22 files changed, 615 insertions, 132 deletions

diff --git a/runtime/doc/autocmd.txt b/runtime/doc/autocmd.txt
index 5923dada43..6c41dd3b10 100644
--- a/runtime/doc/autocmd.txt
+++ b/runtime/doc/autocmd.txt
@@ -519,11 +519,17 @@ DiffUpdated			After diffs have been updated.  Depending on
 				change or when doing |:diffupdate|.
 							*DirChanged*
 DirChanged			After the |current-directory| was changed.
+				The pattern can be:
+					"window"  to trigger on `:lcd`
+					"tabpage" to trigger on `:tcd`
+					"global"  to trigger on `:cd`
+					"auto"    to trigger on 'autochdir'.
 				Sets these |v:event| keys:
 				    cwd:   current working directory
 				    scope: "global", "tab", "window"
 				    changed_window: v:true if we fired the event
 				                    switching window (or tab)
+				<afile> is set to the new directory name.
 				Non-recursive (event cannot trigger itself).
 							*FileAppendCmd*
 FileAppendCmd			Before appending to a file.  Should do the
diff --git a/runtime/doc/editing.txt b/runtime/doc/editing.txt
index f91e4f0627..efba9020f9 100644
--- a/runtime/doc/editing.txt
+++ b/runtime/doc/editing.txt
@@ -1275,10 +1275,12 @@ exist, the next-higher scope in the hierarchy applies.
 							*:chd* *:chdir*
 :chd[ir][!] [path]	Same as |:cd|.
 
-					*:tc* *:tcd* *E5000* *E5001* *E5002*
-:tc[d][!] {path}        Like |:cd|, but set the current directory for the
-			current tab and window.  The current directory for
-			other tabs and windows is not changed.
+							*:tc* *:tcd*
+:tc[d][!] {path}	Like |:cd|, but only set the directory for the current
+			tab.  The current window will also use this directory.
+			The current directory is not changed for windows in
+			other tabs and for windows in the current tab that
+			have their own window-local directory.
 
 							*:tcd-*
 :tc[d][!] -		Change to the previous current directory (before the
@@ -1302,9 +1304,24 @@ exist, the next-higher scope in the hierarchy applies.
 							*:pw* *:pwd* *E187*
 :pw[d]			Print the current directory name.
 			Also see |getcwd()|.
+							*:pwd-verbose*
+			When 'verbose' is non-zero, |:pwd| will also display
+			what scope the current directory was set. Example: >
 
-So long as no |:tcd| or |:lcd| command has been used, all windows share the
-same "current directory".  Using a command to jump to another window doesn't
+				" Set by :cd
+				:verbose pwd
+				[global] /path/to/current
+
+				" Set by :lcd
+				:verbose pwd
+				[window] /path/to/current
+
+				" Set by :tcd
+				:verbose pwd
+				[tabpage] /path/to/current
+
+So long as no |:lcd| or |:tcd| command has been used, all windows share the
+same current directory.  Using a command to jump to another window doesn't
 change anything for the current directory.
 
 When |:lcd| has been used for a window, the specified directory becomes the
diff --git a/runtime/doc/eval.txt b/runtime/doc/eval.txt
index e956ccaa77..4467afaa16 100644
--- a/runtime/doc/eval.txt
+++ b/runtime/doc/eval.txt
@@ -2316,6 +2316,7 @@ chansend({id}, {data})		Number	Writes {data} to channel
 char2nr({expr}[, {utf8}])	Number	ASCII/UTF-8 value of first char in {expr}
 charidx({string}, {idx} [, {countcc}])
 				Number	char index of byte {idx} in {string}
+chdir({dir})			String	change current working directory
 cindent({lnum})		Number	C indent for line {lnum}
 clearmatches([{win}])		none	clear all matches
 col({expr})			Number	column nr of cursor or mark
@@ -2461,6 +2462,7 @@ has({feature})			Number	|TRUE| if feature {feature} supported
 has_key({dict}, {key})		Number	|TRUE| if {dict} has entry {key}
 haslocaldir([{winnr} [, {tabnr}]])
 				Number	|TRUE| if current window executed |:lcd|
+					or |:tcd|
 hasmapto({what} [, {mode} [, {abbr}]])
 				Number	|TRUE| if mapping to {what} exists
 histadd({history}, {item})	String	add an item to a history
@@ -3280,6 +3282,27 @@ charidx({string}, {idx} [, {countcc}])
 			echo charidx('áb́ć', 6, 1)	returns 4
 			echo charidx('áb́ć', 16)		returns -1
 
+chdir({dir})						*chdir()*
+		Change the current working directory to {dir}.  The scope of
+		the directory change depends on the directory of the current
+		window:
+			- If the current window has a window-local directory
+			  (|:lcd|), then changes the window local directory.
+			- Otherwise, if the current tabpage has a local
+			  directory (|:tcd|) then changes the tabpage local
+			  directory.
+			- Otherwise, changes the global directory.
+		If successful, returns the previous working directory.  Pass
+		this to another chdir() to restore the directory.
+		On failure, returns an empty string.
+
+		Example: >
+			let save_dir = chdir(newdir)
+			if save_dir
+			   " ... do some work
+			   call chdir(save_dir)
+			endif
+<
 cindent({lnum})						*cindent()*
 		Get the amount of indent for line {lnum} according the C
 		indenting rules, as with 'cindent'.
@@ -4987,6 +5010,8 @@ getcwd([{winnr}[, {tabnr}]])				*getcwd()*
 			getcwd(0, 0)
 <		If {winnr} is -1 it is ignored, only the tab is resolved.
 		{winnr} can be the window number or the |window-ID|.
+		If both {winnr} and {tabnr} are -1 the global working
+		directory is returned.
 
 		Can also be used as a |method|: >
 			GetWinnr()->getcwd()
diff --git a/runtime/doc/usr_22.txt b/runtime/doc/usr_22.txt
index 56fe5ada2b..f53d578456 100644
--- a/runtime/doc/usr_22.txt
+++ b/runtime/doc/usr_22.txt
@@ -202,14 +202,28 @@ the other window.  This is called a local directory. >
 	:pwd
 	/home/Bram/VeryLongFileName
 
-So long as no ":lcd" command has been used, all windows share the same current
-directory.  Doing a ":cd" command in one window will also change the current
+So long as no `:lcd` command has been used, all windows share the same current
+directory.  Doing a `:cd` command in one window will also change the current
 directory of the other window.
-   For a window where ":lcd" has been used a different current directory is
-remembered.  Using ":cd" or ":lcd" in other windows will not change it.
-   When using a ":cd" command in a window that uses a different current
+   For a window where `:lcd` has been used a different current directory is
+remembered.  Using `:cd` or `:lcd` in other windows will not change it.
+   When using a `:cd` command in a window that uses a different current
 directory, it will go back to using the shared directory.
 
