnum - slnum; i++) {
-        s = reg_getline_submatch(slnum + i);
-        list_append_string(list, s, -1);
+        s = (const char *)reg_getline_submatch(slnum + i);
+        tv_list_append_string(list, s, -1);
       }
-      s = reg_getline_submatch(elnum);
-      list_append_string(list, s, ecol);
+      s = (const char *)reg_getline_submatch(elnum);
+      tv_list_append_string(list, s, ecol);
     }
   } else {
-    s = submatch_match->startp[no];
+    s = (const char *)submatch_match->startp[no];
     if (s == NULL || submatch_match->endp[no] == NULL) {
       return NULL;
     }
-    list = list_alloc();
-    list_append_string(list, s, (int)(submatch_match->endp[no] - s));
+    list = tv_list_alloc();
+    tv_list_append_string(list, s, (const char *)submatch_match->endp[no] - s);
   }
 
   return list;
diff --git a/src/nvim/regexp_nfa.c b/src/nvim/regexp_nfa.c
index 3f4e12af4a..5b49ab38f0 100644
--- a/src/nvim/regexp_nfa.c
+++ b/src/nvim/regexp_nfa.c
@@ -5410,7 +5410,7 @@ static int nfa_regmatch(nfa_regprog_T *prog, nfa_state_T *start,
           int this_class;
 
           // Get class of current and previous char (if it exists).
-          this_class = mb_get_class_buf(reginput, reg_buf);
+          this_class = mb_get_class_tab(reginput, reg_buf->b_chartab);
           if (this_class <= 1) {
             result = false;
           } else if (reg_prev_class() == this_class) {
@@ -5435,7 +5435,7 @@ static int nfa_regmatch(nfa_regprog_T *prog, nfa_state_T *start,
           int this_class, prev_class;
 