+
+TAB LOCAL DIRECTORY
+
+When you open a new tab page, it uses the directory of the window in the
+previous tab page from which the new tab page was opened. You can change the
+directory of the current tab page using the `:tcd` command. All the windows in
+a tab page share this directory except for windows with a window-local
+directory. Any new windows opened in this tab page will use this directory as
+the current working directory. Using a `:cd` command in a tab page will not
+change the working directory of tab pages which have a tab local directory.
+When the global working directory is changed using the ":cd" command in a tab
+page, it will also change the current tab page working directory.
+
+
 ==============================================================================
 *22.3*	Finding a file
 
diff --git a/runtime/doc/usr_41.txt b/runtime/doc/usr_41.txt
index c575dd9fd8..6a9284dac9 100644
--- a/runtime/doc/usr_41.txt
+++ b/runtime/doc/usr_41.txt
@@ -785,9 +785,10 @@ System functions and manipulation of files:
 	isdirectory()		check if a directory exists
 	getfsize()		get the size of a file
 	getcwd()		get the current working directory
-	haslocaldir()		check if current window used |:lcd|
+	haslocaldir()		check if current window used |:lcd| or |:tcd|
 	tempname()		get the name of a temporary file
 	mkdir()			create a new directory
+	chdir()			change current working directory
 	delete()		delete a file
 	rename()		rename a file
 	system()		get the result of a shell command as a string
diff --git a/runtime/doc/vim_diff.txt b/runtime/doc/vim_diff.txt
index 64824b2e3f..7e7bb7d62f 100644
--- a/runtime/doc/vim_diff.txt
+++ b/runtime/doc/vim_diff.txt
@@ -180,6 +180,7 @@ Commands:
   |:match| can be invoked before highlight group is defined
 
 Events:
+  |DirChanged| can be triggered when switching to another window
   |Signal|
   |TabNewEntered|
   |TermClose|
@@ -196,6 +197,10 @@ Functions:
   |stdpath()|
   |system()|, |systemlist()| can run {cmd} directly (without 'shell')
   |matchadd()| can be called before highlight group is defined
+  |getcwd()| and |haslocaldir()| may throw errors. *E5000* *E5001* *E5002*
+  |haslocaldir()|'s only possible return values are 0 and 1, it never returns 2.
+  `getcwd(-1)` is equivalent to `getcwd(-1, 0)` instead of returning the global
+  working directory. Use `getcwd(-1, -1)` to get the global working directory.
 
 Highlight groups:
   |highlight-blend| controls blend level for a highlight group
diff --git a/src/nvim/buffer.c b/src/nvim/buffer.c
index 1de54e0736..826a197454 100644
--- a/src/nvim/buffer.c
+++ b/src/nvim/buffer.c
@@ -593,9 +593,6 @@ bool close_buffer(win_T *win, buf_T *buf, int action, bool abort_if_last)
     buf->b_nwindows--;
   }
 
-  // Change directories when the 'acd' option is set.
-  do_autochdir();
-
   // Disable buffer-updates for the current buffer.
   // No need to check `unload_buf`: in that case the function returned above.
   buf_updates_unload(buf, false);
@@ -1628,7 +1625,7 @@ void do_autochdir(void)
   if (p_acd) {
     if (starting == 0
         && curbuf->b_ffname != NULL
-        && vim_chdirfile(curbuf->b_ffname) == OK) {
+        && vim_chdirfile(curbuf->b_ffname, kCdCauseAuto) == OK) {
       post_chdir(kCdScopeGlobal, false);
       shorten_fnames(true);
     }
diff --git a/src/nvim/buffer_defs.h b/src/nvim/buffer_defs.h
index 2c411553b8..19b0a3c5c6 100644
--- a/src/nvim/buffer_defs.h
+++ b/src/nvim/buffer_defs.h
@@ -953,6 +953,7 @@ struct tabpage_S {
   ScopeDictDictItem tp_winvar;      ///< Variable for "t:" Dictionary.
   dict_T *tp_vars;         ///< Internal variables, local to tab page.
   char_u *tp_localdir;     ///< Absolute path of local cwd or NULL.
+  char_u *tp_prevdir;      ///< Previous directory.
 };
 
 /*
@@ -1381,8 +1382,8 @@ struct window_S {
                                     // out of range!)
   int w_arg_idx_invalid;            // editing another file than w_arg_idx
 
-  char_u *w_localdir;          /* absolute path of local directory or
-                                  NULL */
+  char_u *w_localdir;          // absolute path of local directory or NULL
+  char_u *w_prevdir;           // previous directory
   // Options local to a window.
   // They are local because they influence the layout of the window or
   // depend on the window layout.
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval.lua b/src/nvim/eval.lua
index 70aa2bb1f8..dfc51d80af 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval.lua
+++ b/src/nvim/eval.lua
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ return {
     chansend={args=2},
     char2nr={args={1, 2}, base=1},
     charidx={args={2, 3}},
+    chdir={args=1, base=1},
     cindent={args=1, base=1},
     clearmatches={args={0, 1}, base=1},
     col={args=1, base=1},
diff --git a/src/nvim/eval/funcs.c b/src/nvim/eval/funcs.c
index da129c1170..5faf2b0b81 100644
--- a/src/nvim/eval/funcs.c
+++ b/src/nvim/eval/funcs.c
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "nvim/file_search.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
+#include "nvim/globals.h"
 #include "nvim/if_cscope.h"
 #include "nvim/indent.h"
 #include "nvim/indent_c.h"
@@ -1062,6 +1063,45 @@ static void f_charidx(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   rettv->vval.v_number = len > 0 ? len - 1 : 0;
 }
 
+// "chdir(dir)" function
+static void f_chdir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
+{
+  char_u *cwd;
+  CdScope scope = kCdScopeGlobal;
+
+  rettv->v_type = VAR_STRING;
+  rettv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+
+  if (argvars[0].v_type != VAR_STRING) {
+    // Returning an empty string means it failed.
+    // No error message, for historic reasons.
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Return the current directory
+  cwd = xmalloc(MAXPATHL);
+  if (cwd != NULL) {
+    if (os_dirname(cwd, MAXPATHL) != FAIL) {
+#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
+      slash_adjust(cwd);
+#endif
+      rettv->vval.v_string = vim_strsave(cwd);
+    }
+    xfree(cwd);
+  }
+
+  if (curwin->w_localdir != NULL) {
+    scope = kCdScopeWindow;
+  } else if (curtab->tp_localdir != NULL) {
+    scope = kCdScopeTabpage;
+  }
+
+  if (!changedir_func(argvars[0].vval.v_string, scope)) {
+    // Directory change failed
+    XFREE_CLEAR(rettv->vval.v_string);
+  }
+}
+
 /*
  * "cindent(lnum)" function
  */
@@ -3405,8 +3445,8 @@ static void f_getcwd(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   // Numbers of the scope objects (window, tab) we want the working directory
   // of. A `-1` means to skip this scope, a `0` means the current object.
   int scope_number[] = {
-    [kCdScopeWindow] = 0,  // Number of window to look at.
-    [kCdScopeTab   ] = 0,  // Number of tab to look at.
+    [kCdScopeWindow ] = 0,  // Number of window to look at.
+    [kCdScopeTabpage] = 0,  // Number of tab to look at.
   };
 
   char_u *cwd  = NULL;  // Current working directory to print
@@ -3449,8 +3489,8 @@ static void f_getcwd(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   }
 
   // Find the tabpage by number
-  if (scope_number[kCdScopeTab] > 0) {
-    tp = find_tabpage(scope_number[kCdScopeTab]);
+  if (scope_number[kCdScopeTabpage] > 0) {
+    tp = find_tabpage(scope_number[kCdScopeTabpage]);
     if (!tp) {
       EMSG(_("E5000: Cannot find tab number."));
       return;
@@ -3459,7 +3499,7 @@ static void f_getcwd(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 
   // Find the window in `tp` by number, `NULL` if none.
   if (scope_number[kCdScopeWindow] >= 0) {
-    if (scope_number[kCdScopeTab] < 0) {
+    if (scope_number[kCdScopeTabpage] < 0) {
       EMSG(_("E5001: Higher scope cannot be -1 if lower scope is >= 0."));
       return;
     }
@@ -3483,7 +3523,7 @@ static void f_getcwd(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
       break;
     }
     FALLTHROUGH;
-  case kCdScopeTab:
+  case kCdScopeTabpage:
     assert(tp);
     from = tp->tp_localdir;
     if (from) {
@@ -4612,8 +4652,8 @@ static void f_haslocaldir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   // Numbers of the scope objects (window, tab) we want the working directory
   // of. A `-1` means to skip this scope, a `0` means the current object.
   int scope_number[] = {
-    [kCdScopeWindow] = 0,  // Number of window to look at.
-    [kCdScopeTab   ] = 0,  // Number of tab to look at.
+    [kCdScopeWindow ] = 0,  // Number of window to look at.
+    [kCdScopeTabpage] = 0,  // Number of tab to look at.
   };
 
   tabpage_T *tp  = curtab;  // The tabpage to look at.
@@ -4651,8 +4691,8 @@ static void f_haslocaldir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
   }
 
   // Find the tabpage by number
-  if (scope_number[kCdScopeTab] > 0) {
-    tp = find_tabpage(scope_number[kCdScopeTab]);
+  if (scope_number[kCdScopeTabpage] > 0) {
+    tp = find_tabpage(scope_number[kCdScopeTabpage]);
     if (!tp) {
       EMSG(_("E5000: Cannot find tab number."));
       return;
@@ -4661,7 +4701,7 @@ static void f_haslocaldir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
 
   // Find the window in `tp` by number, `NULL` if none.
   if (scope_number[kCdScopeWindow] >= 0) {
-    if (scope_number[kCdScopeTab] < 0) {
+    if (scope_number[kCdScopeTabpage] < 0) {
       EMSG(_("E5001: Higher scope cannot be -1 if lower scope is >= 0."));
       return;
     }
@@ -4680,7 +4720,7 @@ static void f_haslocaldir(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv, FunPtr fptr)
     assert(win);
     rettv->vval.v_number = win->w_localdir ? 1 : 0;
     break;
-  case kCdScopeTab:
+  case kCdScopeTabpage:
     assert(tp);
     rettv->vval.v_number = tp->tp_localdir ? 1 : 0;
     break;
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_docmd.c b/src/nvim/ex_docmd.c
index 5193391442..f649266b9f 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_docmd.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_docmd.c
@@ -7707,6 +7707,21 @@ void free_cd_dir(void)
 
 #endif
 
+// Get the previous directory for the given chdir scope.
+static char_u *get_prevdir(CdScope scope)
+{
+  switch (scope) {
+  case kCdScopeTabpage:
+    return curtab->tp_prevdir;
+    break;
+  case kCdScopeWindow:
+    return curwin->w_prevdir;
+    break;
+  default:
+    return prev_dir;
+  }
+}
+
 /// Deal with the side effects of changing the current directory.
 ///
 /// @param scope  Scope of the function call (global, tab or window).
@@ -7716,14 +7731,15 @@ void post_chdir(CdScope scope, bool trigger_dirchanged)
   XFREE_CLEAR(curwin->w_localdir);
 
   // Overwrite the tab-local CWD for :cd, :tcd.
-  if (scope >= kCdScopeTab) {
+  if (scope >= kCdScopeTabpage) {
     XFREE_CLEAR(curtab->tp_localdir);
   }
 
   if (scope < kCdScopeGlobal) {
+    char_u *pdir = get_prevdir(scope);
     // If still in global directory, set CWD as the global directory.
-    if (globaldir == NULL && prev_dir != NULL) {
-      globaldir = vim_strsave(prev_dir);
+    if (globaldir == NULL && pdir != NULL) {
+      globaldir = vim_strsave(pdir);
     }
   }
 
@@ -7736,7 +7752,7 @@ void post_chdir(CdScope scope, bool trigger_dirchanged)
     // We are now in the global directory, no need to remember its name.
     XFREE_CLEAR(globaldir);
     break;
-  case kCdScopeTab:
+  case kCdScopeTabpage:
     curtab->tp_localdir = (char_u *)xstrdup(cwd);
     break;
   case kCdScopeWindow:
@@ -7749,59 +7765,92 @@ void post_chdir(CdScope scope, bool trigger_dirchanged)
   shorten_fnames(true);
 
   if (trigger_dirchanged) {
-    do_autocmd_dirchanged(cwd, scope, false);
+    do_autocmd_dirchanged(cwd, scope, kCdCauseManual);
   }
 }
 
-/// `:cd`, `:tcd`, `:lcd`, `:chdir`, `:tchdir` and `:lchdir`.
-void ex_cd(exarg_T *eap)
+/// Change directory function used by :cd/:tcd/:lcd Ex commands and the chdir() function.
+/// @param new_dir  The directory to change to.
+/// @param scope    Scope of the function call (global, tab or window).
+/// @return true if the directory is successfully changed.
+bool changedir_func(char_u *new_dir, CdScope scope)
 {
-  char_u *new_dir;
   char_u *tofree;
+  char_u *pdir = NULL;
+  bool retval = false;
 
-  new_dir = eap->arg;
-#if !defined(UNIX)
-  // for non-UNIX ":cd" means: print current directory
-  if (*new_dir == NUL) {
-    ex_pwd(NULL);
-  } else
-#endif
-  {
-    if (allbuf_locked()) {
-      return;
-    }
+  if (new_dir == NULL || allbuf_locked()) {
+    return false;
+  }
 