           // Get class of current and previous char (if it exists).
-          this_class = mb_get_class_buf(reginput, reg_buf);
+          this_class = mb_get_class_tab(reginput, reg_buf->b_chartab);
           prev_class = reg_prev_class();
           if (this_class == prev_class
               || prev_class == 0 || prev_class == 1) {
diff --git a/src/nvim/shada.c b/src/nvim/shada.c
index 197b029591..c550cb0888 100644
--- a/src/nvim/shada.c
+++ b/src/nvim/shada.c
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 #include "nvim/ex_getln.h"
 #include "nvim/search.h"
 #include "nvim/regexp.h"
-#include "nvim/eval_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 #include "nvim/version.h"
 #include "nvim/path.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
@@ -1223,7 +1223,7 @@ static void shada_read(ShaDaReadDef *const sd_reader, const int flags)
   khash_t(fnamebufs) fname_bufs = KHASH_EMPTY_TABLE(fnamebufs);
   khash_t(strset) oldfiles_set = KHASH_EMPTY_TABLE(strset);
   if (get_old_files && (oldfiles_list == NULL || force)) {
-    oldfiles_list = list_alloc();
+    oldfiles_list = tv_list_alloc();
     set_vim_var_list(VV_OLDFILES, oldfiles_list);
   }
   ShaDaReadResult srni_ret;
@@ -1435,8 +1435,8 @@ static void shada_read(ShaDaReadDef *const sd_reader, const int flags)
             fname = xstrdup(fname);
           }
           int kh_ret;
-          (void) kh_put(strset, &oldfiles_set, fname, &kh_ret);
-          list_append_allocated_string(oldfiles_list, fname);
+          (void)kh_put(strset, &oldfiles_set, fname, &kh_ret);
+          tv_list_append_allocated_string(oldfiles_list, fname);
           if (!want_marks) {
             // Avoid free because this string was already used.
             cur_entry.data.filemark.fname = NULL;
@@ -1573,7 +1573,9 @@ static char *shada_filename(const char *file)
     do { \
       const String s_ = (s); \
       msgpack_pack_str(spacker, s_.size); \
-      msgpack_pack_str_body(spacker, s_.data, s_.size); \
+      if (s_.size) { \
+        msgpack_pack_str_body(spacker, s_.data, s_.size); \
+      } \
     } while (0)
 #define PACK_BIN(s) \
     do { \
@@ -1965,7 +1967,7 @@ static ShaDaWriteResult shada_pack_encoded_entry(msgpack_packer *const packer,
         typval_T tgttv;
         var_item_copy(sd_conv, &entry.data.data.global_var.value, &tgttv,
                       true, 0);
-        clear_tv(&entry.data.data.global_var.value);
+        tv_clear(&entry.data.data.global_var.value);
         entry.data.data.global_var.value = tgttv;
       }
       ret = shada_pack_entry(packer, entry.data, max_kbyte);
@@ -2573,13 +2575,13 @@ static ShaDaWriteResult shada_write(ShaDaWriteDef *const sd_writer,
           }
         }
       }, max_kbyte)) == kSDWriteFailed) {
-        clear_tv(&vartv);
-        clear_tv(&tgttv);
+        tv_clear(&vartv);
+        tv_clear(&tgttv);
         ret = kSDWriteFailed;
         goto shada_write_exit;
       }
-      clear_tv(&vartv);
-      clear_tv(&tgttv);
+      tv_clear(&vartv);
+      tv_clear(&tgttv);
       if (spe_ret == kSDWriteSuccessfull) {
         int kh_ret;
         (void) kh_put(strset, &wms->dumped_variables, name, &kh_ret);
@@ -3172,18 +3174,18 @@ static void shada_free_shada_entry(ShadaEntry *const entry)
       break;
     }
     case kSDItemHistoryEntry: {
-      list_unref(entry->data.history_item.additional_elements);
+      tv_list_unref(entry->data.history_item.additional_elements);
       xfree(entry->data.history_item.string);
       break;
     }
     case kSDItemVariable: {
-      list_unref(entry->data.global_var.additional_elements);
+      tv_list_unref(entry->data.global_var.additional_elements);
       xfree(entry->data.global_var.name);
-      clear_tv(&entry->data.global_var.value);
+      tv_clear(&entry->data.global_var.value);
       break;
     }
     case kSDItemSubString: {
-      list_unref(entry->data.sub_string.additional_elements);
+      tv_list_unref(entry->data.sub_string.additional_elements);
       xfree(entry->data.sub_string.sub);
       break;
     }
@@ -3451,7 +3453,7 @@ static inline char *get_converted_string(const vimconv_T *const sd_conv,
                             "cannot be converted to a VimL dictionary")), \
                   initial_fpos); \
             ga_clear(&ad_ga); \
-            clear_tv(&adtv); \
+            tv_clear(&adtv); \
             goto shada_read_next_item_error; \
           } \
           tgt = adtv.vval.v_dict; \
@@ -3474,7 +3476,7 @@ static inline char *get_converted_string(const vimconv_T *const sd_conv,
           if (msgpack_to_vim(obj, &aetv) == FAIL) { \
             emsgf(_(READERR(name, "cannot be converted to a VimL list")), \
                   initial_fpos); \
-            clear_tv(&aetv); \
+            tv_clear(&aetv); \
             goto shada_read_next_item_error; \
           } \
           assert(aetv.v_type == VAR_LIST); \
@@ -3866,7 +3868,7 @@ shada_read_next_item_hist_no_conv:
                       &tgttv,
                       true,
                       0);
-        clear_tv(&entry->data.global_var.value);
+        tv_clear(&entry->data.global_var.value);
         entry->data.global_var.value = tgttv;
       }
       SET_ADDITIONAL_ELEMENTS(unpacked.data.via.array, 2,
diff --git a/src/nvim/spell.c b/src/nvim/spell.c
index 3b891d998f..5ca5ab3339 100644
--- a/src/nvim/spell.c
+++ b/src/nvim/spell.c
@@ -3248,7 +3248,7 @@ static void spell_suggest_expr(suginfo_T *su, char_u *expr)
           add_suggestion(su, &su->su_ga, p, su->su_badlen,
               score, 0, true, su->su_sallang, false);
       }
-    list_unref(list);
+    tv_list_unref(list);
   }
 
   // Remove bogus suggestions, sort and truncate at "maxcount".
diff --git a/src/nvim/strings.c b/src/nvim/strings.c
index 267832ed2d..b964fed35a 100644
--- a/src/nvim/strings.c
+++ b/src/nvim/strings.c
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ static varnumber_T tv_nr(typval_T *tvs, int *idxp)
     EMSG(_(e_printf));
   } else {
     (*idxp)++;
-    int err = false;
+    bool err = false;
     n = (varnumber_T)get_tv_number_chk(&tvs[idx], &err);
     if (err) {
       n = 0;
diff --git a/src/nvim/strings.h b/src/nvim/strings.h
index 8aea374b96..59b8701a3f 100644
--- a/src/nvim/strings.h
+++ b/src/nvim/strings.h
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
 #include "nvim/types.h"
-#include "nvim/eval_defs.h"
+#include "nvim/eval/typval.h"
 