-    // ":cd -": Change to previous directory
-    if (STRCMP(new_dir, "-") == 0) {
-      if (prev_dir == NULL) {
-        EMSG(_("E186: No previous directory"));
-        return;
-      }
-      new_dir = prev_dir;
+  // ":cd -": Change to previous directory
+  if (STRCMP(new_dir, "-") == 0) {
+    pdir = get_prevdir(scope);
+    if (pdir == NULL) {
+      EMSG(_("E186: No previous directory"));
+      return false;
     }
+    new_dir = pdir;
+  }
 
-    // Save current directory for next ":cd -"
-    tofree = prev_dir;
-    if (os_dirname(NameBuff, MAXPATHL) == OK) {
-      prev_dir = vim_strsave(NameBuff);
-    } else {
-      prev_dir = NULL;
-    }
+  // Free the previous directory
+  tofree = get_prevdir(scope);
+
+  if (os_dirname(NameBuff, MAXPATHL) == OK) {
+    pdir = vim_strsave(NameBuff);
+  } else {
+    pdir = NULL;
+  }
+
+  switch (scope) {
+  case kCdScopeTabpage:
+    curtab->tp_prevdir = pdir;
+    break;
+  case kCdScopeWindow:
+    curwin->w_prevdir = pdir;
+    break;
+  default:
+    prev_dir = pdir;
+  }
 
 #if defined(UNIX)
-    // On Unix ":cd" means: go to home directory.
-    if (*new_dir == NUL) {
-      // Use NameBuff for home directory name.
-      expand_env((char_u *)"$HOME", NameBuff, MAXPATHL);
-      new_dir = NameBuff;
-    }
+  // On Unix ":cd" means: go to home directory.
+  if (*new_dir == NUL) {
+    // Use NameBuff for home directory name.
+    expand_env((char_u *)"$HOME", NameBuff, MAXPATHL);
+    new_dir = NameBuff;
+  }
 #endif
-    CdScope scope = kCdScopeGlobal;  // Depends on command invoked
 
+  if (vim_chdir(new_dir) == 0) {
+    bool dir_differs = pdir == NULL || pathcmp((char *)pdir, (char *)new_dir, -1) != 0;
+    post_chdir(scope, dir_differs);
+    retval = true;
+  } else {
+    EMSG(_(e_failed));
+  }
+  xfree(tofree);
+
+  return retval;
+}
+
+/// ":cd", ":tcd", ":lcd", ":chdir", "tchdir" and ":lchdir".
+void ex_cd(exarg_T *eap)
+{
+  char_u *new_dir;
+  new_dir = eap->arg;
+#if !defined(UNIX) && !defined(VMS)
+  // for non-UNIX ":cd" means: print current directory
+  if (*new_dir == NUL) {
+    ex_pwd(NULL);
+  } else
+#endif
+  {
+    CdScope scope = kCdScopeGlobal;
     switch (eap->cmdidx) {
     case CMD_tcd:
     case CMD_tchdir:
-      scope = kCdScopeTab;
+      scope = kCdScopeTabpage;
       break;
     case CMD_lcd:
     case CMD_lchdir:
@@ -7810,18 +7859,12 @@ void ex_cd(exarg_T *eap)
     default:
       break;
     }
-
-    if (vim_chdir(new_dir)) {
-      EMSG(_(e_failed));
-    } else {
-      post_chdir(scope, true);
+    if (changedir_func(new_dir, scope)) {
       // Echo the new current directory if the command was typed.
       if (KeyTyped || p_verbose >= 5) {
         ex_pwd(eap);
       }
     }
-
-    xfree(tofree);
   }
 }
 
@@ -7834,7 +7877,17 @@ static void ex_pwd(exarg_T *eap)
 #ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
     slash_adjust(NameBuff);
 #endif
-    msg(NameBuff);
+    if (p_verbose > 0) {
+      char *context = "global";
+      if (curwin->w_localdir != NULL) {
+        context = "window";
+      } else if (curtab->tp_localdir != NULL) {
+        context = "tabpage";
+      }
+      smsg("[%s] %s", context, (char *)NameBuff);
+    } else {
+      msg(NameBuff);
+    }
   } else {
     EMSG(_("E187: Unknown"));
   }
diff --git a/src/nvim/ex_session.c b/src/nvim/ex_session.c
index 1e1da6a9a3..0dfd7e1edd 100644
--- a/src/nvim/ex_session.c
+++ b/src/nvim/ex_session.c
@@ -963,7 +963,7 @@ void ex_mkrc(exarg_T *eap)
           *dirnow = NUL;
         }
         if (*dirnow != NUL && (ssop_flags & SSOP_SESDIR)) {
-          if (vim_chdirfile((char_u *)fname) == OK) {
+          if (vim_chdirfile((char_u *)fname, kCdCauseOther) == OK) {
             shorten_fnames(true);
           }
         } else if (*dirnow != NUL
diff --git a/src/nvim/file_search.c b/src/nvim/file_search.c
index 5458d8acf2..9eab579243 100644
--- a/src/nvim/file_search.c
+++ b/src/nvim/file_search.c
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
 #include "nvim/eval.h"
 #include "nvim/file_search.h"
 #include "nvim/fileio.h"
+#include "nvim/globals.h"
 #include "nvim/memory.h"
 #include "nvim/message.h"
 #include "nvim/misc1.h"
@@ -1590,7 +1591,7 @@ theend:
   return file_name;
 }
 
-void do_autocmd_dirchanged(char *new_dir, CdScope scope, bool changed_window)
+void do_autocmd_dirchanged(char *new_dir, CdScope scope, CdCause cause)
 {
   static bool recursive = false;
 
@@ -1609,8 +1610,8 @@ void do_autocmd_dirchanged(char *new_dir, CdScope scope, bool changed_window)
   case kCdScopeGlobal:
     snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "global");
     break;
-  case kCdScopeTab:
-    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "tab");
+  case kCdScopeTabpage:
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "tabpage");
     break;
   case kCdScopeWindow:
     snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "window");
@@ -1620,11 +1621,30 @@ void do_autocmd_dirchanged(char *new_dir, CdScope scope, bool changed_window)
     abort();
   }
 
+#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
+  char new_dir_buf[MAXPATHL];
+  STRCPY(new_dir_buf, new_dir);
+  slash_adjust(new_dir_buf);
+  new_dir = new_dir_buf;
+#endif
+
   tv_dict_add_str(dict, S_LEN("scope"), buf);  // -V614
-  tv_dict_add_str(dict, S_LEN("cwd"),   new_dir);
-  tv_dict_add_bool(dict, S_LEN("changed_window"), changed_window);
+  tv_dict_add_str(dict, S_LEN("cwd"), new_dir);
+  tv_dict_add_bool(dict, S_LEN("changed_window"), cause == kCdCauseWindow);
   tv_dict_set_keys_readonly(dict);
 
+  switch (cause) {
+  case kCdCauseManual:
+  case kCdCauseWindow:
+    break;
+  case kCdCauseAuto:
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "auto");
+    break;
+  case kCdCauseOther:
+    // Should never happen.
+    abort();
+  }
+
   apply_autocmds(EVENT_DIRCHANGED, (char_u *)buf, (char_u *)new_dir, false,
                  curbuf);
 
@@ -1636,7 +1656,7 @@ void do_autocmd_dirchanged(char *new_dir, CdScope scope, bool changed_window)
 /// Change to a file's directory.
 /// Caller must call shorten_fnames()!
 /// @return OK or FAIL
-int vim_chdirfile(char_u *fname)
+int vim_chdirfile(char_u *fname, CdCause cause)
 {
   char dir[MAXPATHL];
 
@@ -1647,17 +1667,14 @@ int vim_chdirfile(char_u *fname)
     NameBuff[0] = NUL;
   }
 
-  if (os_chdir(dir) != 0) {
+  if (os_chdir(dir) == 0) {
+    if (cause != kCdCauseOther && pathcmp(dir, (char *)NameBuff, -1) != 0) {
+      do_autocmd_dirchanged(dir, kCdScopeWindow, cause);
+    }
+  } else {
     return FAIL;
   }
 
-#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
-  slash_adjust((char_u *)dir);
-#endif
-  if (!strequal(dir, (char *)NameBuff)) {
-    do_autocmd_dirchanged(dir, kCdScopeWindow, false);
-  }
-
   return OK;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/globals.h b/src/nvim/globals.h
index 8a36b3bedd..73cfffb0fb 100644
--- a/src/nvim/globals.h
+++ b/src/nvim/globals.h
@@ -1034,14 +1034,22 @@ typedef enum {
 /// directly, use `MIN_CD_SCOPE` and `MAX_CD_SCOPE` instead.
 typedef enum {
   kCdScopeInvalid = -1,
-  kCdScopeWindow,  ///< Affects one window.
-  kCdScopeTab,     ///< Affects one tab page.
-  kCdScopeGlobal,  ///< Affects the entire Nvim instance.
+  kCdScopeWindow,   ///< Affects one window.
+  kCdScopeTabpage,  ///< Affects one tab page.
+  kCdScopeGlobal,   ///< Affects the entire Nvim instance.
 } CdScope;
 
 #define MIN_CD_SCOPE  kCdScopeWindow
 #define MAX_CD_SCOPE  kCdScopeGlobal
 
+/// What caused the current directory to change.
+typedef enum {
+  kCdCauseOther = -1,
+  kCdCauseManual,  ///< Using `:cd`, `:tcd`, `:lcd` or `chdir()`.
+  kCdCauseWindow,  ///< Switching to another window.
+  kCdCauseAuto,    ///< On 'autochdir'.
+} CdCause;
+
 // Only filled for Win32.
 EXTERN char windowsVersion[20] INIT(= { 0 });
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_autochdir.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_autochdir.vim
index d071f4b325..0b76828dd7 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_autochdir.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_autochdir.vim
@@ -8,13 +8,21 @@ func Test_set_filename()
   let cwd = getcwd()
   call test_autochdir()
   set acd
+
+  let s:li = []
+  autocmd DirChanged auto call add(s:li, "autocd")
+  autocmd DirChanged auto call add(s:li, expand("<afile>"))
+
   new
   w samples/Xtest
   call assert_equal("Xtest", expand('%'))
   call assert_equal("samples", substitute(getcwd(), '.*/\(\k*\)', '\1', ''))
+  call assert_equal(["autocd", getcwd()], s:li)
+
   bwipe!
+  au! DirChanged
   set noacd
-  exe 'cd ' . cwd
+  call chdir(cwd)
   call delete('samples/Xtest')
 endfunc
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_autocmd.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_autocmd.vim
index 015979e1be..c350a17236 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_autocmd.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_autocmd.vim
@@ -42,9 +42,7 @@ if has('timers')
   endfunc
 
   func Test_cursorhold_insert_with_timer_interrupt()
-    if !has('job')
-      return
-    endif
+    CheckFeature job
     " Need to move the cursor.
     call feedkeys("ggG", "xt")
 
@@ -551,9 +549,7 @@ endfunc
 
 func Test_OptionSet()
   CheckFunction test_override
-  if !has("eval") || !exists("+autochdir")
-    return
-  endif
+  CheckOption autochdir
 
   call test_override('starting', 1)
   set nocp
@@ -1328,6 +1324,71 @@ func Test_autocommand_all_events()
   call assert_fails('au * x bwipe', 'E1155:')
 endfunc
 
+function s:Before_test_dirchanged()
+  augroup test_dirchanged
+    autocmd!
+  augroup END
+  let s:li = []
+  let s:dir_this = getcwd()
+  let s:dir_foo = s:dir_this . '/Xfoo'
+  call mkdir(s:dir_foo)
+  let s:dir_bar = s:dir_this . '/Xbar'
+  call mkdir(s:dir_bar)
+endfunc
+
+function s:After_test_dirchanged()
+  call chdir(s:dir_this)
+  call delete(s:dir_foo, 'd')
+  call delete(s:dir_bar, 'd')
+  augroup test_dirchanged
+    autocmd!
+  augroup END
+endfunc
+
+function Test_dirchanged_global()
+  call s:Before_test_dirchanged()
+  autocmd test_dirchanged DirChanged global call add(s:li, "cd:")
+  autocmd test_dirchanged DirChanged global call add(s:li, expand("<afile>"))
+  call chdir(s:dir_foo)
+  call assert_equal(["cd:", s:dir_foo], s:li)
+  call chdir(s:dir_foo)
+  call assert_equal(["cd:", s:dir_foo], s:li)
+  exe 'lcd ' .. fnameescape(s:dir_bar)
+  call assert_equal(["cd:", s:dir_foo], s:li)
+  call s:After_test_dirchanged()
+endfunc
+
+function Test_dirchanged_local()
+  call s:Before_test_dirchanged()
+  autocmd test_dirchanged DirChanged window call add(s:li, "lcd:")
+  autocmd test_dirchanged DirChanged window call add(s:li, expand("<afile>"))
+  call chdir(s:dir_foo)
+  call assert_equal([], s:li)
+  exe 'lcd ' .. fnameescape(s:dir_bar)
+  call assert_equal(["lcd:", s:dir_bar], s:li)
+  exe 'lcd ' .. fnameescape(s:dir_bar)
+  call assert_equal(["lcd:", s:dir_bar], s:li)
+  call s:After_test_dirchanged()
+endfunc
+
+function Test_dirchanged_auto()
+  CheckFunction test_autochdir
+  CheckOption autochdir
+  call s:Before_test_dirchanged()
+  call test_autochdir()
+  autocmd test_dirchanged DirChanged auto call add(s:li, "auto:")
+  autocmd test_dirchanged DirChanged auto call add(s:li, expand("<afile>"))
+  set acd
+  cd ..
+  call assert_equal([], s:li)
+  exe 'edit ' . s:dir_foo . '/Xfile'
+  call assert_equal(s:dir_foo, getcwd())
+  call assert_equal(["auto:", s:dir_foo], s:li)
+  set noacd
+  bwipe!
+  call s:After_test_dirchanged()
+endfunc
+
 " Test TextChangedI and TextChangedP
 " See test/functional/viml/completion_spec.lua'
 func Test_ChangedP()
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_cd.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_cd.vim
index 02a23bf82f..0bba321ee2 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_cd.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_cd.vim
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ func Test_cd_up_and_down()
   let path = getcwd()
   cd ..
   call assert_notequal(path, getcwd())
-  exe 'cd ' . path
+  exe 'cd ' .. fnameescape(path)
   call assert_equal(path, getcwd())
 endfunc
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ func Test_cd_no_arg()
     cd
     call assert_equal($HOME, getcwd())
     call assert_notequal(path, getcwd())
-    exe 'cd ' . path
+    exe 'cd ' .. fnameescape(path)
     call assert_equal(path, getcwd())
   else
     " Test that cd without argument echoes cwd on non-Unix systems.
@@ -43,6 +43,20 @@ func Test_cd_minus()
   call assert_equal(path_dotdot, getcwd())
   cd -
   call assert_equal(path, getcwd())
+
+  " Test for :cd - without a previous directory
+  let lines =<< trim [SCRIPT]
+    call assert_fails('cd -', 'E186:')
+    call assert_fails('call chdir("-")', 'E186:')
+    call writefile(v:errors, 'Xresult')
+    qall!
+  [SCRIPT]
+  call writefile(lines, 'Xscript')
+  if RunVim([], [], '--clean -S Xscript')
+    call assert_equal([], readfile('Xresult'))
+  endif
+  call delete('Xscript')
+  call delete('Xresult')
 endfunc
 