 #ifdef INCLUDE_GENERATED_DECLARATIONS
 # include "strings.h.generated.h"
diff --git a/src/nvim/tag.c b/src/nvim/tag.c
index 7bcaff662c..b0ffc12b5f 100644
--- a/src/nvim/tag.c
+++ b/src/nvim/tag.c
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ do_tag (
 
         fname = xmalloc(MAXPATHL + 1);
         cmd = xmalloc(CMDBUFFSIZE + 1);
-        list = list_alloc();
+        list = tv_list_alloc();
 
         for (i = 0; i < num_matches; ++i) {
           int len, cmd_len;
@@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ do_tag (
           }
 
           dict = dict_alloc();
-          list_append_dict(list, dict);
+          tv_list_append_dict(list, dict);
 
           dict_add_nr_str(dict, "text", 0L, tag_name);
           dict_add_nr_str(dict, "filename", 0L, fname);
@@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ do_tag (
         vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, "ltag %s", tag);
         set_errorlist(curwin, list, ' ', IObuff, NULL);
 
-        list_free(list);
+        tv_list_free(list);
         xfree(fname);
         xfree(cmd);
 
@@ -2825,7 +2825,7 @@ int get_tags(list_T *list, char_u *pat)
         continue;
 
       dict = dict_alloc();
-      list_append_dict(list, dict);
+      tv_list_append_dict(list, dict);
 
       full_fname = tag_full_fname(&tp);
       if (add_tag_field(dict, "name", tp.tagname, tp.tagname_end) == FAIL
diff --git a/src/nvim/undo.c b/src/nvim/undo.c
index c95a795587..729cf03e15 100644
--- a/src/nvim/undo.c
+++ b/src/nvim/undo.c
@@ -2952,14 +2952,14 @@ void u_eval_tree(u_header_T *first_uhp, list_T *list)
       dict_add_nr_str(dict, "save", uhp->uh_save_nr, NULL);
 
     if (uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr != NULL) {
-      list_T *alt_list = list_alloc();
+      list_T *alt_list = tv_list_alloc();
 
       /* Recursive call to add alternate undo tree. */
       u_eval_tree(uhp->uh_alt_next.ptr, alt_list);
       dict_add_list(dict, "alt", alt_list);
     }
 
-    list_append_dict(list, dict);
+    tv_list_append_dict(list, dict);
     uhp = uhp->uh_prev.ptr;
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/nvim/window.c b/src/nvim/window.c
index 4fac730f02..47a97da0cf 100644
--- a/src/nvim/window.c
+++ b/src/nvim/window.c
@@ -5582,7 +5582,7 @@ int match_add(win_T *wp, char_u *grp, char_u *pat,
       int	  len = 1;
       list_T	  *subl;
       listitem_T  *subli;
-      int	  error = false;
+      bool error = false;
 
       if (li->li_tv.v_type == VAR_LIST) {
         subl = li->li_tv.vval.v_list;
@@ -5594,7 +5594,7 @@ int match_add(win_T *wp, char_u *grp, char_u *pat,
           goto fail;
         }
         lnum = get_tv_number_chk(&subli->li_tv, &error);
-        if (error == true) {
+        if (error) {
           goto fail;
         }
         if (lnum == 0) {
@@ -5605,12 +5605,13 @@ int match_add(win_T *wp, char_u *grp, char_u *pat,
         subli = subli->li_next;
         if (subli != NULL) {
           col = get_tv_number_chk(&subli->li_tv, &error);
-          if (error == true)
+          if (error) {
             goto fail;
+          }
           subli = subli->li_next;
           if (subli != NULL) {
             len = get_tv_number_chk(&subli->li_tv, &error);
-            if (error == true) {
+            if (error) {
               goto fail;
             }
           }
@@ -5881,8 +5882,8 @@ void win_id2tabwin(typval_T *argvars, list_T *list)
   int id = get_tv_number(&argvars[0]);
 
   win_get_tabwin(id, &tabnr, &winnr);
-  list_append_number(list, tabnr);
-  list_append_number(list, winnr);
+  tv_list_append_number(list, tabnr);
+  tv_list_append_number(list, winnr);
 }
 
 win_T * win_id2wp(typval_T *argvars)
@@ -5918,7 +5919,7 @@ void win_findbuf(typval_T *argvars, list_T *list)
 
   FOR_ALL_TAB_WINDOWS(tp, wp) {
     if (wp->w_buffer->b_fnum == bufnr) {
-      list_append_number(list, wp->handle);
+      tv_list_append_number(list, wp->handle);
     }
   }
 }