 func Test_cd_with_cpo_chdir()
@@ -61,7 +75,7 @@ func Test_cd_with_cpo_chdir()
 
   " :cd should succeed when buffer has been written.
   w!
-  exe 'cd ' . path
+  exe 'cd ' .. fnameescape(path)
   call assert_equal(path, getcwd())
 
   call delete('Xfoo')
@@ -69,6 +83,124 @@ func Test_cd_with_cpo_chdir()
   bw!
 endfunc
 
+" Test for chdir()
+func Test_chdir_func()
+  let topdir = getcwd()
+  call mkdir('Xdir/y/z', 'p')
+
+  " Create a few tabpages and windows with different directories
+  new
+  cd Xdir
+  tabnew
+  tcd y
+  below new
+  below new
+  lcd z
+
+  tabfirst
+  call assert_match('^\[global\] .*/Xdir$', trim(execute('verbose pwd')))
+  call chdir('..')
+  call assert_equal('y', fnamemodify(getcwd(1, 2), ':t'))
+  call assert_equal('z', fnamemodify(getcwd(3, 2), ':t'))
+  tabnext | wincmd t
+  call assert_match('^\[tabpage\] .*/y$', trim(execute('verbose pwd')))
+  call chdir('..')
+  call assert_equal('Xdir', fnamemodify(getcwd(1, 2), ':t'))
+  call assert_equal('Xdir', fnamemodify(getcwd(2, 2), ':t'))
+  call assert_equal('z', fnamemodify(getcwd(3, 2), ':t'))
+  call assert_equal('testdir', fnamemodify(getcwd(1, 1), ':t'))
+  3wincmd w
+  call assert_match('^\[window\] .*/z$', trim(execute('verbose pwd')))
+  call chdir('..')
+  call assert_equal('Xdir', fnamemodify(getcwd(1, 2), ':t'))
+  call assert_equal('Xdir', fnamemodify(getcwd(2, 2), ':t'))
+  call assert_equal('y', fnamemodify(getcwd(3, 2), ':t'))
+  call assert_equal('testdir', fnamemodify(getcwd(1, 1), ':t'))
+
+  " Error case
+  call assert_fails("call chdir('dir-abcd')", 'E472:')
+  silent! let d = chdir("dir_abcd")
+  call assert_equal("", d)
+  " Should not crash
+  call chdir(d)
+
+  only | tabonly
+  call chdir(topdir)
+  call delete('Xdir', 'rf')
+endfunc
+
+" Test for changing to the previous directory '-'
+func Test_prev_dir()
+  let topdir = getcwd()
+  call mkdir('Xdir/a/b/c', 'p')
+
+  " Create a few tabpages and windows with different directories
+  new | only
+  tabnew | new
+  tabnew
+  tabfirst
+  cd Xdir
+  tabnext | wincmd t
+  tcd a
+  wincmd w
+  lcd b
+  tabnext
+  tcd a/b/c
+
+  " Change to the previous directory twice in all the windows.
+  tabfirst
+  cd - | cd -
+  tabnext | wincmd t
+  tcd - | tcd -
+  wincmd w
+  lcd - | lcd -
+  tabnext
+  tcd - | tcd -
+
+  " Check the directory of all the windows
+  tabfirst
+  call assert_equal('Xdir', fnamemodify(getcwd(), ':t'))
+  tabnext | wincmd t
+  call assert_equal('a', fnamemodify(getcwd(), ':t'))
+  wincmd w
+  call assert_equal('b', fnamemodify(getcwd(), ':t'))
+  tabnext
+  call assert_equal('c', fnamemodify(getcwd(), ':t'))
+
+  " Change to the previous directory using chdir()
+  tabfirst
+  call chdir("-") | call chdir("-")
+  tabnext | wincmd t
+  call chdir("-") | call chdir("-")
+  wincmd w
+  call chdir("-") | call chdir("-")
+  tabnext
+  call chdir("-") | call chdir("-")
+
+  " Check the directory of all the windows
+  tabfirst
+  call assert_equal('Xdir', fnamemodify(getcwd(), ':t'))
+  tabnext | wincmd t
+  call assert_equal('a', fnamemodify(getcwd(), ':t'))
+  wincmd w
+  call assert_equal('b', fnamemodify(getcwd(), ':t'))
+  tabnext
+  call assert_equal('c', fnamemodify(getcwd(), ':t'))
+
+  only | tabonly
+  call chdir(topdir)
+  call delete('Xdir', 'rf')
+endfunc
+
+func Test_lcd_split()
+  let curdir = getcwd()
+  lcd ..
+  split
+  lcd -
+  call assert_equal(curdir, getcwd())
+  quit!
+endfunc
+
 func Test_cd_from_non_existing_dir()
   CheckNotMSWindows
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_find_complete.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_find_complete.vim
index 0a00d9432f..32ca9672ef 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_find_complete.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_find_complete.vim
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func Test_find_complete()
   " We shouldn't find any file till this point
 
   call mkdir('in/path', 'p')
-  exe 'cd ' . cwd
+  call chdir(cwd)
   call writefile(['Holy Grail'], 'Xfind/file.txt')
   call writefile(['Jimmy Hoffa'], 'Xfind/in/file.txt')
   call writefile(['Another Holy Grail'], 'Xfind/in/stuff.txt')
@@ -133,12 +133,12 @@ func Test_find_complete()
   call assert_equal('Voyager 2', getline(1))
 
   " Check for correct handling of shorten_fname()'s behavior on windows
-  exec "cd " . cwd . "/Xfind/in"
+  call chdir(cwd .. "/Xfind/in")
   call feedkeys(":find file\t\n", "xt")
   call assert_equal('Jimmy Hoffa', getline(1))
 
   " Test for relative to current buffer 'path' item
-  exec "cd " . cwd . "/Xfind/"
+  call chdir(cwd . "/Xfind/")
   set path=./path
   " Open the file where Jimmy Hoffa is found
   e in/file.txt
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ func Test_find_complete()
   call assert_equal('Another Holy Grail', getline(1))
 
   enew | only
-  exe 'cd ' . cwd
+  call chdir(cwd)
   call delete('Xfind', 'rf')
   set path&
 endfunc
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_findfile.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_findfile.vim
index d92706dbe5..5a20475d3d 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_findfile.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_findfile.vim
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ func Test_findfile()
   call assert_match('.*/Xdir1/bar', findfile('bar', '**;', 2))
 
   bwipe!
-  exe 'cd  ' . save_dir
+  call chdir(save_dir)
   call CleanFiles()
   let &path = save_path
   let &shellslash = save_shellslash
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ func Test_finddir()
   call assert_match('.*/Xdir1/Xdir2', finddir('Xdir2', '**;', 2))
   call assert_equal('Xdir3',          finddir('Xdir3', '**;', 1))
 
-  exe 'cd  ' . save_dir
+  call chdir(save_dir)
   call CleanFiles()
   let &path = save_path
   let &shellslash = save_shellslash
diff --git a/src/nvim/testdir/test_getcwd.vim b/src/nvim/testdir/test_getcwd.vim
index 2ff396b641..a75583cd2c 100644
--- a/src/nvim/testdir/test_getcwd.vim
+++ b/src/nvim/testdir/test_getcwd.vim
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ endfunction
 let g:cwd=getcwd()
 function TearDown()
   q
-  exec "cd " . g:cwd
+  call chdir(g:cwd)
   call delete("Xtopdir", "rf")
 endfunction
 
diff --git a/src/nvim/window.c b/src/nvim/window.c
index 5d43c5d284..dfe1ffdbd4 100644
--- a/src/nvim/window.c
+++ b/src/nvim/window.c
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "nvim/fold.h"
 #include "nvim/garray.h"
 #include "nvim/getchar.h"
+#include "nvim/globals.h"
 #include "nvim/hashtab.h"
 #include "nvim/main.h"
 #include "nvim/mark.h"
@@ -1462,6 +1463,8 @@ static void win_init(win_T *newp, win_T *oldp, int flags)
   }
   newp->w_localdir = (oldp->w_localdir == NULL)
                      ? NULL : vim_strsave(oldp->w_localdir);
+  newp->w_prevdir = (oldp->w_prevdir == NULL)
+                    ? NULL : vim_strsave(oldp->w_prevdir);
 
   // copy tagstack and folds
   for (i = 0; i < oldp->w_tagstacklen; i++) {
@@ -3732,6 +3735,7 @@ void free_tabpage(tabpage_T *tp)
   }
 
   xfree(tp->tp_localdir);
+  xfree(tp->tp_prevdir);
   xfree(tp);
 }
 
@@ -4540,9 +4544,9 @@ static void win_enter_ext(win_T *const wp, const int flags)
       }
     }
     if (os_chdir(new_dir) == 0) {
-      if (!p_acd && !strequal(new_dir, cwd)) {
+      if (!p_acd && pathcmp(new_dir, cwd, -1) != 0) {
         do_autocmd_dirchanged(new_dir, curwin->w_localdir
-                              ? kCdScopeWindow : kCdScopeTab, true);
+                              ? kCdScopeWindow : kCdScopeTabpage, kCdCauseWindow);
       }
       shorten_fnames(true);
     }
@@ -4550,8 +4554,8 @@ static void win_enter_ext(win_T *const wp, const int flags)
     // Window doesn't have a local directory and we are not in the global
     // directory: Change to the global directory.
     if (os_chdir((char *)globaldir) == 0) {
-      if (!p_acd && !strequal((char *)globaldir, cwd)) {
-        do_autocmd_dirchanged((char *)globaldir, kCdScopeGlobal, true);
+      if (!p_acd && pathcmp((char *)globaldir, cwd, -1) != 0) {
+        do_autocmd_dirchanged((char *)globaldir, kCdScopeGlobal, kCdCauseWindow);
       }
     }
     XFREE_CLEAR(globaldir);
@@ -4770,6 +4774,7 @@ static void win_free(win_T *wp, tabpage_T *tp)
   }
 
   xfree(wp->w_localdir);
+  xfree(wp->w_prevdir);
 
   /* Remove the window from the b_wininfo lists, it may happen that the
    * freed memory is re-used for another window. */
diff --git a/test/functional/autocmd/dirchanged_spec.lua b/test/functional/autocmd/dirchanged_spec.lua
index 6f2da24cf2..f4a1642ebf 100644
--- a/test/functional/autocmd/dirchanged_spec.lua
+++ b/test/functional/autocmd/dirchanged_spec.lua
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ local command = h.command
 local eq = h.eq
 local eval = h.eval
 local request = h.request
+local iswin = h.iswin
 
 describe('autocmd DirChanged', function()
   local curdir = string.gsub(lfs.currentdir(), '\\', '/')
@@ -14,6 +15,11 @@ describe('autocmd DirChanged', function()
     curdir .. '/Xtest-functional-autocmd-dirchanged.dir2',
     curdir .. '/Xtest-functional-autocmd-dirchanged.dir3',
   }
+  local win_dirs = {
+    curdir .. '\\XTEST-FUNCTIONAL-AUTOCMD-DIRCHANGED.DIR1',
+    curdir .. '\\XTEST-FUNCTIONAL-AUTOCMD-DIRCHANGED.DIR2',
+    curdir .. '\\XTEST-FUNCTIONAL-AUTOCMD-DIRCHANGED.DIR3',
+  }
 
   setup(function()    for _, dir in pairs(dirs) do h.mkdir(dir) end end)
   teardown(function() for _, dir in pairs(dirs) do h.rmdir(dir) end end)
@@ -27,17 +33,20 @@ describe('autocmd DirChanged', function()
     command([[autocmd DirChanged * let g:getcwd    = substitute(g:getcwd,    '\\', '/', 'g')]])
   end)
 
-  it('sets v:event', function()
+  it('sets v:event and <amatch>', function()
     command('lcd '..dirs[1])
     eq({cwd=dirs[1], scope='window', changed_window=false}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq('window', eval('g:amatch'))
     eq(1, eval('g:cdcount'))
 
     command('tcd '..dirs[2])
-    eq({cwd=dirs[2], scope='tab', changed_window=false}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq({cwd=dirs[2], scope='tabpage', changed_window=false}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq('tabpage', eval('g:amatch'))
     eq(2, eval('g:cdcount'))
 
     command('cd '..dirs[3])
     eq({cwd=dirs[3], scope='global', changed_window=false}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq('global', eval('g:amatch'))
     eq(3, eval('g:cdcount'))
   end)
 
@@ -63,17 +72,6 @@ describe('autocmd DirChanged', function()
     eq(dirs[3], eval('getcwd()'))
   end)
 
-  it('sets <amatch> to CWD "scope"', function()
-    command('lcd '..dirs[1])
-    eq('window', eval('g:amatch'))
-
-    command('tcd '..dirs[2])
-    eq('tab', eval('g:amatch'))
-
-    command('cd '..dirs[3])
-    eq('global', eval('g:amatch'))
-  end)
-
   it('does not trigger if :cd fails', function()
     command('let g:ev = {}')
 
@@ -106,13 +104,79 @@ describe('autocmd DirChanged', function()
 
     command('split '..dirs[1]..'/foo')
     eq({cwd=dirs[1], scope='window', changed_window=false}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq('auto', eval('g:amatch'))
 
     command('split '..dirs[2]..'/bar')
     eq({cwd=dirs[2], scope='window', changed_window=false}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq('auto', eval('g:amatch'))
 
     eq(2, eval('g:cdcount'))
   end)
 
+  it('does not trigger if directory has not changed', function()
+    command('lcd '..dirs[1])
+    eq({cwd=dirs[1], scope='window', changed_window=false}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq('window', eval('g:amatch'))
+    eq(1, eval('g:cdcount'))
+    command('let g:ev = {}')
+    command('lcd '..dirs[1])
+    eq({}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq(1, eval('g:cdcount'))
+
+    if iswin() then
+      command('lcd '..win_dirs[1])
+      eq({}, eval('g:ev'))
+      eq(1, eval('g:cdcount'))
+    end
+
+    command('tcd '..dirs[2])
+    eq({cwd=dirs[2], scope='tabpage', changed_window=false}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq('tabpage', eval('g:amatch'))
+    eq(2, eval('g:cdcount'))
+    command('let g:ev = {}')
+    command('tcd '..dirs[2])
+    eq({}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq(2, eval('g:cdcount'))
+
+    if iswin() then
+      command('tcd '..win_dirs[2])
+      eq({}, eval('g:ev'))
+      eq(2, eval('g:cdcount'))
+    end
+
+    command('cd '..dirs[3])
+    eq({cwd=dirs[3], scope='global', changed_window=false}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq('global', eval('g:amatch'))
+    eq(3, eval('g:cdcount'))
+    command('let g:ev = {}')
+    command('cd '..dirs[3])
+    eq({}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq(3, eval('g:cdcount'))
+
+    if iswin() then
+      command('cd '..win_dirs[3])
+      eq({}, eval('g:ev'))
+      eq(3, eval('g:cdcount'))
+    end
+
+    command('set autochdir')
+
+    command('split '..dirs[1]..'/foo')
+    eq({cwd=dirs[1], scope='window', changed_window=false}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq('auto', eval('g:amatch'))
+    eq(4, eval('g:cdcount'))
+    command('let g:ev = {}')
+    command('split '..dirs[1]..'/bar')
+    eq({}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq(4, eval('g:cdcount'))
+
+    if iswin() then
+      command('split '..win_dirs[1]..'/baz')
+      eq({}, eval('g:ev'))
+      eq(4, eval('g:cdcount'))
+    end
+  end)
+
   it("is triggered by switching to win/tab with different CWD #6054", function()
     command('lcd '..dirs[3])            -- window 3
     command('split '..dirs[2]..'/foo')  -- window 2
@@ -122,6 +186,7 @@ describe('autocmd DirChanged', function()
 
     command('2wincmd w')                -- window 2
     eq({cwd=dirs[2], scope='window', changed_window=true}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq('window', eval('g:amatch'))
 
     eq(4, eval('g:cdcount'))
     command('tabnew')                   -- tab 2 (tab-local CWD)
@@ -129,8 +194,10 @@ describe('autocmd DirChanged', function()
     command('tcd '..dirs[3])
     command('tabnext')                  -- tab 1 (no tab-local CWD)
     eq({cwd=dirs[2], scope='window', changed_window=true}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq('window', eval('g:amatch'))
     command('tabnext')                  -- tab 2
-    eq({cwd=dirs[3], scope='tab', changed_window=true}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq({cwd=dirs[3], scope='tabpage', changed_window=true}, eval('g:ev'))
+    eq('tabpage', eval('g:amatch'))
     eq(7, eval('g:cdcount'))
 
     command('tabnext')                  -- tab 1
@@ -138,6 +205,31 @@ describe('autocmd DirChanged', function()
     eq(9, eval('g:cdcount'))
     command('tabnext')                  -- tab 2 (has the *same* CWD)
     eq(9, eval('g:cdcount'))            -- same CWD, no DirChanged event
+
+    if iswin() then
+      command('tabnew')                 -- tab 3
+      eq(9, eval('g:cdcount'))          -- same CWD, no DirChanged event
+      command('tcd '..win_dirs[3])
+      eq(9, eval('g:cdcount'))          -- same CWD, no DirChanged event
+      command('tabnext')                -- tab 1
+      eq(9, eval('g:cdcount'))          -- same CWD, no DirChanged event
+      command('tabprevious')            -- tab 3
+      eq(9, eval('g:cdcount'))          -- same CWD, no DirChanged event
+      command('tabprevious')            -- tab 2
+      eq(9, eval('g:cdcount'))          -- same CWD, no DirChanged event
+      command('tabprevious')            -- tab 1
+      eq(9, eval('g:cdcount'))          -- same CWD, no DirChanged event
+      command('lcd '..win_dirs[3])      -- window 3
+      eq(9, eval('g:cdcount'))          -- same CWD, no DirChanged event
+      command('tabnext')                -- tab 2
+      eq(9, eval('g:cdcount'))          -- same CWD, no DirChanged event
+      command('tabnext')                -- tab 3
+      eq(9, eval('g:cdcount'))          -- same CWD, no DirChanged event
+      command('tabnext')                -- tab 1
+      eq(9, eval('g:cdcount'))          -- same CWD, no DirChanged event
+      command('tabprevious')            -- tab 3
+      eq(9, eval('g:cdcount'))          -- same CWD, no DirChanged event
+    end
   end)
 
   it('is triggered by nvim_set_current_dir()', function()